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While survey research has expanded rapidly in recent times, little scholarly work has examined interviewer misbehaviour. Inspired by audit principles, this paper aims to identify themes of misbehaviours associated with interviewing. Using thematic analysis, it provides exploratory insights into misbehaviours vis-à-vis audit reports prepared by auditors through their observations of interviewers administering face-to-face surveys. 398 audit reports were reviewed and scrutinised for depictions of misbehaviour, and a total of eight themes were derived. These themes were then aggregated into three domains: issues with asking questions (78%), issues with probing answers (16%), and issues with conduct (5%). Analysis of the themes reveals behavioural patterns that point to actionable areas that researchers and market research agencies can adopt to curb misbehaviour. The findings are also discussed with respect to the utilisation of the audit perspective in deepening our understanding of interviewers and their behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work of Hank Greenspan has provided essential insights for rethinking foundational conceptions and methods of collecting interviews with Holocaust survivors. As Greenspan urges us to consider, not all interviews are alike and there are those that entail sustained and intimate interpersonal connections, often developed over several years between 'partners in a conversation.' Greenspan's emphasis on interviewers and survivors 'learning together' underscores the contingent, emotionally intimate, and collaborative aspects of the interview process that are often kept at the margins by Holocaust testimony archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground rules establish the conversational expectations during an interview and are intended to reduce interviewee discomfort and increase response accuracy towards problematic interview questions. This study explored perceptions of ground rule instructions in adult interviews. Younger (18–40 years) and older (60+ years) adults (N = 168) were interviewed about a film depicting an implied sexual assault or a personal event. Participants received either three ground rules as statements (‘Don’t Know’, ‘Don’t Understand’ and ‘Correct Me’) or the three statements with practice questions. Participants were interviewed about their perceptions of ground rules. Overall, ground rules were perceived as useful (85%) and as having a positive impact on interviewees’ emotional state (55%) and perceptions of the interviewer (35%). Perceptions did not vary based on contextual factors, but female and younger adults endorsed ground rules as useful more often than other groups. The results suggest that ground rules may improve adults’ experience of being interviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines how suspects attempt to influence interviewers during investigative interviews. Twenty-nine interview transcripts with suspects accused of controlling or coercive behavior within intimate relationships were submitted to a thematic analysis to build a taxonomy of influence behavior. The analysis classified 18 unique suspect behaviors: the most common behaviors were using logical arguments (17% of all observed behaviors), denial or denigration of the victim (12%), denial or minimization of injury (8%), complete denials (7%), and supplication (6%). Suspects' influence behaviors were mapped along two dimensions: power, ranging from low (behaviors used to alleviate investigative pressure) to high (behaviors used to assert authority), and interpersonal alignment, ranging from instrumental (behaviors that relate directly to evidence) to relational (behaviors used to bias interviewer perceptions of people and evidence). Proximity analysis was used to examine co-occurrence of influence behaviors. This analysis highlighted combinations of influence behaviors that illustrate how different behaviors map onto different motives, for example shifting attributions from internal to external to the suspect, or to use admissions strategically alongside denials to mitigate more serious aspects of an allegation. Our findings draw together current theory to provide a framework for understanding suspect influence behaviors in interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on investigative interviewing tends to focus on a limited number of interview methods employed during an interview in pursuit of a singular outcome. The present study took an expansive view of the techniques used, questions asked and interviewer disposition, and related them to three interview goals—overcoming resistance, gathering information and eliciting confessions. Drawing upon theory and prior research, we hypothesised that certain methods would be more relevant to certain outcomes than others, such as question types would have a greater effect on information gain than techniques or interviewer disposition. Using a sample of 43 suspect interviews provided by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (LVMPD), we found partial support for our hypotheses. Rapport‐based approaches and a respectful disposition reduced resistance, open‐ended questions elicited more information than closed‐ended ones and in the final model, only open‐ended questions increased confessions. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how children's age and their ratings of the likeability of a transgressor (E1) and an interviewer (E2) influenced their testimonies after witnessing a theft. Children (N = 152; ages 7–13 years) witnessed E1 steal $20 from a wallet. E1 then asked the children to lie and say that they did not take the money. Children were interviewed about their experience with E1 and completed two questionnaires about E1 and E2. Children who reported higher likeability scores with E1 were more likely to attempt to conceal the theft and more willing to keep it a secret. Children who reported higher likeability scores with E2 were more likely to indirectly disclose the theft. Age also played a role in children's ability to maintain their concealment. Results have important implications for professionals who interview children and suggest that more research is needed to examine ways to increase children's comfort with interviews/interviewers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research arose from a moment when one of the author's interviewees said, "Wait, where was I?" Through 60–90 minutes, in-depth phone interviews, shared highly detailed accounts of their personal stories of entering underemployment in South Korea. However, the first six interviewees talked about many different topics during their interviews, and confused the chronological sequences of multiple episodes. The interviewer recognized these instances as emergent chaotic moments, so she decided to incorporate various methods into her interviews. Among the many elicitation strategies that can be employed in qualitative interviewing, the author applied timeline elicitation to more accurately document their life events. Timeline elicitation is useful for extracting narratives of individual journeys and delineating the meaning of specific events. This technique proved the most effective strategy for minimizing confusions and successfully completing the interviews. This study used comparative analysis to assess the transcripts of two different groups (with/without applying timeline drawing elicitation), and presents findings showing their different reactions to dealing with the transition of time. This study demonstrated the potential of visual timeline approaches to reflect and illustrate the complexity of women participants' experiences of underemployment. Moreover, the efficacy of this timeline drawing elicitation method will be critically discussed, along with its limitations within the context of innovative qualitative methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents are often reluctant to disclose experiences of sexual abuse in forensic interviews. In these situations, there is consensus that interviewers should respond supportively, yet they appear to have considerable difficulty doing so. In the current study, we sought to provide practical guidance on how interviewers can adopt a supportive approach when interviewees are reluctant. Twenty-one expert interviewers were asked how they engage and support adolescents who are reluctant to share information when sexual abuse is suspected. The findings indicate that the expert interviewers approach reluctance by leaning into and exploring the interviewee’s perspective, and tailor their response based on an awareness of the unique needs of the interviewee. Several key support strategies were identified to facilitate this approach. The findings of this study provide practical guidance for how interviewers can approach reluctant interviewees, while also generating novel directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual interviews are still recommended for fellowship applications, 3 years after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Improving equity by reducing the cost for the applicants has been the most important reason for continuing virtual interviews. However, some argue that important information may be missed in a virtual setting. Our objective was to assess the perspective of Gastroenterology (GI) fellowship interviewers and applicants toward virtual interviews. Methods: We designed two different anonymous surveys directed at GI programs and GI applicants who were interviewed for GI fellowship programs from 2020 to 2022 and matched to a GI program. Survey links were emailed to the Program Directors (PDs) and Program Coordinators via the AGA listserv starting in January 2023. A descriptive analysis was performed using Excel, and Fisher's exact tests were performed using R version 4.3.1. Results: Sixty-one applicants and 79 interviewers responded to our survey. More than 80% of applicants strongly agreed (n = 36; 59%) and agreed (n = 14; 23%) that they would prefer in-person interviews if money was not an issue. When applicants were asked about the interview format in order of their preference, "in-person, hybrid, virtual" was the most popular answer (n = 16; 26.2%). Most interviewers (n = 47; 59.5%) do not prefer virtual interviews over in-person interviews. Furthermore, some interviewers were rarely able to judge the applicants' interpersonal (n = 17; 21.5%) and ethical skills (n = 16; 20.3%). These results differed according to the type of interviewer (p = 0.013 and 0.018, respectively). Conclusion: Based on our survey, most programs still prefer in-person interviews. Despite the several advantages of virtual interviews, the majority of applicants would prefer an in-person setting if the financial burden was not a factor. Nonetheless, many applicants think that the cost savings outweigh all the disadvantages associated with virtual interviews. The lack of empathy, personal connections, and engagement may impact the ability of interviewers to judge and ultimately rank a candidate. The virtual interview is here to stay, and we need input from the applicants and the interviewers to make the process more productive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-national surveys run the risk of differential survey errors, where data collected vary in quality from country to country. Responsive and adaptive survey designs (RASDs) have been proposed as a way to reduce survey errors, by leveraging auxiliary variables to inform fieldwork efforts, but have rarely been considered in the context of cross-national surveys. Using data from the European Social Survey, we simulate fieldwork in a repeated cross-national survey using RASD where fieldwork efforts are ended early for selected units in the final stage of data collection. Demographic variables, paradata (interviewer observations), and contact data are used to inform fieldwork efforts. Eight combinations of response propensity models and selection mechanisms are evaluated in terms of sample composition (as measured by the coefficient of variation of response propensities), response rates, number of contact attempts saved, and effects on estimates of target variables in the survey. We find that sample balance can be improved in many country-round combinations. Response rates can be increased marginally and targeting high propensity respondents could lead to significant cost savings associated with making fewer contact attempts. Estimates of target variables are not changed by the case prioritizations used in the simulations, indicating that they do not impact nonresponse bias. We conclude that RASDs should be considered in cross-national surveys, but that more work is needed to identify suitable covariates to inform fieldwork efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relational theories of human development explain how stereotypes and their underlying ideologies thwart social connections that are fundamental for individuals to thrive, especially in early adolescence. Intervention research to address this crisis of connection is still emergent and active listening is one promising strategy to this end; however, its efficacy has not been examined in part because no validated measures of active listening for this population exist. This validation study is the first to examine whether the behavioral dimensions of one form of active listening can be captured using a coding scheme to assess adolescents' engagement in a live interviewing task (N = 293). Importantly, the measure was developed within the context of a theory‐driven intervention to train adolescents in transformative curiosity and listening to enhance connection. Findings indicate that two dimensions underlie the measure as hypothesized, open‐ended questions and follow‐up questions, with acceptable internal consistency. The measure is sensitive to change in adolescents' questioning skills before and after the intervention. Further, asking follow‐up questions was positively related to empathy and also predicted a respondent's perception of their interviewer as a good listener. The effect for asking open‐ended questions was moderated by dyad‐level tendencies to elicit disclosure from others. The current measure not only examines question asking as a more nuanced behavioral dimension of active listening than previous measures, it is also the first to do so among a sample of early adolescents. The measure will be useful in assessing active listening interventions' efficacy to address the crisis of connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint actions like everyday conversations feature the use of speech particles like back-channels or discourse markers to coordinate transitions from one part of the action to another. Transitions can be either horizontal (within tasks or subtasks; i.e., moving from one step to the next in a task) or vertical (between tasks or subtasks). In English, okay is typically used to coordinate vertical transitions. In institutionalized joint actions, okay is used especially by institutional representatives to manage the joint action. Little is known about these uses of okay in other languages, or about when okay may have diffused into those languages. We investigated the use of okay as a vertical coordination marker in Swiss German research interviews and Swiss French job interviews. Okay was consistently used as a vertical transition marker in both settings, especially by interviewers. Younger participants used okay more often than older participants. The findings suggest that okay may have diffused into other languages not only as a marker of agreement, but also as a marker for coordinating transitions. • Okay marks transitions between parts of interviews in Swiss French and Swiss German. • Okay is used more by institutional representatives than by interviewees. • Okay use in Swiss French and Swiss German depends on speakers' age cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines the riskiest forms and sources of potential bias in the employment interview. A mixed methods survey focused on interviewers' attention to various potentially biasing applicant characteristics, how interviewers learn about such characteristics, the traits of interviewers who are sensitive to such characteristics, and how knowledge of such characteristics affects interviewers' opinions of applicants. Participants were 680 professional interviewers from the U.S., U.K., and Canada. High risks of bias were associated with six applicant characteristics (as targets of bias), three interviewer characteristics (as predisposing toward bias), and three sources of information in the interview process. Interviewers commonly rationalized their judgments in job‐relevant terms. These results have implications for understanding and limiting the risk of common selection biases. Practitioner points: Six applicant characteristics were identified that most affected interviewer opinions.Interviewers usually learned such information from appropriate and often unavoidable channels.Disagreeable, socially dominant, and young interviewers were more swayed by biasing information.Interviewers rationalized potential biases in ostensibly job‐relevant language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-stranger rape (NSR) cases are often not prosecuted because of the poor quality of the accounts obtained from complainants. However, a growing body of research suggests that such high attrition rates are likely to improve when the quality of these accounts is increased by skilled interviewing. To assist police interviewers in eliciting high-quality accounts, the development of a guide for the interviewing of NSR complainants has recently been recommended. The present study aims to make the first step in developing such a guide. A multidisciplinary literature search was conducted. The newly developed Non-Stranger Rapist-Oriented Interview (NSROI) is specifically designed to promote complainants' disclosure of evidentially relevant information in the form of a clear, chronological and concise narrative (i.e., a high-quality account). The guide is divided into the 'preparatory', 'rape' and 'rape aftermath' phase. The three themes and questions of the first phase focus on revealing the context in which the alleged rape occurred. The five themes and questions of the second phase concentrate on the day of sexual penetration. The third phase's ninth theme and questions focus on the psychological impact of the events on the complainant. The guide includes the following themes: (i) vulnerabilities, (ii) relationship history, (iii) indications of planning and premeditation, (iv) method to gain control, (v) method to keep control, (vi) offered resistance, (vii) sexual acts performed, sequence and degree of penetration, (viii) perpetrator's behaviour after the performed sexual acts and (ix) victim's post-event psychological injury. The potential, implications and limitations of the NSROI are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I explore sensemaking processes associated with the overview effect —a cognitive shift experienced by astronauts who see Earth from space. Analysis of publicly available interviews (n = 51) with astronauts revealed a common sequence of sensemaking: First, astronauts reported experiencing speechlessness triggered by beauty and awe (a phenomenon I label, awe-mute). Second, during and after missions, most reported attempting to make sense of the experience with others, often resulting in a deepening of their previously-existing worldviews, a process I term sensedeepening. Third, sensedeepening often resulted in astronauts' (a) admissions of inadequacy to give sense to their experience for others, and despite this, (b) development of messages to communicate their experiences, and (c) engagement in social activism. These patterns were corroborated by additional interviews with astronauts (n = 5) and an interview with a prolific interviewer of astronauts. Implications for sensemaking theory and organizational change conclude the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When reviewing the literature relating to what instructors of qualitative research courses are teaching in their courses, we found a gap regarding qualitative faculty's motivations behind what they teach and whether they use teaching tools such as rubrics in their assessment practices. We utilized general qualitative methods to explore and describe how instructors of qualitative methodology courses conceptualize and design interview-based assessments. By conducting structured interviews with five faculty members, we embraced interpretivist descriptive traditions and sought to obtain thick, rich descriptions of each participant's perspectives and experiences. After coding interview transcripts, we created themes to represent participant beliefs that (a) interview assignments are the most appropriate and comprehensive way to assess knowledge of qualitative research, (b) the design and/or use of rubrics for these assignments is complicated within qualitative coursework, and finally, that (c) thorough feedback is the most important aspect of providing high-quality instruction in qualitative research methods. We then summarize our findings and argue that with creative application and further research, qualitative faculty can benefit from the use rubrics to assess interview assignments in qualitative methods courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In job interviews, applicants' use of impression management (IM) tactics is central to our understanding of the interview process. However, while theory indicates that applicants combine IM tactics meaningfully to attempt to create specific impressions, we know little about how applicants use IM tactics in combination, and the individual differences and outcomes associated with these combinations. The current study used Latent Profile Analysis to 1) determine how applicants combine IM tactics in job interviews (i.e., IM profiles), and 2) explore their construct validity by assessing relations with applicant individual differences (i.e., age, gender, HEXACO personality traits, and cognitive ability) and interview outcomes (i.e., interview performance, receiving a follow up interview or a job offer). Participants consisted of undergraduate business students participating in high-fidelity mock interviews with real interviewers (N = 516) and a broader applicant sample who recalled their most recent job interview (N = 1042). In both samples, a five-profile solution provided the best model fit. The five profiles were distinct in terms of the levels of overall IM, self- vs. other-focus, and honest vs. deceptive IM use. These profiles were replicated across both samples. Furthermore, the five IM profiles demonstrated meaningful relations with applicant disposition and interview outcomes in ways that provide support for the construct validity of these profiles. In addition, some of these relationships differed from relations with individual IM tactics, highlighting unique values of a profile-based approach to IM. This study provides a nuanced insight of how applicants combine IM tactics in job interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job interviews involve an exchange of information between interviewers and applicants to assess fit from each side. But current frameworks on interviewers' job previews and applicants' self‐presentation do not completely capture these exchange processes. Using a grounded theory approach, we developed a theoretical model that spans both literatures by showing the complex relationships between job previews and self‐presentation in the interview. Our study also introduces a new way of categorizing applicant self‐presentation and reveals why interviewers and applicants choose to use certain strategies. Based on 43 qualitative interviews with applicants and interviewers, we identified five dominant applicant self‐presentation responses to job preview information: Receding from the Application Process, Reciprocating Reality, Exploiting the RJP, Resisting in Defiance, and Reciprocating Illusion. Furthermore, we found that applicants present many versions of themselves that not only include their actual, favorable, and ought self but also their anticipated‐future self. We also identify interviewers' and applicants' conflicting motives for presenting reality and illusion. Our work provides a deeper understanding of job previews and self‐presentation by providing a big‐picture, yet fine‐grained examination of the communication processes from the viewpoint of the applicant and the interviewer, illustrating implications for both parties and proposing new avenues for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When forensic interviewers reject children's "Don't know" responses, either by repeating questions or pressuring the children to provide different responses, children may change their subsequent responses. The primary objective of the current study was to examine interviewer reactions following preschool‐aged alleged abuse victims' "Don't know" responses in 114 forensic interviews and the children's responses to these rejections. Interviewer reactions were dichotomously coded as either interviewer acceptance (i.e., transitioning to the next logical question or formulating questions focusing on previously mentioned details) or interviewer rejection (i.e., repeating questions or making negative remarks about recall ability). The results showed that the interviewers accepted the children's "Don't know" responses 75.3% of the time and rejected them 24.7% of the time. When interviewers rejected the children's "Don't know" responses, 75.9% of the subsequent responses contradicted the children's initial responses. These results suggest that interviewer rejections following preschool‐aged children's "Don't know" responses may be suggestive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teorija in Praksa is the property of Teorija in Praksa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Interview duration has been shown to become shorter as fieldwork progresses. This has been attributed to a learning effect interviewers go through as they gather experience. In this study, we expand on this knowledge by focusing on how two kinds of interviewer experience relate to interview duration in telephone surveys. Using data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), we employ multilevel models, accounting for the clustering of respondents within interviewers. The results strengthen previous findings associating within-survey interviewer experience with decreasing interview duration. On the other hand, countering previous work, we find evidence that interview duration also decreases with overall interviewer experience. The results add to our knowledge concerning the effect of interviewer experience in the telephone survey mode. The effects are robust to several model specifications and to different interviewer, respondent, and interview characteristics. We conclude with a discussion about how to manage interviewer experience during training and fieldwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skilled investigative interviewing is critical to ensuring that credible witness accounts are gathered in criminal investigations. The current study aimed to determine whether instructions to avoid suggestive questions and pre‐interview knowledge influence both the quality of an interviewer's questioning strategy and the interviewer's memory for the witness' account after a 1‐week delay in a laboratory study using lay student interviewers and witnesses. Results indicated that access to case details prior to the interview did not significantly influence the type or quality of questions asked within the interview itself but significantly influenced interviewers' memories for their interview 1 week later. Those who were blind to case information at the time of the interview had more accurate memories of their witness interviews than those who were correctly or incorrectly pre‐informed. Instructions to avoid suggestive questions served to reduce suggestive questions, regardless of pre‐interview knowledge. Taken together, these findings suggest that pre‐interview preparation may influence investigative outcomes beyond the interview context and traditional measures of witness accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this, the second iteration of our continuing 'Harbingers of Change' project, over 160 early career researchers (ECRs) from eight countries were questioned about their scholarly communications. Three repeat in‐depth interviews were conducted over 2 years of the pandemic to chart changes in attitude and behaviour. This paper provides interview findings (and an extensive literature review) regarding the role played by social media platforms. It was prompted by an initial review of the data that highlighted significant changes in the attitudes and behaviour of Malaysian ECRs, especially in respect to WhatsApp. Data were provided from several open‐ended interview questions about social media, a few interviewer prompts for individual platform names, and, indirectly, from 'mentions' of individual platforms in answers to a range of questions about scholarly communications. Findings were: (1) 15 platforms were mentioned in respect to a range of scholarly activities, most notably visibility and reach; (2) Twitter (now X) was the most mentioned, by half the ECRs; (3) 'churn' is a notable observation, with large gains and losses in mentions occurring between interviews; (4) large differences between countries, with Malaysian ECRs very much leading on the adoption of social media and largely responsible for the rise of WhatsApp, French ECRs showing little interest, and China a different space where WeChat reigns supreme and foreign platforms are blocked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, national statistical offices in low- and middle-income countries have increasingly transitioned to computer-assisted personal interviewing and computer-assisted telephone interviewing for the implementation of household surveys. The byproducts of these types of data collection are survey paradata, which can unlock objective, module- and question-specific, actionable insights on survey respondent burden, survey costs, and interviewer effects – all of which have been understudied in low- and middle-income contexts. This study uses paradata generated by Survey Solutions, a computer-assisted personal interviewing platform used in recent national household surveys implemented by the national statistical offices of Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Across countries, the average household interview, based on a socioeconomic household questionnaire, ranges from 82 to 120 minutes, while the average interview with an adult household member, based on a multi-topic individual questionnaire, takes between 13 to 25 minutes. The paper further provides guidelines on the use of paradata for module-level analysis to aid in operational survey decisions, such as using interview length to estimate unit cost for budgeting purposes as well as understanding interviewer effects using a multilevel model. Our findings, particularly by module, point to where additional interviewer training, fieldwork supervision, and data quality monitoring may be needed in future surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Monatsschrift fuer Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past decade, national statistical offices in low- and middle-income countries have increasingly transitioned to computer-assisted personal interviewing and computer-assisted telephone interviewing for the implementation of household surveys. The byproducts of these types of data collection are survey paradata, which can unlock objective, module- and question-specific, actionable insights on survey respondent burden, survey costs, and interviewer effects – all of which have been understudied in low- and middle-income contexts. This study uses paradata generated by Survey Solutions, a computer-assisted personal interviewing platform used in recent national household surveys implemented by the national statistical offices of Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Across countries, the average household interview, based on a socioeconomic household questionnaire, ranges from 82 to 120 minutes, while the average interview with an adult household member, based on a multi-topic individual questionnaire, takes between 13 to 25 minutes. The paper further provides guidelines on the use of paradata for module-level analysis to aid in operational survey decisions, such as using interview length to estimate unit cost for budgeting purposes as well as understanding interviewer effects using a multilevel model. Our findings, particularly by module, point to where additional interviewer training, fieldwork supervision, and data quality monitoring may be needed in future surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of parental support and interviewer attitude on children's free recall of and resistance to suggestive information based on their anxiety level. Ninety children aged 5–8 years were randomly assigned to conditions with or without parental and interviewer support. The results showed that the group with interviewer and parental support exhibited greater free recall and fewer false responses than the group without such support. The impact of parental support depended on the presence or absence of interviewer support and the child's anxiety level. Specifically, for children with lower anxiety levels, free recall was higher when interviewer support was provided (with or without parental support). For children with higher anxiety, parental support was beneficial only when interviewer support was provided. These findings indicated that interviewer and parental support may be particularly important during investigative interviews with children who display high levels of anxiety. The findings offer a foundation for experts in the field who oversee investigative interviews with children, appearing to increase in number annually, and can also provide useful insights for legal experts and field practitioners who review children's statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This microanalysis study extends our understanding of how questioning works in a face-to-face dialogue. It does so, first, by testing the central proposition of McGee's (1999) co-constructive model of questions on a body of experimental data. It does so, secondly, by demonstrating how the questions and formulations (paraphrases and summaries) of an interviewer are skillfully interwoven in co-constructive sequences designed to invite the interviewee to construct ever more detailed understandings around a topic introduced by the interviewer in an opening and overarching question to the sequence. The implications for social constructionism and doing therapy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asynchronous video interviews (AVIs) have become a popular alternative to face‐to‐face interviews for screening or selecting job applicants, in part because of their increased flexibility and lower costs. However, AVIs are often described as anxiety‐provoking or associated with negative applicant reactions. Building on theories of media richness and social presence, we explore if increasing the media richness of AVIs, by replacing "default" text‐based introductions and written questions with video‐based ones, can positively influence interviewees' experience. In an experimental study with 151 interviewees (Mage = 28.08, 56% female) completing a mock interview, we examine the (direct and indirect) impact of media richness on perceived social presence, interview anxiety, use of honest and deceptive impression management (IM) tactics, and ultimately interview performance. Results showed that media richer AVIs help increase interviewees perceived social presence and improve their interview performance. Higher perceived social presence was also associated with lower interview anxiety and facilitated using IM (especially other‐focused tactics). Our findings highlight that there might be ways for organizations to embrace the practical benefits of AVIs while still ensuring a positive experience for interviewees. Practitioner points: Most asynchronous video interviews (AVIs) being used by professionals are text‐based.Media‐richness can enhance the interviewees' experience in AVIs.Media‐rich AVIs can enhance social presence, facilitate IM use, decrease applicants' anxiety, and help with interview performance.Adding informal low‐cost videos to AVIs has the same positive effects as adding expensive professionally recorded videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why patient representatives are essential in interviews for both candidates and interviewers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research has highlighted the potentially detrimental effects of pre‐interview preparation on witness memory within an interview context (Rivard et al., 2016). The present study examined the effect of an interviewer's pre‐interview knowledge on eyewitness memory beyond the initial interview. Method: Student witnesses were interviewed one week after viewing a mock crime event by a student interviewer who was either correctly informed, incorrectly informed, or uninformed (blind) to case details and who was either told to avoid suggestions or was not given cautionary instructions. Results: Analyses of the witnesses' recall quantity and quality one week after the interview revealed that witnesses of blind interviewers recalled more details than witnesses of incorrectly informed interviewers. Witnesses of blind interviewers were also more accurate than witnesses of incorrectly informed interviewers, but only when interviewers were warned not to ask suggestive questions. Implications: Findings suggest that interviewer training and pre‐interview knowledge may play an important role in witness recall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is abundant literature about interviewer effects on the survey process, but studies of interviewer training are quite limited. Previous research has produced mixed findings on how training affects interviewer performance. Trainings are often conducted in person despite the mixed findings. There has been no research that examines the use of videoconferencing as a medium for training field survey interviewers. We conducted an interviewer training experiment with the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). We randomly assigned 242 field interviewers into three training modes: in person, videoconference (i.e., WebEx), and self-administered training. Each interviewer's performance was observed before and after the training. As post-hoc analysis, we observed improvement for higher performed interviewers trained in videoconference. Interviewers trained in videoconference rated their experiences similar to their counterparts trained in person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it has long been acknowledged that interviewers play a crucial role in the survey data collection process, there is little research concerning interviewer effects on how respondents perceive the interview. We investigate whether interviewer effects exist regarding how much respondents report having enjoyed the interview and whether these effects can be explained by interviewer characteristics. We use data from wave 9 of the German Family Panel pairfam, combined with data from an interviewer survey conducted prior to this wave. Applying multilevel models, we find large interviewer effects that can be explained only partly by interviewers' sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes, and behavior. Interviewers' gender, intrinsic work motivation, and their attitude toward respondents significantly affect how much respondents enjoy the interview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survey researchers and practitioners often assume that higher response rates are associated with a higher quality of survey data. However, the evidence for this claim in face-to-face surveys is mixed. To explain these mixed results, recent studies have proposed that interviewers' involvement in respondent selection moderates the effect of response rates on data quality. Previous analyses based on data from the European Social Survey found that response rates are positively associated with data quality when interviewer involvement in respondent selection is minimal. However, the association between response rates and data quality is negative when interviewers are more involved in respondent selection through household frame creation or within-household selection of target persons. These studies have hypothesized that some interviewers deviate from prescribed selection procedures to select individuals with higher response propensities, which increase response rates while reducing data quality. We replicate these results with an extended dataset, including more recent European Social Survey rounds and three other European survey projects: the European Quality of Life Survey, European Values Study, and International Social Survey Programme. Based on our results, we recommend that surveys include procedures to verify respondent-selection practices into their fieldwork control procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interviewer falsification, such as the complete or partial fabrication of interview data, has been shown to substantially affect the results of survey data. In this study, we apply a method to identify falsifying face-to-face interviewers based on the development of their behavior over the survey field period. We postulate four potential falsifier types: steady low-effort falsifiers, steady high-effort falsifiers, learning falsifiers, and sudden falsifiers. Using large-scale survey data from Germany with verified falsifications, we apply multilevel models with interviewer effects on the intercept, scale, and slope of the interview sequence to test whether falsifiers can be detected based on their dynamic behavior. In addition to identifying a rather high-effort falsifier previously detected by the survey organization, the model flagged two additional suspicious interviewers exhibiting learning behavior, who were subsequently classified as deviant by the survey organization. We additionally apply the analysis approach to publicly available cross-national survey data and find multiple interviewers who show behavior consistent with the postulated falsifier types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its importance in terms of survey participation, the literature is sparse on how face-to-face interviewers differentially affect specific groups of sample units. This paper demonstrates how an alternative parametrization of the random components in multilevel models, so-called separate coding, delivers valuable insights into differential interviewer effects for specific groups of sample members. In the example of a face-to-face recruitment interview for a probability-based online panel, we detect small interviewer effects regarding survey participation for non-Internet households, whereas we find sizable interviewer effects for Internet households. We derive practical guidance for survey practitioners to address differential interviewer effects based on the proposed variance decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complementing studies on physical attractiveness and labor market outcomes, we use the information on physical and personality attractiveness rated by interviewers from four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (ADD Health) for 1,485 individuals (73 female and 60 male self-employed). Though neither physical attractiveness nor personality attractiveness is related to self-employment earnings individually, females who are self-employed with both physical attractiveness and personality attractiveness have higher earnings. There are no effects of both attractiveness types for males (employed or self-employed) or females (employed) on earnings. Plain English Summary: We examine how physical attractiveness and personality attractiveness relate to performance in self-employment. Interestingly, we did not find that either physical attractiveness or personality attractiveness individually had any significant relationship with earnings for self-employed individuals. However, we did find that self-employed females who are both physically attractive and have attractive personalities did have significantly higher earnings. There were no significant effects on earning for either self-employed or employed males who were both physically attractive and had attractive personalities or for employed females with both forms of attractiveness. These results add nuance to prior research regarding the potential beauty premium that could play a role in key aspects of performance for those who are self-employed. Specifically, our findings highlight the need to consider both physical and personality traits for females who are considering, or are currently pursuing, self-employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cases of child abuse, children are required to retrieve details from their memory as accurately as possible. Previous research has shown that children's memory reports can be heavily influenced by an interviewer, but many interviewers do not understand memory processes or know how their practices impact children's memories. While interviewers are commonly recommended to adhere to expert guidelines, the current article aims to explain the memory-related reasons underlying why some interview practices are recommended and further aims to dispel some misconceptions about memory. Five considerations about children's memory are described: (1) the rate that details are forgotten from memory cannot justify rushed interview planning, (2) considerations for eliciting details from different subsystems of long-term memory, (3) how question phrasing impacts children's memory retrieval processes, (4) the inaccuracies caused by the reconstructive nature of memory, and (5) the memory challenges for children reporting multiple incidents of abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The study aims to identify whether emotional intelligence influences leadership profiles given the performance of their teams in the face of the people, processes, and results pillars. Methodology - A qualitative research used in-depth interviews to collect and analyze data, which Iramuteq software supports. Findings - According to the interviewer's perspective, the results showed that the situational leadership model proved helpful in leadership practice. Emotional intelligence is strongly associated with the situational leadership profile. Research Limitations - The conclusions of a qualitative study could not be generalized for other's circumstances but could support further research. Practical Implications - The interviewees perceive this connection between situational leadership and emotional intelligence when they note the importance of knowing how to manage conflicts, influence the team, and have emotional resilience and empathy. Originality/value - This research assumes that the combined use of situational leadership and emotional intelligence variables can guide the adoption of a management style aimed at achieving results at work and greater employee job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research aimed to explore how interviewers perceive male candidates' gender nonconformity during job interviews and how job type may play a role in the process. Based on role congruity theory, we propose that male candidates' gender nonconformity negatively affects employment decisions through cognitive and affective processes (i.e. perceived expectancy violation and likability). Further, based on the literature on occupational gender stereotypes, we examined the moderating effect of job type on the above indirect process. We believe that the negative indirect effects of male candidates' gender nonconformity on employment decisions through perceived expectancy violation and likability will be weakened when interviewing for female‐dominated jobs compared with male‐dominated jobs. We found robust evidence consistent with our theoretical assertion using three independent between‐subjects experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interviewer Martin Turkis focuses on Dale Cannon's intellectual career in relation to Polanyi studies, how he was introduced to the thought of Michael Polanyi through the guidance of William H. Poteat and his publications, what led to Cannon's focus on the meaning and importance of the shift from the critical to the post-critical, and what that shift means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]