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Purpose: This study was designed to study testicular-histopathology and lipid profile against 50ppm of fluoride (ad labitum) exposure in mice. Moreover, the curative potentials of vitamin E, Punica granatum and Olea europea fruit extracts were also studied. Methods: Five groups (10 animals/group) were treated as follow (a) Control (C) (F free water-15 days); (b) NaF {50ppm F-ions in drinking water (10days) and F free water (5days)}; (c) NaF + vitamin E (NaFE) {50ppm F-ions (10days) and F free water+60µg vitamin E in corn oil (5days)}; (d) NaF+ Punica granatum fruit extract (NaFP) {50ppm F ions (10days) and F free water+0.2mL P. granatum fruit extract (5days)}; (v) NaF+ Olea europea fruit extract (NaFO) {50ppm F-ions (10days) and F free water +0.2mL O. europea extract (5days)}; All animals were sacrificed on day 16 to obtain blood for lipid profile and testes for histopathological studies. Results: Results shows peculiar histopathological changes in the testis, including the loss of interstitial tissues, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and maturing sperms. These signs were convincingly recovered in NaFO, followed by other two post treatment groups NaFP and NaFE. Similarly the micrometric data shows significant increase in the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and developing spermatozoa, in NaFO (CSA of seminiferous tubules, number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes:, sperms embedded in sertoli cells & number of dislodged sperms). The rise of High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) with a simultaneous decline in plasma cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) in NaFO indicate the importance of these post treatments, against altered lipid profile of the F toxicology. Excellent testicular rehabilitation found in NaFO group that indicate the curative potential of O.europea against altered histopatology against F exposure in testes. Conclusions: The severity of the mentioned pathology of NaF group indicates that Olea europea and Punica granatum post treatment can effectively eradicate the toxic changes of F exposure in lipid profile, while Olea europea fruit extract showed more ameliorationative capability against F-exposure in testes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Chicken embryos serve as a prominent model in embryonic development research. The present study evaluates the developmental impact of Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) on Gallus domisticus chick embryos. Methods: 250 fertilized eggs of Gallus domesticus were distributed into five groups: i) Control group (CG): incubated without any treatment ii) Vehicle Control group (VC): injected with 0.1mL of a 5% DMSO solution in water iii) Lambda-Cyhalothrin group (LCH): injected with 0.1mL of 0.01mg/kg LCH solution in 5% DMSO iv) Vitamin B12 group (B12): injected with 0.1mL of 0.1mg/kg vitamin B12 solution in 5% DMSO v) Lambda-Cyhalothrin group + Vitamin B12 (LCH+B12): injected with 0.1mL of 0.01 mg/kg LCH 0.1mg/kg vitamin B12 solution. Treatment was given on zero day and embryos were recovered on 14th day after incubation to check embryonic development. Results: Morphological observations indicated that both the CG and VC groups displayed normal development. In contrast, the LCH and LCH+B12 group exhibited adverse effects, which included embryonic cataracts, neck deformities, muscular dystrophy, and a higher rate of embryo mortality when compared to the CG and VC groups. Moreover, LCH+B12 group also showed severe synergistic embryonic toxicity, characterized by halted development, foul odor, sulfur contents, blackish discoloration and teratogenic signs including embryonic cataract, evisceration, halted neck, hemorrhage spot and reduced limb size. Conclusion: Type-II fluoridated pyrethroid LCH is highly toxic to chick development. Study revealed that Vitamin B12 alone does not interfere with normal development however its co-treatment with LCH can aggravate toxic potentials of LCH for embryonic development in the chick. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the ameliorative effects of Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract against the hepato histopathological changes of Carbofuran treated mice. Methods: There were 40 animals divided into four groups (10 animals in each group) and study consists of 8 days. 1: Vehicle Control group (VC) (0.1mL 5% DMSO in corn oil was provided daily for first three days and for remaining days (4 to 8) of study pure water was given), 2: Carrisa carandus group (CC) (0.1mL of 5% DMSO in corn oil was given for first three days, followed by 4th day rest and from 5th -8th days of study CC was provided), 3: Carbofuran group (CF) (treated with 0.1mL CF in 5% DMSO in corn oil for first 3 days and for remaining days (4 to 8) of study pure water was given), 4: Carbofuran+ Carrisa carandus group (CF+CC) (provided with 0.1mL CF in 5% DMSO in corn oil for first three days, followed by one day rest and for 5-8 days, 0.1mL of CC fruit extract in 5% DMSO in corn oil was given). All the animals were dissected on 9th day to remove liver lobes for further processing. Results: Carbofuran exposure induced several hepato-histopathological changes that included damaged hepatic vein, apoptotic hepatocytes, irregular hepatic cords with disrupted sinusoids, macrophages infestation and micronuclear formation. Most of these pathologies were ameliorated in Carrisa carandus treated group. In CF group, significant decrease in mean number of CSA of hepatocytes, CSA of hepatic nuclei, number of hepatocytes and oval cells/per unit area (2,495.45µ²m), and animal body weight was significantly (p<0.05) lower than CF+CC (29.556±0.293) and CF (24.111±0.85) groups as compared to VC (30.667±0.5773) and CC (31.22±0.8570) groups respectively. Conclusions: Findings of this study concluded that CF exposure damage the histopathology of liver and CC (Carrisa carandus) extract can be used as hepatoprotective agent against exposure of Carbofuran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This work aimed to define the histopathological severity of fluorinated, brominated and chlorinated pyrethroid insecticides on endocrine pancreas of mice. Methods: Fourty male mice (Mus musculus) were categorized into four groups and each group containing ten animals. 0.1mL dose of corn oil was given to the vehicle contro (VC) group animals for three days. This group was kept as a reference group. The 0.1mL corn oil containing 5mg/kg dose of each insecticide such as Cypermethrin (CYP), Deltamethrin (DLT) and Lambda cyhalothrin (LC) was given to three group of mice for three days, followed by three days of none treatment. Dissection procedure was carried out at 7th day. Results: All the micrometric results and histopathological alterations have shown that pyrethroid insecticides were highly toxic to endocrine pancreatic tissues. The various histopathological sign such as strip arrangements of endocrine cells in islets, endocrine cellular necrosis mainly in the central and pericentral areas of islets and increased vacuolation in surviving endocrine cells etc. In three insecticides treated groups, there were significantly decline in the relative abundance of endocrine cells per unit area (1230µm²) such as CYP (8.8±0.25) DLT (7.5±0.23) and the LC (7.5±0.23) as compare to control group (9.7± 0.24). It indicates that type II pyrethroid insecticides are generally pancreo-toxic and they specifically target the islets of langerhans cells. Conclusions: The severity of the mentioned pathological sign in LC and DLT groups indicated that these non-dietary halogenated (fluorinated and brominated respectively) pyrethroid inflict more severe histopathological impacts on the endocrine pancreas as compare to the simple chlorinated type II pyrethroid the CYP. The findings reflects that these otherwise consider comparatively safer or less toxic insecticides for the non-target organisms like mammals have come out to be highly toxic to the endocrine tissues particularly the pancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research work was designed to explore the effects of Bifenthrin (BF) and Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Lct) (fluorinated type II pyrethroid) insecticides on testicular histopathologies and their amelioration on the posttreatment of Basella rubra extract (Br). Methods: Sixty male albino mice were divided into six groups (n=10) as follow: 1: Control group (CO) received 0.1mL corn oil on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6) through gavage; 2: Basella rubra group (Br) were given Br extract on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6); 3,4:Bifenthrin (BF) and Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Lct) were treated with their respective 5mg/kg insecticides dissolved in CO on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6); 5,6: Lct+Br and BF+Br were given respective insecticides on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and Br (day 4-6). Both testes were excised on euthanasia and processed on day 7th. Results: Both insecticide-exposed groups (BF and Lct) had extensive damage to seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues. Empty spaces in the tubules and interstitial tissues, wavy borders of the tubules, decrease in spermatids with immature spermatozoa, and demaged spermatogonia was also observed in both insecticides treated groups. Simultaneously, the mean cross sectional area of seminiferous tubules also showed significant (p<0.05) increase in Lct and BF than CO and Br groups. Altogether, results demonstrated that BF and Lct causes detrimental effects on testes and may influence fertilization, decrease spermatids and spermatozoa and in Lct and Bf respectively as compared to CO, and damaged spermatogonia were observed. Conclusions: Based upon these findings it is concluded that BF and Lct exposure cause alterations in testicular histology that can be rescued through Br treatment indicating the importance of Basella rubra fruit in male reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research work was designed to explore the mitigating properties of Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract on the pancreatic histopathologies of Carbofuran treated mice. Methods: There were 4 experimental groups: 1) Vehicle Control group (VC); treated with 0.1mL of 5% DMSO solution in corn oil for first 3 days and normal water for next five days. 2): Carbofuran group (CF); received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO+5mg/kg Carbofuran solution in corn oil for 3 days followed by normal water for rest of 5 days. 3): Carissa carandus group (CC); received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO solution in corn oil for 1-3 days, not treated with any dose on day 4 and 0.1mL of Carissa carandus solution was given for remaining 4 days. 4) Carbofuran+ Carissa carandus group (CF+CC); treated with 0.1mL of 5% DMSO+5mg/kg Carbofuran solution in corn oil till day 3, no treatment on day 4 and 0.1mL of Carissa carandus solution from day 5 to 8. Animals were dissected on the 9th day of study to recover intact pancreas for histopathological and micrometric studies. Results: All histopathological and micrometric results proved that carbofuran is highly toxic for endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Prominent histopathological landmarks like lipid droplets in various areas inside the islets of Langerhans, acinar fat cells and lipid steatosis in exocrine tissue clearly illustrated degenerative effect of carbofuran. The relative area occupied by endocrine and exocrine cells per unit area (116 µm2) was significantly (p≤0.05) lower for CF as compared to VC. Similarly significant (p≤0.05) increase in mean width of inter acinar spaces was obvious in CF (5.5±0.4µm) as compared to VC (1.7±0.2µm). All these histological and micrometric deteriorations of carbofuran treatments were noticeably reversed in CF+CC group. Conclusions: These findings clearly indicate that carbofuran is a potent toxicant for endocrine and exocrine pancreas and Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract possess rescuing and regenerative potentials against such pancreatoxic effects of carbofuran in male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to explore the ameliorating effects of Basella rubra fruit extract against thyro-pancreatic histopathologies in lambda cyhalothrin and bifenthrin treated mice. Method: Thirty mature male albino mice were divided into 6 groups as follows: (i) and (ii) Vehicle control group/VC and Basella rubra/Br group (0.1mL corn oil and 0.1mL Basella rubra extract, respectively, for days 1-2; (iii) and (iv) Lambdacyhalothrin (Lct) and Bifenthrin (Bf) groups (5mg/kg Lct and Bf solution in 0.1mL corn oil, respectively, for days 1-2); (v) LctBr and BfBr groups (5mg/kg lambdacyhalothrin and bifenthrin in 0.1mL corn oil, respectively, for days 1-2 and 0.1mL of Basella rubra solution on days 4-6); For histological study, pancreas and thyroid were excised from all animals on day 7. Results: Lct and Bf exposure was found to cause acinus focal degeneration, islets hypertrophy and hyperplasia in pancreas, ruptured follicles, thyroglobulin depletion and abnormally enlarged follicles in thyroid gland. The micrometric outcomes revealed that relative area occupied by endocrine cells and their relative abundance was reduced in Lct and Bf (51.98±1.55; 61.46±1.32) groups compared to VC (88.87±2.86). Relative area occupied by endocrine cells per unit area was increased in Lct & Bf (51.98±1.55; 61.46±1.32) and increased in Br group (114.0±2.70) in than VC (88.87±2.86). In thyroid gland mean number follicular and C-cells were increased in Lct (229.64±9.82; 209.60±9.72) decreased (59.7±2.7; 80.4±4.2) in Bf group comparative to VC (97.80±3.70; 106.45±3.36). Conclusions: Both of the glands were equally and highly affected by these pyrethroids. All these deleterious effects of Lct and Bf were markedly reversed in LctBr and BfBr groups. Use of Basella rubra showed a remarkable amelioration in Lct and Bf treated groups. Basella rubra fruit extract showed rehabilitative potential against the histopathological signs of Lct and Bf in male mice. Purpose: Insert text here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was to examine the protective effects of basella rubra against fluoridated pyrethroid insecticide i.e Bifenthrin(BF) and Lambda cyhalothirin(LCT) induced hepato-nephric toxicity in male mice. Methods: Thirty animals were placed in 6 groups (n=5) and given daily treatments for seven days. 1: Vehicle control group (VC) [0.1 mL corn oil (CO) from days 1-7]; 2: BR extract group (Basella rubra) [Basella rubra extract on day 1-2, rest on day 3 + 0.1mL drinking water on days 4-6]; 3: BF 5mg/kg group [5 mg/kg BF in 0.1mL CO on days 1 & 2, rest on day 3 and followed by 0.1mL drinking water on days 4-6]; 4: BF5mg/kg+BR (BF5+BR) group [5 mg/kg BF in 0.1 mL CO on days 1 & 2, rest on day 3 and followed by BR extract in water for days 4,5,6 ]; 5: LCT 5mg/kg [5mg/kg LCT in 0.1mL CO on days 1 & 2, rest on day 3 and followed by 0.1mL drinking water on days 4-6, and 6: LCT 5mg/kg+ BR (LCT 5+BR) group [5 mg/kg LCT in 0.1mL CO on days 1 & 2, rest on day 3 and followed by BR extract in water for days 4,5,6 ]. On day 7, all of the animals were euthanized to retrieve the kidneys and liver for histological evaluation. The dosage was provided by gavage. Results: BF and LCT exposure to liver showed significant degenerative signs such as portal vein enlargement. The presence of many macrophages and, in rare circumstances, oval stem cells indicate the liver's natural rehabilitation process. In kidney, the BF and LCT caused with glomerular enlargement preceded by glomerular obliteration. The PCTs lost their brush border. Glomeruli were becoming scarce. Tubular tissue segments degeneration Micrometric estimations for the liver revealed that LCT caused decrease in the CSA of the central vein. Width of sinusoidal space increased in BF group while CSA of hepatocyte nucleus, marginal portal vein, marginal bile ductule and CSA of hepatic artery showed no significant variation among all the groups. In kidney, BF and LCT caused decrease in mean CSA of glomerulus, mean number of epithelial cells as compared to VC group. Conclusions: The concomitant usage of Basella rubra for the subjects exposed to pyrethroids appeared to have an ameliorative impact due to its rehabilitory effect against the toxicity of BF and LCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Histopathological and micrometric effects of Cypermethrin (CYM) and lambda-cyhalothrin (LCH), the type II pyrethroid insecticides, were explored on adrenals of 6 weeks old sixty male mice (28-30g). Additionally the ameliorative capacity of extra virgin olive oil treatment were also investigated against their pathologies. Methods: Sixty male mice (28-30g) were randomly distributed in six groups (10 mice each): 1. Negative control group (Cont) (100µL corn oil for two days followed by one day rest (no dose) and 100µL corn oil for next three days), 2. Positive control group (Virgin Olive Oil/VOO) (100µL corn oil for two days followed by one day rest (no dose) and 100µL extra virgin olive oil for next three days), 3. CYM group (100µL of 5mg/kg CYM solution in corn oil for two days, one day rest (no dose) and three day post treatment of 100µL corn oil), 4. LCH group (100µL of 5mg/kg LCH solution in corn oil for days 1-2, no dose on day 3 followed by 100µL corn oil from day 4-6), 5. CYM+VOO group (CYM treatment as in group three followed by extra virgin olive oil treatment as in group two after one day rest) and 6. LCh+VOO group (LCH treatment as in group four followed by extra virgin olive oil treatment as in group two after one day rest). All solutions were given to mice through gavage. Results: The results showed various characteristic effects of insecticide exposure upon adrenal cortex (lesions in zona fasciculata leaving behind wide empty spaces between adjacent fascicles), medulla (cellular necrosis, vacuolization in cytoplast and nuclear disintegration, enlarged nuclei and cytoplast). In addition to that various significant micrometric alterations were also noted. Extra virgin olive oil significantly rehabilitated the derailments in the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. Conclusions: On basis of present findings it is obvious that the type II pyrethroid insecticides bear cortico-medullary adrenal toxic potentials. As these pathologies were found effectively ameliorated upon OV treatment, it is concluded that such pathological implications are rescuable by the extra virgin olive oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Teratological capacities of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCH) and the rescuing abilities of vitamin E and olive oil in ovo exposure were analyzed in the golden black variety of domestic chicken. Methods: The study was conducted on fresh fertilized eggs collected and divided into 5 groups as follows: (1) Vehicle Control group (VCon) which received 0.1mL of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution in vegetable oil (2) the Lambdacyhalothrin group (LCH) was administered a 0.1mL of 5% DMSO and 0.01 mg/kg of LCH, all dissolved in vegetable oil. (3) Lambda-cyhalothrin+Vitamin E group (LCHE), was provided with a 0.1mL of 5% DMSO, 0.01mg/kg LCH & 0.1mg/kg of Vitamin E, dissolved in vegetable oil. (4) Lambda-cyhalothrin+ Vitamin E in Olive oil (LCHOE), received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO and 0.01 mg/kg LCH, both dissolved in 0.1mg/kg vitamin E solution (EVOO). Finally, the last group (5) Olive oil +Lambdacyhalothrin (LCHO) were administered 0.1mL of 5% DMSO, 0.01mg/kg LCH & 0.1mg/kg Vitamin E in EVOO. The embryos were removed from egg shells after 14th day of incubation, weighted and disected for the removal of brains for histological outcomes. Results: There was significant decrease in embryonic weight, volume and density of brain in LCH group as compared to vehicle control. LCH treated embryos showed complete cell obliterations, microlesions and partial nuclear disintegration (micronuclear formation). Number of different types of neuronal cells (pyramidal, pyramidal-like, multipolar, local circuit) was also decreased in LCH treated embryos. However, vit E and olive oil treated embryos show rescuing effects towards all above mentioned abnormalities. Conclusions: Type II fluoridated pyrethroid LCH is highly toxic to developing chick brain which may unfortunately be present in chick feed. However, the precious ingredients of olive oil and vitamin E can reduce the risk of neurodevelopmental damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Teratological potential of oxyfluorfen and the antioxidant role of Methylcobalamin was studied in the golden black variety of domestic chicken Gallus domesticus. Methods: The study was conducted on 200 fresh fertilized eggs collected and divided into 4 groups as follows: (1) Control injected with 0.1 µL of 5% DMSO in corn oil (2) Oxy, injected with 0.1µL of 0.01µg/g oxyfluorfen solution in 5% DMSO and corn oil (3) MeCbl, injected with 0.1µL of 0.01µg/g methylcobalamin solution (4) OxyMeCbl, injected with 0.1µL of 0.01µg/g oxyfluorfen solution in 5% DMSO and corn oil and 0.1µL of 0.01µg/g methylcobalamin solution. In-ovo treatment was given on zero day and embryos were incubated & on 14th day of incubation, the embryos were recovered from eggs and fixed in fixative (90% alcohol and 10% formaldehyde) for further studies. Results: The morphological observations showed a significant increase in mortality rate among the oxyfluorfen treated embryos against control group. Morphological analysis revealed various adverse effects, including reduced weight, crown-rump size, axial and appendicular skeleton size. Moreover, deformities were noted in the beak, eye, and neck formation. Cataracts were frequently observed in the eyes, and some embryos showed reduced head size with a prominent decrease in the beak size. Development of feathers was also affected, and several cases exhibited umbilical cord hernias. However, when the embryos were treated with methylcobalamin after oxyfluorfen exposure, there was a noticeable improvement in developmental effects. Conclusions: Oxyfluorfen, containing fluorine causes birth defects in chick embryo that might be due to oxidative stress. Methylcobalamin has showed potential to act as antioxidant by countering oxyfluorfen's harmful effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histopathological and micrometric alterations of developing chick testes and adrenal were explored. There were selected 110 fertilized eggs, equally divided into two groups named as Vehicle control (Vc) and Bifenthrin (BF) group respectively. Technical grade bifenthrin was injected in the eggs (1mg/kg) using Normal Saline (NS)+DMSO interphase as vehicle in BF group whereas the Vc eggs likewise received injections of NS+DMSO only. The embryos were incubated 14 days in an incubator and finally removed from the egg shells. The embryos were weighed and fixed in 70% alcohol solution for further studies. The results have shown various histological alterations in developing chick testes such as decrease in the number of stem (529 µm2) was significantly lower in BF group (3.45±0.47) as compared to Vc group (13.80 ±0.62) and interstitial cells, mean enhancement in luminal space of seminiferous tubules, dramatic reduction in wall thickness of seminiferous tubules, clumping of interstitial cells and reduced number of sertoli cells. Moreover, significant alterations in mean wall thickness of seminiferous tubule, mean interstitial cell count around the seminiferous tubules, mean CSA of luminal space of seminiferous tubules of testicular parameters were observed. Likewise, histological alteration of BF exposure in developing chick adrenal medulla was overall shrinkage, focal degenerations, loose connective tissue network and for adrenal cortex mainly cellular hypertrophy was noted. Additionally, significant micrometric variations in developing adrenal medulla for mean medullary region size, mean cellular count parameters and adrenal cortex for mean cortex size, mean cell count, mean cortical cellular size parameters were noted. These findings show that BF is highly toxic to developing testes and adrenal in chick embryos indicating its developmental endocrine disruption potentials. It is thus suggested that this otherwise frequently used insecticide should be avoided as much as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the thyro-parathroid toxicological impacts of a fluoridated (Lambda cyhalothrin) and a non-fluoridated (Cypermethrin) pyrethroid in male albino mice and the amelioration of these toxicities with post treatment with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Study plan included 6 groups. 1: Vehicle control (Cnt group) received 0.1 mL corn oil for days 1,2, 4-6) and 2: Positive control (Olv group) received 0.1 mL corn oil for days 1-3 and 0.1mL EVOO for days 4-6) 3: cypermethrin group (Cpr group) and 4: Lambda Cyhalothrin group (Lch group) received 5 mg/Kg cypermethrin or Lambda Cyhalothrin respectively for days 1-2, no treatment on day 3, 0.1mL corn oil for days 4-6) 5: Cypermethrin+Olive group (Cpr+Olv group) and 6: Lambda cyhalothrin+Olive group (Lch+Olv group) received 5mg/kg cypermethrin or Lambda Cyhalothrin respectively for days 1-2, no treatment on day 3, 0.1mL EVOO for days 4-6). Results of the present study indicate that both of the insecticides are toxic to the endocrine tissue examined in the study. However lambda cyhalothrin led to severe histopathological (Cords seemed to be merged and focal degenerations can also be observed in central and peripheral regions) and micrometric changes compared to the cypermethrin. Various significant alterations occurred in micrometric parameters, such as mean CSA of follicular cells, Para-follicular cells and follicles were significantly higher in lambda cyhalothrin groups as compared to cypermethrin group. The morphometric data also showed a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in mean cross-sectional area of follicular cells (Cnt: 51.33±1.05, Olv: 51.16±1.16, Cpr: 62.45±1.8, Lch: 61.00±2.1, Cpr+olv: 54.3±1.8 and Lch+olv: 55.2±1.7), CSA of follicles (Cnt: 2083±128.6, Olv: 2019.84±189.7, Cpr: 1946.6±94.03, Lch: 1712.6±139.6, Cpr+olv: 2041.7±114 and Lch+olv: 1483.3±134.4), Para-follicular cells (Cnt: 55±11.09, Olv: 51.76±9.0, Cpr: 73.8±15.7, Lch: 60.9±10.7, Cpr+olv: 54.1±8.8 and Lch+olv: 51.9±11.8) indicating that the fluoridation has contributed significantly to the pathological potential of this insecticide. On the other hand olive oil has been found to contain rescuing and rehabilitation potentials and ameliorated the mean CSA of follicular cells, CSA of follicles and parafollicualr cells, against the histopathologies of these insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histopathological and micrometric alterations of mice liver and kidney against gastro-intestinal exposure of (lambda-cyhalothrin) (LCT) and (cypermethrin) (CYP) were investigated along with the rescuing potential of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The study comprised 60 male albino mice randomly distributed in 6 groups (n=10). The vehicle control group (VC) was maintained and treated with 0.1ml corn oil. The positive control group was treated with EVOO, whereas the (CYP) and (LCT) groups were treated with 5mg/kg of the respective insecticides for two consecutive days and corn oil for 4-6 days. The last 2 groups Cypermethrin+extra virgin olive oil (CYP+EVOO) and Lambda-cyhalothrin+extra virgin olive oil (LCT+EVOO) were treated with olive oil only on day 4-6 along with respective insecticide exposure on first two days. All animals were sacrificed on day 7 to recover body organs (Liver and Kidney). Results show various histopathological alterations both in Liver (enormously enlarged hepatocytes, disruption of hepatic cords, etc.) and kidney (lesions in the endothelial wall of bowman's capsule, endothelial cells apoptosis, etc.) on CYP and LCT exposures. Significant micrometric changes were also noted along with pathological signs. The olive oil post treatment groups have shown rehabilitative effects against the reported histopathologies. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that both insecticides harbor hepato-renal histopathological potentials that are at least partially rescued on EVOO treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histopathological and micrometric alterations of mice pituitary gland against two dose groups of bifenthrin 2.5mg/kg and 5mg/kg (Bf2.5 and Bf5) exposure were investigated. Additionally, the rescuing potential of kalonji seed oil (k) was also investigated. The study group comprised 60 male albino mice (27-30g) randomly distributed in 6 groups (n=10). (i) Vc (vehicle control) group was maintained and treated with 0.1mL of corn oil only for 1-14 days; (ii) K (positive control) group was treated with 0.1mL of corn oil for 1-7 days and 0.1ml of 10% kalonji seed oil mixed in corn oil for next 8-14 days; (iii) Bf2.5 group and (iv) Bf5 groups were treated with 2.5mg/kg and 5mg/kg Bf solutions in corn oil of the respective doses of insecticide for 1-7 days followed by 0.1mL of corn oil on 8-14 days; (v) BfK2.5 and (vi) BfK5 groups animals were treated with 0.1mL of respective doses of Bf on 1-7 days followed by 10% kalonji seed oil solution as in the positive control group. All animals were sacrificed on day 15 to recover the pituitary gland. Results show various histopathological alterations in pituitary gland related to Bf exposure. The characteristic pathologies of pituitary discovered in this study include cellular vacuolations causing hypertrophy finally leading to secondary atrophy and adenohypophyseal tissue damage in terms of focal degenerations in the typically arranged nest and cords of the endocrine cells. The cell nuclei were slightly elliptical instead of typical rounded appearance having less densely stained sinusoid. Analysis of the data showed a significant decline (p≤0.05) in total number of pituicytes per unit area (2500µm2) and relative area occupied by pituicytes in Bf2.5 (15.26± 0.63 and 964±72, respectively), Bf5 (14.4±0.51 and 852±54, respectively), as compared to the vehicle Vc (20.6±0.73 and 1375±108, respectively) and K group (21.46±0.72 and 1454±74, respectively). A substantial recovery in the total number of pituicytes per unit area (2500µm2) and relative area occupied by pituicytes was present in the BfK2.5 group (18.9±0.57 and 1234±67, respectively) and BfK5 group (16.2±0.61 and 852±54, respectively). A similar pattern of significant (p≤0.05) alterations was present in the analysis of the micrometric data for number of acidophils, basophils and chromophobes in pituitary gland. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that insecticide harbor pituitary gland histopathological and micrometric potentials that are at least partially ameliorated by kalonji oil treatment. These findings thus indicate effective neutraceutical potential of kalonji oil for possible human consumption in similar accidental exposure to the insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, comparative andrological histopathologies of Cypermethrin (CP) (a chlorinated type II pyrethroid) and Lambda-Cyhalothrin (LN) (a fluorinated type II pyrethroid) insecticide exposure and their amelioration with post treatment with Extra Virgin Olive oil (EVO) in testes, epididymis and vas deferens were explored. Sixty male albino mice (12-14 weeks old) were randomly distributed in six groups (n=10): 1. Negative Control (NC) is vehicle control so received 0.1mL corn oil on day 1&2, no treatment (day 3) and 0.1mL corn oil (day 4-6) through gavage; 2. Positive Control (PC) (the olive oil EVO antidote group) were given 0.1mL corn oil on day 1&2, no treatment (day 3) and 0.1mL EVO (day 4-6); 3,4) CP and LN were treated with 0.1mL of their respective 5mg/kg insecticides dissolved in corn oil on day 1&2, no treatment (day 3) and 0.1mL corn oil (day 4-6); 5,6) CP+EVO and LN+EVO were given 0.1mL of their respective 5mg/kg insecticides on day 1&2, no treatment (day 3) and 0.1mL EVO (day 4- 6). Animals were dissected on day 7 to recover testes, epididymis and vas deferens. Excised organs were processed for serial sectioning and micrometry. Exposure with CP and LN results in severe damage to seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues of testes and endothelium of epididymis and vas deferens. Toxic effects were depicted as empty spaces in seminiferous tubules, interstitial tissues and epididymis and vas deferens, wavy margins of seminiferous tubules and corpus epididymis and necrosis in spermatogonia. Simultaneously the mean cross-sectional area of seminiferous tubules was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in CP (10.34±3.00µm2) and LN (12.63±3.23µm²) than PC (15.30±6.25 µm²) and NC (14.69±4.96µm²) groups. The EVO post treatment groups CP+EVO and LN+EVO indicate signs of rehabilitation in the mean CSA of seminiferous tubules (13.04±5.45µm², 13.07±5.80µm²) and interstitial tissues (30.47±0.67µm², 33.60±1.23µm²) as well as the mean number of spermatogonia. There was significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the mean epithelial height of caput (22.78±0.56µm², 22.42±0.49µm²), corpus (20.29±0.42µm², 20.15±0.55µm²) and cauda epididymis convoluted tubing (18.29±0.59µm², 17.93±0.52µm²) and epithelial thickness of vas deferens (29.17±1.49µm², 28.91±0.88 µm²) in CP and LN groups. The recovery signs of extra virgin olive oil in CP+EVO and LN+EVO groups were observed as rehabilitation in epithelial height of caput (23.58±0.49µm², 23.04±0.51µm²), corpus (20.97±0.54µm², 20.69±0.55 µm²) and cauda epididymis (21.43±0.65 µm2, 20.13±0.70 µm²) and epithelial thickness of vas deferens (34.06±1.07µm², 31.24±0.96µm²). The results indicate that both insecticides inflicted almost similar histopathologies which were convincingly recovered by the olive oil post treatment. It is thus concluded that irrespective of the presence of fluoride the type II pyrethroids can inflict severe testicular, epididymal and vas deferens damage in the exposed animals whereas the olive oil has immense rehabilitative capacity and thus can be used against insecticide inflicted testicular, epididymal and vas deferens histopathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardio-genic disruptions of in utero exposure of a non-fluoridated Cypermethrin (CP) and a fluoridated λ-Cyhalothrin (LC) type 2 pyrethroid insecticide were explored in albino mice. Pregnant dams were divided into three groups (n=10); 1) Vehicle Control Group (VCG) (intra-gastric treatment of 0.1mL corn oil); 2) Cypermethrin Group (CPG) and; 3) λ-Cyhalothrin Group (LPG) (intra-gastric treatment of 5mg/kg Cypermethrin (CP) and λ-Cyhalothrin respectively in corn oil). These treatments were applied on 7--10th days of pregnancy. Embryos were removed from the gravid uteri of the euthanized dams on 18th day of pregnancy and fixed in formyl ethanol for 24hrs to finally remove their hearts for histological and histometric analyses. Both insecticides were found to cause micro-anatomical derangements like decreased ventricular wall thickness, rudimentary appearance or complete absence of inter-ventricular (AV) septa, abnormalities of the cardiac valves, and decreased thickness of the muscular layer of the aortic trunk. However, these disruptions were much more pronounced in LCG. Morphometric results revealed a significant decrease (P>0.05) in the thickness of left ventricular wall in CPG (295.90±12.3µ) and LCG (104.27±5.6µ) as compared to VCG (346.68±9.5µ). The mean thickness of interventricular septum was significantly decreased in CPG (440.03±20.4µ) and LCG (214.3±10.2µ) groups than the VCG (2641.75±186.2µ). The thickness of the aortic intima also showed a significant (P>0.05) decrease in CPG (12.70±0.25µ) and LCG (11.03±0.3µ) than the VCG (18.44±0.37µ). Similarly, the thickness of aortic adventitia remained significantly (P>0.05) lower in CPG (26.96±1.1µ) and LCG (23.97±1.5µ) than the VCG (41.09±2.1µ). The relative abundance of myocardiocytes and cardio-myoblasts (per 5000µ2) also showed significant decrease in both CPG (8.98 ±0.45, 2.50±0.24 respectively) and LCG (4.7 ±0.48, 6.26±0.79) to the VCG (18.19±0.56, 1.02±0.13). The results show that type-2 pyrethroid insecticides inflict a highly toxic impact on the developing heart in mammals and the fluoridated LC is more toxic than the CP in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CYP and λ-CYH were tested for their adverse effects on female reproductive organs during pregnancy on co-gestational exposure. The study was conducted on 30 female albino mice randomly divided into three groups (n=10). Vehicle Control group (VcG): This group was given 0.1mL corn oil only to create same psychological stress (if any) which other group have during gavage administration. CYP treated group: this group was given 0.1mL of corn oil containing 5mg/kg (b.w.) of cypermethrin and λ-CYH treated group: This group was given 0.1mL of corn oil containing 5mg/kg (b.w.) of λ-CYH. Corn oil, CYP and λ-CYH were given orally through gavage for 4 days regularly (from 7th to 10th day of pregnancy) to relevant groups. The microanatomical pathologies of λ-CYH includes, increased oocytic degenerations and marginal degenerations in corpus luteum were obvious with many necrotic cells leading to fluid filled spaces and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Great deal of transformation of Large Luteal Cells (LLC's) into Small Luteal Cells (SLC's) was also very obvious. Pathological signs indicate reduction in the thickness of endometrium, wide open uterine glands and damaged circular and longitudinal muscles of muscularis layer. CYP induce marginal degenerations, fibrotic mass accumulations, missing of follicles oocytes, ovarian stroma that shows arrested follicles at different stages of development. The height of the columnar endothelium of the lamina basalis seems to slightly reduce than that of the VcG and the glandular structures of the lamina functionalis appears wider and contained large spaces. Size of luteal cells also decreases as compared to VcG. Significant variations in the morphometric and micrometric parameters such as fetouterine index significantly decreased in λ-CYH and CYP as compared to VcG group, while the size of oocyte and their nucleus does not show significant variations. The micrometric findings from the uterus show significant decrease in the number and size of the spindle shape cells in the myometrium regions. It may be concluded that the pyrethroid insecticides particularly halogenated type II pyrethroids are highly toxic to the reproductive organs of the females and hence can cause reduced growth rates of embryos [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focused the toxicity of lead (Pb) on the male mice reproductive system. The research was designed to check the histopathology of male albino mice testes after lead (Pb) exposure in drinking water and the rescuing effect of post treatment with Jambul Fruit Pulp Extract (JFE) and white Mulberry Fruit Pulp Extract (MFE). There were four groups and each group having 10 animals. Control group (no treatment), Pb group (50 ppm Pb ions in drinking water for 15 days) and for the next 5 days lead free water. Pb+J group (Pb treatment as in Pb group + 0.2 mL Jambul fruit pulp extract with 12 h intervals for 16-20 days of the study. Similarly, Pb+M group (Pb treatment as in Pb group + 0.2 mL Morus fruit pulp extract with 12h intervals for 16-20 days of the study. Results revealed various characteristic changes in testicular histology. The results indicated significant alternations in organ weight, number of spermatogonia, number of spermatocytes, cross sectional area (CSA) of seminiferous tubules, seminiferous epithelial height and the number of seminiferous tubules in Pb group than the control group. These results were significantly recovered in the Pb+J and Pb+M groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead oral exposure related pathological changes in kidneys and their ameliorations through Jambul Fruit Pulp Extract (JFPE) treatment were investigated in Albino Laboratory Mice. Adult male animals (n=30) weighing an average of 30 g were equally distributed into three groups, control (no treatment), lead (Pb) group (50 ppm Pb ions from lead acetate were given in drinking water 15 days+Pb ions free water 5 days) and Pb-J (lead+Jambul) group (50 ppm Pb ions as in Pb group+Jambul pulp extract 0.2 mL from 16-20 days). All animals were euthanized to recover kidneys for histopathological study on day 21. Results showed Pb exposure related significant decline in kidney and animal body weights. Histopathological findings were shrinkage of glomeruli and the proximal tubules, whereas the micrometric data indicated significant decline in glomerular size (2233.91±47.9 µm²) CSA (cross sectional area) of tubule size (561.0±23.4 µm²), caliber (97.9±7.2 µ²), wall thickness (462.0±22.8 µ²) and number of glomeruli per unit area (1.56±0.2) in Pb group. All these weight parameters, histopathological signs and micrometric observations indicate very good signs of recovery from such pathological changes in Pb-J group. These findings clearly show the importance of JFPE towards rehabilitation of the functional micro-architecture of the kidneys after Pb ion exposure related damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to identify plant species that have herbicidal potential so that their bio-extracts can be used as a safer and more effectual novel weed management factor. Therefore, proposed research was planned in Weed Science Laboratory at Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to check out the allelopathic effects of Cinnamomumverum (Dalchini) on weed Wild Pea (Pisumsativum subsp. elatius) and determination and quantification Phenolic compound present in aqueous extract of bark of C. verum. The experiment was arranged under completely randomized design (CRD) having 3 replications. The aqueous extract of C. verum was utilized on wild pea seeds at separate concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data with regard to seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of weed was noted following standard procedures. C. verum extract at greater concentration act as bioherbicide and cause inhibitory effects on Pisumsativum subsp. elatius. And at low concentration it showed hermetic effect and enhanced the emergence and seedling growth. Among different Phenolic compound (Syringic acid, pcrumeic, Ferulic acid, Quercetion and Gallic acid) determine in aqueous extract of barck of C. verum. Maximum Quercetion (12.3 %) and minimum Syringic acid (0.60%) was found. Therefore, it was summarized from this study that aqueous extract of C. verummay be used as bioherbicide for biocontrol of weed at higher concentration (80 %) while at lower concentration (10%) as growth promoter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In continuation of a previous study on the rehabilitative and regenerative potential of Nigella sativa seed oil (NsO) on bifenthrin (Bf)-induced hepatohistopathologies, the aim of the present study was to examine the potential of NsO to ameliorate the renal histopathologies induced by Bf exposure in male Swiss Webster mice. Thirty animals were placed in 6 groups (5 each) and given daily treatments for two weeks vis-á-vis; 1: corn oil (CO) group [0.1 mL pure CO on days 1-14]; 2: NsO (Nigella sativa oil) group [CO as in the CO group on days 1-7 + 0.1 mL 10% NsO in CO on days 8-14]; 3: Bf 2.5 mg/kg+CO (Bf2.5+CO) group [2.5 mg/kg Bf in 0.1 mL CO on days 1-7 and 0.1 mL pure CO on days 8-14]; 4: Bf 5 mg/kg+CO (Bf5+CO) group [5 mg/kg Bf in 0.1 mL CO on days 1-7 and 0.1 mL pure CO on days 8-14]; 5: Bf 2.5 mg/kg+NsO (Bf2.5+NsO) group [2.5 mg/kg Bf in 0.1 mL CO on days 1-7 and 0.1 mL 10% NsO in CO on days 8-14], and, 6: Bf 5 mg/kg+NsO (Bf5+NsO) group [5 mg/kg Bf in 0.1 mL CO on days 1-7 and 0.1 mL 10% NsO in CO on days 8-14]. All the animals were sacrificed on day 15 to obtain the kidneys for histological examination. The results revealed, in the Bf5+CO group, a complete obliteration of some of the juxtamedullary glomeruli and, in the Bf2.5+CO and Bf5+CO groups, juxtamedullary glomeruli were contorted and showed moderate to extreme swelling with Bowman's capsule endothelial cell damage and endothelial intracellular oedema. Glomerular fibrosis, with just a few podocytes and multiple intrarenal haemorrhages, was also obvious in the juxtamedullary area. A general glomerular swelling was shown by a significant increase (p=0.05) in the mean crosssectional area (CSA) of these glomeruli in the Bf2.5+CO group (3,095.4±102.1 µ2) compared to the CO group (2,722.7±112.1 µ2). The proximal and distal tubules showed considerable hypertrophy in terms of the relative mean CSAs of these tubules in the Bf2.5+CO and Bf5+CO groups as compared to the other four groups. The mean luminal space of the proximal tubules was significantly decreased (p=0.05) in the Bf2.5+CO group (16.9±1.3 µ2) and the Bf5+CO group (11.3±0.5 µ2) as compared to the other four groups (CO: 22.4±1.9 µ2; NsO: 27.1±1 µ2; Bf2.5+NsO: 31.3±1.5 µ2, and Bf5+NsO: 25.4±0.4 µ2). The mean luminal CSAs of the distal nephronal tubules also showed a similar significant decline in the Bf2.5+CO and Bf5+CO groups compared to the rest of the groups. In the same manner, the mean count of the luminal endothelial cells of the proximal tubules showed a significant decline (p=0.05) in the Bf2.5+CO (8.51±0.44) and Bf5+CO (8.18±0.55) groups compared to the other groups (CO: 9.81±0.41; NsO: 10.26±0.43; Bf2.5+NsO: 10.05±0.59, and Bf5+NsO: 9.58±0.42). A similar pattern of variations in the mean count of the luminal endothelial cells was also observed in the distal nephronal tubules. The results indicate that short term low dose intra-gastric Bf exposure in mice has a nephrotoxic capacity and that NsO can potentially have a nephroprotective role and help in ameliorating the nephronal and glomerular pathologies induced by Bf exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to examine, in mice, the pancreatoxic effects of bifenthrin (Bn) exposure and the rehabilitative capacity of Nigella sativa (NgS) seed oil. The six groups (N=5) of male mice and their treatment regimes were: (i) the negative control (NC) group (0.1 mL corn oil for 14 days); (ii) the positive control (PC) group (0.1 mL corn oil on days 1-6 and 10% v/v NgS oil in corn oil on days 8-14); (iii) and (iv) the Bn2.5 and Bn5 groups (2.5 and 5 mg/kg Bn in 0.1 mL corn oil, respectively, on days 1-7 and 0.1 mL pure corn oil on days 8-14); (v) and (vi) the Bn2.5NgS and Bn5NgS groups (the respective Bn treatments on days 1-7 and 10% NgS oil on days 8- 14). The treatments were given intra-gastrically by gavage. Food and water were provided ad libitum. The pancreas from each animal was recovered for histological examination on day 15. The Bn exposure was found to cause pancreatitis with prominent acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) with a simultaneous hypotrophy and necrotic lesions of the acini. The mean count of exocrine cells per acinus was significantly lower in the Bn2.5 (9.4±0.38) and Bn5 (8.8±0.47) groups than in the NC (13.1±0.62), PC (14.84±0.79), Bn2.5NgS (11.24±0.68), and Bn5NgS (12.76±0.72) groups. The islets of Langerhans showed hypertrophy in the Bn2.5 group and secondary atrophy in the Bn5 group. However, endocrine cell hyperplasia and a consequential hypertrophy of the islets was seen in both the Bn2.5NgS and Bn5NgS groups. Additionally, pancreatic islet metaplasia was also observed in Bn5NgS group. The micrometry estimations likewise showed a significantly (p=0.05) higher mean crosssectional area (CSA) of the pancreatic islets in the PC (16521±1744 µm2), Bn2.5NgS (16930±1700 µm2), and Bn2.5 (13703±1572 µm2) groups than in the Bn5 (6382±1405 µm2), NC (9464.75±955 µm2), and Bn5NgS (11451±1099 µm2) groups. The mean CSA of the endocrine cells of islets in the Bn2.5 (30.1±1.39µ2) group remained significantly higher than in all the other groups (NC: 23.1±0.83 µm2; PC: 21.6±0.85 µm2; Bn5: 24.4±1.03 µm2; Bn2.5NgS: 25.2±0.95 µm2, and Bn5NgS: 22.1±0.71 µm2). The mean number of cells in the islets/unit area (289 µm2) in the Bn2.5 and Bn5 (141.37±6.3 and 132.03±6.5, respectively) groups remained significantly lower than in the NC (150.89±6.7), PC (174.43±6.6), Bn2.5NgS (172.97±6.4), and Bn5NgS (150.61±6.5) groups. These findings suggest that Bn exposure at levels of 2.5 mg/kg and above for seven or more days can result in exocrine and endocrine pancreatic pathologies and that NgS seed oil helps to ameliorate the tissue damage and restore the structural and functional attributes of the pancreas in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is extensively used in various industries and induces oxidative stress in humans. Unfortunately, it is one of the neglected potent male reproductive toxicants. Objective: The present research reports the testicular histopathology of CCl4 and ameliorations by four medicinal fruit pulp extracts (FPEs) in mice. Materials and Methods: Sixty male albino mice were divided into six groups (10/group) as per the following: 1. Vehicle control (Vc); 2. CCl4 (C); 3-6. CCl4+Basella alba (CBa), CCl4+Solanum nigrum (CSn), CCl4+Ficus carica (CFc) and CCl4+Grewia asiatica (CGa). Except for the control group, CCl4 (0.1 mL of 0.2 mL kg-1) was given to the animals in corn oil. The four plant extracts (0.1 mL each) were respectively given to the relevant FPE group animals for the next five consecutive days, while the animals in the Vc and CCl4 groups received water instead of FPE. Results: The CCl4 exposure led to various histometric and histological alterations (loss of interstitial tissue and various dislodged tailless spermatids with enlarged heads) that were recovered in all except Solanum nigrum FPE mice post-treatment. The micrometric data of testicular sections also indicated significant decline in the number of spermatogonia, while the cross-sectional area of the sperm heads remained significantly higher in the CSn and C groups. Conclusion: Except for Solanum nigrum, the three FPEs, especially Ficus carica, showed rehabilitative properties against CCl4 exposure-related modifications in testicular histopathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) is extensively used in various industries and induces oxidative stress in humans. Unfortunately, it is one of the neglected potent male reproductive toxicants., Objective: The present research reports the testicular histopathology of CCl 4 and ameliorations by four medicinal fruit pulp extracts (FPEs) in mice., Materials and Methods: Sixty male albino mice were divided into six groups (10/group) as per the following: 1. Vehicle control (Vc); 2. CCl 4 (C); 3-6. CCl 4 + Basella alba (CBa), CCl 4 + Solanum nigrum (CSn), CCl 4 + Ficus carica (CFc) and CCl 4 + Grewia asiatica (CGa). Except for the control group, CCl 4 (0.1 mL of 0.2 mL kg - 1 ) was given to the animals in corn oil. The four plant extracts (0.1 mL each) were respectively given to the relevant FPE group animals for the next five consecutive days, while the animals in the Vc and CCl 4 groups received water instead of FPE., Results: The CCl 4 exposure led to various histometric and histological alterations (loss of interstitial tissue and various dislodged tailless spermatids with enlarged heads) that were recovered in all except Solanum nigrum FPE mice post-treatment. The micrometric data of testicular sections also indicated significant decline in the number of spermatogonia, while the cross-sectional area of the sperm heads remained significantly higher in the CSn and C groups., Conclusion: Except for Solanum nigrum ,the three FPEs, especially Ficus carica ,showed rehabilitative properties against CCl 4 exposure-related modifications in testicular histopathologies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Ahmad et al.)