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The term 'nature sports' can be understood in different ways, depending on how the words 'sport' and 'nature' are explained. Since 'nature' is usually understood as 'ungroomed', 'nature sports' may be interpreted either as non-competitive practices in ungroomed nature (as discussed by Krein), with examples such as backcountry skiing, climbing or surfing; or as competitive sports in ungroomed nature. This paper argues that those ultra sports that take place in ungroomed nature, such as ultra swimming and ultra running, are better candidates for being called 'nature sports' than those non-competitive ones suggested by Krein; and that this is also more in line with the contemporary common use of the term 'sport'. This paper discusses these 'ultra/nature' sports, mainly from the point of view of their relationship to nature, the values that they offer to athletes, and their specific temporality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines when and how the speed of video ads influences consumers' perceptions of luxuriousness and their subsequent behaviors toward products or brands featured in the ads. Across 12 experiments (total N = 27,227, five preregistered), the authors demonstrate that when a video ad depicts a product in slow motion (vs. regular speed), consumers perceive the featured product or brand as more luxurious. The effect emerges across various product categories (chocolate, shampoo, mineral water, wine) and in different countries (United States, United Kingdom, France). Tests of mediation and moderation suggest that the effect occurs because viewing a slow-motion ad increases feelings of immersion, which lead consumers to expect greater hedonic value from the featured product and thus view it as more luxurious. Consistent with this account, the effect weakens when video blurriness or buffering impairs the immersive viewing experience afforded by slow motion, and the effect attenuates among consumers who are very weakly or very strongly predisposed to experience immersion. Finally, by enhancing perceptions of luxuriousness, slow motion subsequently boosts consumers' desire for the featured product or brand (as manifested by higher willingness to pay, purchase intentions, and ad click rates), particularly when the goal to consume luxury is salient (vs. not). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveThe present study asked if bilinguals who are immersed in their nondominant language are more likely to know some words only in their nondominant language.MethodThe either-language scoring benefit (ELSB) reflects how many more points bilinguals get when credited for pictures named regardless of which language is used. We asked if the ELSB varies with self-rated proficiency level of the nondominant language in young English-dominant (n = 68) compared to Spanish-dominant (n = 33) bilinguals, and in older English-dominant (n = 36) compared to Spanish-dominant (n = 32) bilinguals. All bilinguals were immersed in English (in the USA) at the time of testing.ResultsSpanish-dominant bilinguals showed a larger ELSB than English-dominant bilinguals (in both young and older groups), but simple correlations showed that the degree of Spanish dominance was associated with a higher ELSB only in young bilinguals. Additionally, the ELSB was larger for bilinguals with more years of immersion and for more balanced bilinguals, whether measured by naming scores or self-rated balance (in both age groups). Nearly half (n = 14/33) of the young bilinguals who said they were Spanish-dominant scored higher in English than in Spanish, and on average these participants had similar naming scores in English and Spanish.ConclusionsEither-language scoring benefits bilinguals with higher proficiency level in the nondominant language, which is more likely in bilinguals with extended immersion in the nondominant language, who also tend to be more balanced bilinguals, and for young adult bilinguals who may be in the process of a switch in which language is dominant.

The association between connectedness to nature and happiness has been investigated in studies on nature-based recreation. However, few studies have explored the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Drawing upon the concept of ecological self, the present study investigated the associations among connectedness to nature, immersion, tourist inspiration, and happiness and explored the mediating roles of immersion and tourist inspiration in the context of mountaineering. We surveyed 359 mountain climbers who climbed high-altitude mountains in Taiwan. The results revealed that the direct path from connectedness to nature to happiness was nonsignificant. Connectedness to nature indirectly affected happiness through immersion and tourist inspiration, and the tourist inspiration had a stronger mediating influence than immersion. This study contributes to the literature by identifying two variables – immersion and tourist inspiration – that mediate the relationship between connectedness to nature and happiness. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesMethodResultsConclusionsHigh levels of change are linked to the flexibility between immersion and distancing, as well as to higher levels of therapeutic alliance. This study aims to explore the evolution of flexibility between immersion and distancing throughout the entire therapeutic process and its relationship with therapeutic alliance and depressive symptoms in a clinical case.We analyzed five sessions of a good outcome case of depression undergoing cognitive–behavioral therapy. We assessed the distancing/immersion of these sessions using the Measure of Immersed and Distanced Speech, and therapeutic alliance with the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form. The depressive symptoms were assessed from the Beck Depression Inventory-II.Flexibility and therapeutic alliance from both client’s and therapist’s perspectives increased throughout the therapeutic process. A strong negative correlation was found between flexibility and depressive symptoms.The increase in flexibility can be an adaptive pattern associated with the decrease in depressive symptoms, the increase in therapeutic alliance (from both the client's and the therapist's perspective), and therapeutic success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Virtual reality (VR) is an innovative technology with the potential to transform digital experiences, particularly in relation to mental health concerns such as anxiety. Therefore, this study investigates the potential of a newly designed VR experience to alleviate anxiety by focusing on the mediating role of VR-induced immersion. Methods: The study included 419 individuals aged 10 to 80 years, with 29 aged 10–15 years and 390 above 15 years, who were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups on the basis of project-defined criteria, including a random allocation to the wheelchair-using group. Both groups used goggles for virtual space navigation, with the experimental group employing a multijoint arm mounted on an aluminum frame and special algorithms to navigate without controllers. We assessed immersion in VR using the Polish adaptation of the Immersion Questionnaire and anxiety using the Polish adaptations of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-X1) and its early adolescent version, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory–Children (STAI-C1). Results and Conclusions: The results indicate that individuals using the new VR device demonstrated increased immersion and reduced post-test anxiety levels, highlighting the significance of immersion in enhancing positive affect, mitigating the negative effects of VR technology, and offering insights for future development and refinement of VR solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR, respectively) are already being used or evaluated in some medical fields: however, the widespread application is still hampered by inconsistent and often confusing terminology, in particular for people who are not familiar with current developments. Additionally, the technical principles and requirements for its use are often insufficiently well known. This overview article therefore aims to clarify the most important terminology and presents the current technical state of the art, spanning from the requirements of medical imaging, through 3D models and the various forms of visualization to the interaction possibilities within VR and AR. This should help to facilitate a common language among developers and users and to ensure that the potentials offered by digital assistive technologies can be fully exploited in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viewing artworks through virtual reality (VR) offers a unique experience, yet understanding how individual traits and motivations affect this process requires further exploration. In this study, we empirically examined the factors influencing aesthetic experiences when viewing artworks in VR. We conducted two experiments using a between-subjects design with VR and 2D videos based on a virtual tour of the Sydney Opera House and an artistic interpretation of Vincent van Gogh's paintings as stimuli. Our moderated mediation analyses identified two pathways through which VR influences aesthetic experiences: a cognitive pathway and an affective pathway. The cognitive pathway reveals that VR enhances the sense of agency and immersion, enriching the aesthetic experience for individuals with a high affinity for technology. The affective pathway shows that VR increases narrative transportation and immersion, enhancing the aesthetic experience particularly for those with strong hedonic motivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the impact of virtual reality technologies on the training of managers in the tourism industry using the ATLAS platform. A survey conducted among 300 professionals in the tourism sector in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Jordan allowed for the identification of differences in the perception of virtual training among Russian and foreign managers. The results, obtained through the calculation of indices for each question, indicate a positive attitude among participants towards online learning and working with clients on the Internet. However, participants did not express a strong desire to expand their learning experience on virtual platforms. The findings of this research contribute to the international consolidation of knowledge regarding the influence of virtual platforms on the development of the tourism sector. The study may be of interest to students, educators, and professionals in the tourism industry, as well as virtual reality platform developers, promoting the advancement of the tourism sector through international knowledge exchange and a deeper understanding of technology utilization in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulating the experience of flight is a key objective of virtual reality (VR) technology. To enhance the sense of flying and immersion, we developed Drone Rider, a VR system that simulates free-flight atop a drone. In this study, we investigated whether delivering vibratory stimuli to the user's feet could improve these sensations. While high-frequency drone propeller vibrations typically induce sensory numbness, alternative vibration patterns were explored. In Experiment 1, participants rated 13 different vibration patterns derived from various mechanical sounds, such as those from chainsaws, motorcycles, and washing machines. The motorcycle-based vibrations were most effective in enhancing both the sense of flight and immersion. In Experiment 2, we synthesized new vibration patterns by superimposing the highest-rated vibrations from Experiment 1, but no combination outperformed the original motorcycle vibration. These findings suggest that vibrations with multiple components below 100 Hz may reduce sensory adaptation and enhance the sense of flight and immersion in VR. This work provides valuable insights for developers aiming to optimize haptic feedback in VR flight simulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of virtual reality (VR) in hospitality and tourism marketing has raised questions about this technology’s utility in creating positive destination perceptions and visit intentions. This research draws upon stimulus – organism – response (SOR) theory and the information system (IS) success model. It specifically assesses how VR travel quality (i.e. content quality, system quality, and vividness [stimulus]) affects customers’ psychological experiences, as represented by telepresence, immersion, and enjoyment (organism), and visit intention (response). Data from an online survey informed the assembly of a quality-based framework for VR travel experiences. Results revealed significant positive impacts of content quality, system quality, and vividness on telepresence and immersion; however, content quality did not significantly affect immersion. Positive relationships also emerged between telepresence, immersion, and enjoyment, with the role of immersion influencing enjoyment more strongly than telepresence. Enhanced enjoyment significantly increased intentions to visit the destination. This study provides practical implications for destination marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study explores the impact of 360-degree virtual reality (VR) videos on simulating test anxiety in students who already experience it. Using a phenomenological design, participants answered questions about their immersion in the virtual environment, including the realism of visuals, emotional responses, and adaptation. Seven students (four girls and three boys) were selected based on specific criteria, and the collected data underwent content analysis. Findings indicate that 360-degree VR videos effectively simulated test environments, creating a strong sense of realism and immersion. Participants reported that VR exposure elicited test anxiety symptoms similar to those experienced in real tests, with emotional distress intensifying during VR sessions. Test-anxious individuals noted that VR exposure triggered stronger emotional responses compared to imagination-based scenarios. While VR exposure proved effective in evoking realistic experiences and emotions, it was not deemed superior to real-life exposure techniques. This suggests that 360-degree VR has potential as a tool for anxiety interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNowadays, platforms like Douyin attract large audiences during major sports events. In this study, with the aim of enhancing audience satisfaction in livestreaming media environments, we applied social servicescape theory to a livestreaming media environment and used a mixed-methods approach to understand why audiences choose to watch sports events on new media. We developed a theoretical model of audience satisfaction to examine sports event broadcasts on short video platforms. Following 24 semi-structured interviews, we conducted a quantitative survey of 490 participants. The results showed that user interaction and similarity are crucial factors influencing audience members’ choice of livestreaming and that the social attributes and interactive features of livestreaming enhance their sense of immersion, belonging, and nostalgia. Moreover, interactivity and similarity positively impact these emotional experiences, significantly boosting audience satisfaction. This research expands the theoretical understanding of online interactions and offers new insights for designing engaging livestreaming platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This dataset presents demographic, psychological, auditory and neurophysiological information of 31 volunteers, who participated in an experiment measuring the auditory immersive experience in two audio formats: stereophonic downmix and three-dimensional audio. This dataset could help understand the objectiveness (based on the nervous system response) behind the subjectiveness of immersion brought about by the audio format (based on the listener evaluation). The final objective of this dataset is to study the psychological and neurophysiological responses of immersive attributes in auditory events in future studies. Data description: Participants were randomly assigned to an audio format and attended two listening sessions, where soundscapes of a concert hall and urban park were randomly played. Electroencephalography, electrodermal activity, and blood volume pressure data were collected during auditory stimulation, and psychological responses to the auditory immersive experience were collected at the end of the session. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drowning is the third leading cause of death from unintentional injury worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths. The World Health Organization estimates that there are ≈236 000 deaths due to drowning worldwide each year. Significant efforts have focused on creating systems to prevent drowning, but an average of 4000 fatal and 8000 nonfatal drownings still occur annually in the United States—likely an underestimate. Drowning generally progresses from initial respiratory arrest due to submersion-related hypoxia to cardiac arrest; thus, it can be challenging to distinguish respiratory arrest from cardiac arrest because pulses are difficult to accurately palpate within the recommended 10-second window. Therefore, resuscitation from cardiac arrest attributable to this specific circumstance must focus on restoring breathing as much as it does circulation. Resuscitation from drowning may begin with in-water rescue breathing when safely provided by rescuers trained in the technique and should continue with chest compressions, in keeping with basic life support guidelines, once the drowned individual and the rescuer are in a safe environment (eg, dry land, a boat). This focused update incorporates systematic reviews from 2021 to 2023 performed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation related to the resuscitation of drowning. These clinical guidelines are the product of a committee of experts representing the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics. The writing group reviewed the recent International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation systematic reviews, including updated literature searches, prior guidelines related to resuscitation from cardiac arrest following drowning, and other drowning-related publications from the American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics. The writing group used these reviews to update its recommendations aimed at resuscitation of cardiac arrest following drowning in adults and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emergence of virtual reality (VR) for medical education enables a range of new teaching opportunities. Skills and competences can be trained that cannot be demonstrated in any other way due to physical or ethical limitations. Immersion and presence may play an important role for learning in this context. This study investigates whether this VR-based, immersive software is an effective tool for assessing medical learning objectives by comparing behavioral outcomes in VR and actor-based simulations, and examines how these behaviors relate to immersion levels and their impact on learning success. Methods: To evaluate the effectiveness of the new teaching method, objective behavioral outcomes were identified as part of a dermatological learning unit and VR as a method was compared with actor-based simulation training. In addition, subjective questionnaires were collected to compare the levels of immersion in both concepts. Results: It was shown that primary learning objectives can be addressed well in VR. However, secondary learning objectives that fall into the field of basic skills seem to be delivered better in the actor-based training than in VR. This appears to be an effect of weaker immersion measured in VR training. Conclusions: It can be said that the implementation of basic skills training depends largely on the level of immersion in the teaching method used. While primary learning subjectives can be trained and assessed well, at present, it does not appear to be fully possible to train secondary skills with the technical status quo in VR. However, the observation of secondary learning objectives can serve as an indicator for the assessment of immersion in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has used virtual environments (VEs), as presented via virtual reality (VR) headsets, to study human behavior in hypothetical fire scenarios. One goal of using VEs in fire scenarios is to elicit patterns of behavior which more closely align to how individuals would react to real fire emergency situations. The present study investigated whether elicited behaviors and perceived risk varied during fire scenarios presented as VEs via two viewing conditions. These included a VR condition, where the VE was rendered as 360-degree videos presented in a VR headset, and a screen condition, where VEs were rendered as fixed-view videos via a computer monitor screen. We predicted that the selection of actions during the scenario would vary between conditions, that participants would rate fires as more dangerous if they developed more quickly and when smoke was rendered as thicker, and that participants would report greater levels of immersion in the VR condition. A total of 159 participants completed a decision-making task where they viewed videos of an incipient fire in a residential building and judged what action to take. Initial action responses to the fire scenarios varied between both viewing and smoke conditions, with those assigned to the thicker smoke and screen conditions being more likely to take protective action. Risk ratings also varied by smoke condition, with evidence of higher perceived risk for thicker smoke. Several factors of self-reported immersion (namely 'interest', 'emotional attachment', 'focus of attention', and 'flow') were associated with risk ratings, with perceived presence associated with initial actions. The present study provides evidence that enhancing immersion and perceived risk in a VE contributes to a different pattern of behaviors during simulated fire decision-making tasks. While our investigation only addressed the ideas of presence in an environment, future research should investigate the relative contribution of interactivity and consequences within the environment to further identify how behaviors during simulated fire scenarios are affected by each of these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A substantial number of police–citizen interactions involve a civilian presenting in a mental health crisis, often with law enforcement as the first point of contact. Traditional training methods offer minimal opportunity for police to practice navigating such civilian interactions or to develop and strengthen relevant skills. Virtual reality (VR) offers a promising avenue for addressing this gap by immersing police officers in realistic, controlled environments that could help them to acclimatise to these encounters and understand their own reactions to them. Aims: To examine the extent to which law enforcement officers become immersed in a virtual training environment (VTE), to assess their empathy and sympathy towards a non‐player character (NPC) presenting with schizophrenic psychosis and how empathy and sympathy relate to virtual immersion. Methods: Forty police officers—about a fifth of the department approached—participated in a VR mental health training scenario. Officers' immersion in the VTE was assessed using a 28‐item Presence Questionnaire and their empathy and sympathy were measured using adapted standard scales. The study employed Fisher's Exact Test and Spearman's correlation to analyse the relationships between immersion, empathy and sympathy. Results: Most officers experienced good levels of immersion, although nearly half felt confused or disoriented at the beginning of the session. Officers reported moderate levels of sympathy and higher empathy towards a non‐player character. Significant correlations were found between specific aspects of immersion (e.g. sensory engagement) and empathy. Fisher's Exact Test revealed strong associations between physical interactions in the VTE and empathy/sympathy. Conclusions: Our findings show that police are willing and able to engage in a VR exercise to learn about their response to people in a mental health crisis and that, in such circumstances, they can be both sympathetic and empathic. Next steps will be exploration of the value of such a tool to enhance real‐life responding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-reinforcement pause (PRP) is an operant effect in which response latencies increase on trials following the receipt and consumption of reward. Human studies demonstrate analogous effects in electronic gambling machines that utilise random ratio reinforcement schedules. We sought to identify moderators of the human PRP effect, hypothesising that the magnitude of gamblers' PRPs is moderated by the type of reinforcing outcome (genuine wins vs. losses-disguised-as-wins [LDWs] vs. free-spin bonus features) and individuals' level of gambling immersion, a cognitive state linked to problem gambling. Experienced slot machine users (N = 53) played a real slot machine for 20 min. The dependent variable was defined as the time delay in the initiation of each bet ("Spin Initiation Latency"; SIL). Using 80% of trials, a linear model was fit regressing SIL on the independent variables (outcome type, immersion, and outcome-by-immersion interaction), and a larger group of covariates (participant ID, trial number, winnings, etc.) selected using double-robust LASSO-regularised regression. The previously unseen 20% of cases were used to validate the model. Positively reinforcing outcome types (wins, LDWs, bonus spins) showed significantly larger SILs than losses, indicating a PRP effect. Immersion did not predict response latencies, but win-by-immersion and LDW-by-immersion interactions indicated that pauses were greater among more immersed participants. The small number of free-spin bonus features showed similar trends that were not statistically significant. These results indicate that gamblers immersed in play remained sensitive to in-game reinforcement (contrary to a prevailing account), and provide guidance for researchers bridging laboratory research and real-world behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the role of embodiment when learning a technical procedure in immersive virtual reality (VR) by introducing a framework based on immersion and interactivity. The goal is to determine how increasing the levels of immersion and interactivity affect learning experiences and outcomes. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 177 high school students were assigned to one of four experimental conditions, varying levels of immersion (learning in immersive virtual reality wearing a head-mounted display (VR) vs. learning via a computer screen (PC)) and interactivity (directly manipulating objects using controllers/mouse and keyboard (congruent) vs. indirectly manipulating objects with a laser pointer to select a course of action (incidental)). The main outcome measure was a transfer task in which students were required to perform the task they had learned in the virtual environment using concrete objects in real life. Results demonstrated that students in the VR conditions experienced significantly higher levels of presence, agency, location, body ownership, and embodied learning compared to participants in the PC conditions. Additionally, students’ performance during the virtual lesson predicted their real-life transfer test. However, there were no significant effects of immersion or interactivity on any of the transfer measures. The results suggest that high immersion in VR can increase self-reported measures of presence, agency, location, body ownership, and embodied learning among students. However, increased embodiment—manipulated by adding immersion and congruent manipulation of objects did not improve transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article approaches the art prognoses of two influential figures of the historical avant-garde, Lajos Kassák and F. T. Marinetti, and scrutinises their art utopias seeking references to the future of human society. A novel aspect of this approach is maintained throughout of the contents of the manifestos which recur to ideas of ideologically ambiguous provenance that have not yet been thematised in contemporary art discussions. With the help of the newly revealed contents, the paper attempts to discover the motivation behind Kassák's and Marinetti's insights and to explore, how exactly they anticipated the trends of art and its role in future society. By linking of two influential representatives of the avant-garde, it is possible to trace important determining tendencies on several tracks that still have an impact today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media allow individuals to feel 'whisked away' from their surroundings and absorbed into another world. Constructs such as immersion, presence, transportation, and flow have been used to delineate and describe this experience, but few efforts have been made to understand their conceptual overlap or shared and distinct underlying processes. Two studies were conducted to create a model of the immersive experience applicable across media technologies and contexts. First, a scoping review shows these constructs are deeply intertwined and often seen as precursors, subcomponents, or outcomes of one another. Second, re-examining the literature from a complex systems perspective, we identify three key processes: interactivity, boundary alteration, and motivation, as especially promising for developing an integrative ontology of the immersive experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Monmouth College's Classics Day—an active outreach events that ties together not just disciplines throughout the school, but also other schools and community members from across the region—has evolved in important ways over its ten years of existence, both in response to various cultural developments and through independent realizations of better ways to operate. In its three-hour, biennial festival layout, Classics Day has served as something of a test lab for different innovations in the field of Classics, and it provides models of Classics at its most appealing. In the following article, I provide seven tips, based on insights gained from Classics Day, for Classics faculty members aiming to make their departments as strong and appealing as they can be during a time of challenge in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for new synthesis methodologies based on the principles of green chemistry has led to various studies for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using extracts from different parts of plants. Based on this, the present study aims to carry out green synthesis (biosynthesis), characterization, and antibacterial evaluation of reduced and stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with aqueous extracts of Minthostachys acris in a simple, ecological, and environmentally safe manner. The extraction process of the organic components is performed using two methods: immersion and the agitation of the leaves of Minthostachys acris Schmidt Lebuhn (Muña) at 0.1% for different times (0.5, 1, 3, 6, and 10 min). Compounds such as hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, quinic, caffeic, rosmarinic acids, and flavonols present in the Muña extract facilitate the formation of AgNPs; this compounds act as a coating and stabilizing agent. The bioactive components from natural resources facilitate the formation of AgNPs, partially or completely replacing the contaminating and toxic elements present in chemical reagents. The biosynthesis is carried out at room temperature for pH 7 and 8. The synthesized AgNPs are characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy to identify the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band, which shows an absorption peak around 419 nm and 423 nm for pH 7 and p.H 8, respectively, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for bioreduction and stabilization, with a peak at 1634 cm−1. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) shows the hydrodynamic size of the colloidal nanoparticles between 11 and 200 nm, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals monodisperse AgNPs of different morphologies, mostly nanospheres, while Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) demonstrates the presence of Ag in the colloidal solution. The evaluation of the bactericidal activity of the AgNPs using the disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococus aureus (S.aureus) shows that the synthesized AgNPs have effective antibacterial activity against E. coli for the extracts obtained at 6 min for both the immersion and agitation methods, respectively. The significance of this work lies in the use of bioactive components from plants to obtain AgNPs in a simple, rapid, and economical way, with potential applications in biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]