86 results on '"IDT Biologika"'
Search Results
2. Safety and Immunogenicity of the Candidate Vaccine MVA-MERS-S_DF-1 Against MERS (MVA-MERS-S)
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Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, IDT Biologika Dessau.Rossau, German Center for Infection Research, CR2O, Erasmus Medical Center, and Monipol Deutschland GmbH
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- 2023
3. Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of the Candidate Vaccine MVA-SARS-2-ST Against COVID-19 (MVA-SARS2-ST)
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German Center for Infection Research, Philipps University Marburg Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians - University of Munich, IDT Biologika, and Clinical Trial Center North (CTC North GmbH & Co. KG)
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- 2023
4. Aufreinigungstechnologie-Verbundprojekt: Einsatz synthetischer Liganden zur Aufreinigung sialinsäurehaltiger, rekombinanter humaner Proteine und Impfstoff-Antigene, WP 2.1 : Abschlussbericht ; Berichtszeitraum: 01.01.2008 - 31.03.2012
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IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau-Roßlau
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Chemistry ,Chemical and environmental engineering - Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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5. Development of a practical protocol for colostrum intake evaluation in commercial farms
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Leneveu, Philippe, Launay, Benoît, Jardin, Agnès, Creac'h, Paul, Schüler, Verena, LEHEBEL, Anne, Leblanc-Maridor, Mily, Belloc, Catherine, IDT Biologika, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), BIOEPAR, Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
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fluids and secretions ,animal diseases ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] - Abstract
Background and Objectives Colostrum intake evaluation is described in literature but the methods use is not applicable in production farms (time-consuming and costly). This study aims to define a more feasible protocol focusing on growth (i.e. quantity ingested) and maternal immune transfer. Material & Methods To determine references values, 864 identified piglets of 10 production farms were weighed at birth and 24h after to calculate the 24h weight gain (WG24). They were also weighed at the end of farrowing and 24h later to calculate an approximate 24h weigh gain (WG24A). Blood samples of 496 piglets at 24h were analyzed for total IgG dosage. Results WG24A is correlated to WG24 (r=0.66). But data of piglets weighed within 2-3 hours after birth show that the weight gain in the first 2.5h represents 46% of WG24. Using WG24A led to misestimate this crucial period. Consequently, suggested protocol is to spend two half days on farms during farrowing period. On day One, a minimum of 30 newborn piglets are identified and weighed at birth with a precise scale. On day Two, 24h later, the same piglets are weighed. Then, WG24 are compared to threshold values obtained in the 10 studied farms for 90% piglet-survival: piglets’ birth weight < 1kg: WG24 ? 75g / [1- 1.2kg[: WG24 ? 50g / ? 1.2kg: WG24 positive. Additionally, on day Two, six piglets from six litters are selected (one light, one medium, one heavy per half of farrowing) and blood sampled to investigate the immune status. Reference is a maximum of 10% piglets below 20mg/ml of total IgG. Discussion & Conclusion This protocol that can be easily implemented in commercial farms has been validated using a thorough study of weight gain and immune transfer during the first two days of piglet life in farms with hyperprolific sows
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- 2019
6. Colostrum immune transfer evaluation in pigs by using FLU HI test at 3 weeks of age
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Leneveu, Philippe, Launay, Benoît, Jardin, Agnès, Creac'h, Paul, Schüler, Verena, Pesch, Stefan, Leblanc-Maridor, Mily, Belloc, Catherine, IDT Biologika, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), BIOEPAR, Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
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fluids and secretions ,animal diseases ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] - Abstract
Background and Objectives Immune transfer via the colostrum in the pig can be investigated using a total IgG test in early life. However, the effectiveness of the different types of IgG for the immune response remains unknown. This is the reasoning behind looking at antibodies specific for one particular disease. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the maternal transfer of Influenza specific antibodies. Material & Methods In 10 farms, piglets were blood sampled at one day of life (n=496) for total IgG dosage (RID) and at 3 weeks of life (n=495) for Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test for six different Influenza serotypes. The colostrum of 59 corresponding sows was also sampled and the same HI test was performed on them. All farms were either supposed positive for an infection with Influenza and/or were vaccinating the sows with a trivalent Influenza vaccine. HI test results are presented in 2-fold dilution (1=20 in HI test; 10 = 10240). Results First results regarding H1avN1 show that all but one colostrum sample were positive. Titers varied from three to 10; those of the piglets from zero to seven. HI titers of the piglets were not linked with total IgG level at day one. At day one, 10% of piglets have less than 20 mg/ml of total IgG and around 40% of these die before three weeks. At three weeks, 18% of piglets had a zero H1avN1 titer. The main criterion for the variation in the piglets’ titer at 3 weeks was the colostrum titer of the sow. Piglets that were cross-fostered in the first 24 hours had lower values. Discussion & Conclusion These preliminary results reveal interesting details about the transfer of immunoglobulins from sows to piglets regarding six Influenza subtypes and its variation factors
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- 2019
7. Prise colostrale en élevage porcin : analyse des facteurs de variation dans 10 élevages de production
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Leneveu, Philippe, Launay, Benoît, Jardin, Agnès, Creac'h, Paul, Schüler, Verena, LEHEBEL, Anne, Leblanc-Maridor, Mily, Belloc, Catherine, IDT Biologika, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), BIOEPAR, Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
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[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] - Abstract
This study aimed to describe and examine colostrum intake on commercial farms and analyse the factors of variation identified in the literature. One thousand piglets from 10 farms were followed individually from birth to 3 weeks of age with three weighings in the first 36 hours of life and one weighing at 3 weeks of age. For half of them, a serological examination at 24 hours assessed the transfer of passive immunity (RID, Radial immunodiffusion and Immunocrit). In parallel, the breeding management was described in detail. Many elements from the literature are highlighted, such as the influence of litter size and birth weight. Thus, the survival of a piglet of one kg or less at birth is conditioned by a weight gain at 24 hours (WG24) higher than the WG24 of a piglet born heavier. Growth during the first three hours of life influences the WG24, which itself is correlated with the average daily gain at 3 weeks. Mortality rate increases as parturition time increases (14% in the first hour, 57% from the seventh hour onwards), and 66% of losses of live born piglets occur within three days after birth. Immunocrit is correlated with IDR (r = 0.75) for values of RID below 40 mg/ml. Cross-fostering before six hours after farrowing are associated with a poorer immune transfer. An energy deficit (low colostrum intake) is more common than an immunodeficiency (31% vs. 10%, respectively; thresholds: 20 mg/ml serum IgG at 24 hours and 50g WG24). This study also shows a great diversity of farmers' practices and, despite available equipment, a lack of thermal comfort offered to piglets.; Ce travail vise à décrire et étudier la prise colostrale en élevages de production et à en analyser les facteurs de variation à la lumière de la bibliographie. Mille porcelets provenant de 10 élevages ont été suivis individuellement de la naissance à trois semaines d’âge avec trois pesées au cours des 36 premières heures et une à trois semaines. Pour la moitié d’entre eux, un examen sérologique à 24 h a permis d’évaluer le transfert d’immunité passive (IDR, Immunodiffusion radiale et Immunocrit). En parallèle, la conduite d’élevage a été décrite avec précision. De nombreux éléments de la bibliographie sont confirmés, comme l’influence de la taille de portée et du poids de naissance. Ainsi, la survie d'un porcelet d’un kg ou moins à la naissance est conditionnée à une prise de poids supérieure à celle d’un porcelet né plus lourd. La croissance des trois premières heures de vie conditionne le gain de poids à 24h (GP24), lui-même corrélé au gain de poids quotidien (GMQ) à trois semaines. La mortinatalité augmente au fur et à mesure de la mise bas (14 % la première heure ; 57 % à partir de la septième heure) et 66 % des pertes sur nés vivants surviennent dans les trois premiers jours. L’immunocrit est corrélé à l'IDR (r = 0,75) pour des valeurs inférieures à 40 mg/ml. Les adoptions réalisées dans les six premières heures de vie sont associées à un moins bon transfert immunitaire. Un déficit énergétique (faible ingestion de colostrum) est plus fréquent qu’un déficit immunitaire (31 % vs 10 % ; seuils à 20 mg/ml d’IgG sériques à 24h et 50g de GP24). Ce travail montre aussi une grande diversité de pratiques des éleveurs et, malgré des équipements présents, un défaut de confort thermique offert aux porcelets.
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- 2019
8. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2018
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Kang Seuk Choi, Nikos Vasilakis, Claudio Verdugo, Janusz T. Paweska, Thomas Briese, Víctor Manuel Neira Ramírez, Andrew J. Bennett, Masayuki Horie, Charles H. Calisher, Robert Kityo, Anthony R. Fooks, Martin Schwemmle, Sunil K. Mor, Nidia G. Aréchiga Ceballos, Timothy H. Hyndman, Ayato Takada, Yíngyún Caì, Robert A. Lamb, Alexander Bukreyev, Paul A. Rota, Tony L. Goldberg, Lin-Fa Wang, Benhur Lee, Kartik Chandran, Hideki Ebihara, Michael R. Wiley, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Anna E. Whitfield, Mark D. Stenglein, Piet Maes, Andrew J. Easton, Jean L. Patterson, Valerian V. Dolja, Olga Dolnik, Eugene V. Koonin, James F. X. Wellehan, Ralf Dürrwald, Peter L. Collins, Qisheng Song, Susan Payne, Jonathan S. Towner, Sina Bavari, Sonia Vázquez-Morón, Pierre Formenty, Sophie J. Smither, Keizō Tomonaga, Leslie L. Domier, Dàohóng Jiāng, Gael Kurath, Robert B. Tesh, Sergey V. Netesov, Elodie Ghedin, Andrea Maisner, Denise A. Marston, Cristine Campos Lawson, Elke Mühlberger, Christopher F. Basler, Conrad M. Freuling, Yǒng Zhèn Zhāng, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Peter J. Walker, Gōngyín Yè, David Wang, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Gustavo Palacios, Gary P. Kobinger, Yuri I. Wolf, Timothy Song, Hideki Kondō, Mart Krupovic, Karla Prieto, David M. Stone, Luciano M. Thomazelli, Colin A. Chapman, Ashley C. Banyard, Jens H. Kuhn, Stuart G. Siddell, Noël Tordo, John M. Dye, Terry Fei Fan Ng, Charles Y. Chiu, Kim R. Blasdell, Bertus K. Rima, Victoria Wahl, Eric M. Leroy, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Juan Emilio Echevarría, Norbert Nowotny, Roger Hewson, Thomas Müller, Viktor E. Volchkov, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), University of Washington [Seattle], Laboratorio de Rabia, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencias Epidemiológicos, Animal and Plant Health Agency [Weybridge] (APHA), Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG), U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison-Influenza Research Institute, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University [New York], The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Albert Einstein College of Medicine [New York], Department of Anthropology [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, University of Chicago, IDT Biologika, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick [Coventry], Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rochester [USA], Institute of Health Carlos III, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Department of Viroscience [Rotterdam, The Netherlands], Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health - Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology [New York], New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU)-New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Public Health England [Salisbury] (PHE), Kagoshima University, Murdoch University, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), Research Centre in Infectious Diseases, CHUL Research Centre and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), US Geological Survey [Seattle], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Northwestern University [Evanston], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Neuromuscular Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Department of Medicine [San Francisco], University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, TX], National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], University of Bristol [Bristol], Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD), University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), University of Missouri System, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Weymouth] (CEFAS), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Universidade de São Paulo - USP (BRAZIL), Institute for Virus Research, Stratégies antivirales, Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias [Buenos Aires], Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity (BMPV), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center [Frederick], U.S. Social Security Administration, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecoscience Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Duke-NUS Medical School [Singapore], University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), University of Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska System, Kansas State University, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease prevention and Control, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases [USA] (USAMRIID), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, McGill University, Kyoto University [Kyoto], University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland (UQ), Philipps University of Marburg, Warwick University, Public Health England [Porton Down, Salisbury], Huazhong Agricultural University, Makerere University (MAK), Faculty of Medicine-Laval University [Québec], Okayama University [Okayama], Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Universidad de Chile, University of California-University of California, Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, Texas], National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Centre for Experimental Medicine [Queen’s University of Belfast], University of Bristol (School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine), University of Missouri [Columbia], Hokkaido University, Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Duke NUS Medical School, University of Florida [Gainesville], and Virology
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0301 basic medicine ,Order Mononegavirales ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Mononegavirales Infections ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Data science ,Virology ,[SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology ,Article ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,Humans ,Animals ,[SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology ,Taxonomy (biology) ,Mononegavirales ,Phylogeny - Abstract
International audience; In 2018, the order Mononegavirales was expanded by inclusion of 1 new genus and 12 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and summarizes additional taxonomic proposals that may affect the order in the near future.
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- 2018
9. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales : update 2017
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Andrew J. Easton, Gael Kurath, Jonathan S. Towner, Qi Fang, Calogero Terregino, Noël Tordo, Jean L. Patterson, John H. Werren, John M. Dye, Andrea Maisner, Qisheng Song, Peter J. Walker, Benhur Lee, Pierre Formenty, Richard E. Randall, Ralf Dürrwald, Kim R. Blasdell, Alisa Bochnowski, Bertus K. Rima, Robert A. Lamb, Paul A. Rota, Kartik Chandran, Ralf G. Dietzgen, David M. Stone, Norbert Nowotny, Hideki Kondo, Roger Hewson, Anna E. Whitfield, Janusz T. Paweska, Masayuki Horie, Peter L. Collins, Keizo Tomonaga, Martin Schwemmle, Anthony P. James, Olga Dolnik, Gary P. Kobinger, Beibei Wang, Michael N. Pearson, Nicolás Bejerman, Susan Payne, Ming Li, Jian Hong, Fei Wang, Christopher F. Basler, Robert M. Harding, Jens H. Kuhn, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Charles H. Calisher, Eric M. Leroy, Viktor E. Volchkov, Hideki Ebihara, Lin-Fa Wang, Dàohóng Jiāng, Sina Bavari, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Ayato Takada, Sergey V. Netesov, Elke Mühlberger, Sophie J. Smither, David Wang, Gongyin Ye, Peter Revill, Martin Beer, Colleen M. Higgins, Yīmíng Bào, Robert B. Tesh, Victoria Wahl-Jensen, Thomas Briese, Zhichao Yan, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Elodie Ghedin, Alexander Bukreyev, Nikos Vasilakis, Virology, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), University of Washington [Seattle], National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG), Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases [USA] (USAMRIID), Institute of Diagnostic Virology (IVD), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Albert Einstein College of Medicine [New York], National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Philipps University of Marburg, IDT Biologika, School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rochester [USA], State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Department of Viroscience [Rotterdam, The Netherlands], Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology [New York], New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU)-New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Public Health England [Salisbury] (PHE), Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Infections Virales et Pathologie Comparée - UMR 754 (IVPC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Kagoshima University, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Research Centre in Infectious Diseases, CHUL Research Centre and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, US Geological Survey [Seattle], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Northwestern University [Evanston], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand (AENZ), Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Novosibirsk State University (NSU), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, TX], Texas A&M University System, National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), University of Auckland [Auckland], Biomedical Sciences Research Complex [St Andrews, Scotland] (BSRC), University of St Andrews [Scotland], Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD), University of Missouri School of Medicine, University of Missouri System, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Weymouth] (CEFAS), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University [Kyoto], Stratégies antivirales, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity (BMPV), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center [Frederick], U.S. Social Security Administration, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecoscience Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Duke-NUS Medical School [Singapore], Department of Biology, Kansas State University, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland (UQ), Public Health England [Porton Down, Salisbury], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Faculty of Medicine-Laval University [Québec], Okayama University [Okayama], Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, Texas], A&M University, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), The University of Auckland, Centre for Experimental Medicine [Queen’s University of Belfast], Hokkaido University, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Duke NUS Medical School, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Columbia University [New York], Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, University of Warwick [Coventry], Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory [Melbourne, Australia] (VIDRL), Kyoto University, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
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0301 basic medicine ,030106 microbiology ,Genome, Viral ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Species Specificity ,Genus ,Phylogenetics ,Virology ,Gene Order ,Viral ,Mononegavirales ,Phylogeny ,Order Mononegavirales ,Genome ,biology ,General Medicine ,Pneumovirus ,biology.organism_classification ,[SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology ,030104 developmental biology ,Evolutionary biology ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,[SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology ,Taxonomy (biology) - Abstract
International audience; In 2017, the order Mononegavirales was expanded by the inclusion of a total of 69 novel species. Five new rhabdovirus genera and one new nyamivirus genus were established to harbor 41 of these species, whereas the remaining new species were assigned to already established genera. Furthermore, non-Latinized binomial species names replaced all paramyxovirus and pneumovirus species names, thereby accomplishing application of binomial species names throughout the entire order. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
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- 2017
10. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2016
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Ralf Dürrwald, Krisztián Bányai, Robert A. Lamb, Hideki Kondo, Alexander Bukreyev, Anna N. Clawson, Calogero Terregino, Robert B. Tesh, Andrew J. Easton, Andrea Maisner, Paul A. Rota, Gael Kurath, Kartik Chandran, Charles H. Calisher, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Janusz T. Paweska, Szilvia Marton, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Masayuki Horie, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Bertus K. Rima, Jonathan S. Towner, Viktor E. Volchkov, Eric M. Leroy, David M. Stone, Susan Payne, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Hideki Ebihara, Lin-Fa Wang, Lìjiāng Liú, C. Li, Nikos Vasilakis, Olga Dolnik, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Gary P. Kobinger, Jean L. Patterson, Sergio Lenardon, Xian Dan Lin, Leslie L. Domier, Mang Shi, Pierre Formenty, Ben Longdon, Anna E. Whitfield, Sina Bavari, Timothy H. Hyndman, Martin Verbeek, E. W. Kitajima, Elke Mühlberger, Peter J. Walker, Ayato Takada, Mark D. Stenglein, François Xavier Briand, David Wang, Elodie Ghedin, Jiāsēn Chéng, Keizo Tomonaga, Norbert Nowotny, Roger Hewson, Noël Tordo, Jun Hua Tian, Nicolás Bejerman, John M. Dye, Christopher F. Basler, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Kim R. Blasdell, Yanping Fu, Sophie J. Smither, Richard E. Randall, Jens H. Kuhn, Jiǎtāo Xiè, Victoria Wahl-Jensen, Thierry Wetzel, Martin Schwemmle, Michael M. Goodin, John A. Walsh, Thomas Briese, Yīmíng Bào, Peter L. Collins, Dàohóng Jiāng, Sergey V. Netesov, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Szilvia L. Farkas, Claudio L. Afonso, US Department of Agriculture, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), University of Washington [Seattle], Centre for Agricultural Research [Budapest] (ATK), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG), Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases [USA] (USAMRIID), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University System, Albert Einstein College of Medicine [New York], Huazhong Agricultural University, Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation - Centre for Animal Science, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Philipps University of Marburg, University of Illinois [Chicago] (UIC), University of Illinois System, IDT Biologika, School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, LABOKLIN, Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Department of Viroscience [Rotterdam, The Netherlands], Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology [New York], New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU)-New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky, Public Health England [Salisbury] (PHE), Kagoshima University, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences [Murdoch], Murdoch University, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Research Centre in Infectious Diseases, CHUL Research Centre and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, US Geological Survey [Seattle], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Northwestern University [Evanston], Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease prevention and Control, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Wēnzhōu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Genetics University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Novosibirsk State University (NSU), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, TX], College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), Biomedical Sciences Research Complex [St Andrews, Scotland] (BSRC), University of St Andrews [Scotland], Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Weymouth] (CEFAS), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Wǔhàn Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University [Kyoto], Stratégies antivirales, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity (BMPV), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center [Frederick], U.S. Social Security Administration, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology & Immunology, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecoscience Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Duke-NUS Medical School [Singapore], Kansas State University, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases & Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses) - Veterinary epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Public Health England [Porton Down, Salisbury], Faculty of Medicine-Laval University [Québec], Okayama University [Okayama], Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, Texas], A&M University, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Centre for Experimental Medicine [Queen’s University of Belfast], Hokkaido University, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie [Padova], Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Duke NUS Medical School, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Columbia University [New York], Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, University of Warwick [Coventry], University of Kentucky (UK), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Kyoto University, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Virology, and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
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0301 basic medicine ,030106 microbiology ,Zoology ,Genome, Viral ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Genus ,Phylogenetics ,Virology ,Crustavirus ,Life Science ,Viral ,Mononegavirales ,Phylogeny ,Order Mononegavirales ,QR355 ,Genome ,biology ,Entomology & Disease Management ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,[SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology ,Pneumoviridae ,Subfamily Pneumovirinae ,MONONEGAVIRALES ,030104 developmental biology ,Evolutionary biology ,Wildlife Ecology and Conservation ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,[SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology ,Taxonomy (biology) ,RA ,RC - Abstract
International audience; In 2016, the order Mononegavirales was emended through the addition of two new families (Mymonaviridae and Sunviridae), the elevation of the paramyxoviral subfamily Pneumovirinae to family status (Pneumoviridae), the addition of five free-floating genera (Anphevirus, Arlivirus, Chengtivirus, Crustavirus, and Wastrivirus), and several other changes at the genus and species levels. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
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- 2016
11. Prevalence of antibodies to swine influenza viruses in humans with occupational exposure to pigs, Thuringia, Germany, 2008-2009
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Roland Zell, Ralf Dürrwald, Heike Hoyer, Andi Krumbholz, Peter Wutzler, Jeannette Lange, Stefan Bengsch, Dept. of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital [Jena], Dept. Research and Development, IDT Biologika GmbH, Dept. of Medical Statistics and Documentation, Dept. of Transfusion Medicine, Institut of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, and Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany]
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Adult ,Male ,Hemagglutination ,Swine ,Orthomyxoviridae ,Antibodies, Viral ,Virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neutralization Tests ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Virology ,Germany ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Seroprevalence ,Animals ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Hemagglutination assay ,biology ,Zoonosis ,virus diseases ,Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ,Middle Aged ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,3. Good health ,Agricultural Workers' Diseases ,Titer ,Infectious Diseases ,Influenza A virus ,Medicine ,Female ,Viral disease - Abstract
International audience; The Eurasian lineages of swine influenza viruses are different genetically from classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses and comprise avian-like H1N1 and human-like H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes. Although sporadic isolation of such viruses from human specimens has been reported, the prevalence of human infections is not known. In the present study, the seroprevalence against Eurasian swine influenza viruses was investigated. Sera were collected in Thuringia, Germany, from December 2007 to April 2009. The study group comprised 118 professionals with occupational exposure to pigs (50 pig slaughterers/meat inspectors, 46 pig farmers, 22 veterinarians caring for pig herds). The control group included 118 age- and gender-matched blood donors from Thuringia. As a result, 18 sera of the study group were identified with raised hemagglutination-inhibition titers against a panel of nine swine influenza viruses (three strains/subtype). For 17/18 sera this finding was confirmed in the neutralisation assay. For 11/18 sera the raise of titers was significant, i.e., a fourfold increase of hemagglutination-inhibition titers was observed. No gender-specific bias of the high titer sera was observed. Twelve sera of the control group showed increased hemagglutination-inhibition titers against swine influenza viruses. Hemagglutination-inhibition titers of 2/12 control sera were raised fourfold but did not exhibit a significant increase of neutralisation titers. All increased hemagglutination-inhibition titers of the control group may be explained by cross-reactivity with seasonal influenza virus strains, as all these sera also reacted with human strains.
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- 2010
12. Possibility and Challenges of Conversion of Current Virus Species Names to Linnaean Binomials
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Sbina Bavari, Susan Payne, Alexander Bukreyev, Arvind Varsani, Víctor Romanowski, Kartik Chandran, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Mark D. Stenglein, Anna N. Clawson, Sead Sabanadzovic, Gael Kurath, Andrea Maisner, Peter J. Walker, Ralf Dürrwald, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Eric M. Leroy, Mária Benko, Keizo Tomonaga, Gary P. Kobinger, Robert A. Lamb, Hideki Kondo, F. Murilo Zerbini, Martin Schwemmle, Robert B. Tesh, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Andrew J. Easton, Michael J. Buchmeier, Jean-Paul Gonzalez, Anna E. Whitfield, Nikos Vasilakis, Jonathan S. Towner, Pierre Formenty, Jens H. Kuhn, Norbert Nowotny, Roger Hewson, Ayato Takada, Mart Krupovic, Igor S. Lukashevich, David M. Stone, Clarence J. Peters, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Bertus K. Rima, Janusz T. Paweska, Masayuki Horie, Christopher S. Clegg, Victoria Wahl-Jensen, Christopher F. Basler, Sébastian Emonet, Charles H. Calisher, Lin-Fa Wang, Rémi N. Charrel, Jean L. Patterson, Elodie Ghedin, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Dàohóng Jiāng, Sergey V. Netesov, Hélène Sanfaçon, Thomas S. Postler, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Peter L. Collins, Noël Tordo, Maria S. Salvato, John M. Dye, Arcady Mushegian, Sophie J. Smither, Joseph L. DeRisi, Olga Dolnik, Kim R. Blasdell, Balázs Harrach, Viktor E. Volchkov, Thomas Briese, Andrew M. Kropinski, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), University of Washington [Seattle], Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG), Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases [USA] (USAMRIID), Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry (ATK TAKI), Centre for Agricultural Research [Budapest] (ATK), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Albert Einstein College of Medicine [New York], Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Les Mandinaux, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, Department of Medicine [San Francisco], University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California-University of California, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Philipps University of Marburg, IDT Biologika, School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Unité de Virologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Department of Viroscience [Rotterdam, The Netherlands], Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology [New York], New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU)-New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Health for Development, Public Health England [Salisbury] (PHE), Kagoshima University, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Research Centre in Infectious Diseases, CHUL Research Centre and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, University of Guelph, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], US Geological Survey [Seattle], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Northwestern University [Evanston], Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Novosibirsk State University (NSU), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, TX], Texas A&M University System, National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular [La Plata] (IBBM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas [La Plata], Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP)-Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology [Mstate, USA] (BCH-EPP), Mississippi State University [Mississippi], Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland System, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Weymouth] (CEFAS), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University [Kyoto], Stratégies antivirales, Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity (BMPV), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center [Frederick], U.S. Social Security Administration, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecoscience Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Duke-NUS Medical School [Singapore], Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU)-Biodesign Institute, Kansas State University, Departamento de Fitopatologia [Viçosa, Brazil] (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), This work was supported in part through Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I. A subcontractor to Battelle Memorial Institute who performed this work is J.H.K., an employee of Tunnell Government Services, Inc. This work was also funded in part under National Institutes of Health (NIH) contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.), and the National Science Foundation (NSF) Individual Research and Development (IR/D) program (A.R.M.)., We thank Laura Bollinger (NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA) for critically editing the manuscript, Andrew J. Davison (MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK) and Michael J. Adams (Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK) of the ICTV Executive Committee for suggestions on manuscript improvement, and Arya Ariël Kuhn for sustained vocal support and (dia)critical remarks, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU AMU), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland (UQ), Public Health England [Porton Down, Salisbury], Faculty of Medicine-Laval University [Québec], Okayama University [Okayama], Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, Texas], A&M University, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Centre for Experimental Medicine [Queen’s University of Belfast], Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Hokkaido University, Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Duke NUS Medical School, Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Virology, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Columbia University [New York], University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The Scripps Research Institute [La Jolla, San Diego], University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, University of Warwick [Coventry], Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), Kyoto University, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV)
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0301 basic medicine ,MESH: Terminology as Topic ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Biología ,030106 microbiology ,Binomials ,Zoology ,Biology ,Points of View ,03 medical and health sciences ,Genus ,Terminology as Topic ,Genetics ,MESH: Classification ,Epithet ,Arenaviridae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Virus classification ,media_common ,Order Mononegavirales ,Evolutionary Biology ,Virus taxonomy ,Classification ,MESH: Viruses ,[SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology ,Virus nomenclature ,Genealogy ,Ictv ,International committee on taxonomy of viruses ,030104 developmental biology ,Homo sapiens ,Viruses ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,[SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology ,Mononegavirales - Abstract
Botanical, mycological, zoological, and prokaryotic species names follow the Linnaean format, consisting of an italicized Latinized binomen with a capitalized genus name and a lower case species epithet (e.g., Homo sapiens). Virus species names, however, do not follow a uniform format, and, even when binomial, are not Linnaean in style. In this thought exercise, we attempted toconvert all currently official names ofspecies included in the viru sfamily Arenaviridae and the virus order Mononegavirales to Linnaean binomials, and to identify and address associated challenges and concerns. Surprisingly, this endeavor was not as complicated or time-consuming as even the authors of this article expected when conceiving the experiment., La lista completa de autores que integran el documento puede consultarse en el archivo, Instituto de Biotecnologia y Biologia Molecular
13. Safety and immunogenicity of the live-attenuated hRVFV-4s vaccine against Rift Valley fever in healthy adults: a dose-escalation, placebo-controlled, first-in-human, phase 1 randomised clinical trial.
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Leroux-Roels I, Prajeeth CK, Aregay A, Nair N, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME, Kardinahl S, Pelz S, Bauer S, D'Onofrio V, Alhatemi A, Jacobs B, De Boever F, Porrez S, Waerlop G, Punt C, Hendriks B, von Mauw E, van de Water S, Harders-Westerveen J, Rockx B, van Keulen L, Kortekaas J, Leroux-Roels G, and Wichgers Schreur PJ
- Abstract
Background: Rift Valley fever virus, a pathogen to ruminants, camelids, and humans, is an emerging mosquito-borne bunyavirus currently endemic to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Although animals are primarily infected via mosquito bites, humans mainly become infected following contact with infected tissues or fluids of infected animals. There is an urgent need for adequate countermeasures, especially for humans, because effective therapeutics or vaccines are not yet available. Here we assessed the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a next-generation, four-segmented, live-attenuated vaccine candidate, referred to as hRVFV-4s, in humans., Methods: A first-in-human, single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was done in Belgium in which a single dose of hRVFV-4s was administered to healthy volunteers aged 18-45 years. Participants were randomly assigned using an interactive web response system. The study population encompassed 75 participants naive to Rift Valley fever virus infection, divided over three dosage groups (cohorts) of 25 participants each. All participants were followed up until 6 months. Using a staggered dose escalating approach, 20 individuals of each cohort were injected in the deltoid muscle of the non-dominant arm with either 10
4 (low dose), 105 (medium dose), or 106 (high dose) of 50% tissue culture infectious dose of hRVFV-4s as based on animal data, and five individuals per cohort received formulation buffer as a placebo. Primary outcome measures in the intention-to-treat population were adverse events and tolerability. Secondary outcome measures were vaccine-induced viraemia, vaccine virus shedding, Rift Valley fever virus nucleocapsid antibody responses (with ELISA), and neutralising antibody titres. Furthermore, exploratory objectives included the assessment of cellular immune responses by ELISpot. The trial was registered with the EU Clinical Trials Register, 2022-501460-17-00., Findings: Between August and December, 2022, all 75 participants were vaccinated. No serious adverse events or vaccine-related severe adverse events were reported. Pain at the injection site (51 [85%] of 60 participants) was most frequently reported as solicited local adverse event, and headache (28 [47%] of 60) and fatigue (28 [47%] of 60) as solicited systemic adverse events in the active group. No vaccine virus RNA was detected in any of the blood, saliva, urine, or semen samples. Rift Valley fever virus nucleocapsid antibody responses were detected in most participants who were vaccinated with hRVFV-4s (43 [72%] of 60 on day 14) irrespective of the administered dose. In contrast, a clear dose-response relationship was observed for neutralising antibodies on day 28 with four (20%) of 20 participants responding in the low-dose group, 13 (65%) of 20 responding in the medium-dose group, and all participants (20 [100%] of 20) responding in the high-dose group. Consistent with the antibody responses, cellular immune responses against the nucleocapsid protein were detected in all dose groups, whereas a more dose-dependent response was observed for the Gn and Gc surface glycoproteins. Neutralising antibody titres declined over time, whereas nucleocapsid antibody responses remained relatively stable for at least 6 months., Interpretation: The hRVFV-4s vaccine showed a high safety profile and excellent tolerability across all tested dose regimens, eliciting robust immune responses, particularly with the high-dose administration. The findings strongly support further clinical development of this candidate vaccine for human use., Funding: The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations with support from the EU Horizon 2020 programme., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests PJWS and JK are inventors of a patent describing the RVFV-4s vaccine technology and PJWS is the non-executive Scientific Officer of BunyaVax that currently owns the intellectual property of this technology. CP is CEO of BunyaVax. IL-R declares receiving funding from various vaccine manufacturers, paid to CEVAC. GL-R is an independent consultant in vaccinology. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)- Published
- 2024
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14. Cross-sectional study: prevalence of oedema disease Escherichia coli (EDEC) in weaned piglets in Germany at pen and farm levels.
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Berger PI, Hermanns S, Kerner K, Schmelz F, Schüler V, Ewers C, Bauerfeind R, and Doherr MG
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Background: Escherichia coli bacteria capable of producing the toxin Stx2e and possessing F18-fimbriae (edema disease E. coli, EDEC) are considered causative agents of porcine oedema disease. This disease, which usually occurs in piglets shortly after weaning, has a high lethality in affected animals and can lead to high economic losses in piglet rearing. The aim of this cross-sectional field study was to determine the prevalence of EDEC in weaned piglets in Germany at pen and farm levels., Results: Ninety-nine farms with unknown history of infections with shigatoxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and oedema disease were sampled. On each farm, up to five pens were selected for sampling (n = 481). The piglets in these pens were at an age 1-3 weeks after weaning. Single faecal samples (n = 2405) and boot swabs (n = 479) were collected from the floor. On 50 farms, cotton ropes were additionally used to collect oral fluid samples (n = 185) and rope wash out samples (n = 231) from the selected pens. All samples were analyzed by bacterial culture combined with a duplex PCR for the presence of the corresponding genes stx2e and fedA (major subunit protein of F18 fimbriae). In addition, whole DNA specimens extracted from boot swabs, oral fluid samples, and rope wash out samples were directly examined by duplex PCR for DNA of stx2e and fedA. A pen was classified as positive if at least one of the samples, regardless of the technique, yielded a positive result in the PCR, and farms were considered positive if at least one pen was classified as positive. Overall, genes stx2e and fedA were found simultaneously in 24.9% (95% CI 22.1-29.1%) of sampled pens and in 37.4% (95% CI 27.9-47.7%) of sampled farms. Regardless of the presence of F18-fimbriae, Escherichia coli encoding for Stx2e (STEC-2e) were found in 35.1% (95% CI 31.0-39.1%) of the pens and 53.5% (95% CI 44.4-63.6%) of the farms sampled., Conclusions: Escherichia coli strains considered capable to cause oedema disease in swine (EDEC) are highly prevalent in the surveyed pig producing farms in Germany. Due to intermittent shedding of EDEC and a potentially low within-farm prevalence, we recommend a combination of different sampling techniques for EDEC monitoring at pen and farm levels. Further studies are needed to understand which STEC-2e strains really pose the risk of causing severe porcine disease., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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15. Oral Rabies Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS: Genetic Stability after Serial In Vitro and In Vivo Passaging.
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Borutzki S, Richter B, Proemmel M, Fabianska I, Tran HQ, Hundt B, Mayer D, Kaiser C, Neubert A, and Vos A
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- Animals, Mice, Glycoproteins genetics, Amino Acids, Rabies Vaccines, Rabies virus, Rabies
- Abstract
Oral vaccination of wildlife has shown to be a very effective management tool in rabies control. Evaluation of the genetic stability of vaccine viruses before distributing vaccine baits in the environment is essential because all available oral rabies vaccines, including the genetically engineered rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS (Rabitec), are based on replication-competent viruses. To evaluate the genetic stability of this vaccine strain, five serial passages of the Master Seed Virus (MSV) in the production cell line BHK21 Cl13 were performed. Furthermore, to test possible reversion to virulence, a back-passage study in suckling mouse brain (SMB) was performed. Subsequently, the pooled 5th SMB passage was inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) in adult and suckling mice. The full genome sequences of the isolated 5th passage, in vivo and in vitro, were compared at both the consensus and the quasispecies level with the MSV. Additionally, the full genome sequence of the 6th SMB passage from the individual animals was determined and compared. Full-length integration of the double glycoprotein and modified base substitutions at amino acid position 194 and 333 of the glycoprotein could be verified in all 5th and 6th passage samples. Overall, 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the 5th pooled SMB passage, 4 with frequency between 10 and 20%, and 7 with between 2.5 and 10%. SNPs that resulted in amino acid exchange were found in genes: N (one SNP), G (four SNPs), and L (three SNPs). However, none of these SNPs were associated with reversion to virulence since all adult mice inoculated i.c. with this material survived. In the individual samples of the 6th SMB passage 24 additional SNPs (>2.5%) were found, of which only 1 SNP (L-gene, position 6969) had a prevalence of >50% in 3 of 17 samples. The obtained results confirmed the stable expression of genetic modifications and the genetic stability of the consensus strain after serial in vivo and in vitro passaging.
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- 2022
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16. LABRADOR-A Computational Workflow for Virus Detection in High-Throughput Sequencing Data.
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Fabiańska I, Borutzki S, Richter B, Tran HQ, Neubert A, and Mayer D
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- Datasets as Topic, Viruses genetics, Computational Biology methods, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing methods, Viruses isolation & purification, Workflow
- Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) allows detection of known and unknown viruses in samples of broad origin. This makes HTS a perfect technology to determine whether or not the biological products, such as vaccines are free from the adventitious agents, which could support or replace extensive testing using various in vitro and in vivo assays. Due to bioinformatics complexities, there is a need for standardized and reliable methods to manage HTS generated data in this field. Thus, we developed LABRADOR-an analysis pipeline for adventitious virus detection. The pipeline consists of several third-party programs and is divided into two major parts: (i) direct reads classification based on the comparison of characteristic profiles between reads and sequences deposited in the database supported with alignment of to the best matching reference sequence and (ii) de novo assembly of contigs and their classification on nucleotide and amino acid levels. To meet the requirements published in guidelines for biologicals' safety we generated a custom nucleotide database with viral sequences. We tested our pipeline on publicly available HTS datasets and showed that LABRADOR can reliably detect viruses in mixtures of model viruses, vaccines and clinical samples.
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- 2021
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17. Enhanced isolation of influenza viruses in qualified cells improves the probability of well-matched vaccines.
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Peck H, Laurie KL, Rockman S, Leung V, Lau H, Soppe S, Rynehart C, Baas C, Trusheim H, and Barr IG
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Influenza vaccines are utilised to combat seasonal and pandemic influenza. The key to influenza vaccination currently is the availability of candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs). Ideally, CVVs reflect the antigenic characteristics of the circulating virus, which may vary depending upon the isolation method. For traditional inactivated egg-based vaccines, CVVs are isolated in embryonated chicken eggs, while for cell-culture production, CVV's are isolated in either embryonated eggs or qualified cell lines. We compared isolation rates, growth characteristics, genetic stability and antigenicity of cell and egg CVV's derived from the same influenza-positive human clinical respiratory samples collected from 2008-2020. Influenza virus isolation rates in MDCK33016PF cells were twice that of eggs and mutations in the HA protein were common in egg CVVs but rare in cell CVVs. These results indicate that fully cell-based influenza vaccines will improve the choice, match and potentially the effectiveness, of seasonal influenza vaccines compared to egg-based vaccines., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
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- 2021
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18. A single cytochrome P450 oxidase from Solanum habrochaites sequentially oxidizes 7-epi-zingiberene to derivatives toxic to whiteflies and various microorganisms.
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Zabel S, Brandt W, Porzel A, Athmer B, Bennewitz S, Schäfer P, Kortbeek R, Bleeker P, and Tissier A
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- Animals, Botrytis drug effects, Botrytis pathogenicity, Hemiptera genetics, Hemiptera microbiology, Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes toxicity, NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase genetics, Phytophthora infestans drug effects, Phytophthora infestans pathogenicity, Solanum genetics, Hemiptera metabolism, Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes metabolism, NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase metabolism, Solanum metabolism
- Abstract
Secretions from glandular trichomes potentially protect plants against a variety of aggressors. In the tomato clade of the Solanum genus, glandular trichomes of wild species produce a rich source of chemical diversity at the leaf surface. Previously, 7-epi-zingiberene produced in several accessions of Solanum habrochaites was found to confer resistance to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and other insect pests. Here, we report the identification and characterisation of 9-hydroxy-zingiberene (9HZ) and 9-hydroxy-10,11-epoxyzingiberene (9H10epoZ), two derivatives of 7-epi-zingiberene produced in glandular trichomes of S. habrochaites LA2167. Using a combination of transcriptomics and genetics, we identified a gene coding for a cytochrome P450 oxygenase, ShCYP71D184, that is highly expressed in trichomes and co-segregates with the presence of the zingiberene derivatives. Transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that ShCYP71D184 carries out two successive oxidations to generate 9HZ and 9H10epoZ. Bioactivity assays showed that 9-hydroxy-10,11-epoxyzingiberene in particular exhibits substantial toxicity against B. tabaci and various microorganisms including Phytophthora infestans and Botrytis cinerea. Our work shows that trichome secretions from wild tomato species can provide protection against a wide variety of organisms. In addition, the availability of the genes encoding the enzymes for the pathway of 7-epi-zingiberene derivatives makes it possible to introduce this trait in cultivated tomato by precision breeding., (© 2020 The Authors. The Plant Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2021
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19. Surveillance of European Domestic Pig Populations Identifies an Emerging Reservoir of Potentially Zoonotic Swine Influenza A Viruses.
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Henritzi D, Petric PP, Lewis NS, Graaf A, Pessia A, Starick E, Breithaupt A, Strebelow G, Luttermann C, Parker LMK, Schröder C, Hammerschmidt B, Herrler G, Beilage EG, Stadlbauer D, Simon V, Krammer F, Wacheck S, Pesch S, Schwemmle M, Beer M, and Harder TC
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- Aerosols, Animals, Antigenic Variation, Europe epidemiology, Ferrets, Genetic Variation, Genotype, Humans, Incidence, Influenza Vaccines, Influenza, Human virology, Neuraminidase, Orthomyxoviridae Infections transmission, Phylogeny, Sus scrofa, Swine, Tropism, Viral Proteins, Viral Zoonoses, Virulence, Influenza A virus classification, Influenza A virus genetics, Orthomyxoviridae Infections epidemiology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology
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Swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) can play a crucial role in the generation of new human pandemic viruses. In this study, in-depth passive surveillance comprising nearly 2,500 European swine holdings and more than 18,000 individual samples identified a year-round presence of up to four major swIAV lineages on more than 50% of farms surveilled. Phylogenetic analyses show that intensive reassortment with human pandemic A(H1N1)/2009 (H1pdm) virus produced an expanding and novel repertoire of at least 31 distinct swIAV genotypes and 12 distinct hemagglutinin/neuraminidase combinations with largely unknown consequences for virulence and host tropism. Several viral isolates were resistant to the human antiviral MxA protein, a prerequisite for zoonotic transmission and stable introduction into human populations. A pronounced antigenic variation was noted in swIAV, and several H1pdm lineages antigenically distinct from current seasonal human H1pdm co-circulate in swine. Thus, European swine populations represent reservoirs for emerging IAV strains with zoonotic and, possibly, pre-pandemic potential., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2020
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20. Development of a Non-Meat-Based, Mass Producible and Effective Bait for Oral Vaccination of Dogs against Rabies in Goa State, India.
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Gibson AD, Mazeri S, Yale G, Desai S, Naik V, Corfmat J, Ortmann S, King A, Müller T, Handel I, Bronsvoort BM, Gamble L, Mellanby RJ, and Vos A
- Abstract
Introduction: To achieve the global goal of canine-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030 there is an urgent need to scale-up mass dog vaccination activities in regions with large dog populations that are difficult to access; a common situation in much of India. Oral rabies vaccination may enable the vaccination of free-roaming dogs that are inaccessible to parenteral vaccination, and is considered a promising complementary measure to parenteral mass dog vaccination campaigns. WHO and OIE have published detailed minimum requirements for rabies vaccines and baits to be used for this purpose, requiring that baits must not only be well-accepted by the target population but must also efficiently release the vaccine in the oral cavity. For oral rabies vaccination approaches to be successful, it is necessary to develop baits which have a high uptake by the target population, are culturally accepted and amenable to mass production. The aim of this study was to compare the interest and uptake rates of meat-based and an egg-based prototype bait constructs by free roaming dogs in Goa, India. Methods: Three teams randomly distributed two prototype baits; an egg-flavoured bait and a commercial meat dog food (gravy) flavoured bait. The outcomes of consumption were recorded and compared between baits and dog variables. Results : A total of 209 egg-bait and 195 gravy-bait distributions were recorded and analysed. No difference ( p = 0.99) was found in the percentage of dogs interested in the baits when offered. However, significantly more dogs consumed the egg-bait than the gravy-bait; 77.5% versus 68.7% ( p = 0.04). The release of the blue-dyed water inside the sachet in the oral cavity of the animals was significant higher in the dogs consuming an egg-bait compared to the gravy-bait (73.4% versus 56.7%, p = 0.001). Conclusions : The egg-based bait had a high uptake amongst free roaming dogs and also enabled efficient release of the vaccine in the oral cavity, whilst also avoiding culturally relevant materials of bovine or porcine meat products.
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- 2019
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21. Long-Term Immunogenicity and Efficacy of the Oral Rabies Virus Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Foxes.
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Freuling CM, Kamp VT, Klein A, Günther M, Zaeck L, Potratz M, Eggerbauer E, Bobe K, Kaiser C, Kretzschmar A, Ortmann S, Schuster P, Vos A, Finke S, and Müller T
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Foxes, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, Rabies immunology, Rabies prevention & control, Vaccination veterinary, Vaccines, Attenuated administration & dosage, Antibodies, Viral blood, Rabies veterinary, Rabies Vaccines administration & dosage, Rabies virus immunology
- Abstract
: To evaluate the long-term immunogenicity of the live-attenuated, oral rabies vaccine SPBN GASGAS in a full good clinical practice (GCP) compliant study, forty-six (46) healthy, seronegative red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) were allocated to two treatment groups: group 1 ( n = 31) received a vaccine bait containing 1.7 ml of the vaccine of minimum potency (10
6.6 FFU/mL) and group 2 ( n = 15) received a placebo-bait. In total, 29 animals of group 1 and 14 animals of group 2 were challenged at 12 months post-vaccination with a fox rabies virus isolate (103.0 MICLD50 /mL). While 90% of the animals offered a vaccine bait resisted the challenge, only one animal (7%) of the controls survived. All animals that had seroconverted following vaccination survived the challenge infection at 12 months post-vaccination. Rabies specific antibodies could be detected as early as 14 days post-vaccination. Based on the kinetics of the antibody response to SPBN GASGAS as measured in ELISA and RFFIT, the animals maintained stable antibody titres during the 12-month pre-challenge observation period at a high level. The results indicate that successful vaccination using the oral route with this new rabies virus vaccine strain confers long-term duration of immunity beyond one year, meeting the same requirements as for licensure as laid down by the European Pharmacopoeia., Competing Interests: A.V. A.K., K.C., K.C., P.S., S.O. were former employees of IDT Biologika GmbH, Germany, who now belong to Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, A.V. to Ceva Santé Animale, after the transition of the animal health business. This company is manufacturing oral rabies vaccine baits, including SPBN GASGAS. T.M., C.M.F., V.t.K., and S.F. from the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute received funding from IDT Biologika GmbH (project: RTOI) for research into mechanisms of immune responses after oral rabies vaccination. The role of the funding sponsor was restricted to the choice of the research project and the design of the study. The collection, analyses, and interpretation of data, the writing of the manuscript, and the subsequent decision to publish was jointly made by all co-authors and institutions.- Published
- 2019
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22. Efficacy of the oral rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in foxes and raccoon dogs.
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Freuling CM, Eggerbauer E, Finke S, Kaiser C, Kaiser C, Kretzschmar A, Nolden T, Ortmann S, Schröder C, Teifke JP, Schuster P, Vos A, Mettenleiter TC, and Müller T
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Antibodies, Viral metabolism, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Foxes, Immunity, Humoral physiology, Male, Rabies virology, Rabies Vaccines immunology, Raccoon Dogs, Rabies immunology, Rabies prevention & control, Rabies Vaccines therapeutic use, Rabies virus immunology, Rabies virus pathogenicity
- Abstract
To test the immunogenicity and efficacy of a new oral rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in wildlife target species, one group of foxes and two groups of raccoon dogs were offered a bait containing 1.7 ml of the vaccine (10
6.6 FFU/ml; 106.8 FFU/dose) and subsequently challenged approximately 180 days later with a fox rabies virus isolate. One group of raccoon dogs (n=30) received the same challenge dose (100.7 MICLD50 /ml) as the red foxes (n=29). The other group with raccoon dogs (n=28) together with 8 animals that received the vaccine dose by direct instillation into the oral cavity (DIOC) were infected with a 40-fold higher dose of the challenge virus (102.3 MICLD50 /ml). All but one of the 29 vaccinated foxes survived the challenge infection; meanwhile all 12 control foxes succumbed to rabies. Twenty-eight of 30 vaccinated raccoon dogs challenged with the same dose survived the infection, however only six of 12 control animals succumbed. When the higher challenge dose was administered, all 12 control animals died from rabies and all 36 vaccinated animals (28 baited plus 8 DIOC) survived. Blood samples were collected at different time points post vaccination and examined by both RFFIT and ELISA. The kinetics of the measured immune response was similar for both species, although in RFFIT slightly higher values were observed in foxes than in raccoon dogs. However, the immune response as measured in ELISA was identical for both species. The oral rabies virus vaccine SPBN GASGAS meets the efficacy requirements for live rabies virus vaccines as laid down by the European Pharmacopoeia., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
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23. Evaluation of immune responses in dogs to oral rabies vaccine under field conditions.
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Smith TG, Millien M, Vos A, Fracciterne FA, Crowdis K, Chirodea C, Medley A, Chipman R, Qin Y, Blanton J, and Wallace R
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- Administration, Oral, Animals, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Dogs, Rabies immunology, Rabies Vaccines administration & dosage, Rabies Vaccines immunology, Rabies virus immunology, Rabies virus pathogenicity, Vaccination, Rabies prevention & control, Rabies Vaccines therapeutic use
- Abstract
During the 20th century parenteral vaccination of dogs at central-point locations was the foundation of successful canine rabies elimination programs in numerous countries. However, countries that remain enzootic for canine rabies have lower infrastructural development compared to countries that have achieved elimination, which may make traditional vaccination methods less successful. Alternative vaccination methods for dogs must be considered, such as oral rabies vaccine (ORV). In 2016, a traditional mass dog vaccination campaign in Haiti was supplemented with ORV to improve vaccination coverage and to evaluate the use of ORV in dogs. Blisters containing live-attenuated, vaccine strain SPBNGAS-GAS were placed in intestine bait and distributed to dogs by hand. Serum was collected from 107 dogs, aged 3-12 months with no reported prior rabies vaccination, pre-vaccination and from 78/107 dogs (72.9%) 17 days post-vaccination. The rapid florescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was used to detect neutralizing antibodies and an ELISA to detect rabies binding antibodies. Post-vaccination, 38/41 (92.7%) dogs that received parenteral vaccine had detectable antibody (RFFIT >0.05 IU/mL), compared to 16/27 (59.3%, p < 0.01) dogs that received ORV or 21/27 (77.8%) as measured by ELISA (>40% blocking, p < 0.05). The fate of 291 oral vaccines was recorded; 283 dogs (97.2%) consumed the bait; 272 dogs (93.4%) were observed to puncture the blister, and only 14 blisters (4.8%) could not be retrieved by vaccinators and were potentially left in the environment. Pre-vaccination antibodies (RFFIT >0.05 IU/mL) were detected in 10/107 reportedly vaccine-naïve dogs (9.3%). Parenteral vaccination remains the most reliable method for ensuring adequate immune response in dogs, however ORV represents a viable strategy to supplement existing parental vaccination campaigns in hard-to-reach dog populations. The hand-out model reduces the risk of unintended contact with ORV through minimizing vaccine blisters left in the community., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2019
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24. Characterization of protective humoral and cellular immune responses against RHDV2 induced by a new vaccine based on recombinant baculovirus.
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Müller C, Ulrich R, Schinköthe J, Müller M, and Köllner B
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- Animals, Baculoviridae immunology, Baculoviridae pathogenicity, Caliciviridae Infections immunology, Caliciviridae Infections prevention & control, Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit immunology, Immunity, Cellular physiology, Immunity, Humoral physiology, Rabbits, Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit pathogenicity
- Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a lethal disease in rabbits caused by RHD virus (RHDV). Protection is only possible through vaccination. A new virus variant (RHDV2) which emerged in 2010 in France differed from the classical RHDV1 variant in certain aspects and vaccines against RHDV1 induced limited cross protection only. In a previous study, we designed a recombinant baculovirus based RHDV2-VP1 vaccine, which provided a protective immunity in rabbits against RHDV2. In the present study this newly created vaccine is characterized with regard to onset and duration of protection, and possible cross protection against classical RHDV1. Furthermore, humoral and cellular immune mechanisms in vaccinated and infected rabbits were analyzed. In all experiments, the recombinant vaccine was compared to a conventional liver-based RHDV2 vaccine. The RHDV2-VP1 vaccine induced a protective immune response already seven days after single vaccination and fully protected for at least 14 months. A booster vaccination 21 days after the first had a negative influence on long-term protection. The cross protection provided by the RHDV2-VP1 vaccine against classical RHDV1 was limited since only 50% of vaccinated rabbits survived the infection. Conclusively, the new, baculovirus-based RHDV2-VP1 vaccine has the potential to protect rabbits against the infection with RHDV2, blocks completely the disease progression and prevents the spread of RHDV2 at the population level., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2019
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25. Genetic diversity for nitrogen use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Meyer RC, Gryczka C, Neitsch C, Müller M, Bräutigam A, Schlereth A, Schön H, Weigelt-Fischer K, and Altmann T
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- Adaptation, Physiological, Arabidopsis physiology, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Plant Roots genetics, Plant Roots physiology, Plant Shoots genetics, Plant Shoots physiology, Soil chemistry, Arabidopsis genetics, Genetic Variation, Nitrates metabolism, Nitrogen metabolism
- Abstract
Main Conclusion: The plasticity of plant growth response to differing nitrate availability renders the identification of biomarkers difficult, but allows access to genetic factors as tools to modulate root systems to a wide range of soil conditions. Nitrogen availability is a major determinant of crop yield. While the application of fertiliser substantially increases the yield on poor soils, it also causes nitrate pollution of water resources and high costs for farmers. Increasing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants is a necessary step to implement low-input agricultural systems. We exploited the genetic diversity present in the worldwide Arabidopsis thaliana population to study adaptive growth patterns and changes in gene expression associated with chronic low nitrate stress, to identify biomarkers associated with good plant performance under low nitrate availability. Arabidopsis accessions were grown on agar plates with limited and sufficient supply of nitrate to measure root system architecture as well as shoot and root fresh weight. Differential gene expression was determined using Affymetrix ATH1 arrays. We show that the response to differing nitrate availability is highly variable in Arabidopsis accessions. Analyses of vegetative shoot growth and root system architecture identified accession-specific reaction modes to cope with limited nitrate availability. Transcription and epigenetic factors were identified as important players in the adaption to limited nitrogen in a global gene expression analysis. Five nitrate-responsive genes emerged as possible biomarkers for NUE in Arabidopsis. The plasticity of plant growth in response to differing nitrate availability in the substrate renders the identification of morphological and molecular features as biomarkers difficult, but at the same time allows access to a multitude of genetic factors which can be used as tools to modulate and adjust root systems to a wide range of soil conditions.
- Published
- 2019
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26. Analysis of Iophenoxic Acid Analogues in Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes Auropunctatus) Sera for Use as an Oral Rabies Vaccination Biological Marker.
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Berentsen AR, Sugihara RT, Payne CG, Leinbach I, Volker SF, Vos A, Ortmann S, and Gilbert AT
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- Administration, Oral, Animals, Biomarkers blood, Calibration, Quality Control, Rabies virus immunology, Reference Standards, Herpestidae blood, Iopanoic Acid analysis, Rabies immunology, Rabies Vaccines administration & dosage, Rabies Vaccines immunology, Vaccination
- Abstract
The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is a reservoir of rabies virus (RABV) in Puerto Rico and comprises over 70% of animal rabies cases reported annually. The control of RABV circulation in wildlife reservoirs is typically accomplished by a strategy of oral rabies vaccination (ORV). Currently no wildlife ORV program exists in Puerto Rico. Research into oral rabies vaccines and various bait types for mongooses has been conducted with promising results. Monitoring the success of ORV relies on estimating bait uptake by target species, which typically involves evaluating a change in RABV neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) post vaccination. This strategy may be difficult to interpret in areas with an active wildlife ORV program or in areas where RABV is enzootic and background levels of RVNA are present in reservoir species. In such situations, a biomarker incorporated with the vaccine or the bait matrix may be useful. We offered 16 captive mongooses placebo ORV baits containing ethyl-iophenoxic acid (et-IPA) in concentrations of 0.4% and 1% inside the bait and 0.14% in the external bait matrix. We also offered 12 captive mongooses ORV baits containing methyl-iophenoxic acid (me-IPA) in concentrations of 0.035%, 0.07% and 0.14% in the external bait matrix. We collected a serum sample prior to bait offering and then weekly for up to eight weeks post offering. We extracted Iophenoxic acids from sera into acetonitrile and quantified using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. We analyzed sera for et-IPA or me-IPA by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found adequate marking ability for at least eight and four weeks for et- and me-IPA, respectively. Both IPA derivatives could be suitable for field evaluation of ORV bait uptake in mongooses. Due to the longevity of the marker in mongoose sera, care must be taken to not confound results by using the same IPA derivative during consecutive evaluations.
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- 2019
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27. Longitudinal field studies reveal early infection and persistence of influenza A virus in piglets despite the presence of maternally derived antibodies.
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Ryt-Hansen P, Larsen I, Kristensen CS, Krog JS, Wacheck S, and Larsen LE
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn immunology, Animals, Newborn virology, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Orthomyxoviridae Infections immunology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Swine, Swine Diseases immunology, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Influenza A virus immunology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections veterinary, Swine Diseases virology
- Abstract
A longitudinal study was performed in three Danish farrow to grower (30 kilos) herds over a 4-month period to investigate the dynamics and clinical impacts of influenza A virus (IAV) infections. In each herd, four batches consisting of four sows each with five ear-tagged piglets were included. Nasal swabs and/or blood were sampled from the sows and/or the piglets prior to farrowing and at weeks 1, 3, and 5 and at the end of the nursery period. Clinical examinations were performed at each sampling time. The sows and piglets were tested for IAV and IAV antibodies in nasal swabs and blood samples, respectively. The results revealed three enzootically infected herds, where the majority of the pigs were infected during the first 5 weeks after birth. Infected piglets of only 3 days of age were detected in the farrowing unit, where the sows were also shedding virus. In all herds, low to moderate numbers of infected pigs (ranging from 3.6 to 20.7%) were found to be virus positive in nasal swabs at two consecutive sampling times. Furthermore, clinical signs of respiratory disease were associated with IAV detection. The findings of this study documented that IAV can persist in herds and that piglets as young as 3 days can be infected despite the presence of maternally derived antibodies.
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- 2019
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28. Environmental distribution of certain modified live-virus vaccines with a high safety profile presents a low-risk, high-reward to control zoonotic diseases.
- Author
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Head JR, Vos A, Blanton J, Müller T, Chipman R, Pieracci EG, Cleaton J, and Wallace R
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Dogs, Foxes, Rabies immunology, Rabies prevention & control, Rabies Vaccines immunology, Vaccines, Attenuated chemistry, Vaccines, Attenuated immunology, Zoonoses immunology, Zoonoses virology, Rabies veterinary, Rabies Vaccines administration & dosage, Rabies virus immunology, Vaccination veterinary, Vaccines, Attenuated administration & dosage, Zoonoses prevention & control
- Abstract
Oral vaccines aid immunization of hard to reach animal populations but often contain live-attenuated viruses that pose risks of reversion to virulence or residual pathogenicity. Human risk assessment is crucial prior to vaccine field distribution but there is currently no standardized approach. We mapped exposure pathways by which distribution of oral vaccines may result in inoculation into people and applied a Markov chain to estimate the number of severe adverse events. We simulated three oral rabies vaccination (ORV) campaigns: (1) first generation ORV (SAD-B19) in foxes, (2) SAD-B19 in dogs, and (3) third generation ORV (SPBN GASGAS) in dogs. The risk of SAD-B19-associated human deaths was predicted to be low (0.18 per 10 million baits, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.36) when distributed to foxes, but, consistent with international concern, 19 times greater (3.35 per 10 million baits, 95% CI: 2.83, 3.98) when distributed to dogs. We simulated no deaths from SPBN GAS-GAS. Human deaths during dog campaigns were particularly sensitive to dog bite rate, and during wildlife campaigns to animal consumption rate and human contact rate with unconsumed baits. This model highlights the safety of third generation rabies vaccines and serves as a platform for standardized approaches to inform risk assessments.
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- 2019
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29. Application of an Endothelial Cell Culture Assay for the Detection of Neutralizing Anti-Clostridium Perfringens Beta-Toxin Antibodies in a Porcine Vaccination Trial.
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Richard OK, Springer S, Finzel J, Theuß T, Wyder M, Vidondo B, and Posthaus H
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Neutralizing blood, Bacterial Toxins genetics, Biological Assay, Cells, Cultured, Endothelial Cells drug effects, Endothelial Cells immunology, Female, Recombinant Proteins pharmacology, Swine, Vaccination, Antibodies, Neutralizing immunology, Bacterial Toxins immunology, Bacterial Vaccines administration & dosage, Colostrum immunology
- Abstract
Background: Beta-toxin (CPB) is the major virulence factor of Clostridium perfringens type C, causing hemorrhagic enteritis in newborn pigs but also other animals and humans. Vaccines containing inactivated CPB are known to induce protective antibody titers in sow colostrum and neutralization of the CPB activity is thought to be essential for protective immunity in newborn piglets. However, no method is available to quantify the neutralizing effect of vaccine-induced antibody titers in pigs. (2) Methods: We developed a novel assay for the quantification of neutralizing anti-CPB antibodies. Sera and colostrum of sows immunized with a commercial C. perfringens type A and C vaccine was used to determine neutralizing effects on CPB induced cytotoxicity in endothelial cells. Antibody titers of sows and their piglets were determined and compared to results obtained by an ELISA. (3) Results: Vaccinated sows developed neutralizing antibodies against CPB in serum and colostrum. Multiparous sows developed higher serum and colostrum antibody titers after booster vaccinations than uniparous sows. The antibody titers of sows and those of their piglets correlated highly. Piglets from vaccinated sows were protected against intraperitoneal challenge with C. perfringens type C supernatant. (4) Conclusions: The test based on primary porcine endothelial cells quantifies neutralizing antibody activity in serum and colostrum of vaccinated sows and could be used to reduce and refine animal experimentation during vaccine development.
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- 2019
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30. Oral bait handout as a method to access roaming dogs for rabies vaccination in Goa, India: A proof of principle study.
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Gibson AD, Yale G, Vos A, Corfmat J, Airikkala-Otter I, King A, Wallace RM, Gamble L, Handel IG, Mellanby RJ, Bronsvoort BMC, and Mazeri S
- Abstract
Rabies has profound public health, social and economic impacts on developing countries, with an estimated 59,000 annual human rabies deaths globally. Mass dog vaccination is effective at eliminating the disease but remains challenging to achieve in India due to the high proportion of roaming dogs that cannot be readily handled for parenteral vaccination. Two methods for the vaccination of dogs that could not be handled for injection were compared in Goa, India; the oral bait handout (OBH) method, where teams of two travelled by scooter offering dogs an empty oral bait construct, and the catch-vaccinate-release (CVR) method, where teams of seven travel by supply vehicle and use nets to catch dogs for parenteral vaccination. Both groups parenterally vaccinated any dogs that could be held for vaccination. The OBH method was more efficient on human resources, accessing 35 dogs per person per day, compared to 9 dogs per person per day through CVR. OBH accessed 80% of sighted dogs, compared to 63% by CVR teams, with OBH accessing a significantly higher proportion of inaccessible dogs in all land types. All staff reported that they believed OBH would be more successful in accessing dogs for vaccination. Fixed operational team cost of CVR was four times higher than OBH, at 127 USD per day, compared to 34 USD per day. Mean per dog vaccination cost of CVR was 2.53 USD, whilst OBH was 2.29 USD. Extrapolation to a two week India national campaign estimated that 1.1 million staff would be required using CVR, but 293,000 staff would be needed for OBH. OBH was operationally feasible, economical and effective at accessing the free roaming dog population. This study provides evidence for the continued expansion of research into the use of OBH as a supplementary activity to parenteral mass dog vaccination activities in India., Competing Interests: Ad Vos is a full-time employee of a company that manufactures oral rabies vaccine bait. Alasdair King is a full-time employee of a company that manufacture parenteral rabies vaccine. Other authors have no conflict of interests.
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- 2019
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31. A newly developed tetraplex real-time RT-PCR for simultaneous screening of influenza virus types A, B, C and D.
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Henritzi D, Hoffmann B, Wacheck S, Pesch S, Herrler G, Beer M, and Harder TC
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- Animals, DNA Primers genetics, Europe, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza B virus isolation & purification, Gammainfluenzavirus isolation & purification, Orthomyxoviridae Infections diagnosis, RNA, Viral genetics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sus scrofa, Swine, Swine Diseases virology, Thogotovirus isolation & purification, Epidemiological Monitoring veterinary, High-Throughput Screening Assays methods, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Orthomyxoviridae isolation & purification
- Abstract
Background: Human- or avian-to-swine transmissions have founded several autonomously circulating influenza A virus (IAV) lineages in swine populations that cause economically important respiratory disease. Little is known on other human influenza virus types, like B (IBV) and C (ICV) in European swine, and of the recently detected novel animal influenza virus type D (IDV)., Objectives: Development of a cost-effective diagnostic tool for large-scale surveillance programmes targeting all four influenza virus types., Methods: An influenza ABCD tetraplex real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) was developed in the frame of this study. A selection of reference virus strains and more than 4000 porcine samples from a passive IAV surveillance programme in European swine with acute respiratory disease were examined., Results: Two IBV, a single IDV but no ICV infections were identified by tetraplex RT-qPCR. IBV and IDV results were confirmed by conventional RT-PCR and partial sequence analysis., Conclusions: The tetraplex RT-qPCR proved fit for purpose as a sensitive, specific and high-throughput tool to study influenza virus transmission at the human-animal interface. Complementing close-meshed active virological and serological surveillance is required to better understand the true incidence and prevalence of influenza virus type B, C and D infections in swine., (© 2018 The Authors. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2019
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32. Crude extracts of recombinant baculovirus expressing rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 VLPs from both insect and rabbit cells protect rabbits from rabbit hemorrhagic disease caused by RHDV2.
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Müller C, Ulrich R, Franzke K, Müller M, and Köllner B
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- Animals, Caliciviridae Infections prevention & control, Caliciviridae Infections virology, Cell Line, Rabbits, Viral Proteins, Caliciviridae Infections veterinary, Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit, Recombinant Proteins immunology, Viral Vaccines immunology
- Abstract
Vaccines against viral pathogens are often composed of recombinant proteins expressed in different systems. Such proteins expressed by recombinant baculoviruses have been proven to be effective for vaccination. Especially, after codon usage optimization high amounts of recombinant viral proteins can be obtained which can assemble to virus like particles (VLPs) spontaneously. In this study we compared two different codon usages of RHDV2-VP1 to improve the expression of recombinant VP1 of RHDV2 by recombinant baculoviruses after infection of insect SF9 cells or transduction of mammalian RK13 cells in order to gain high protein yields. Also the influence on the auto-assembly of RHDV2-VP1 to VLPs was investigated. Finally, the immunogenic potential of such recombinant vaccines against RHDV2 to induce a protective immune response in rabbits against RHDV2 should be characterized. There was no influence of different codon usages on RHDV2-VP1 gene expression in the respective cell lines detected. However, in insect cell line SF9 higher rates of recombinant VP1 were measured in comparison to the transduction of mammalian cells RK13. Auto-assembly of RHDV2-VP1 to VLPs was observed in both cell systems by electron microscopy. Finally, both RHDV-VP1 VLPs derived from mammalian and insect cells were able to induce a protective humoral immune response in rabbits against RHDV2.
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- 2019
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33. Demonstration of the efficacy of a Salmonella Enteritidis live vaccine for chickens according to the current European Pharmacopoeia Monograph.
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Theuß T, Woitow G, Bulang M, and Springer S
- Abstract
Since 2013 the efficacy of new live Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) vaccines for chickens needs to be demonstrated according to European Pharmacopoeia Monograph 04/2013:2520 to receive approval in the EU. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a vaccine licensed since 1999 could also fulfil the required tests of the current guideline. For this, Salmonella -free chickens (n = 50) were vaccinated on their 2
nd , 46th and 84th day of life with the live attenuated S. Enteritidis strain IDT No. 441/014. Non-vaccinated control animals (n = 50) were kept accordingly. To demonstrate the duration of immunity 20 animals of each group were challenge infected 65 weeks after the last vaccination with a virulent SE (PT 4) strain. According to the monograph, cloacal swabs were taken 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days post challenge (dpc). Tissue samples of liver, spleen, caeca, ovaries and oviduct were collected during necropsy of 10 animals per group on 7 and 14 dpc, respectively. All samples were analysed bacteriologically regarding the presence of the challenge strain. The number of challenge strain positive tissue samples and cloacal swabs was significantly reduced in vaccinated animals (p < 0.05). Therefore, the vaccine strain complied with the EP guideline. This study is the first that demonstrates the efficacy of this vaccine according to the current regulations. However, efficacy could also be shown during the development of the vaccine but by use of another animal model that comprised fewer animals per group. The use of this model is no longer accepted by EU regulatory authorities. The results need discussion in context with the 3R principle.- Published
- 2018
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34. Experimental screening studies on rabies virus transmission and oral rabies vaccination of the Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros).
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Hassel R, Vos A, Clausen P, Moore S, van der Westhuizen J, Khaiseb S, Kabajani J, Pfaff F, Höper D, Hundt B, Jago M, Bruwer F, Lindeque P, Finke S, Freuling CM, and Müller T
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Immunization, Male, Rabies prevention & control, Rabies transmission, Rabies virology, Antelopes virology, High-Throughput Screening Assays methods, Rabies veterinary, Rabies Vaccines therapeutic use, Rabies virus immunology
- Abstract
Rabies in the Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) in Namibia is unique and found in such magnitude as has not been reported elsewhere in southern Africa. Reasons as to why Kudus appear to be exceptionally susceptible to rabies still remain speculative at best. Because the current severe rabies endemic in Kudus continues to have an enormous negative impact on the Namibian agricultural sector, we set out to question existing dogmas regarding the epidemiology of the disease in a unique experimental setting. In addition, we explored effective measures to protect these antelopes. Although we were able to confirm high susceptibly of kudus for rabies and sporadic horizontal rabies virus transmission to contact animals, we contend that these observations cannot plausibly explain the rapid spread of the disease in Kudus over large territories. Since parenteral vaccination of free-roaming Kudus is virtually impossible, oral rabies vaccination using modified life virus vaccines with a high safety profile would be the ultimate solution to the problem. In a proof-of-concept study using a 3rd generation oral rabies virus vaccine construct (SPBN GASGAS) we found evidence that Kudus can be vaccinated by the oral route and protected against a subsequent rabies infection. In a second phase, more targeted studies need to be initiated by focusing on optimizing oral vaccine uptake and delivery.
- Published
- 2018
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35. Cell culture-derived influenza vaccines in the severe 2017-2018 epidemic season: a step towards improved influenza vaccine effectiveness.
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Barr IG, Donis RO, Katz JM, McCauley JW, Odagiri T, Trusheim H, Tsai TF, and Wentworth DE
- Abstract
The 2017-2018 seasonal influenza epidemics were severe in the US and Australia where the A(H3N2) subtype viruses predominated. Although circulating A(H3N2) viruses did not differ antigenically from that recommended by the WHO for vaccine production, overall interim vaccine effectiveness estimates were below historic averages (33%) for A(H3N2) viruses. The majority (US) or all (Australian) vaccine doses contained multiple amino-acid changes in the hemagglutinin protein, resulting from the necessary adaptation of the virus to embryonated hen's eggs used for most vaccine manufacturing. Previous reports have suggested a potential negative impact of egg-driven substitutions on vaccine performance. With BARDA support, two vaccines licensed in the US are produced in cell culture: recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV, Flublok™) manufactured in insect cells and inactivated mammalian cell-grown vaccine (ccIIV, Flucelvax™). Quadrivalent ccIIV (ccIIV4) vaccine for the 2017-2018 influenza season was produced using an A(H3N2) seed virus propagated exclusively in cell culture and therefore lacking egg adaptative changes. Sufficient ccIIV doses were distributed (but not RIV doses) to enable preliminary estimates of its higher effectiveness relative to the traditional egg-based vaccines, with study details pending. The increased availability of comparative product-specific vaccine effectiveness estimates for cell-based and egg-based vaccines may provide critical clues to inform vaccine product improvements moving forward., Competing Interests: WHO Collaborating Centers based in Melbourne (VIDRL) and Atlanta (Influenza Division, CDC) received funds under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with Seqirus to produce and characterize cell culture-based candidate vaccine viruses. I.G.B. owns shares in a company that produces influenza vaccine. T.F.T. is a full time employee of Takeda Vaccines, a manufacturer of cell culture-based pandemic influenza vaccines.
- Published
- 2018
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36. Report of the international conference on next generation sequencing for adventitious virus detection in biologicals.
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Khan AS, Benetti L, Blumel J, Deforce D, Egan WM, Knezevic I, Krause PR, Mallet L, Mayer D, Minor PD, Neels P, and Wang G
- Subjects
- Animals, Congresses as Topic, Humans, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Adenoviridae genetics, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Abstract
A fundamental aspect of biological product safety is to assure absence of adventitious agents in the final product. Next-generation or high-throughput sequencing (NGS/HTS) has recently demonstrated detection of viruses that were previously missed using the recommended routine assays for adventitious agent testing of biological products. This meeting was co-organized by the International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to assess the current status and discuss the readiness of NGS for adventitious virus detection in biologics. The presentations included efforts for standardization, case studies on applications in biologics, comparison with routine virus detection assays, and current regulatory thinking. Participants identified the need for standard reference reagents, well-annotated databases, large data storage and transfer capacity, personnel with relevant expertise, particularly in bioinformatics; and harmonization of international regulations for testing biologic products and reagents used for their manufacturing. We hope this meeting summary will be of value to regulators and industry for considerations of NGS applications for adventitious virus detection in biologics., (Copyright © 2018.)
- Published
- 2018
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37. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) introduction into a naive Dutch pig population in 2014.
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Dortmans JCFM, Li W, van der Wolf PJ, Buter GJ, Franssen PJM, van Schaik G, Houben M, and Bosch BJ
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- Animals, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections virology, Farms, Netherlands epidemiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, RNA, Viral genetics, RNA, Viral isolation & purification, Swine, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Phylogeny, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genetics
- Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the highly contagious, causative agent of an economically important acute enteric disease in pigs of all ages. The disease is characterized by diarrhea and dehydration causing mortality and growth retardation. In the last few decades, only classical PEDV was reported sporadically in Europe, but in 2014 outbreaks of PEDV were described in Germany. Phylogenetic analysis showed a very high nucleotide similarity with a variant of PEDV that was isolated in the US in January 2014. The epidemiological situation of PEDV infections in the Netherlands in 2014 was unknown and a seroprevalence study in swine was performed. In total, 838 blood samples from sows from 267 farms and 101 samples from wild boars were collected from May till November 2014 and tested for antibodies against PEDV by ELISA. The apparent herd prevalence of 0.75% suggests that PEDV was not circulating on a large scale in the Netherlands at this time. However, in November 2014 a clinical outbreak of PEDV was diagnosed in a fattener farm by PCR testing. This was the first confirmed PEDV outbreak since the early nineties. Sequence analyses showed that the viruses isolated in 2014 and 2015 in the Netherlands cluster with recently found European G1b strains. This suggests a one event introduction of PEDV G1b strains in Europe in 2014, which made the Netherlands and other European countries endemic for this type of strains since then., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2018
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38. In Vivo Safety Studies With SPBN GASGAS in the Frame of Oral Vaccination of Foxes and Raccoon Dogs Against Rabies.
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Ortmann S, Kretzschmar A, Kaiser C, Lindner T, Freuling C, Kaiser C, Schuster P, Mueller T, and Vos A
- Abstract
In order to obtain Marketing Authorization for an oral rabies vaccine in the European Union, not only safety studies in the target species, red fox and raccoon dog, are required. Since baits are distributed unsupervised in the environment, specific safety studies in selected non-target species are compulsory. Furthermore, oral rabies vaccines are based on live, replication-competent viruses and thus distinct safety studies in the target species for such type of vaccines are also mandatory. Here, the results of these safety studies in target and selected non-target species for a 3rd generation oral rabies virus vaccine construct, SPBN GASGAS (Rabitec), are presented. The studies included the following species; red fox, raccoon dog, domestic dog, domestic cat, domestic pig, wild rodents. The following safety topics were investigated; overdose, repeated dose, dissemination, shedding, horizontal and vertical transmission. It was shown that SPBN GASGAS did not cause disease or any other adverse reaction in vaccinated animals and naïve contact animals. The vaccine did not disseminate within the host beyond the site of entry. No horizontal transmission was observed in wild rodents. In the target species, there was evidence that in a few cases horizontal transmission of vaccine virus could have occurred under these experimental conditions; most likely immediately after vaccine administration. The vaccine construct SPBN GASGAS meets therefore the latest revised minimal safety requirements as laid down in the European Pharmacopoeia.
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- 2018
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39. Field Studies Evaluating Bait Acceptance and Handling by Free-Roaming Dogs in Thailand.
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Kasemsuwan S, Chanachai K, Pinyopummintr T, Leelalapongsathon K, Sujit K, and Vos A
- Abstract
(1) Background: As part of the ongoing endeavor to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies in Thailand, renewed interest has been shown in oral vaccination of dogs as a supplementary tool to increase vaccination coverage of the dog population. (2) Methods: Three different bait types were tested using a hand-out model on the campus of the Kasetsart University and the surrounding temples in Thailand during September 2017, consisting of two industrial manufactured baits (fish meal and egg-flavored) and one bait made from local material (boiled pig intestine placed in collagen casing). A PVC-capsule containing dyed water was inserted in the bait. (3) Results: The fishmeal bait was significantly less often accepted and consumed (50.29%) than the other two baits (intestine bait—79.19%; egg bait—78.77%). Delivery and release of the dyed water in the oral cavity was highest in the egg-flavored bait (84.50%), followed by the intestine bait (76.61%) and fishmeal (54.85%) baits. Bait acceptance was influenced by sex, age, and body size of the dog. Also, the origin of the dogs had a significant effect: temple dogs accepted the baits more often than street dogs. (4) Conclusion: A significant portion of the free-roaming dog population in this study can be vaccinated by offering vaccine baits.
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- 2018
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40. Viral and bacterial investigations on the aetiology of recurrent pig neonatal diarrhoea cases in Spain.
- Author
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Mesonero-Escuredo S, Strutzberg-Minder K, Casanovas C, and Segalés J
- Abstract
Background: Neonatal diarrhoea represents a major disease problem in the early stages of animal production, increasing significantly pre-weaning mortality and piglets weaned below the target weight. Enteric diseases in newborn piglets are often of endemic presentation, but may also occur as outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of different pathogens involved in cases of recurrent neonatal diarrhoea in Spain., Results: A total of 327 litters from 109 sow farms located in Spain with neonatal recurrent diarrhoea were sampled to establish a differential diagnosis against the main enteric pathogens in piglets. In total, 105 out of 109 (96.3%) case submissions were positive to one of the examined enteric organisms considered potentially pathogenic ( Escherichia coli , Clostridium perfringens types A and C, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus [TGEV], Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus [PEDV] or Rotavirus A [RVA]). Fifty-eight out of 109 (53.2%) submissions were positive for only one of these pathogens, 47 out of 109 (43.1%) were positive for more than one pathogen and, finally, 4 out of 109 (3.7%) were negative for all these agents. Escherichia coli strains were isolated from all submissions tested, but only 11 of them were classified into defined pathotypes. Clostridium perfringens type A was detected in 98 submissions (89.9%) and no C. perfringens type C was found. Regarding viruses, 47 (43.1%) submissions were positive for RVA, 4 (3.7%) for PEDV and none of them for TGEV., Conclusion: In conclusion, C. perfringens type A, E. coli and RVA were the main pathogens found in faeces of neonatal diarrheic piglets in Spain., Competing Interests: Not applicable.Not applicable.The authors declare that they have no competing interest. This study did not use or evaluate any commercial product.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
- Published
- 2018
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41. Safety studies with the oral rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus).
- Author
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Ortmann S, Vos A, Kretzschmar A, Walther N, Kaiser C, Freuling C, Lojkic I, and Müller T
- Subjects
- Animals, Herpestidae virology, Male, Rabies immunology, Rabies prevention & control, Rabies Vaccines adverse effects, Rabies Vaccines immunology, Herpestidae immunology, Rabies veterinary, Rabies Vaccines therapeutic use, Rabies virus immunology
- Abstract
Background: Oral vaccination of the small Indian mongoose against rabies has been suggested as a potential tool to eliminate mongoose-mediated rabies on several Caribbean islands. A recently developed oral rabies virus vaccine strain, SPBN GASGAS, has already been shown to be efficacious in this reservoir species. Since, all available oral rabies vaccines are based on replication-competent viruses and vaccine baits are distributed unsupervised in the environment, enhanced safety standards for such vaccine types are required., Results: The results of safety studies, including overdose, repeated doses, dissemination and different routes of administration, in the target species are presented. It was shown that the construct was apathogenic, irrespective of dose and route of administration. Even when it was inoculated directly in the brain, it did not induce rabies infection. Furthermore, the vaccine strain did not spread within the target species after direct oral instillation beyond the site of entry., Conclusion: The vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS meets the safety requirements for live rabies virus vaccines in this target species, the small Indian mongoose.
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- 2018
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42. DEHP deregulates adipokine levels and impairs fatty acid storage in human SGBS-adipocytes.
- Author
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Schaedlich K, Gebauer S, Hunger L, Beier LS, Koch HM, Wabitsch M, Fischer B, and Ernst J
- Subjects
- Adipocytes metabolism, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Leptin metabolism, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, Triglycerides metabolism, Adipocytes drug effects, Adipogenesis drug effects, Adiponectin metabolism, Arrhythmias, Cardiac metabolism, Diethylhexyl Phthalate toxicity, Fatty Acids metabolism, Genetic Diseases, X-Linked metabolism, Gigantism metabolism, Heart Defects, Congenital metabolism, Intellectual Disability metabolism, Plasticizers toxicity
- Abstract
DEHP is a plasticizer which has been used in plastic products of everyday use for decades. Studies in mice and murine cell culture models identified DEHP as an endocrine disruptor that may also act as an obesogen. As this is of high concern in respect of the worldwide obesity epidemic, our aim is the translation of these findings into a human model system. On the basis of DOHaD, we investigated the influence of an environmentally relevant dose of DEHP [50 µg/ml] on adipogenesis in the human cell culture model SGBS. Pre-adipocytes were exposed to DEHP and differentiated into mature adipocytes. At different stages of differentiation, markers of adipogenesis like GLUT4, FABP4, LPL and PPARs, and of signaling pathways like AMPK/ACC2, JAK/STAT and MAPK were analyzed. Functional markers like adipokine secretion and triglyceride content as well as ROS production were measured in mature adipocytes. We found significantly lower expression levels of adipogenic markers, a reduction in lipid accumulation, higher leptin- and reduced adiponectin levels in the supernatant of treated adipocytes. Moreover, ROS production was significantly elevated after DEHP-exposure. In conclusion, DEHP led to lower grade of adipogenic differentiation in human SGBS-adipocytes under the chosen conditions.
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- 2018
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43. An assessment of shedding with the oral rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in target and non-target species.
- Author
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Vos A, Freuling C, Ortmann S, Kretzschmar A, Mayer D, Schliephake A, and Müller T
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Foxes, Immunization, Mephitidae, Rabies prevention & control, Rabies Vaccines administration & dosage, Raccoons, Swine, Rabies immunology, Rabies virology, Rabies Vaccines immunology, Rabies virus immunology, Virus Shedding
- Abstract
A safety requirement for live vaccines is investigating possible shedding in recipients since the presence of replication competent vaccine in secretions could result in direct and indirect horizontal transmission. This is especially relevant for oral rabies vaccine baits that are deliberately distributed into the environment. In the current study, survival of an oral rabies virus vaccine, SPBN GASGAS, was examined in excretions from different target and non-target species; red fox, raccoon dog, small Indian mongoose, raccoon, striped skunk, domestic dog, domestic cat and domestic pig. Saliva - and (pooled) fecal samples collected at different time points after oral administration of the vaccine strain were examined for the presence of viral RNA (rt-PCR). All PCR-positive and a subset of PCR-negative samples were subsequently investigated for the presence of infectious virus by isolation in cell culture (RTCIT). Up to 7 days post vaccine administration viral RNA could be detected in 50 of 758 fecal samples but no infectious virus was detected in any of the examined PCR-positive fecal samples. In contrast, RNA-fragments were detected in 248 of 1053 saliva swabs for an extended period (up to 10 days) after vaccine administration, but viable virus was only present during the first hours post vaccine administration in 38 samples. No infectious vaccine virus was isolated in saliva swabs taken 24 h or more after vaccine administration. Hence, no active shedding of the vaccine virus SPBN GASGAS after oral administration occurred and the virus isolated during the initial hours was material originally administered and not a result of virus replication within the host. Thus, potential horizontal transmission of this vaccine virus is limited to a short period directly after vaccine bait uptake. It can be concluded that the environmental risks associated with shedding after distributing vaccine baits containing SPBN GASGAS are negligible., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2018
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44. Vascular surgery of aortic thrombosis in a dog using Fogarty maneuver - technical feasibility.
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Schwede M, Richter O, Alef M, Theuß T, and Loderstedt S
- Abstract
Aortic thromboembolism is a rare and life-threatening disease in dogs. This report aims to describe the successful surgical treatment by use of a Fogarty Thrombectomy Catheter in an 8-year-old patient. The postsurgical intensive care therapy to prevent ischemia-reperfusion syndrome is specified, despite poor outcome in our case (owner elected euthanasia).
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- 2017
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45. Immunogenic potential of a Salmonella Typhimurium live vaccine for pigs against monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium DT 193.
- Author
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Theuß T, Ueberham E, Lehmann J, Lindner T, and Springer S
- Subjects
- Animals, Salmonella Infections, Animal immunology, Salmonella Infections, Animal microbiology, Salmonella Vaccines immunology, Swine, Swine Diseases immunology, Swine Diseases microbiology, Vaccines, Attenuated, Salmonella Infections, Animal prevention & control, Salmonella Vaccines therapeutic use, Salmonella typhimurium immunology, Swine Diseases prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (mSTM) strains account for up to 8.6% of all human Salmonellosis cases. They have an increasing prevalence during recent years and several human cases with hospitalisation were reported. These strains are often isolated from pigs and pork - one primary source of human infection. A Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) live vaccine has been proven successful in controlling of STM infections in pigs for many years. The aim of this study was to test the immunogenicity of the vaccine in weaners during oral challenge with a virulent mSTM strain and to examine the kinetics of STM-specific IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies induced by vaccination and infection., Results: Despite clinical signs being present in both groups, the vaccination led to a significant reduction of diarrhoea, overall clinical symptoms and a milder elevation of the body temperature. Necropsy revealed fewer pathological lesions in the gastrointestinal tract of vaccinated compared to control animals. Moreover, in the ileal and caecal mucosa and in the ileocaecal lymph nodes the challenge strain burden was significantly reduced by vaccination. Significant differences in the antibody responses of both groups were present during the vaccination period and after infection. In vaccinated animals Salmonella-specific IgA and IgG antibody levels increased significantly after vaccination and were even more pronounced in response to challenge. In contrast, similarly low levels of IgM antibodies were detected during the vaccination period in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals. However, after challenge IgM antibody levels increased significantly in control pigs while neither IgA nor IgG antibodies were detectable., Conclusion: The data demonstrate that mSTM can evoke clinical signs in weaners. Due to the vaccination their incidence and magnitude were significantly milder. Vaccination also led to a significantly reduced challenge strain burden in the intestine and the lymph nodes which is comparable to previous studies using the same vaccine in a challenge with biphasic STM. Therefore, it is concluded that this vaccine induces immunity against monophasic and biphasic STM strains. Furthermore, the results of antibody profiles in response to vaccination and infection provide additional evidence for humoral immune mechanisms triggered during Salmonella infection or vaccination.
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- 2017
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46. Rabies Virus Antibodies from Oral Vaccination as a Correlate of Protection against Lethal Infection in Wildlife.
- Author
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Moore SM, Gilbert A, Vos A, Freuling CM, Ellis C, Kliemt J, and Müller T
- Abstract
Both cell-mediated and humoral immune effectors are important in combating rabies infection, although the humoral response receives greater attention regarding rabies prevention. The principle of preventive vaccination has been adopted for strategies of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of wildlife reservoir populations for decades to control circulation of rabies virus in free-ranging hosts. There remains much debate about the levels of rabies antibodies (and the assays to measure them) that confer resistance to rabies virus. In this paper, data from published literature and our own unpublished animal studies on the induction of rabies binding and neutralizing antibodies following oral immunization of animals with live attenuated or recombinant rabies vaccines, are examined as correlates of protection against lethal rabies infection in captive challenge settings. Analysis of our studies suggests that, though serum neutralization test results are expected to reflect in vivo protection, the blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) result at Day 28 was a better predictor of survival. ELISA kits may have an advantage of greater precision and ability to compare results among different studies and laboratories based on the inherent standardization of the kit format. This paper examines current knowledge and study findings to guide meaningful interpretation of serology results in oral baiting monitoring., Competing Interests: A.V. is a full-time employee of IDT Biologika, Germany, a company that also manufactures oral rabies vaccine baits. T.M. and C.M.F. received funding from IDT for research into mechanisms of oral rabies vaccination and serological response. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
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- 2017
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47. Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: Differences among host species in vaccine uptake efficiency.
- Author
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Vos A, Freuling CM, Hundt B, Kaiser C, Nemitz S, Neubert A, Nolden T, Teifke JP, Te Kamp V, Ulrich R, Finke S, and Müller T
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Foxes, Mephitidae, Rabies prevention & control, Rabies Vaccines administration & dosage, Rabies veterinary, Rabies Vaccines immunology, Rabies Vaccines pharmacokinetics, Rabies virus immunology
- Abstract
Oral vaccination using attenuated and recombinant rabies vaccines has been proven a powerful tool to combat rabies in wildlife. However, clear differences have been observed in vaccine titers needed to induce a protective immune response against rabies after oral vaccination in different reservoir species. The mechanisms contributing to the observed resistance against oral rabies vaccination in some species are not completely understood. Hence, the immunogenicity of the vaccine virus strain, SPBN GASGAS, was investigated in a species considered to be susceptible to oral rabies vaccination (red fox) and a species refractory to this route of administration (striped skunk). Additionally, the dissemination of the vaccine virus in the oral cavity was analyzed for these two species. It was shown that the palatine tonsils play a critical role in vaccine virus uptake. Main differences could be observed in palatine tonsil infection between both species, revealing a locally restricted dissemination of infected cells in foxes. The absence of virus infected cells in palatine tonsils of skunks suggests a less efficient uptake of or infection by vaccine virus which may lead to a reduced response to oral vaccination. Understanding the mechanisms of oral resistance to rabies virus vaccine absorption and primary replication may lead to the development of novel strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy in problematic species like the striped skunk., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2017
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48. Field Studies Evaluating Bait Acceptance and Handling by Dogs in Navajo Nation, USA.
- Author
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Bender S, Bergman D, Vos A, Martin A, and Chipman R
- Abstract
Mass parenteral vaccination remains the cornerstone of dog rabies control. Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) could increase vaccination coverage where free-roaming dogs represent a sizeable segment of the population at risk. ORV's success is dependent on the acceptance of baits that release an efficacious vaccine into the oral cavity. A new egg-flavored bait was tested alongside boiled bovine intestine and a commercially available fishmeal bait using a hand-out model on the Navajo Nation, United States, during June 2016. A PVC capsule and biodegradable sachet were tested, and had no effect on bait acceptance. The intestine baits had the highest acceptance (91.9%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 83.9%⁻96.7%), but the fishmeal (81.1%; 95% CI, 71.5%⁻88.6%) and the egg-flavored baits (77.4%; 95% CI, 72.4%⁻81.8%) were also well accepted, suggesting that local bait preference studies may be warranted to enhance ORV's success in other areas where canine rabies is being managed. Based on a dyed water marker, the delivery of a placebo vaccine was best in the intestine baits (75.4%; 95% CI, 63.5%⁻84.9%), followed by the egg-flavored (68.0%; 95% CI, 62.4%⁻73.2%) and fishmeal (54.3%; 95% CI, 42.9%⁻65.4%) baits. Acceptance was not influenced by the supervision or ownership, or sex, age, and body condition of the dogs. This study illustrates that a portion of a dog population may be orally vaccinated as a complement to parenteral vaccination to achieve the immune thresholds required to eliminate dog rabies., Competing Interests: A.V. is a full-time employee of IDT Biologika, Germany, a company that manufactured oral rabies vaccine placebo baits for this study. He was involved in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses and interpretation of data as well as the writing of the manuscript. However, I can affirm no direct funding was received from the vaccine company for this study. R.C. is the National Rabies Management Coordinator for the USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services program and indirectly provided discretionary Federal funding to support field work and the writing of the manuscript. The Navajo Nation provided salaries of Navajo Nation employees (including S.B.) who participated in the field work.
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- 2017
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49. Possibility and Challenges of Conversion of Current Virus Species Names to Linnaean Binomials.
- Author
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Postler TS, Clawson AN, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Bavari S, Benko M, Blasdell KR, Briese T, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Calisher CH, Chandran K, Charrel R, Clegg CS, Collins PL, Juan Carlos T, Derisi JL, Dietzgen RG, Dolnik O, Dürrwald R, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Emonet S, Formenty P, Fouchier RAM, Ghedin E, Gonzalez JP, Harrach B, Hewson R, Horie M, Jiang D, Kobinger G, Kondo H, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, Kurath G, Lamb RA, Leroy EM, Lukashevich IS, Maisner A, Mushegian AR, Netesov SV, Nowotny N, Patterson JL, Payne SL, PaWeska JT, Peters CJ, Radoshitzky SR, Rima BK, Romanowski V, Rubbenstroth D, Sabanadzovic S, Sanfaçon H, Salvato MS, Schwemmle M, Smither SJ, Stenglein MD, Stone DM, Takada A, Tesh RB, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Towner JS, Vasilakis N, Volchkov VE, Wahl-Jensen V, Walker PJ, Wang LF, Varsani A, Whitfield AE, Zerbini FM, and Kuhn JH
- Subjects
- Terminology as Topic, Classification, Viruses
- Abstract
Botanical, mycological, zoological, and prokaryotic species names follow the Linnaean format, consisting of an italicized Latinized binomen with a capitalized genus name and a lower case species epithet (e.g., Homo sapiens). Virus species names, however, do not follow a uniform format, and, even when binomial, are not Linnaean in style. In this thought exercise, we attempted to convert all currently official names of species included in the virus family Arenaviridae and the virus order Mononegavirales to Linnaean binomials, and to identify and address associated challenges and concerns. Surprisingly, this endeavor was not as complicated or time-consuming as even the authors of this article expected when conceiving the experiment. [Arenaviridae; binomials; ICTV; International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses; Mononegavirales; virus nomenclature; virus taxonomy.]., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society of Systematic Biologists 2016. This work is written by a US Government employee and is in the public domain in the US.)
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- 2017
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50. Genetic Variability of Myxoma Virus Genomes.
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Braun C, Thürmer A, Daniel R, Schultz AK, Bulla I, Schirrmeier H, Mayer D, Neubert A, and Czerny CP
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- Amino Acid Substitution, Animals, Ankyrin Repeat, Apoptosis, Cell Line, Chlorocebus aethiops, Evolution, Molecular, Genomics methods, Immunomodulation, Inflammation immunology, Inflammation metabolism, Inflammation virology, Leukocytes immunology, Leukocytes metabolism, Mutation, Myxoma virus classification, Myxoma virus immunology, Open Reading Frames, Phylogeny, Poxviridae Infections immunology, Poxviridae Infections prevention & control, Protein Binding, Protein Interaction Mapping, Rabbits, Receptors, Immunologic, Viral Proteins genetics, Viral Proteins immunology, Viral Proteins metabolism, Viral Vaccines genetics, Viral Vaccines immunology, Genetic Variation, Genome, Viral, Myxoma virus genetics, Poxviridae Infections virology
- Abstract
Myxomatosis is a recurrent problem on rabbit farms throughout Europe despite the success of vaccines. To identify gene variations of field and vaccine strains that may be responsible for changes in virulence, immunomodulation, and immunoprotection, the genomes of 6 myxoma virus (MYXV) strains were sequenced: German field isolates Munich-1, FLI-H, 2604, and 3207; vaccine strain MAV; and challenge strain ZA. The analyzed genomes ranged from 147.6 kb (strain MAV) to 161.8 kb (strain 3207). All sequences were affected by several mutations, covering 24 to 93 open reading frames (ORFs) and resulted in amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions. Only strains Munich-1 and MAV revealed the deletion of 10 ORFs (M007L to M015L) and 11 ORFs (M007L to M008.1L and M149R to M008.1R), respectively. Major differences were observed in the 27 immunomodulatory proteins encoded by MYXV. Compared to the reference strain Lausanne, strains FLI-H, 2604, 3207, and ZA showed the highest amino acid identity (>98.4%). In strains Munich-1 and MAV, deletion of 5 and 10 ORFs, respectively, was observed, encoding immunomodulatory proteins with ankyrin repeats or members of the family of serine protease inhibitors. Furthermore, putative immunodominant surface proteins with homology to vaccinia virus (VACV) were investigated in the sequenced strains. Only strain MAV revealed above-average frequencies of amino acid substitutions and frameshift mutations. Finally, we performed recombination analysis and found signs of recombination in vaccine strain MAV. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship of strain MAV and the MSW strain of Californian MYXV. However, in a challenge model, strain MAV provided full protection against lethal challenges with strain ZA., Importance: Myxoma virus (MYXV) is pathogenic for European rabbits and two North American species. Due to sophisticated strategies in immune evasion and oncolysis, MYXV is an important model virus for immunological and pathological research. In its natural hosts, MYXV causes a benign infection, whereas in European rabbits, it causes the lethal disease myxomatosis. Since the introduction of MYXV into Australia and Europe for the biological control of European rabbits in the 1950s, a coevolution of host and pathogen has started, selecting for attenuated virus strains and increased resistance in rabbits. Evolution of viruses is a continuous process and influences the protective potential of vaccines. In our analyses, we sequenced 6 MYXV field, challenge, and vaccine strains. We focused on genes encoding proteins involved in virulence, host range, immunomodulation, and envelope composition. Genes affected most by mutations play a role in immunomodulation. However, attenuation cannot be linked to individual mutations or gene disruptions., (Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.)
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- 2017
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