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Sub-micron pixels have been widely adopted in recent CMOS image sensors to implement high resolution cameras in small form factors, i.e. slim mobile-phones. Even with shrinking pixels, customers demand higher image quality, and the pixel performance must remain comparable to that of the previous generations. Conventionally, to suppress the optical crosstalk between pixels, a metal grid has been used as an isolation structure between adjacent color filters. However, as the pixel size continues to shrink to the sub-micron regime, an optical loss increases because the focal spot size of the pixel’s microlens does not downscale accordingly with the decreasing pixel size due to the diffraction limit: the light absorption inevitably occurs in the metal grid. For the first time, we have demonstrated a new lossless, dielectric-only grid scheme. The result shows 29 % increase in sensitivity and +1.2-dB enhancement in Y-SNR when compared to the previous hybrid metal-and-dielectric grid.

The aim of this study was to determine whether base of tongue (BOT) cancer is tongue cancer located at the base of the tongue or lingual tonsil cancer originating from tonsil tissue. This was a retrospective study using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The genomic patterns of three primary cancers (BOT, oral tongue, and tonsil) were compared to determine their similarities and differences. Gene expression data (n=193; 26 BOT, 125 oral tongue, and 42 tonsil cases), copy number alteration data (n=142; 19 BOT, 96 oral tongue, and 27 tonsil cases), and somatic mutation data (n=187; 25 BOT, 122 oral tongue, and 40 tonsil cases) were analyzed using the t-test, heatmap analysis, and OncoPrint, respectively. Clinical information for the three tumour groups was included in the analyses. When using multiplatform analysis, BOT cancer showed nearly the same genomic pattern as tonsil cancer, but not oral tongue cancer. The χ2 test and survival analysis revealed that BOT cancer had the same clinical and survival patterns as tonsil cancer. In conclusion, BOT cancer showed a genomic pattern similar to that of tonsil cancer, but different to that of oral tongue cancer. Further prospective studies are warranted before the results of this study can be applied in a clinical setting.

Dark Mura phenomena which can happen at the region with high temperature gradient in a Notebook LCD Monitor using LED light source has numerically been studied. The calculation was conducted under the nearly realistic conditions by considering the anisotropic thermal properties of materials and the real dimensions of each component. The two performance indices of LED monitor, i.e., the maximum temperature and the spacial gradient of temperature were examined for the various shapes, lengths and thickness of heat sink plate. Calculated results give more reasonable temperature distribution comparing with experimental results.

Electron beam coupled-bunch instabilities can limit and degrade the performance of storage ring based light sources. A longitudinal feedback system has been developed for the Duke storage ring to suppress multi-bunch beam instabilities which prevent stable, high-current operation of the storage ring based free-electron lasers (FELs) and an FEL driven Compton gamma source, the high intensity gamma-ray source (HIGS) at Duke University. In this work, we report the development of a state-of-the-art second generation longitudinal feedback system which employs a field programmable gate array (FPGA) based processor, and a broadband, high shunt-impedance kicker cavity. With two inputs and two outputs, the kicker cavity was designed with a resonant frequency of 937 MHz, a bandwidth of 97 MHz, and a shunt impedance of 1530 Ω . We also developed an S-matrix based technique to fully characterize the performance of the kicker cavity in the cold test. This longitudinal feedback system has been commissioned and optimized to stabilize high-current electron beams with a wide range of electron beam energies (250 MeV to 1.15 GeV) and a number of electron beam bunch modes, including the single-bunch mode and all possible symmetric bunch modes. This feedback system has become a critical instrument to ensure stable, high-flux operation of HIGS to produce nearly monochromatic, highly polarized Compton gamma-ray beams.

A thermal vapor compressor (TVC) that is to be adopted for use in a multi-effect desalination (MED) plant isdesigned with a high entraining performance and is appraised with respect to its stability robustness of operating inthe double choking region under abrupt changes in the operating conditions such as the motive and suction steampressures which can be easily caused due to external disturbances. Firstly the shape of the TVC having a highentraining performance is determined by performing an iterative CFD analysis for the various shape conditionsunder the given design pressure conditions. Then the entrainment ratio of the TVC is determined numerically in acertain fluctuating range of the operational pressure. Alteration patterns of the entrainment ratio are then consideredto assess whether the working of the TVC transfers to the unstable operating region or not.

Background/Aims: This study aimed to develop a brief, reliable and valid test for cognitive function of severely demented patients. Methods: We constructed the Severe Cognitive Impairment Rating Scale, which consisted of 11 items covering memory, language, visuospatial function, frontal function and orientation, and investigated its reliability and validity on 267 subjects [normal: 65, very mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD): 42, mild AD: 58, moderate AD: 36, severe AD: 44, profound AD: 22]. Results: The internal consistency obtained by Cronbach’s coefficient α was 0.93. The interrater reliability and test-retest reliability in the moderately to severely impaired subjects with an MMSE score of ≤14 was 0.99 (p < 0.001) and 0.90 (p < 0.001), respectively. It showed significant correlation with Severe MMSE (r = 0.96, p < 0.01), MMSE (r = 0.86, p < 0.01) and Clinical Dementia Rating (r = –0.83, p < 0.01). It was robust to both the floor effect in the severe/profound stage of AD and the ceiling effect in the mild/moderate stage of AD. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 2 factors (automatic informational processing and controlled informational processing) accounting for 73.5% of the total variance. Conclusions: The Severe Cognitive Impairment Rating Scaleis a valid and reliable test for evaluating the cognitive function of advanced AD patients.

A thermal vapor compressor (TVC) in which the subsonic/supersonic flow appears simultaneously, has been accurately designed through the CFD analysis for the various shape parameters such as the primary nozzle shape, converging duct shape, mixing tube diameter, and so on. The performance of the developed TVD has been experimentally verified to be installed in a multi-effect desalination (MED) pilot plant. In this paper, the experimental results for various boundary conditions (motive pressure, suction pressure, and discharge pressure) are presented in comparing with CFD results. The two results show a good agreement with each other within 3.5% accuracy with regard to the entrainment ratio.

The cohesive failure which occurs in the inside of the polymer near the metal/polymer interface was studied in the Cu/Cr/polyimide and Cu/CuCr/polyimide systems. The interface energy was varied by pretreating the polyimide surface by varying rf plasma power density, or by varying the Cr content in the CuCr alloy layer, respectively, and peel tests were conducted. Then, peeled metal strips were analyzed by AES and XPS, and correlations were made among the peel strength, the amount of carbide-like Cr–C bonds near the interface, and the polyimide thickness on peeled metal films inferred from the AES depth profiling. Results indicate that the peel strength increased with the rf power density at a constant metal thickness and that the thickness of polyimide adhering to peeled metal films increased with the peel strength, which was related to the amount of carbide-like CrC bond near the interface affecting the interface energy. In the case of specimens with the same plasma treatment but various metal layer thickness, the thickness of polyimide on peeled metal films remained constant even though the peel strength increased with the metal layer thickness.

The interfacial fracture energies, Γ, of the Cu/Cr/polyimide system were deduced under varying Cu film thickness and pretreatment conditions based on two methods: X-ray measurement by Park and Yu and theoretical methods by Moidu et al. The two methods showed reasonable agreement for most cases, imparting validity for both approaches. Estimated Γ values were quite independent of the metal film thickness and increased with the rf plasma power density of polyimide pretreatment as expected. Estimated values of Γ were 46.8±17.8, 170.3±42.9 and 253.9±44.4 J m−2 for the rf plasma power density of 0.03, 0.036 and 0.05 W cm−2, respectively.

A spectrometer using a toroidal magnet with 12 superconducting coils was constructed at the north experimental hall of the KEK 12 GeV proton synchrotron. The spectrometer comprised 12 individual sectors surrounding the target point and served to measure π− momentum for the purpose of hypernuclear studies via the (stopped K−, π−) reaction. A large solid angle of more than 6%×4π str was achieved in a wide momentum range between 180 and 350 MeV/c at the maximum 1.8 T magnetic excitation, and in a range between 70 and 150 MeV/c at 0.65 T. A momentum resolution of 1.5 MeV/c FWHM was measured at 205 MeV/c, and a resolution around 3 MeV/c FWHM at 130–200 MeV/c was obtained including energy loss fluctuation in the experimental thick targets.

In order to understand the effects of plastic deformation and the interfacial fracture energy on the peel strength, thickness of the metal layer and the pretreatment conditions of polyimide were varied in the Cu/Cr polyimide system. The work expenditure during the peel test was estimated using the stress–strain curves of metal films, X-ray measurements of the plastic strain in peeled films, and the elastoplastic beam analysis. Results indicate that the peel strength is strongly affected by the film thickness and the pretreatment condition in a synergistic way, and that the peel strength shows a maximum at an intermediate thickness level. The estimated work expenditure was close to measured peel strength for most of the cases, which indicates that the measured peel strength is more a measure of the plastic deformation during the peel test than a measure of the true interfacial fracture energy.

A new method of frequency response analysis of an adsorber, with modulation of the adsorbate molar supply instead of traditional modulation of the reservoir volume, is presented. A semi-batch mode of operation is considered, for three different types of mass transfer mechanisms inside the particle: Langmuir kinetics, micropore diffusion and parallel pore and surface diffusion. Frequency responses to four different modes of perturbation are investigated: sinusoidal, square wave, triangular wave and saw-tooth wave. Except for the sinusoidal input modulation, the system pressure response contains higher harmonics, which makes the study of fast dynamics more feasible by using relatively low frequencies of the input perturbations and analyzing the higher harmonics in the output signal.

Magnesium is used implant material potentially for non-toxicity to the human body. Due to the excellent bio-compatibility, Mg alloys is applied to implants avoiding removal second surgery. However, it is found commercial magnesium alloys including aluminum has low corrosion resistance, resulting subcutaneous gas bubbles and consequently the approach as permanent bio-materials. Generally, Aluminum is known to pollution substance, and it raises toxicity to nervous system. Therefore especially Mg-35Zn-3Ca alloy is prepared for new biodegradable materials in this study. And the pulsed power is used in constant-current mode of DC power kinds of anodization. Based on the aforementioned study, it examines corrosion resistance and biocompatibility by effect of current and frequency variation. The surface properties and thickness were compared using scanning electronic microscopy. Corrosion resistance was assessed via potentiodynamic polarization and the effect of oxide layer on the body was assessed cell viability. Anodized Mg-35Zn-3Ca alloy has good biocompatibility in vitro by current and frequency variation.

The false BPM reading resulting from the BPM vacuum chamber motion due to thermal load change by synchrotron radiation is compensated by the real-time monitoring of the chamber position in the PLS orbit feedback system. The BPM chamber moves up to 20 mum during the beam refill and the chamber motion has a time constant of about one and half hour, which is related to thermal equilibrium of the vacuum chamber. To monitor the BPM chamber motion, LVDTs with 0.2 mum reading accuracy were installed on all BPM chambers, and the measured data are used in the orbit feedback every 1 minute. In this paper, we will describe how serious the BPM chamber motion are and how well it is compensated.

Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH have studied SRF cavity and constructed SRF test laboratory from January 2006. The first activity for SRF research was to develop SRF 3rd harmonic cavity for PLS, which cavity was done in 2006 and the cryostat are under design. The fabrication of ICHIRO cavity, which is ILC ACD cavity, is PAL's second activity related to SRF. Deep drawing, trimming and welding by electron beam for a 9-cell ICHIRO cavity were done in PAL. The polishing processes of RF surface including electro-polishing were done in KEK with collaboration. This will be tested with real beam in STF-1 of KEK in second half period of 2007. This paper reports fabrication of ICHIRO nine-cell cavities in PAL.

Pohang Accelerator Laboratory has prepared to SRF 3rd harmonic cavity to increase beam lifetime and to damp orbit instability by lengthening electron bunch in PLS. The SRF cavity was developed and its vertical test was done already with success. Higher order modes were analyzed to optimize its performance in beam orbit. Most of them are not effective to electron beam, while the others have possibility to impact orbit stability. These harmful HOMs can be removed by HOM absorber installed in beam pipe.

2-fold higher in human breast carcinomas compared to matched normal breast tissue. Protein expression of the Na/H-exchanger NHE1 (SLC9A1) was markedly less affected. Conclusion: We demonstrate that upregulation of Na+,HCO−3 cotransport during human breast carcinogenesis contributes to the characteristic acid distribution within human breast carcinomas and propose that NBCn1 is a new possible target for early breast cancer therapy. Disclosure of Interest: No significant relationships.

The PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project) at the KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) is building a high-power proton linear accelerator aiming to generate 100-MeV proton beams with 20-mA peak current (pulse width and max. repetition rate of 1 ms and 120 Hz respectively). We are developing a prototype digital BPPM (Beam Position and Phase Monitor) for the PEFP linac utilizing the digital technology with field programmable gate array (FPGA). The RF input signals are down converted to 10 MHz and sampled at 40 MHz with 14-bit ADC to produce I and Q data streams. The system is designed to provide a position and phase resolution of 0.1% and 0.1. RMS respectively. The fast digital processing is networked to the EPICS-based control system with an embedded processor (Blackfin).

The 100 MeV Proton linear accelerator (Linac) for the PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project) will include one RFQ and one DTL1 at 350 MHz as well as seven DTL2 cavities at 700 MHz. The low level RF system with the digital feedback RF control provides the field control to accelerate a 20mA proton beam from 50 keV to 20 MeV with a RFQ and a DTL1 at 350 MHz. The FPGA-based digital feedback RF control system has been built and is used to control cavity field amplitude within ± 1% and relative phase within ± 1°. The fast digital processing is networked to the EPICS-based control system with an embedded processor (Blackfin).

Advanced ring type technology and encapsulating scheme were developed to fabricate highly manufacturable and reliable 256Mb PRAM. Very uniform BEC area was prepared by the advanced ring type technology in which core dielectrics were optimized for cell contact CMP process. In addition, relatively high set resistance was stabilized from encapsulating Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) stack with blocking layers, thus giving rise to a wide sensing window. These advanced ring type and encapsulating technologies can provide great potentials of developing high density 512Mb PRAM and beyond

A new Local SONOS structure has been proposed for an embedded NVM cell in 0.13 /spl mu/m standard CMOS logic process. The localized storage silicon nitride layer of Local SONOS cell provides the essential properties for the embedded NVM such as the complete erase, low program current, and high on cell current from the low threshold voltage. The entire embedded memory solution has been realized with 0.276 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ Local SONOS NVM cell, which has 20 /spl mu/s program and 2 ms erase speed under 5.5 V bias condition, and good reliability without the special algorithms and cell array modifications.

Nano scale body-tied FinFETs have been firstly fabricated. They have fin top width of 30 nm, fin bottom width of 61 nm, fin height of 99 nm, and gate length of 60 nm. This Omega MOSFET shows excellent transistor characteristics, such as very low subthreshold swing, Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) of 24 mV/V, almost no body bias effect, and orders of magnitude lower I/sub SUB//I/sub D/ than planar type DRAM cell transistors.

A disk-type input coupler for the Pohang Light Source (PLS) storage ring cavity was fabricated and tested up to 60 kW. A coaxial adapter is required for this system which should have an exit for the loop coupling tubes. Since this input coupler can extract HOMs better than the cylinder-type one out of the cavity, a specially designed HOM absorber was implemented in the design of the adapter. A characteristic of the system is simulated by the HFSS code. The result of the simulation and a preliminary measurement are presented.

The higher order modes (HOMs) of RF cavities at the Pohang Light Source (PLS) storage ring cause longitudinal coupled bunch mode instabilities (CBMIs). To cure these instabilities, a longitudinal feedback system (LFS) is introduced. As a key component of the LFS, there is a single-ridged waveguide-overloaded cavity as a longitudinal bunch-by-bunch LFS kicker for the PLS storage ring. To damp any coupled bunch modes, the bandwidth of this kicker should be wider than 250 MHz. Also, the higher shunt impedance of the kicker is selected to use lower power amplifier. One aluminum kicker is fabricated and the bandwidth, HOMs, and shunt impedance of the kicker are measured with a network analyzer. This kicker has several different features from LFS kicker for DA/spl Phi/NE. First of all, there are 4 input/output ports to obtain a wider bandwidth. Secondly, there is a nose cone to obtain higher shunt impedance. Finally, the symmetric frequency response of the shunt impedance around central frequency is provided. According to the simulation result done by HFSS code, high shunt impedance of 620 /spl Omega/ (transit time factor considered value) and the wide bandwidth of 255 MHz are obtained. These are compared with the measured result.

New storage ring cavity temperature system was successfully operated for the Pohang Light Source (PLS) and increased the stable maximum beam current up to 200 mA. The storage ring cavity for PLS has the plunger-type tuner which is controlled by the phase feedback loop to always tune the resonant frequency. Optimum temperature windows for the PLS cavities were obtained by intensive but tiresome measurements. The measured results is compared to the calculation based on the relations expressed as a function of the tuner position.

This experiment was designed to develop a system to evaluate patients' performance for balance control in the upright position and to feedback this information to the patients to improve the therapeutic effect. Results showed that the number of zero crossings showed no significant differences when the subject stands with both legs. While standing with one leg, movement in right/left direction appeared more than that in front/rear direction. Ratio of the area appeared higher for standing with both legs than with one leg. The results show no significant differences between the ratios standing with one leg.

A new WLCSP process which enables reliable fabrication of high-performance and low cost package has been developed based on the low dielectric passivation layer. The fabrication process can be reduced by using the newly developed photosensitive-BCB and a conventional photolithography process. However, cracks frequently nucleating on the BCB poses serious reliability issues. In order to prevent the crack generation, the stresses in the BCB layer were reduced by optimizing the relative thickness of the BCB and the underlying stress buffer layer(SBL), and by stabilizing the BCB microstructure with optimal photolithography processes. The microstructure of the BCB was investigated by measuring the molecular weight, the cross link element intensity and the glass transition temperature.

The via-void generation mechanism in a high density DRAM with high temperature stress was investigated. The reaction of Al with the wetting layer is one of the key factors creating the microstructure. Stress enhancement after the interconnection process enhances the volume shrinkage of the interconnect and finally generates an observable via-void. By ABAQUS simulation, the depth of via formation, passivation material and thickness, and thermal budget of the alloying process were also shown to be the major stress-influencing factors. The void-free, high reliability gigabit-scale DRAM was realized when the Al reaction and interconnection related stress was minimized.

An anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template, which is filled with the Co–Pt alloys, is a promising material for high-density magnetic recording media due to its high magnetic anisotropy and high coercivity. The porous AAO templates were fabricated by the two-step anodizing of 1-μm-thick Al thin film evaporated on top of the titanium layer with the thickness of 250 nm. The AAO template with pore size of approximately 60 nm and aspect ratio of 10 was obtained at voltage of 40 V, temperature of 5 °C, oxalic acid of 0.3 M and widening time of 55 min. Then the thickness of barrier is less than 20 nm. The Co–Pt alloy electrodeposited at pulsed current density, pH of 4 and room temperature was successfully filled in the AAO template with pore size of 80 nm and aspect ratio of 3. Then the Co–Pt alloy with Pt concentration of 45 at% was uniformly filled in the template and the coercivity of 1100 Oe was observed by VSM.

A new method of frequency response analysis of an adsorber, with modulation of the adsorbate molar supply instead of traditional modulation of the reservoir volume, is presented. A continuous mode of operation is considered, for three different types of mass transfer mechanisms inside the particle: Langmuir kinetics, micro-pore diffusion and parallel pore and surface diffusion. Frequency response to sinusoidal and square wave modes of perturbation are investigated. In the case of square-wave forcing function, the system pressure response contains higher harmonics, which makes the study of fast dynamics more feasible by using relatively low frequencies of the input perturbations and analyzing the higher harmonics in the output signal. Simulation results show that the in-phase characteristic function of the continuous-flow adsorber is the same as that of a batch or a semi-batch one, while the out-of-phase characteristic function differs substantially, showing a minimum and a maximum, or no extrema at all, depending on the overflow. The conditions for extrema existence are discussed. Parameter estimation from simulated FR with inlet flow-rate modulation is also presented.

A single layer of CuCr alloy was sputter deposited on polyimide films instead of Cu/Cr double layers. The adhesion strengths of the metal/polyimide thin films were measured by the peel test. In order to study the effects of temperature and humidity on the adhesion strength, 85 ‡C/85% R.H. (T/H) treatments were applied to the specimens. Results showed that the peel strength without T/H treatments increased proportionally with the Cr content in the CuCr alloy layer(x) up to 17 at%, and then saturated. Among the samples studied, the peel strength decreased with hold time under T/H conditions for all the cases, but most drastically for the sample with x=8.5. The very poor peel strength of that sample (x=8.5) was attributed to the occurrence of interfacial failures, which were thought to take place along CuCr oxide/polyimide interfaces.