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espanolRESUMEN: El procedimiento monitorio laboral se ha consolidado como uno de los instrumentos mas importantes para impartir justicia en el orden laboral. Sin embargo, existen desajustes practicos que ameritan una correcta reflexion teorica con el objetivo de proponer mejoras y criterios de interpretacion acordes a la tecnica monitoria. En concreto este articulo realiza un analisis y propuesta de superacion a la actuacion del juez en el momento de dictacion de la sentencia. EnglishABSTRACT: The Order for payment procedure has established itself as one of the most important tools for justice in labor litigation. However, there are practical imbalance that call for a correct theoretical meditation with the objective of proposing improvements and interpretation criteria according to the best for order for payment procedure technique. In addition, this paper makes and analysis and a proposal to the role of the judge in this type of proceedings.

En este trabajo se pretende mostrar la relacion del estandar de prueba en el proceso penal para dictar sentencia condenatoria con la presuncion de inocencia como regla probatoria y de juicio. A partir de reconocer el trasplante juridico de un estandar probatorio del sistema de common law, aplicado por jurados que no tienen deber de motivacion, se plantea como tesis la necesidad de avanzar hacia una mayor objetividad del estandar de prueba en un sistema continental, lo que tiene directa relacion con la necesaria motivacion de la sentencia judicial, en especial desde el juicio de valoracion probatorio que permita alcanzar ese grado de conocimiento para condenar (mas alla de toda duda razonable) y, en consecuencia, desvirtuar la presuncion de inocencia (como regla de juicio).

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): CIBERCV of cardiovascular diseases; CIBERESP. OnBehalf REGICOR investigators Background Although myocardial infarction (MI) severity trends are systematically measured with mortality rates, MI incidence trends and the precision of its estimation by linkage of anonymized electronic databases are relatively untested. We validated a linked-data method (LDM) to estimate a population MI incidence and case-fatality, and to analyse the 1990-2016 trends in North-Eastern Spain. Methods LDM consisted of linking MI hospital discharges (n = 4,533,981) and mortality registry data (n = 40,676) for 2008-2016, selecting key MI diagnostic codes. The prospective REGICOR study, including all MI cases in Girona, 1990-2009, was used as the gold standard for validation purposes. Standardized MI cumulated incidence and 28-day case fatality for population aged 35-74 years was calculated, 1990-2016 trends were analysed by linear and joinpoint regression and annual percentage change (APC). Results LDM and REGICOR MI incidence and case-fatality estimates were similar for 2008-09 (Table). LDM MI incidence and case-fatality significantly decreased: APC 1990-2016 [95% CI]) was -1.8 [-2.6;-0.9] in women, and APC 2002-2016 -2.8 [-3.8;-1.8] in men; case-fatality APC 1990-2016 was -4.7% [-5.7;-3.8] in women and APC 1995-2005 -6.5%[-8.5;-4.5] in men. Conclusions LDM in population aged 35-74 reliably estimated MI incidence and case-fatality. MI incidence and case-fatality significantly decreased after 1990. Comparative analysis of REGICOR vs LDM REGICOR 2008-2009 LDM 2008-2009 Estimate 95% CI Estimate 95% CI P-Value Cumulated incidence Men 245.4 228.3; 262.5 239.7 222.5; 256.3 0.626 Women 61.1 52.6; 69.6 58.2 49.9; 66.4 0.626 Overall 28-day case-fatality Men 23.5% 19.7; 27.2 21.3% 17.8; 24.9 0.422 Women 19.3% 6.7; 31.9 17.7% 6.3; 29.1 0.855 In-hospital case-fatality Men 6.9% 4.8; 9.0 5.7% 3.8; 7.6 0.394 Women 5.0% 1.9; 8.2 3.7% 1.0; 6.5 0.540 Pre-hospital case-fatality Men 16.5% 11.8; 21.3 15.6% 11.2; 20.1 0.791 Women 14.2 % 6.6; 21.9 14.0% 6.3; 21.7 0.961 CI Confidence Interval

espanolEl articulo presenta un estudio sobre la prueba en la Jurisdiccion Especial para la Paz (JEP), regulada por las leyes 1922 de 2018 y 1957 de 2019. Para ello parte de un analisis sobre el contenido del debido proceso probatorio; luego examina los criterios de priorizacion y seleccion de casos en dicho modelo de justicia transicional y plantea una discusion frente al valor probatorio de la prueba de contexto y la prueba trasladada en el marco del procedimiento de la JEP. Posteriormente, reflexiona sobre la practica de la prueba en territorios indigenas, el testimonio del menor victima, la practica y valoracion de la prueba con victimas de violencia sexual en el conflicto armado, asi como sobre el estandar de prueba para condenar en la JEP. EnglishThis article presents a study of the evidence at Special Jurisdiction for Peace, regulated by laws 1922 of 2018 and 1957 of 2019. For this purpose, it starts from an analysis of the content of the evidence due process. Then it examines the criteria for prioritizing and selecting cases in the model of transitional justice, checking the probative value of the contextual evidence and the exchange evidence at this jurisdiction. Subsequently, it reflects on the practice of evidence in indigenous territories, the testimony of the minor victim, the practice and assessment of evidence with victims of sexual violence in the armed conflict, as well as on the standard of proof to convict at this special jurisdiction.

Las formas complementarias o alternativas de resolucion de conflictos presentan nuevas cuestiones cuando se les aplican medios electronicos para facilitar su aplicacion. En el estudio que sigue se hace una exposicion de los pasos que se han dado tanto en la Union Europea como en la regulacion interna espanola para la implementacion de la mediacion electronica, con un analisis sistematico de sus diversos aspectos subjetivos, objetivos, procedimentales y en general de las garantias necesarias, asi como de las cuestiones relativas a la eficacia de estas vias de acceso a la justicia en sentido amplio. Al final se plantea la idea de regular la posibilidad de admitir mediaciones colectivas tambien por via electronica.

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo realiza una revisión acerca de las principales características y elementos que rodean a la institución de la autotutela en nuestro entorno, como un método de resolución del conflicto. Efectivamente, con carácter general se trata de una forma proscrita de solucionar un diferendo jurídico y pretendemos, de algún modo, señalar su conveniencia en algunos casos. De esta revisión se concluye que el principal elemento, que permite señalar una prohibición general de uso como método de resolución del conflicto, es la violencia. Adicionalmente, se describe y propone adoptar entre nosotros una figura autotutelar: la repossession.

With the deployment of the first commercial long term evolution (LTE) networks, mobile operators need to understand how quality of service (QoS) network indicators and codec parameters affect subjective quality in video streaming services as perceived by customers. In this paper, the development of a testbed for evaluating the quality of experience (QoE) of 3D video streaming service over LTE is described. The proposed system consists of three elements: a streaming server, an internet protocol-level mobile network emulator, based on NetEm tool, and a streaming client. The main contribution of this testbed is the modification of NetEm code to model the impact of time correlation between packet arrivals on the packet delay in a video stream. In the testbed, different network conditions are configured by setting network emulator parameters based on the results obtained by a system-level LTE simulator. Results show how average network load and user position inside a cell have a strong impact on the QoS and QoE perceived by the end video user.

The labor for payment procedure has established itself as one of the most important tools for justicein labor litigation. However, there are practical mismatches that call for a correct theoreticalreflection with the objective of proposing improvements and interpretation criteria according tothe best for payment procedure technique. In addition, this paper makes a proposal to the role ofthe judge in this type of proceedings., El procedimiento monitorio laboral se ha consolidado como uno de los instrumentos más importantespara impartir justicia en el orden laboral. Sin embargo, existen desajustes prácticos que ameritanuna correcta reflexión teórica con el objetivo de proponer mejoras y criterios de interpretaciónacordes a la técnica monitoria. Además, este artículo realiza una propuesta a la actuación deljuez en este tipo procedimental.

Regular physical activity (PA) decreases mortality risk in survivors of breast and colorectal cancer. Such impacts of exercise have prompted initiatives designed both to promote and adequately monitor PA in cancer survivors. This study examines the validity of 2 widely used self-report methods for PA determination, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short version (IPAQ-SF) and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Both instruments were compared with the triaxial accelerometry (Actigraph) method as an objective reference standard. Study participants were 204 cancer survivors (both sexes, aged 18-79 years). Compared with accelerometry, both questionnaires significantly overestimated PA levels (across all intensities) and underestimated physical inactivity levels. No differences were detected between the 2 questionnaires except for a shorter inactivity time estimated by GPAQ (p=0.001). The Bland and Altman method confirmed that both questionnaires overestimated all PA levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis classified IPAQ and GPAQ as fair and poor predictors, respectively, of the proportions of survivors fulfilling international PA recommendations (≥150 min·week-1 of moderate-vigorous PA). IPAQ-SF showed a higher sensitivity but lower specificity than GPAQ. Our data do not support the use of IPAQ-SF or GPAQ to determine PA or inactivity levels in cancer survivors. Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social. Fondos para las estrategias 2010 2.084 JCR (2016) Q2, 26/81 Sport Sciences 1.364 SJR (2016) Q1, 29/280 Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 27/127 Sports Science No data IDR 2016 UEM

The objectives of this study were to determine the percentage of root colonization by arbuscularmycorrhizal (AM) fungi at various levels of plant species richness and developmental morphology stages in various perennial grass, and herbaceous and woody dicots species using experimental plots during 2013 and 2014. An auger was used to obtain six replicate root + soil samples at each sampling time on each of the study parameters. Roots were washed free of soil, and percentage AM was determined. The shrub Larrea divaricate was the species which showed the lowest percentage of colonization by AM at the vegetative developmental morphology stage at the monocultures and six-species-mixtures on the experimental plots. Dicots, but not grass, species showed a greater percentage colonization by AM fungi at the greatest (i.e., six-species-mixtures) than lowest (i.e., monocultures) species richness. Although at different degrees of species richness and developmental morphology stages, the perennial grasses Nassella longiglumis and N. tenuis, the herbaceous dicot Atriplex semibaccata, and the shrubs L. divaricata and Schinus fasciculatus showed a greater (p < 0.050) percentage colonization by AM fungi during the second than the first study year. Even though it was speciesand sampling time-dependent, percentage colonization by AM fungi increased as species richness also increased most of the times. Our results demonstrated that the plant species diff erences in percentage colonization by AM fungi in the experimental plots were species richness-, developmental morphology stage-, and sampling-time dependents. Fil: Cardillo, Daniela Solange. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina Fil: Busso, Carlos Alberto. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomia. Laboratorio de Ecología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina Fil: Ambrosino, Mariela Lis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; Argentina Fil: Ithurrart, Leticia Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomia. Laboratorio de Ecología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina Fil: Torres, Yanina Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomia. Laboratorio de Ecología; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Palomo, Iris Rosana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to evaluate the awareness and training needs on biosimilar drugs in Primary Care (PC) physicians. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study based on an on-line questionnaire with a total of 34 multiple choice questions, published on the SEMERGEN website. The main Knowledge areas were: biosimilar definition; regulatory and legal framework; prescription, traceability, interchangeability and pharmacovigilance; availability of biosimilars in the PC setting, and the biosimilars contribution to sustainability. The software used for the analysis and data processing was the Barbwin 7.5. RESULTS: An analysis was performed on the responses from 701 questionnaires completed. There was a slight majority (57%) of women participants. The majority of participant worked in urban centres (60.91%). The definition of biosimilar was not known by 58% of those that responded, and 73% were unaware that the management of biosimilars and generics was not comparable. Most (84%) of those that responded were not aware that the studies required for the approval of biosimilars is different from reference biological medicines. Around two-thirds (66%) those that responded did not know of any biosimilars available in PC setting, and the 94% were also unaware of the Spanish legal framework for the management of biosimilar medicines. CONCLUSIONS: The current knowledge about biosimilars among PC physicians is low. The critical areas in need of further training include specific information on biosimilars currently available in PC setting, as well as key aspects regarding prescription, interchangeability and pharmacovigilance requirements. Six out of ten doctors do not know of any biosimilar used in PC in Spain.

espanolEl taponamiento cardiaco es una complicacion devastadora de los cateteres venosos centrales. Se debe en general a que la punta del cateter alcanza indebidamente las cavidades cardiacas derechas. Para la correcta identificacion en la autopsia por el patologo forense es importante que a los pacientes fallecidos en los hospitales que van a ser sometidos a autopsia no se les retiren los dispositivos que tengan insertados, e igualmente que no se les retiren en la sala de autopsias hasta que no se haya comprobado su correcta insercion. Se presenta un caso estudiado por nosotros y se analizan otros factores de riesgo de dicha complicacion. EnglishCardiac tamponade is a devastating complication of central venous catheters. It is due to perforation of the atrial or ventricular wall during or after insertion. In order to identify this complication it is important that patients deceased in Hospitals and referred to Forensic Pathologists be sent with all the catheters and devices inserted. Also they should not be removed in the autopsy ward until their correct position has been addressed. A dramatic case is presented and the risk factors for these complications are analyzed.

Objective: To analyze the role of smart infusion pumps in reducing errors related with the administration of intravenous medications. Method: Retrospective, observational study analyzing the implementation of a system with smart intravenous infusion pumps (Hospira MedNetTM) and the role of the safety system for the detection of errors during the administration of drugs, sera, and blood. We included infusions administered at the day-care hospitals of hematology, oncology, rheumatology, and oncopediatrics. We analyzed adherence to the safety system, the number of programming errors detected, the commonly implicated drugs in these errors, and improvement actions. Results: During the study period, 120 smart pumps were implemented and data on 70,028 infusions were gathered. The rate of adherence to the safety program was 62.30% in hematology (6,887 infusions), 60,30% in oncology (28,127 infusions), 46,50% in rheumatology (1,950 infusions) and 1.8% in oncopediatrics (139 infusions). 3,481 out of the established limits programming alerts were generated by the pumps: 2,716 of relative limit and 765 of absolute limit. En 807 infusions (2.17%), errors that could have had consequences for the patients could be prevented. These findings allowed implementing a series of strategies aimed at minimizing these errors in the future. Conclusions: The Hospira MedNetTM system detects deviations from the established protocols of intravenous infusion, preventing in this way potential adverse events for the patients. It also allows establishing correction measures and implementing the improvement strategies.

Este trabajo es el informe nacional de Chile elaborado para las XXIV Jornadas Iberoamericanas de Derecho Procesal, realizadas en Ciudad de Panama, entre el 26 y el 28 de marzo de 2014, sobre la situacion de las reformas del proceso de ejecucion civil y del proceso monitorio en el pais. La idea fundamental que esta detras es la cuestion de la busqueda de la eficiencia en la Justicia en un contexto donde se reclama contra la lentitud con la que los tribunales brindan respuesta a los justiciables, sin afectar el derecho al debido proceso.

To objectively assess physical activity (PA) levels in a cohort of Spanish cancer survivors.Descriptive, cross-sectional.The Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada and two healthcare centers in Madrid, Spain.204 cancer survivors and 115 adults with no history of cancer.Participants wore a triaxial accelerometer for seven or more consecutive days to assess PA levels. Body mass index (BMI), indirect indicators of adiposity (waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio), and cardiorespiratory fitness also were determined.Light, moderate, vigorous, and total PA (sum of the former).Most (94%) of the cancer survivors met international recommendations for moderate PA, but very few (3%) fulfilled those (75 minutes or more per week) for vigorous PA. Except for lower total (minute per day, p=0.048) and vigorous PA levels (p0.001 for both minute per day and minute per week) recorded in the cancer survivors group, no between-group differences were detected (p0.05). A high percentage of the survivors (33%) were obese (BMI greater than 30 kg/m2), and many also showed poor cardiorespiratory fitness (45% were below the 8 metabolic equivalent threshold).Although cancer survivors overall met international PA recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, their BMI and cardiorespiratory profiles were not within the healthy range.Cancer survivors need to be informed about healthy lifestyle habits and should be regularly monitored.

Background: Obesity and physical inactivity are poor prognostic indicators for breast cancer (BC). Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) is a good predictor of survival. Despite preserved LVEF, cardiorespiratory function is impaired in women with breast cancer after the completion of adjuvant therapy. International organizations recommend at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Some studies show that a minority of cancer survivors are meeting the PA recommendations. A limitation of physical activity (PA) research has been the use of self-reported measures. Eligibility criteria: 1) Age 18-79, 2) Able to walk a mile, 3) More than one year from diagnosis, 4) More than 3 months since the last therapy, 5) No evidence of disease. Aims: Objective assessment of physical activity in breast cancer survivors. Adherence to international recommendations. Material and methods: PA was evaluated through accelerometry (600 minutes per day, 5 days per week, 2 week-end days were required to consider as valid accelerometry values). Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed through the “one-mile test”. Results: 92 women (W) with BC history were included. 86 W were evaluable for accelerometry. 85 W were evaluable for VO2max. Age: 54.02 years (33-77), BMI: 27.89 (SD 8.89), waist perimeter: 89.74 cm (SD 17.37), median time from diagnosis 3.94 years, treatment with anthracyclines 55 W (63.9%), radiotherapy 69 W (80.23%). Accelerometry (86W): Average weekly time MVPA 351.14 min/wk (SD: 168.98). 76 (88%) met international recommendations of PA. Women previously treated with anthracyclines (47 W; 340.25 min/wk), radiotherapy (59 w; 343 min/wk) and both (48 W; 331 min/wk) exercised less than women who did not receive these therapies (8 W; 386 min/wk). This association was not statistically significant. Average VO2max was 24.8 ml/kg/min (SD: 7.6).There was a significant effect of anthracyclines for VO2 max. Women not treated with anthracyclines had a VO2max: 26.41 whereas treated W had VO2max 22.08 ml/kg/min. Discussion: A cohort of Spanish women met international recommendations of PA when it was objectively assessed. This cohort exhibited a poor cardiometabolic and cardiorespiratory profile. Previous exposure to anthracyclines predicted a poorer cardiorespiratory fitness. Specific research to investigate the role of exercise to mitigate that dysfunction in breast cancer survivors is warranted. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-08-17.

Background There are no data on atmospheric pollen in Talca. In the present work, our aim is to describe the amount of pollen grain in the atmosphere of the city of Talca likely to cause pollinosis of its inhabitants. Methods A volumetric Hirst sampler (Burkard seven-day recording device) was used to study pollen levels. It was placed in the centre of Talca from May 2007 to April 2008. Results The highest airborne presence of pollen, as measured in weekly averages, was Platanus acerifolia with a maximum weekly daily average of 203 grains/m3 registered during September and October. The second highest was Acer pseudoplatanus with a maximum weekly daily average of 116 grains/m3. Populus spp. had a maximum weekly daily average 103 grains/m3. Olea europaea reached 19 grains/m3 in November. Grasses presented high levels of pollen counts with a maximum weekly daily average of 27 grains/m3 from the end of August until the end of January. Pollens of Plantago spp. Rumex acetosella and Chenopodium spp. had a similar distribution and were present from October to April with maximum weekly daily average of 7 grains/m3, 7 grains/m3 and 3 grains/m3 respectively. Significant concentrations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia were detected from February until April. Conclusion The population of Talca was exposed to high concentrations of allergenic pollen, such as P. acerifolia, A. pseudoplatanus, and grasses in the months of August through November. The detection of O. europaea and A. artemisiifolia is important as these are emergent pollens in the city of Talca. Aerobiological monitoring will provide the community with reliable information about the level of allergenic pollens, improving treatment and quality of life of patients with respiratory allergy.

Se presenta un caso de muerte súbita e inesperada en una mujer joven con antecedentes de esclerosis múltiple y espondilitis anquilosante que es encontrada muerta tras un breve cuadro de estreñimiento, dolor y distensión abdominal. En la autopsia, la apertura del abdomen mostró una extraordinaria dilatación del estómago repleto de secreciones. Este cuadro es un trastorno poco frecuente, de causa y patogenia desconocidas, que se relaciona con numerosas situaciones clínicas. El trastorno tiene una considerable mortalidad y un cuadro morfológico patognomónico en la autopsia.

En este artículo se cuestiona la institución de las cargas probatorias dinámicas que tanto seduce a los procesos de reforma a los sistemas de justicia civil. En cambio, se propone un cambio que, sin introducir elementos que comprometan el derecho de defensa y la seguridad jurídica, propor-ciona una mejor regulación de las consecuencias desfavorables de la conducta de las partes en la actividad probatoria.

La reforma procesal laboral impuso una serie de cambios de la mano de la opción por la oralidad en los juicios. El propósito de este trabajo es efectuar una revisión crítica de los principales cambios, que huya de la autocomplacencia que hasta ahora se ha instalado en la doctrina que ha mostrado interés en este nuevo modelo, especialmente la laboral. En el trabajo se sostiene que junto con el logro de aspectos muy positivos para el mejor desempeño de la Justicia laboral, la reforma ha servido para la instalación de una serie de problemas que han significado un retroceso para la situación de elementos esenciales de la noción de todo proceso. Se aborda la situación de los procesos por audiencias, especialmente la situación de las audiencias preparatorias y de juicio al servicio de la actividad probatoria, el papel reforzado de los jueces y las restricciones derivadas del nuevo recurso de nulidad laboral.

Santiago, once de noviembre de dos mil once. Vistos y teniendo presente: 1o) Que se ha deducido recurso de nulidad por la trabajadora demandante en procedimiento monitorio, fundado en lo principal en la causal del articulo 478 letra a) del Codigo del Trabajo, esto es, haberse dictado la sentencia por juez legalmente implicado, al tenor del motivo de inhabilidad del articulo 195 numeral 8o del Codigo Organico de Tribunales, es decir, por haber manifestado anticipadamente su dictamen sobre la cuestion pendiente, con conocimiento de los antecedentes necesarios para dictar sentencia. En subsidio, por la causal del articulo 477 del mismo cuerpo legal, por haberse infringido –en la tramitacion del procedimiento– la garantia o derecho constitucional a un proceso legalmente tramitado, racional y justo. En subsidio, por la causal generica del mismo articulo 477, en cuanto se habria incurrido en infraccion del articulo 183-A el mismo cuerpo legal, la que ha influido sustancialmente en lo dispositivo del fallo. 2o) Que a guisa de explicacion y antecedentes del recurso, la recurrente ha expresado: A) Que fue despedida con fecha 31 de octubre de 2010, no obstante hallarse protegida con el fuero de maternidad establecido por el articulo 201 del Codigo Laboral, luego del nacimiento de su hija, acaecido el dia 5 de febrero de 2010. B) Que en el contexto del procedimiento monitorio respectivo –obligatorio por mandato del articulo 496 del mismo cuerpo legal– habiendo

Diferentes especies de la Familia Caricaceae corresponden a cultivos importantes de la region Andina, teniendo usos como frutales, produccion de compuestos enzimaticos con accion proteolitica, como fuentes de germoplasma y potencial genico de interes posible de usar en programas de mejoramiento. Entre ellas se destacan Carica papaya y otro grupo de cultivos clasificados dentro del genero Vasconcellea, entre ellos V. cundinamarcensis [sin. C. pubescens] (papayo de montana), y V. stipulata, ambas portadoras de genes que confieren resistencia a “papaya ringspot virus”, asi como para tolerancia de frio, con caracteristicas organolepticas y como patrones de injerto de otro cultivo como es V. x heilbornii nm. pentagona (babaco). Segun cada cultivo, se evidencian diferentes potenciales regenerativos, ya sea a nivel sexual y asexual, pero tambien grandes limitaciones que afectan su desarrollo y su regeneracion. Algunas de las varias limitaciones especificas a mencionar, segun especie, corresponden a problemas de germinacion por causa de dormancia influenciada por la testa, variabilidad en el grado de viabilidad segun proveniencia y lento desarrollo de postemergencia (V. stipulata). En otras situaciones, la reproduccion asexual es obligatoria, tratandose de hibridos interespecificos esteriles, como es el caso de V. x heilbornii, respuesta que se ve parcialmente limitada. Fundamentalmente la presencia de virosis es el mayor problema que afecta los cultivos comerciales de C. papaya, conjuntamente la existencia de las diferentes formas sexuales limita la productividad de V. cundinamarcensis. El objeto del presente trabajo es senalar algunos resultados de estudios conducidos en nuestros laboratorios, asi como enfocar algunas estrategias biotecnologicas que han sido exploradas y en desarrollo, utiles en la superacion de algunas de dichas problematicas.

Antofagasta, veintiuno de junio del ano dos mil once. Vistos: Que en esta causa rol unico 11440007016-6, rol interno No I-6-2011 del Juzgado de Letras del Trabajo de esta ciudad y rol Corte No 97-2011, por sentencia definitiva de tres de mayo de dos mil once, el senalado tribunal hizo lugar a la reclamacion de multa deducida por la Empresa Carozzi S.A. dejando sin efecto la resolucion dictada por la Inspeccion Provincial del Trabajo de Antofagasta. En contra del referido fallo, el senor Abogado de la reclamada, don Manuel Pozo Loo, dedujo recurso de nulidad invocando, en primer lugar, el motivo absoluto de invalidacion previsto en el articulo 477 del Codigo del Trabajo por haberse infringido, sustancialmente, en la tramitacion del procedimiento o en la dictacion de la sentencia derechos o garantias constitucionales. En subsidio, alego la misma causal, pero ahora por haberse dictado la sentencia con infraccion de ley que hubiere influido en lo dispositivo del fallo. Tambien en subsidio invoco el motivo absoluto de nulidad previsto en la letra b) del articulo 478 del Codigo del Trabajo, es decir, por haber sido pronunciada la sentencia con infraccion manifiesta de las normas sobre apreciacion de la prueba conforme a las reglas de la sana critica.

Vistos: En la causa RUC N° 0600448639-9, RIT N° 421-2008 seguida ante el Tribunal de Juicio Oral de Concepcion, por sentencia de seis de diciembre de dos mil ocho se absolvio a Victor Adolfo Munoz Munoz del cargo de ser autor del delito reiterado de abuso sexual supuestamente ocurrido en la ciudad de Concepcion en el primer semestre de dos mil seis. Enseguida, condeno al mencionado Munoz Munoz como autor del delito de violacion impropia en perjuicio de la menor de iniciales Y.S.M.R., en grado de consumado, previsto y sancionado por el articulo 362 del Codigo Penal, acaecido durante el primer semestre del ano dos mil seis en la comuna de Concepcion, a cinco anos y un dia de presidio mayor en su grado minimo, accesorias de inhabilitacion absoluta perpetua para cargos y oficios publicos y derechos politicos e inhabilitacion absoluta para profesiones titulares mientras dure la condena, mas el pago de las costas del litigio. Se impuso, ademas, la privacion de la patria potestad sobre la menor, si la tuviere, quedando inhabilitado para obtenerla, si no la tuviere, y de todos los derechos que por el ministerio de la ley se le confieren respecto de la persona o bienes de la ofendida, de sus ascendientes o descendientes

Las sentencias de la E. Corte Suprema roles 873-2010, 2141-2010, 1211-2011 y 3617-2011 representan una buena excusa para referirse a determinadas materias que trascienden el Derecho del Trabajo y la posibilidad de impugnar las resoluciones judiciales por medio de los arbitrios que senala la ley, dado que manifiestan y hacen palpable todo el sistema procesal laboral establecido por las leyes N° 20.087 y 20.260. Con ellas se estructuro un nuevo procedimiento laboral con caracteristicas bien difundidas: oral, concentrado, con publicidad e inmediacion judicial efectiva, ademas de la introduccion de una judicatura especializada, tal como venia exigiendolo la dogmatica laboral, que fuera capaz de resolver las diversas particularidades tecnicas que presentan los conflictos laborales.

This article is the study of some of the main consequences to the new Spanish civil procedural system brought by the assumption by the LEC 1/2000 of a civil justice model effectively sustained in the rules of orality, concentration, and real immediacy. Especially highlighted among them is the revaluation of the probative activity, but also the interesting reformulation of the old judicial procedures to better provide and the new legal configuration of the provisional remedy of the sentence. This author believes that knowledge of the new Spanish model -a reasonable and quite successful model- can highly contribute in future legislative decisions that must be adopted due to our new civil procedural reform.

The proposed impact event at the end of the Cretaceous resulted in mass extinctions and subsequently significant variations in the geochemical and mineralogical composition of the sediments marking the K/T boundary. The impact-generated material derived from target rocks produced the ejecta layer deposits around Chicxulub crater, which were subsequently diagenetically altered to mainly smectite in marine sections and to kaolinite in continental sections. The fireball layer represents the cosmic dust dispersed and deposited globally and contains smectite derived from the alteration of microkrystites and the finest fraction. The lowermost Danian clay layer, recognized in marine sections, resulted from the sudden decrease in ocean productivity and represents a reduced sedimentation deposit. Its clay mineral associations depend on local environmental conditions and diagenetic processes. Overall, the diagenetic alteration of the boundary materials resulted in a significant modification of original signatures. The composition of the clay mineral phases can, however, still be evidence of the nature of the precursor materials providing evidence for an extraterrestrial impact event.

The ODP Leg 171B drilled a transect of four sites at Blake Nose in the NW Atlantic providing an excellent record of the K-T boundary. At the deepest, Site 1049, the boundary is marked by a 9–17 cm thick layer formed mostly of green spherules composed of Fe-rich smectite resulting from the diagenetic alteration of tektites and impact glasses. Minor amounts of authigenic zeolites and palygorskite also occur. This association represents a notable break in the clay mineral composition of Cretaceous and Tertiary sequences. The clay mineral assemblages of the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments are dominated by inherited clays. Aluminium-rich smectite of pedogenic origin is abundant in both Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments, indicating a relatively warm and hydrolysing climate across the K-T boundary. At Hole 1049A, where the oldest sediments of the interval were analysed, an increase in kaolinite and smectite down core suggests tectonic rejuvenation and distal transport of illite and kaolinite, probably accompanied by more hydrolysing conditions during the late Maastrichtian.

The clay mineral associations in the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary (KTB) and in the Danian and Maastrichtian levels of sections from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Domains have been studied. The Mediterranean sections have a single mineral association consisting of smectiteiltite and kaolinite, whereas the Atlantic sections have several associations: illite-chlorite, illite-R1 I-S-kaolinite and illite-R 1 I-S-chlorite. Data are presented relating to the influence of K-feldspars and Fe oxide sphemles on the clay mineral associations. Study of rare-earth elements shows that regional geological factors affect the clay mineralogy of the KTB, examples showing significant anthigenesis in the Mediterranean sections, and important detrital supply in all the Atlantic sections. We propose that the KTB studied in these marine sections is equivalent to the uppermost layer of the two-layered clay unit originating in a cloud of a vapourized bolide. Regional tectonic conditions have been responsible for differences in clay sedimentation in these geological domains and among the stratigraphic sections of the Atlantic Domain.

Abundant spherules are observed in a well preserved Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KTB) layer at the Agost and Caravaca sections (Betic Cordilleras, SE Spain). These spherules have been diagenetically altered to goethite or K-feldspar. Different morphologies are observed ranging from perfect spheres to droplet shapes. This is the first time that dendritic and fibroradial textures are reported in goethite spherules with clearly splash-form morphology. This morphology suggests that they originated from melt in the hot vapour plume and not as condensate. As unaltered KTB spherules are composed of clinopyroxene, this could be the probable precursor of part of the altered spherules at Agost and Caravaca, which may have been derived from an expanding vapour plume with a significant contribution of extraterrestrial material. In addition C-rich cores have been detected in K-feldspar which are enriched in Ir, Pt, Pd and Ni. Although postdepositional processes and microbial activity could have led to severe modification of the original element concentrations, the high content of noble metals and Ni suggests extraterrestrial contamination.

Background Sexual and reproductive abnormalities affect up to 50% patients with terminal liver failure. However, these functions recover quickly after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Thus, 80%–90% of OLT women of childbearing age recover menstruation within a few months after transplantation. The aim of our study was to analyze the impact of pregnancy among liver transplant recipients at our center, as well as to analyze the effects of immunosuppression on the fetus. Methods From April 1986 to April 2011, we performed 1500 OLT in 1341 recipients. Among these recipients, 18 patients (1.2%) become pregnant during the follow-up. Results The most frequent causes of terminal liver failure were as follows: chronic parenchymal disease (n = 9; 50%), cholestatic disease (n = 3; 16.6%), acute liver failure (n = 5; 27.7%), and metabolic disease (n = 1; 5.5%) The average recipient age at the beginning of pregnancy was 21.2 (±7.3) years. Sixteen patients (88%) became pregnant beyond a year after OLT. The 30 pregnancies in our study resulted in the following: newborns alive (NBA; n = 20; 66.6%) abortions (n = 8; 26.6%) or fetal deaths (n = 2; 6%). The most common immunosuppressant used during pregnancy was tacrolimus (75%) followed by cyclosporine (25%). There were no maternal deaths during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Discussion We did not observe significant differences between immunosuppression type and maternal complications, pregnancy duration, and childbirth type. Although pregnancy is potential risk, the literature and our results suggest that at a year or more after OLT it usually is safe and successful.