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1. Investigation of photoconductivity and electric field distribution in CZT detectors by time-of-flight (TOF) and charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV)

Author: Alla Reznik, Yurii Shepelytskyi, I. Blevis, O. Semeniuk, P. Karasyuk, Giedrius Juška, and Oleksandr Bubon
Subjects: Materials science, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Photoconductivity, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Space charge, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Cadmium zinc telluride, Time of flight, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, Electric potential, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business, Voltage
Abstract: Although cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) is the most widely used room-temperature photoconductor for low flux radiation sensing, utilization of this promising material in high flux applications, like computed tomography is challenging, due to possible dynamic polarization. Indeed, trapping of the X-ray-generated charge may cause space charge build-up and electric field distortion. Combining the conventional time-of-flight and the photo-generated charge extraction by linear increasing voltage (photo-CELIV) techniques, we track changes of the main electrodynamic parameters (such as electric potential and intrinsic electric field) of CZT under various fluxes. In addition, we investigate transport properties of electrons and holes in a wide range of temperatures and electric fields. Multiple trapping was found to govern the hole transport, while electrons conduct electrical current via various scattering mechanisms.
Published: 2018

2. Measurement of radium concentration in water with Mn-coated beads at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: T.C. Andersen, I. Blevis, J. Boger, E. Bonvin, M. Chen, B.T. Cleveland, X. Dai, F. Dalnoki-Veress, G. Doucas, J. Farine, H. Fergani, A.P. Ferraris, M.M. Fowler, R.L. Hahn, E.D. Hallman, C.K. Hargrove, P. Jagam, N.A. Jelley, A.B. Knox, H.W. Lee, I. Levine, S. Majerus, K. McFarlane, C. Mifflin, G.G. Miller, A.J. Noble, P. Palmer, J.K. Rowley, M. Shatkay, J.J. Simpson, D. Sinclair, J.-X. Wang, J.B. Wilhelmy, and M. Yeh
Subjects: Detection limit, Physics, Heavy water, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Solar neutrino, Counting efficiency, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Ion, Radium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adsorption, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation
Abstract: We describe a method to measure the concentration of 224Ra and 226Ra in the heavy water target used to detect solar neutrinos at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory and in the surrounding light water shielding. A water volume of (50-400) m^3 from the detector is passed through columns which contain beads coated with a compound of manganese oxide onto which the Ra dissolved in the water is adsorbed. The columns are removed, dried, and mounted below an electrostatic chamber into which the Rn from the decay of trapped Ra is continuously flowed by a stream of nitrogen gas. The subsequent decay of Rn gives charged Po ions which are swept by the electric field onto a solid-state alpha counter. The content of Ra in the water is inferred from the measured decay rates of 212Po, 214Po, 216Po, and 218Po. The Ra extraction efficiency is >95%, the counting efficiency is 24% for 214Po and 6% for 216Po, and the method can detect a few atoms of 224Ra per m^3 and a few tens of thousands of atoms of 226Ra per m^3. Converted to equivalent equilibrium values of the topmost elements of the natural radioactive chains, the detection limit in a single assay is a few times 10^(-16) g Th or U/cm^3. The results of some typical assays are presented and the contributions to the systematic error are discussed., 25 pages, 8 figures. V2 shortened to 17 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2016

3. Measurement of dissolved in water at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: M. Liu, H.W. Lee, K. McFarlane, I. Blevis, R. L. Hahn, I. Levine, X Zhu, E. Bonvin, S. Majerus, J. Boger, P. Jagam, A. B. Knox, David A. Sinclair, H. Fergani, J. K. Rowley, J. J. Simpson, H. Heron, C. K. Hargrove, A.S Hamer, J.-X Wang, Bhaskar Sur, S Noël, Minfang Yeh, V. M. Novikov, B. T. Cleveland, Darren Grant, N. A. Jelley, J. Farine, A. J. Noble, G. Doucas, A. B. McDonald, F. Dalnoki-Veress, C. Jillings, M. Shatkay, X Dai, and C. Mifflin
Subjects: Heavy water, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Degasser, Solar neutrino, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Radon, Lucas cell, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Water vapor, Cold trap
Abstract: The technique used at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) to measure the concentration of 222 Rn in water is described. Water from the SNO detector is passed through a vacuum degasser (in the light water system) or a membrane contact degasser (in the heavy water system) where dissolved gases, including radon, are liberated. The degasser is connected to a vacuum system which collects the radon on a cold trap and removes most other gases, such as water vapor and N2. After roughly 0.5 tonnes of H2O or 6 tonnes of D2O have been sampled, the accumulated radon is transferred to a Lucas cell. The cell is mounted on a photomultiplier tube which detects the α-particles from the decay of 222 Rn and its progeny. The overall degassing and concentration efficiency is about 38% and the single-α counting efficiency is approximately 75%. The sensitivity of the radon assay system for D2O is equivalent to ∼3×10 −15 g U/g water. The radon concentration in both the H2O and D2O is sufficiently low that the rate of background events from U-chain elements is a small fraction of the interaction rate of solar neutrinos by the neutral current reaction.
Published: 2004

4. NUCAM3-a gamma camera based on segmented monolithic CdZnTe detectors

Author: Z. Baum, R. Haham-Zada, Yuval Cohen, I. Blevis, R. Falk, B. Glick, Israel Mardor, E. Issac, S. Blitz, H. Cohen, D. Bar, Asher Shor, Y. Eisen, G. Feldman, and S. Roudebush
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintimammography, Pixel, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Detector, Resolution (electron density), Photon energy, Single-photon emission computed tomography, law.invention, Full width at half maximum, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, medicine, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Gamma camera
Abstract: NUCAM3 is the latest generation of solid-state pixelated gamma cameras developed at Soreq NRC. The NUCAM3 head is based on segmented pad monolithic CdZnTe detectors that currently provide a useful field of view of 18.5 cm/spl times/20.1 cm. The camera is designed for cardiac SPECT, breast scintimammography, thyroid, and other small organ evaluation. The camera contains 528 detectors. Each detector is 5 mm thick and is divided to a matrix of 16 square pixels, with a pitch of 2.1 mm. The use of pixelated CdZnTe detectors and low-noise electronics provides a camera with an average energy resolution of 4.5% full width half maximum (FWHM) at 140.5 keV and 9.5% FWHM at 59.6 keV and an intrinsic spatial resolution of 2.1 mm, regardless of the photon energy. We present the analysis of over 1300 CdZnTe monolithic detectors, the physical and imaging characteristics of the NUCAM3 camera and their comparison to state of the art Anger cameras. We show the advantages of CdZnTe technology, which are due to the camera pixel structure and superior energy resolution. These advantages lead to better detectability of small size cold and hot lesions in a scatter environment.
Published: 2002

5. Search for the decayπ0→γX

Author: Chris Waltham, A.W. Stetz, M. D. Hasinoff, I. Blevis, R. Meijer Drees, J. M. Poutissou, P. Gumplinger, and C.J. Virtue
Subjects: Physics, Particle decay, Crystallography, Particle physics, Low energy, Meson, Branching fraction, TheoryofComputation_ANALYSISOFALGORITHMSANDPROBLEMCOMPLEXITY, Pi, Radiative decay, Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES
Abstract: We present the results of a search for exotic bosons produced in the decay [pi][sup 0][r arrow][ital X][sub [gamma]]. A low energy [pi][sup [minus]] beam at TRIUMF was stopped in a liquid hydrogen target to produce the reactions [pi][sup [minus]][ital p][r arrow][ital n][gamma] and [pi][sup [minus]][ital p][r arrow][ital n][pi][sup 0],[pi][sup 0][r arrow][gamma][gamma]. The [gamma] rays from these reactions were detected in a sodium iodide crystal. From the energy distributions we extract a branching ratio limit for [Gamma]([pi][sup 0][r arrow][gamma][ital X])/[Gamma]([pi][sup 0][r arrow][gamma][gamma]) of (2--7)[times]10[sup [minus]3] for [ital X] masses of 25--100 MeV/[ital c][sup 2] (90% C.L.). In contrast with other experimental limits this branching ratio limit is valid for all reasonable [ital X] lifetimes ([gt]10[sup [minus]23] sec).
Published: 1994

6. Measurement of the slope of the π0 electromagnetic form factor

Author: B. C. Robertson, J. M. Poutissou, C.J. Virtue, S.H. Chew, A. Shor, T. Mulera, Chris Waltham, F. Farzanpay, M. D. Hasinoff, A.W. Stetz, J. Lowe, P. Gumplinger, and I. Blevis
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Quark, Physics, Loop (topology), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Branching fraction, Quantum electrodynamics, Form factor (quantum field theory), Value (computer science), High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract: We have measured the slope parameter of the π 0 electromagnetic form factor by measuring the partial branching ratio of the Dalitz decay π 0 → γe + e − into high-invariant-mass electron-positron pairs. We obtain a value a =0.026 with a total (statistical and systematic) error of ±0.054, in agreement with vector dominance and quark loop calculations.
Published: 1992

7. A search for multiplicity fluctuations in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions

Author: F. Lamarche, M. Kazuno, Kimio Niwa, N. DiGiacomo, W.E. Sondheim, Vincent Hedberg, Serge Smirnov, S. Di Liberto, Sverker Johansson, Ulf Mjörnmark, R. Heifetz, G. Beaudoin, S. Muraviev, N. Armenise, A.C. Breslin, Motoaki Miyanishi, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, Paolo Giubellino, F. Piuz, Piergiorgio Cerello, P. Yepes, Matthias Neubert, Makoto Kobayashi, H. Beker, Kazuhito Tsukagoshi, D. Bettoni, B. Sellden, H. Shibuya, Gilbert Poulard, M. Clemen, M. Murray, H. Sletten, Y. Sirois, D.H. Davis, H. En'yo, G. London, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, B. Erlandsson, M. Nomura, B. A. Dolgoshein, Ulrich Goerlach, M. Nakamura, M. T. Muciaccia, Y. Umezawa, D. Lissauer, Göran Jarlskog, Franco Meddi, M. A. Mazzoni, R. C. E. Devenish, Francois Corriveau, P. L. McGaughey, J. R. Dodd, H. Tajima, B. V. Jacak, D.N. Tovee, B. Lörstad, M. J. Price, Richard Wigmans, C. Leroy, C.W. Fabjan, H. Kitamura, G. Romano, G. Rosa, A. L. S. Angelis, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, N. Ushida, Venetios Polychronakos, I. Stumer, Hans Henrik Thodberg, J. Sunier, G. Baroni, I. Tserruya, H. Atherton, H. Kraner, A. Holscher, R. Haglund, S. Sartori, B. Collick, I. Blevis, M. J. Esten, M. L. McCubbin, K. Dederichs, L. A. Hamel, Yona Oren, L. Ramello, G. Grella, P. Depommier, Odette Benary, S. Nakanishi, E. Mazzucato, J. M. Beaulieu, W. E. Cleland, S. Dell'Uomo, A. Lounis, A. Gaidot, H. W. Van Hecke, A. Marzari-Chiesa, J. A. Thompson, G. Vasseur, H. W. Bartels, Peter Fischer, L. Šándor, K. Hoshino, Shigeki Aoki, J. P. Pansart, Alevtina Shmeleva, Massimo Masera, Jurgen Schukraft, Kazuma Nakazawa, D.C. Rahm, H. J. Specht, S. Dagan, Koichi Kodama, N. A. McCubbin, S. Almehed, S. Simone, Vladimir Tikhomirov, T. Ishigami, L. Olsen, V. Bisi, M. Seman, Y. Kobayashi, A. Drees, V. Kroh, A. Pfeiffer, H. Bøggild, K. Niu, J. Soltani, Rob Veenhof, Z. Fraenkel, and S. Watanabe
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, High energy, HELIOS, Ioni ultrarelativistici, Heavy Ion Physics, Particle Physics, Nuclear physics, Transverse plane, medicine.anatomical_structure, heavy ions, multiplicity flictuations, medicine, Multiplicity (chemistry), Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon, Nucleus, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: A search for non-statistical fluctuations was performed in 200 GeV per nucleon oxygen and sulphur ion-emulsion interactions selected by a high transverse energy trigger. No clear signal of dynamical correlations or of unusual fluctuations was found.
Published: 1990

8. Inclusive negative particlep ⊥ spectra in p-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon

Author: G. Beaudoin, M. L. McCubbin, K. Dederichs, Venetios Polychronakos, S. Di Liberto, A. Drees, E. Mazzucato, J. M. Beaulieu, A. Marzari-Chiesa, F. Gibrat-Debu, N. Di Giacomo, Sverker Johansson, V. Kroh, B. V. Jacak, Paolo Giubellino, V. Bisi, H. Kraner, Ulf Mjörnmark, H. W. Bartels, A. Pfeiffer, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, Franco Meddi, R. Heifetz, Jurgen Schukraft, H. Bøggild, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, G. Rosa, A. Holscher, B. Sellden, S. Simone, P. Depommier, L. A. Hamel, D.C. Rahm, Peter Fischer, Richard Wigmans, Vladimir Tikhomirov, M. Clemen, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, Hans Henrik Thodberg, H. Beker, Göran Jarlskog, N. A. McCubbin, B. Dogolshein, Vincent Hedberg, D. Bettoni, Odette Benary, C. Leroy, J. Soltani, Serge Smirnov, Massimo Masera, Francois Corriveau, L. Olsen, J. P. Pansart, P. Yepes, A. L. S. Angelis, I. Tserruya, H. J. Specht, H. Atherton, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, N. Armenise, P. L. McGaughey, S. Dell'Uomo, J. R. Dodd, R. Haglund, S. Dagan, D. Lissauer, Gilbert Poulard, I. Stumer, H. W. Van Hecke, M. A. Mazzoni, A. Lounis, R. C. E. Devenish, S. Muraviev, W. E. Cleland, M. Murray, Rob Veenhof, Z. Fraenkel, H. Sletten, S. Sunier, G. London, B. Erlandsson, H. En'yo, B. Lörstad, G. Romano, M. Seman, I. Ramello, Matthias Neubert, S. Almehed, B. Collick, I. Blevis, J. A. Thompson, G. Vasseur, Y. Sirois, F. Martelli, V. Tcherniatin, M. J. Esten, A. Gaidot, I. Riccati, Yona Oren, F. Lamarche, M. Prioe, W.E. Sondheim, L. Šándor, Alevtina Shmeleva, C.W. Fabjan, F. Piuz, U. Goerlach, and M. T. Muciaccia
Subjects: heavy ions, HELIOS, pt spectra, Physics, Particle physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Heavy Ion Physics, Particle Physics, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Rapidity, Constant (mathematics), Nucleon, Engineering (miscellaneous), Nucleus, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The HELIOS experiment has measured inclusivep⊥ spectra of negative particles in the rapidity region 1.0 is found to be approximately constant up to the highest accessible values ofE⊥.
Published: 1990

9. Determination of theνeand totalB8solar neutrino fluxes using the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Phase I data set

Author: M. Huang, R. U. Haq, C. B. Krauss, N. S. Oblath, Malcolm M. Fowler, J. Wendland, F. A. Duncan, J. A. Dunmore, H. Fergani, N.W. Tanner, K. Kazkaz, W. B. Handler, R. J. Ford, G. Jonkmans, A. P. Ferraris, J. X. Wang, S. J. M. Peeters, B. Aharmim, M. W.E. Smith, A. S. Hamer, Y. I. Tserkovnyak, J. F. Wilkerson, K. McFarlane, T. J. Walker, R. MacLellan, G. McGregor, G. Prior, M. Bercovitch, J. A. Formaggio, Reda Tafirout, Darren Grant, Benjamin Monreal, C. Jillings, C. A. Duba, B. Jamieson, N. West, Q. R. Ahmad, N. Tagg, E. D. Earle, B. L. Wall, F. Dalnoki-Veress, V. L. Rusu, G. Milton, W. F. Davidson, W. J. Heintzelman, J. Boger, H. W. Lee, P. T. Trent, R. G. Stokstad, C. J. Virtue, R. L. Hahn, H. Mes, Salvador Gil, J. A. Secrest, J. C. Barton, I. T. Lawson, H. S. Ng, T. Tsui, R. J. Boardman, L. C. Stonehill, P. Jagam, J. G. Hykaway, G. A. Cox, J. D. Anglin, Minfang Yeh, K. T. Lesko, M. C.P. Isaac, M. DiMarco, L. L. Kormos, Steven Elliott, F. M. Newcomer, S. D. Reitzner, S. N. Ahmed, Keith Rielage, T. J. Bowles, Monica Dunford, J. Maneira, A. Krüger, R. G. Van de Water, Peter Wittich, J. T.M. Goon, A. W. P. Poon, T. V. Bullard, B. C. Robertson, M. Moorhead, J. Cameron, J. C. Loach, N. A. Jelley, M. Thorman, H. M. O'Keeffe, G. Doucas, Yuen-Dat Chan, R. W. Ollerhead, M. Kos, X. Chen, J. Lyon, J. B. Wilhelmy, K. Graham, S. M. Oser, E. D. Hallman, T. Kutter, R. Meijer Drees, A. Schülke, A. L. Hallin, C. Mifflin, H. Wan Chan Tseung, G. T. Ewan, J. H.M. Cowan, R. K. Taplin, E. W. Beier, John L. Orrell, R. S. Storey, S. D. Biller, H. Labranche, Bernie G. Nickel, M.G. Boulay, D. L. Wark, J. Bigu, B. Morrissette, S. J. Brice, C. Kraus, I. Levine, A. Goldschmidt, P. J. Harvey, N. Tolich, S. S.E. Rosendahl, J. R. Leslie, B. A. Moffat, P. M. Thornewell, A. D. Marino, J. M. Wouters, Hal Evans, M. Lay, Reyco Henning, Y. Takeuchi, C. K. Hargrove, K. K.S. Miknaitis, M. R. Dragowsky, E. Guillian, T. C. Andersen, P. T. Keener, H. B. Mak, A. B. McDonald, H. Seifert, Christopher C. M. Kyba, N. Gagnon, J. J. Simpson, Klaus Kirch, E. Saettler, C. E. Okada, J. D. Hepburn, E. D. Frank, Herbert H. Chen, N. Starinsky, P. J. Doe, M. H. Schwendener, E. Bonvin, David A. Sinclair, S. McGee, J. Heise, F. Fleurot, S. Luoma, R. J. Komar, R. C. Allen, H. Heron, A. Roberge, P. Skensved, H. Deng, D. S. McDonald, D. F. Cowen, J. Law, V. M. Novikov, C. J. Sims, J. V. Germani, I. Blevis, M. Omori, J. Hewett, Andrew Hime, Kai Zuber, C. D. Tunnell, X. Dai, R. Lange, Mark Neubauer, M. G. Bowler, M. C. Browne, R. L. Helmer, M. Shatkay, C. Howard, C. W. Nally, J. Farine, Alan R. Smith, A. J. Noble, T.H. Burritt, G. Bühler, R. A. Black, J. K. Rowley, Joshua R. Klein, R. A. Ott, W. Locke, B. T. Cleveland, W. Frati, J. R. Wilson, A. B. Knox, Bhaskar Sur, Richard T. Kouzes, M. Bergevin, N. McCauley, C. A. Currat, R. Van Berg, K. Frame, E. B. Norman, K. M. Heeger, A. Wright, R. D. Martin, R. G. H. Robertson, T. D. Steiger, Chris Waltham, M. L. Chen, A. A. Hamian, Ryuta Hazama, M. L. Miller, S. Majerus, and M. A. Howe
Subjects: Physics, Elastic scattering, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, Particle physics, Neutral current, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Solar neutrino, media_common.quotation_subject, Cosmic ray, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Asymmetry, Nuclear physics, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Charged current, media_common
Abstract: This article provides the complete description of resultsfrom the Phase I data set of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). ThePhase I data set is based on a 0.65 kt-year exposure of heavy water tothe solar 8B neutrino flux. Included here are details of the SNO physicsand detector model, evaluations of systematic uncertainties, andestimates of backgrounds. Also discussed are SNO's approach tostatistical extraction of the signals from the three neutrino reactions(charged current, neutral current, and elastic scattering) and theresults of a search for a day-night asymmetry in the ?e flux. Under theassumption that the 8B spectrum is undistorted, the measurements fromthis phase yield a solar ?e flux of ?(?e) =1.76+0.05?0.05(stat.)+0.09?0.09 (syst.) x 106 cm?2 s?1, and a non-?ecomponent ?(? mu) = 3.41+0.45?0.45(stat.)+0.48?0.45 (syst.) x 106 cm?2s?1. The sum of these components provides a total flux in excellentagreement with the predictions of Standard Solar Models. The day-nightasymmetry in the ?e flux is found to be Ae = 7.0 +- 4.9 (stat.)+1.3?1.2percent (sys.), when the asymmetry in the total flux is constrained to bezero.
Published: 2007

10. A comparison between the performance of a pixellated CdZnTe based gamma camera and Anger NaI(TI) scintillator gamma camera

Author: Y. Hefetz, A. Pansky, Gad Shani, R. Amrami, and I. Blevis
Subjects: Physics, Pixel, business.industry, Scintillator, law.invention, Anger Camera, Optics, Planar, law, Charge carrier, business, Image resolution, Energy (signal processing), Gamma camera
Abstract: The commonly use Anger camera provides a relatively simple, large-scale solution to nuclear medicine imaging. However it has some disadvantages: count-rate limitation, nonlinear spatial resolution and relatively poor energy contrast. Many efforts have been invested over the past few years aiming at replacing the current Anger technology with various new technologies. One of the most promising technology currently under investigation is based on room temperature solid-state CdZnTe (CZT). The pixellated structure of a CZT camera naturally provides an improved count rate capability and intrinsic spatial resolution. The direct conversion of gamma photon to charge-carriers, provides an improved energy resolution thus may lead to better scattering events rejection and a better image contrast. A major limitation of the CZT technology is the lower sensitivity due to limitation in fabrication of thick crystals and incomplete charge collection. An additional reduction in sensitivity is due to charge carrier share between neighboring pixels. Several small area planar CZT camera were built and tested over the years, but the expected advantages of the CZT technology over the current NaI technology has not been realized yet. The present work compares between the performances of the NaI(Tl) Anger camera and a CZT camera.
Published: 2002

11. A radium assay technique using hydrous titanium oxide adsorbent for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: T.C Andersen, R.A Black, I Blevis, J Boger, E Bonvin, M Chen, B.T Cleveland, X Dai, F Dalnoki-Veress, G Doucas, J Farine, H Fergani, M.M Fowler, R.L Hahn, E.D Hallman, C.K Hargrove, H Heron, E Hooper, K.H Howard, P Jagam, N.A Jelley, A.B Knox, H.W Lee, I Levine, W Locke, S Majerus, K McFarlane, G McGregor, G.G Miller, M Moorhead, A.J Noble, M Omori, J.K Rowley, M Shatkay, C Shewchuk, J.J Simpson, D Sinclair, N.W Tanner, R.K Taplin, P.T Trent, J.-X Wang, J.B Wilhelmy, and M Yeh
Subjects: Heavy water, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Solar neutrino, Radiochemistry, Thorium, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Uranium, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Radium, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Decay chain, Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation
Abstract: As photodisintegration of deuterons mimics the disintegration of deuterons by neutrinos, the accurate measurement of the radioactivity from thorium and uranium decay chains in the heavy water in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) is essential for the determination of the total solar neutrino flux. A radium assay technique of the required sensitivity is described that uses hydrous titanium oxide adsorbent on a filtration membrane together with a beta-alpha delayed coincidence counting system. For a 200 tonne assay the detection limit for 232Th is a concentration of 3 x 10^(-16) g Th/g water and for 238U of 3 x 10^(-16) g U/g water. Results of assays of both the heavy and light water carried out during the first two years of data collection of SNO are presented., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2002
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12. Direct evidence for neutrino flavor transformation from neutral-current interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: D. S. McDonald, E. D. Earle, J. A. Dunmore, R. U. Haq, Christopher C. M. Kyba, M. C.P. Isaac, V. M. Novikov, T. J. Bowles, G. Jonkmans, E. Saettler, H. Fergani, J. R. Wilson, G. Doucas, E. D. Hallman, M. H. Schwendener, E. Bonvin, R. Hazama, Herbert H. Chen, A. B. Knox, N. McCauley, P. J. Doe, J. Law, P. Jagam, N. W. Tanner, C. J. Sims, J. V. Germani, A. Roberge, H. Heron, A. L. Hallin, R. Van Berg, C. Mifflin, J. B. Wilhelmy, P. T. Trent, H. W. Lee, Joseph A. Formaggio, M. R. Dragowsky, M. M. Fowler, S. D. Biller, J. Hewett, T. V. Bullard, Andrew Hime, T. D. Steiger, R. K. Taplin, M. C. Browne, Minfang Yeh, M. L. Chen, R. L. Hahn, Salvador Gil, K. Kazkaz, A. A. Hamian, J. Farine, G. T. Ewan, K. K. Schaffer, N. A. Jelley, N. West, E. W. Beier, Hal Evans, S. S.E. Rosendahl, E. T.H. Clifford, F.M. Newcomer, M. Lay, R. A. Black, F. A. Duncan, J. D. Anglin, P. J. Harvey, Yuen-Dat Chan, S. J. Brice, K. Graham, D. F. Cowen, C. E. Okada, J. D. Hepburn, R. G. H. Robertson, T. C. Andersen, Steven Elliott, J. J. Simpson, Peter Wittich, David A. Sinclair, E.D. Frank, A. S. Hamer, S. M. Oser, R. G. Stokstad, L. C. Stonehill, J. Maneira, R. G. Van de Water, I. Levine, N. Starinsky, P. M. Thornewell, T. J. Radcliffe, K. Frame, S. Majerus, J. H.M. Cowan, T. Spreitzer, D. L. Wark, J. Cameron, W. J. Heintzelman, Chris Waltham, C. J. Virtue, M. O'Neill, M. Moorhead, R. J. Komar, R. C. Allen, K. T. Lesko, M.G. Boulay, Joshua R. Klein, K. McFarlane, N. Gagnon, K. M. Heeger, I. T. Lawson, W. Frati, John L. Orrell, J. M. Wouters, Bhaskar Sur, B. C. Robertson, F. Dalnoki-Veress, H. B. Mak, Richard T. Kouzes, Q. R. Ahmad, A. P. Ferraris, R. J. Boardman, A. D. Marino, Anett Schulke, J. Bigu, M. Bercovitch, J. X. Wang, P. T. Keener, T. Kutter, R. Meijer Drees, G. A. Cox, V. L. Rusu, A. B. McDonald, R. S. Storey, G. McGregor, M. A. Howe, R. W. Ollerhead, A. J. Noble, H. Seifert, J. Manor, Y. I. Tserkovnyak, J. Lyon, Eric B. Norman, J. Heise, C. K. Hargrove, S. Luoma, M. Thorman, N. Tagg, J. F. Wilkerson, Reda Tafirout, Darren Grant, B. A. Moffat, J. G. Hykawy, W. F. Davidson, J. C. Barton, R. L. Helmer, I. Blevis, M. Omori, Monica Dunford, A. W. P. Poon, R. J. Ford, Xin Chen, P. Skensved, G. Milton, X. Dai, H. S. Ng, Mark Neubauer, M. G. Bowler, W. Locke, J. R. Leslie, J. Boger, B. T. Cleveland, W. B. Handler, M. Shatkay, M. W.E. Smith, Alan R. Smith, C. W. Nally, G. Bühler, C. Jillings, J. K. Rowley, C. A. Duba, G. G. Miller, Développement et Communication Chimique chez les Insectes ( DCCI ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, and Delon, Viviane
Subjects: Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Solar neutrino, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Tau neutrino, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Neutrino oscillation, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Solar neutrino problem, Neutrino detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Neutrino, Lepton
Abstract: Observations of neutral current neutrino interactions on deuterium in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are reported. Using the neutral current, elastic scattering, and charged current reactions and assuming the standard 8B shape, the electron-neutrino component of the 8B solar flux is 1.76 +/-0.05(stat.)+/-0.09(syst.) x10^6/(cm^2 s), for a kinetic energy threshold of 5 MeV. The non-electron neutrino component is 3.41+/-0.45(stat.)+0.48,-0.45(syst.) x10^6/(cm^2 s), 5.3 standard deviations greater than zero, providing strong evidence for solar electron neutrino flavor transformation. The total flux measured with the NC reaction is 5.09 +0.44,-0.43(stat.)+0.46,-0.43(syst.)x10^6/(cm^2 s), consistent with solar models., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, correction to author list and minor typographical corrections to references
Published: 2002

13. Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral-Current Interactions in SNO

Author: T. V. Bullard, M. H. Schwendener, B. C. Robertson, E. W. Beier, H. Fergani, G. Doucas, J. M. Wouters, H. W. Lee, J. Law, H. S. Ng, D. L. Wark, P. J. Doe, A. R. Smith, K. McFarlane, J. B. Wilhelmy, T. Kutter, Guthrie Miller, J.D. Anglin, A. S. Hamer, Q. R. Ahmad, C. J. Sims, J. V. Germani, M. Moorhead, R. Meijer Drees, J. Cameron, A. B. McDonald, H. Heron, F. Dalnoki-Veress, Min Chen, A. D. Marino, Christopher C. M. Kyba, John Heise, R. U. Haq, N. McCauley, K. Kazkaz, T. J. Radcliffe, R. G. H. Robertson, M. R. Dragowsky, E. Saettler, R. J. Boardman, T. Spreitzer, G. A. Cox, Andrew Hime, W. B. Handler, J.L. Hewett, Herbert H. Chen, Jochen Klein, Ilan Levine, C. J. Virtue, M. W.E. Smith, I. Lawson, N. Tagg, Anett Schulke, S. J. Brice, J. Bigu, Chris Waltham, A. J. Noble, Y. I. Tserkovnyak, R. L. Hahn, Salvador Gil, G. McGregor, J. G. Hykawy, Yuen-Dat Chan, A. P. Ferraris, J. X. Wang, E. D. Earle, A. L. Hallin, C. Mifflin, B. T. Cleveland, X. Chen, N.W. Tanner, K. Graham, L. C. Stonehill, S. M. Oser, J. Farine, Minfang Yeh, G. Jonkmans, N. West, V. L. Rusu, P. Skensved, M. Lay, R. K. Taplin, F. A. Duncan, J. H.M. Cowan, M. G. Boulay, W. J. Heintzelman, J. C. Barton, N. A. Jelley, M. Thorman, R. A. Black, M. O'Neill, J. J. Simpson, P. T. Keener, R. J. Ford, D. F. Cowen, Monica Dunford, J. Maneira, F. M. Newcomer, A. W. P. Poon, G. Bühler, J. A. Dunmore, A. Knox, P. T. Trent, R. W. Ollerhead, Peter Wittich, J. Lyon, M. C.P. Isaac, R. G. Stokstad, N. Gagnon, K. Frame, J. K. Rowley, B. A. Moffat, K. M. Heeger, I. Blevis, R. S. Storey, John L. Orrell, M. Omori, Joseph A. Formaggio, E. Bonvin, E. D. Hallman, R. Van Berg, W. Locke, A. Roberge, E. T.H. Clifford, J. Boger, T. J. Bowles, C. E. Okada, J. D. Hepburn, S. R. Elliott, David A. Sinclair, G. T. Ewan, T. D. Steiger, K. K. Schaffer, James R. Wilson, T. C. Andersen, A. A. Hamian, E.D. Frank, C. K. Hargrove, D. S. McDonald, X. Dai, V. M. Novikov, R. J. Komar, R. C. Allen, W. Frati, Bhaskar Sur, Mark Neubauer, Richard T. Kouzes, S. S.E. Rosendahl, Hal Evans, M. G. Bowler, M. C. Browne, Ryuta Hazama, R. L. Helmer, M. Bercovitch, S. Majerus, M. Shatkay, C. W. Nally, C. Jillings, C. A. Duba, H. B. Mak, W.F. Davidson, S. D. Biller, J. F. Wilkerson, Reda Tafirout, P. J. Harvey, Darren Grant, P. M. Thornewell, G. Milton, M. A. Howe, J. Manor, Malcolm M. Fowler, Eric B. Norman, H. Seifert, J. R. Leslie, P. Jagam, R. G. Van de Water, N. Starinsky, S. Luoma, and K. T. Lesko
Subjects: Physics, Particle physics, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, Neutral current, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Solar neutrino, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Solar neutrino problem, Nuclear physics, Neutrino detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment, Neutrino oscillation, Charged current
Abstract: The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) is a 1,000 tonne heavy water Cerenkov‐based neutrino detector situated 2,000 meters underground in INCO’s Creighton Mine near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. For the neutrinos from 8B decay in the Sun SNO observes the Charged Current neutrino reaction sensitive only to electron neutrinos and others (Neutral Current and Elastic Scattering) sensitive to all active neutrino types and thereby can search for direct evidence of neutrino flavor change. Using these reactions and assuming the standard 8B shape, the ve component of the 8B solar flux is φe = 1.76−0.05+0.05(stat.)−0.09+0.09 (syst.) × 106 cm−2s−1 for a kinetic energy threshold of 5 MeV. The non‐ve component is φμτ = 3.41−0.45+0.45(stat.)−0.45+0.48 (syst.) × 106 cm−2s−1, 5.3σ greater than zero, providing strong evidence for solar ve flavor transformation. The total flux measured with the NC reaction is φNC = 5.09−0.43+0.44(stat.)−0.43+0.46 (syst.) × 106 cm−2s−1, consistent with solar models. For charged current events, ...
Published: 2002

14. Measurement of day and night neutrino energy spectra at SNO and constraints on neutrino mixing parameters

Author: J. C. Barton, R. L. Helmer, Monica Dunford, A. W. P. Poon, M. Bercovitch, M. Lay, H. Fergani, J. J. Simpson, P. J. Doe, C. J. Virtue, J. A. Dunmore, R. W. Ollerhead, H. Heron, R. U. Haq, J. Lyon, E. D. Earle, B. A. Moffat, I. Levine, T. J. Radcliffe, G. T. Ewan, W. Locke, J. R. Leslie, B. C. Robertson, A. P. Ferraris, J. X. Wang, V. L. Rusu, K. K. Schaffer, S. D. Biller, A. S. Hamer, B. T. Cleveland, T. Kutter, R. Meijer Drees, N. Tagg, F. A. Duncan, R. J. Ford, P. J. Harvey, N. McCauley, M. C.P. Isaac, M. H. Schwendener, N. Gagnon, Xin Chen, E. Bonvin, R. Hazama, E. D. Hallman, A. J. Noble, R. Van Berg, H. S. Ng, P. M. Thornewell, T. D. Steiger, W. J. Heintzelman, M. L. Chen, A. Roberge, K. McFarlane, P. T. Trent, A. A. Hamian, D. F. Cowen, J. Law, C. J. Sims, Joshua R. Klein, J. V. Germani, D. L. Wark, R. G. Van de Water, N. Starinsky, K. T. Lesko, W. Frati, Q. R. Ahmad, Bhaskar Sur, F. Dalnoki-Veress, T. V. Bullard, P. T. Keener, H. B. Mak, A. D. Marino, I. T. Lawson, Richard T. Kouzes, Anett Schulke, J. Bigu, R. J. Boardman, G. A. Cox, E. W. Beier, M. G. Bowler, J. Heise, C. K. Hargrove, G. McGregor, S. Luoma, J. Boger, Y. I. Tserkovnyak, R. G. Stokstad, N.W. Tanner, D. S. McDonald, A. B. McDonald, M. Shatkay, L. C. Stonehill, J. K. Rowley, M. O'Neill, S. S.E. Rosendahl, G. G. Miller, H. W. Lee, V. M. Novikov, C. W. Nally, Christopher C. M. Kyba, Alan R. Smith, M. Moorhead, G. Jonkmans, E. Saettler, S. Majerus, J. Cameron, H. Seifert, Herbert H. Chen, G. Bühler, J. M. Wouters, E. T.H. Clifford, P. Jagam, C. E. Okada, J. D. Hepburn, M. A. Howe, David A. Sinclair, Yuen-Dat Chan, K. Graham, J. Hewett, S. M. Oser, A. L. Hallin, Andrew Hime, J. Manor, C. Mifflin, J. H.M. Cowan, J. Maneira, I. Blevis, R. L. Hahn, Salvador Gil, G. Doucas, M. Omori, M.G. Boulay, C. Jillings, J. F. Wilkerson, Eric B. Norman, J. R. Wilson, K. Frame, Reda Tafirout, Darren Grant, A. B. Knox, C. A. Duba, K. M. Heeger, Hal Evans, John L. Orrell, W. F. Davidson, J. Farine, R. A. Black, W. B. Handler, Joseph A. Formaggio, Minfang Yeh, N. A. Jelley, N. West, M. Thorman, M. W.E. Smith, M. M. Fowler, M. C. Browne, Steven Elliott, T. C. Andersen, E.D. Frank, R. S. Storey, J. G. Hykawy, R. J. Komar, R. C. Allen, P. Skensved, R. K. Taplin, T. J. Bowles, X. Dai, Mark Neubauer, Chris Waltham, G. Milton, R. G. H. Robertson, T. Spreitzer, F.M. Newcomer, J. D. Anglin, S. J. Brice, Peter Wittich, J. B. Wilhelmy, M. R. Dragowsky, K. Kazkaz, Delon, Viviane, Développement et Communication Chimique chez les Insectes ( DCCI ), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement
Subjects: Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar neutrino, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Flux, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Neutrino oscillation, Nuclear Experiment, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Charged current, Physics, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics (astro-ph), High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, 13. Climate action, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Neutrino
Abstract: The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) has measured day and night solar neutrino energy spectra and rates. For charged current events, assuming an undistorted $^8$B spectrum, the night minus day rate is $14.0% \pm 6.3% ^{+1.5}_{-1.4}%$ of the average rate. If the total flux of active neutrinos is additionally constrained to have no asymmetry, the $\nu_e$ asymmetry is found to be $7.0% \pm 4.9% ^{+1.3}_{-1.2}%$. A global solar neutrino analysis in terms of matter-enhanced oscillations of two active flavors strongly favors the Large Mixing Angle (LMA) solution., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures; very minor revisions, accepted by Physical Review Letters
Published: 2002

15. Measurement of CC interactions produced by ${}^8$B solar neutrinos at SNO

Author: H. W. Lee, H. Mes, D. S. McDonald, John Heise, Ilan Levine, J. A. Dunmore, V. M. Novikov, R. U. Haq, Yuen-Dat Chan, J. F. Wilkerson, M. Moorhead, H. S. Ng, J. Cameron, Y. I. Tserkovnyak, Reda Tafirout, A. L. Hallin, E. T.H. Clifford, J. Boger, C. Mifflin, B. T. Cleveland, E. Bonvin, K. McFarlane, Darren Grant, N. Tagg, Christopher C. M. Kyba, C. E. Okada, J. D. Hepburn, S. M. Oser, David A. Sinclair, Hans C. Evans, T. V. Bullard, E. D. Earle, M. C.P. Isaac, R. W. Ollerhead, X. Chen, G. Milton, A. Roberge, N.W. Tanner, J. Lyon, Guthrie Miller, P. Skensved, H. B. Mak, I. Blevis, J. D. Anglin, E. D. Hallman, T. C. Andersen, E. W. Beier, J. H.M. Cowan, R. G. Stokstad, John L. Orrell, Q. R. Ahmad, F. M. Newcomer, C. J. Virtue, E. Saettler, E.D. Frank, Art Mc Donald, W.F. Davidson, Peter Wittich, P. J. Doe, P. Jagam, S. R. Elliott, M. Omori, Herbert H. Chen, G. T. Ewan, K. K. Schaffer, H. Heron, H. Fergani, J. Karn, Y. Dai, R. J. Ford, Klaus Kirch, D. L. Wark, B. A. Moffat, N. Starinsky, R. Heaton, F. A. Duncan, N. McCauley, C. K. Hargrove, J. C. Barton, B. C. Robertson, M. R. Dragowsky, R. K. Taplin, D. F. Cowen, M. G. Boulay, R. L. Hahn, Salvador Gil, F. Dalnoki-Veress, P. T. Trent, A. Goldschmidt, R. S. Storey, G. Doucas, A. S. Hamer, A. D. Marino, A. Knox, N. West, J. R. Leslie, S. D. Biller, R. J. Komar, R. C. Allen, M. W.E. Smith, M. Bercovitch, M. C. Chon, M. O'Neill, M. A. Howe, J. B. Wilhelmy, T. Kutter, R. Meijer Drees, Min Chen, P. J. Harvey, M. Lay, J. Bigu, S. J. Brice, G. McGregor, P. M. Thornewell, W. J. Heintzelman, R. J. Boardman, Richard George Van de Water, G. A. Cox, I. Lawson, T. J. Radcliffe, K. Frame, A. J. Noble, A. W. P. Poon, Malcolm M. Fowler, P. T. Keener, K. T. Lesko, J. J. Simpson, T. J. Bowles, K. M. Heeger, Eric B. Norman, G. Jonkmans, J. M. Wouters, H. Seifert, S. Luoma, A. Schuelke, Minfang Yeh, A. B. McDonald, N. A. Jelley, M. Thorman, A. P. Ferraris, J. X. Wang, V. L. Rusu, K. Cameron, J. G. Hykawy, J. Hewett, Andrew Hime, M. H. Schwendener, W. McLatchie, M. M. Lowry, J. Law, Jochen Klein, J. V. Germani, J. Farine, M. G. Bowler, M. C. Browne, T.H. Burritt, R. A. Black, G. Bühler, A. R. Smith, R. L. Helmer, W. Locke, J. K. Rowley, M. Shatkay, R. Van Berg, C. W. Nally, T. D. Steiger, A. A. Hamian, C. Jillings, Ryuta Hazama, Chris Waltham, S. Majerus, C. A. Duba, R. G. H. Robertson, W. Frati, Bhaskar Sur, Richard T. Kouzes, James R. Wilson, X. Dai, and Mark Neubauer
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Angular distribution, Solar neutrino, Neutrino oscillation, Charged current
Published: 2001

16. Measurement of the Rate ofνe+d→p+p+e−Interactions Produced byB8Solar Neutrinos at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: G. Jonkmans, Y. Dai, J. M. Wouters, A. Goldschmidt, M. G. Bowler, J. Boger, M. Shatkay, John L. Orrell, R. G. Stokstad, C. W. Nally, P. Skensved, M. M. Fowler, J. C. Barton, X. Dai, M. C. Browne, Mark Neubauer, C. Jillings, C. A. Duba, B. C. Robertson, R. L. Helmer, Yuen-Dat Chan, P. Jagam, N. W. Tanner, A. L. Hallin, Chris Waltham, C. Mifflin, Steven Elliott, T. Kutter, J. B. Wilhelmy, H. W. Lee, R. Meijer Drees, R. K. Taplin, M. R. Dragowsky, S. M. Oser, K. Frame, R. U. Haq, N. McCauley, C. K. Hargrove, F.M. Newcomer, R. G. H. Robertson, J. D. Anglin, S. J. Brice, J. H.M. Cowan, C. J. Virtue, M. Moorhead, Peter Wittich, I. Blevis, T. C. Andersen, R. Heaton, S. Luoma, K. M. Heeger, F. A. Duncan, A. Schuelke, R. J. Ford, J. Cameron, M. Omori, R. S. Storey, M. A. Howe, Xin Chen, E.D. Frank, K. McFarlane, Minfang Yeh, N. A. Jelley, N. West, M. W.E. Smith, Q. R. Ahmad, Klaus Kirch, R. Van Berg, M. H. Schwendener, P. T. Trent, J. F. Wilkerson, Reda Tafirout, Mark Guy Boulay, Darren Grant, W. McLatchie, G. Milton, W. F. Davidson, J. Heise, J. G. Hykawy, H. Mes, E. T.H. Clifford, N. Tagg, H. S. Ng, J. Law, J. V. Germani, M. O'Neill, R. G. Van de Water, T. D. Steiger, N. Starinsky, R. J. Bardman, R. J. Komar, R. C. Allen, M. L. Chen, M. C. Chon, H. Seifert, J. Hewett, A. A. Hamian, Andrew Hime, J. Karn, I. T. Lawson, C. E. Okada, J. D. Hepburn, T. J. Bowles, W. Locke, J. R. Leslie, Eric B. Norman, David A. Sinclair, B. T. Cleveland, J. Bigu, G. McGregor, G. A. Cox, R. L. Hahn, Salvador Gil, K. Cameron, Alan R. Smith, J. R. Wilson, M. M. Lowry, H. Fergani, T.H. Burritt, J. A. Dunmore, G. Bühler, S. Majerus, S. D. Biller, Hal Evans, Joshua R. Klein, M. Lay, A. B. Knox, P. J. Harvey, D. S. McDonald, W. Frati, Bhaskar Sur, J. K. Rowley, A. S. Hamer, H. B. Mak, P. M. Thornewell, Richard T. Kouzes, J. J. Simpson, G. Doucas, V. M. Novikov, Y. I. Tserkovnyak, G. G. Miller, W. J. Heintzelman, E. D. Earle, P. T. Keener, K. T. Lesko, M. Thorman, J. Farine, M. C.P. Isaac, G. T. Ewan, K. K. Schaffer, R. A. Black, E. D. Hallman, E. Bonvin, A. B. McDonald, Christopher C. M. Kyba, R. Hazama, P. J. Doe, D. L. Wark, T. V. Bullard, A. Roberge, H. Heron, E. Saettler, E. W. Beier, F. Dalnoki-Veress, A. D. Marino, Herbert H. Chen, M. Bercovitch, D. F. Cowen, A. J. Noble, I. Levine, T. J. Radcliffe, A. W. P. Poon, A. P. Ferraris, J. X. Wang, V. L. Rusu, R. W. Ollerhead, J. Lyon, and B. A. Moffat
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Physics, Particle physics, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Solar neutrino, General Physics and Astronomy, Flux, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, Massless particle, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Charged current, Lepton
Abstract: Solar neutrinos from the decay of 8B have been detected at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) via the charged current (CC) reaction on deuterium and by the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. The CC reaction is sensitive exclusively to νe, while the ES reaction also has a small sensitivity to νμ and ντ. The flux of νe from 8B decay measured by the CC reaction rate is φCC(ν e )=[1.75±0.07(stat.) −0.11 +0.12 (syst.)×0.05(theor.)]×106cm−2s−1. Assuming no flavor transformation, the flux inferred from the ES reaction rate is φES(ν x )=[2.39±0.34(stat.) −0.14 +0.16 (syst.)]×106cm−2s−1. Comparison of φCC(νe) to the Super-Kamiokande collaboration’s precision value of φES(νx) yields a 3.3σ difference, assuming the systematic uncertainties are normally distributed, providing evidence that there is a nonelectron flavor active neutrino component in the solar flux. The total flux of active 8B neutrinos is thus determined to be (5.44±0.99)×106 cm−2 s−1, in close agreement with the predictions of solar models.
Published: 2001

17. A study of electron-muon pair production in 450 GeV/c pBe collisions

Author: P. Yepes, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, Gilbert Poulard, H. En'yo, B. Erlandsson, N. DiGiacomo, G. Rosa, M. A. Mazzoni, Vincent Hedberg, Serge Smirnov, A. Shikonian, Göran Jarlskog, Odette Benary, H.W. Kraner, E. Stern, Y. Golubkov, Richard Wigmans, Francois Corriveau, W. J. Willis, Paolo Giubellino, A. Holscher, H. Beker, H. Atherton, P. L. McGaughey, J. R. Dodd, Venetios Polychronakos, R. Haglund, L. Riccati, L. Šándor, A. Lounis, M. Clemen, M. J. Price, L. A. Hamel, B. V. Jacak, E. Mazzucato, J. M. Beaulieu, M. Murray, S. Eidelman, P. Nevski, H. Sletten, S. Almehed, Franco Meddi, Alevtina Shmeleva, P. Pomianowski, W. E. Cleland, L. Ramello, J. A. Thompson, G. Vasseur, F. Martelli, C.W. Fabjan, J. Sunier, F. Piuz, D. Lissauer, P. Depommier, Rob Veenhof, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, M. L. McCubbin, C. Leroy, H. W. Van Hecke, S. Muraviev, K. Dederichs, A. L. S. Angelis, A. Marzari-Chiesa, Y. M. Park, B. Lörstad, V. Sidorov, G. Romano, Yona Oren, I. Stumer, H. W. Bartels, A. Gaidot, C. M. Valine, F. Gibrat-Debu, H. J. Specht, Peter Fischer, A. Vanyashin, M. T. Muciaccia, B. Collick, Gilles Beaudoin, G. London, J. Antos, Ulrich Goerlach, B. A. Dolgoshein, Vladimir Tikhomirov, S. Johannson, L. Olsen, Matthias Neubert, A. Sumarokov, Y. Sirois, D. Bettoni, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, J. P. Pansart, I. Blevis, N. A. McCubbin, V. Bisi, Ulf Mjörnmark, R. Heifetz, S. Dagan, V. Tcherniatin, M. J. Esten, M. Seman, S. Simone, A. Drees, V. Kroh, A. Pfeiffer, H. Bøggild, S. DiLiberto, F. Lamarche, Jurgen Schukraft, D.C. Rahm, W. E. Sondheim, and Massimo Masera
Subjects: Physics, Semileptonic decay, Particle physics, Muon, Missing energy, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Nuclear physics, Particle decay, Pair production, Antimatter, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Charm (quantum number), Nuclear Experiment, Particle Physics - Experiment, Lepton
Abstract: We report on the production of $e^{\pm}\mu^{\mp}$ pairs in 450 GeV/c pBe collisions at the CERN SPS. The $e\mu$ signal, which has average missing energy of 21~GeV, is shown to be consistent with expectations from charm decay, and implies a $\sigma\times B$ for $c\overline{c}$ production in p-nucleon collisions of $0.63\pm 0.28 \mu b$. Alternatively, using an estimate of charm production from other experiments, the data imply a 95\% confidence level upper limit of 0.88$\mu b$ on any new physics process which produces $e^{\pm}\mu^{\mp}$.
Published: 1996

18. Low-mass lepton-pair production in p-Be collisions at 450 GeV/c

Author: F. Gibrat-Debu, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, Yona Oren, H. Atherton, R. Haglund, P. Nevski, L. Šándor, Alevtina Shmeleva, Paolo Giubellino, S. Simone, C.W. Fabjan, S. Eidelman, H. En'yo, B. Lörstad, G. Romano, F. Lamarche, V. Tcherniatin, Rob Veenhof, F. Martelli, M. J. Esten, P. Yepes, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, E. Stern, A. Drees, Francois Corriveau, Ulf Mjörnmark, Jurgen Schukraft, P. L. McGaughey, V. Kroh, J. R. Dodd, M. L. McCubbin, R. Heifetz, D.C. Rahm, Gilbert Poulard, G. Rosa, B. Collick, Gilles Beaudoin, W. E. Sondheim, A. Pfeiffer, M. J. Price, M. T. Muciaccia, K. Dederichs, H. Bøggild, S. DiLiberto, M. Clemen, I. Blevis, M. Seman, M. A. Mazzoni, S. Dagan, Massimo Masera, A. Sumarokov, F. Piuz, M. Murray, A. Marzari-Chiesa, H. Sletten, H. W. Bartels, B. Erlandsson, H. J. Specht, D. Lissauer, J. Sunier, E. Mazzucato, Richard Wigmans, J. M. Beaulieu, C. Leroy, Peter Fischer, Matthias Neubert, A. Gaidot, Y. Sirois, A. Vanyashin, H. Beker, W. J. Willis, A. Holscher, A. L. S. Angelis, L. Riccati, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, L. A. Hamel, I. Stumer, S. Muraviev, Vladimir Tikhomirov, S. Johannson, L. Olsen, S. Almehed, J. A. Thompson, G. Vasseur, N. DiGiacomo, Vincent Hedberg, Serge Smirnov, B. V. Jacak, P. Pomianowski, G. London, J. Antos, Ulrich Goerlach, Franco Meddi, N. A. McCubbin, V. Bisi, L. Ramello, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, P. Depommier, J. P. Pansart, Odette Benary, Y. Golubkov, B. A. Dolgoshein, A. Lounis, H. W. Van Hecke, A. Shikonian, Göran Jarlskog, Venetios Polychronakos, W. E. Cleland, H. Kraner, D. Bettoni, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Heyd, Yvette
Subjects: Physics, Electron pair, Particle physics, Muon, Large Hadron Collider, [PHYS.HEXP] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Hadron, Elementary particle, Electron, Nuclear physics, Pair production, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Engineering (miscellaneous), Particle Physics - Experiment, Lepton
Abstract: We report on the production of low-mass electron pairs and muon pairs in p-Be collisions at 450 GeV/c at the CERN SPS. For both electron and muon pairs the low-mass spectrum can be explained satisfactorily by lepton pairs from hadronic decays, and there is no need to invoke any “unconventional” source. The normalisation of the major hadronic sources is set by the data. The upper limit, at 90% confidence level, on any new source of lepton pairs is ∼20% of the hadronic decay contribution for muons, and ∼40% for electrons.
Published: 1995

19. Transverse energy measurements in proton-nucleus interactions at high energy

Author: M. T. Muciaccia, H. Beker, S. Almehed, W.E. Sondheim, B. Lörstad, G. Romano, L. Riccati, J. A. Thompson, G. Vasseur, I. Tserruya, F. Piuz, H. Atherton, R. Haglund, Francois Corriveau, Paolo Giubellino, Jurgen Schukraft, H. J. Specht, G. London, P. L. McGaughey, J. R. Dodd, C. Leroy, M. Murray, H. Sletten, D.C. Rahm, M. Clemen, M. J. Price, A. L. S. Angelis, M. Stern, P. Depommier, Ulrich Goerlach, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, S. Simone, K. Dederichs, F. Gibrat-Debu, Matthias Neubert, Göran Jarlskog, Franco Meddi, I. Stumer, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, Odette Benary, J. Sunier, Massimo Masera, H. En'yo, Venetios Polychronakos, Y. Sirois, S. Dell'Uomo, H. W. Bartel, M. A. Mazzoni, G. Beaudoin, N. A. McCubbin, B. Erlandson, D. Lissauer, A. Lounis, R. C. E. Devenish, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, W. E. Cleland, A. Holscher, Hans Henrik Thodberg, L. A. Hamel, B. Sellden, S. Dagan, V. Tcherniatin, Richard Wigmans, G. Rosa, H. Kraner, M. J. Esten, A. Drees, S. Muraviev, V. Kroh, E. Mazzucato, J. M. Beaulieu, M. Seman, B. A. Dolgoshein, A. Pfeiffer, H. Bøggild, S. DiLiberto, F. Martelli, L. Ramello, Vladimir Tikhomirov, P. Yepes, Gilbert Poulard, L. Olsen, B. Collick, I. Blevis, H. W. Van Hecke, N. DiGiacomo, Vincent Hedberg, D. Bettoni, Serge Smirnov, Sverker Johansson, Ulf Mjörnmark, R. Heifetz, B. V. Jacak, V. Bisi, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, J. P. Pansart, F. Lamarche, A. Gaidot, A. Marzari-Chiesa, Peter Fischer, Rob Veenhof, Z. Fraenkel, C.W. Fabjan, Yona Oren, L. Šándor, Alevtina Shmeleva, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Heyd, Yvette
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Mass number, Physics, [PHYS.HEXP] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], quark-gluon plasma, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Scattering, nucleon-nucleus, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, Momentum, Transverse plane, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), Pseudorapidity, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Engineering (miscellaneous), Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The results of two sets of transverse energy measurements, performed with incident proton beams of 200 and 450 GeV/c momentum on several nuclear targets, are presented. The transverse energy cross sections dσ/dET are measured in a pseudorapidity range including the target fragmentation region (−0.1
Published: 1993

20. Kaon production in 200-GeV/nucleon nucleus-nucleus collisions

Author: A. Holscher, V. Tcherniatin, B. Sellden, L. A. Hamel, M. J. Esten, E. Mazzucato, J. M. Beaulieu, B. V. Jacak, N. Armenise, C. Leroy, S. Dagan, A. L. S. Angelis, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, S. Nilsson, F. Gibrat-Debu, B. Lörstad, Venetios Polychronakos, Göran Jarlskog, Paolo Giubellino, G. Romano, I. Tserruya, M. Sekimoto, E. Stern, H. Atherton, Matthias Neubert, W.E. Sondheim, R. Haglund, Yona Oren, H. Kraner, Y. Sirois, Francois Corriveau, H. Bøggild, P. Yepes, N. DiGiacomo, Rob Veenhof, Z. Fraenkel, S. Simone, D. Bettoni, Gilbert Poulard, J. P. Pansart, Vincent Hedberg, Massimo Masera, P. L. McGaughey, J. R. Dodd, M. J. Price, Odette Benary, S. Di Liberto, Serge Smirnov, J. Sunier, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, B. Erlandsson, Sverker Johansson, M. Clemen, A. Drees, M. L. McCubbin, A. Gaidot, Ulf Mjörnmark, K. Dederichs, V. Bisi, V. Kroh, R. Heifetz, A. Marzari-Chiesa, S. Dell'Uomo, Richard Wigmans, H. W. Bartels, N. A. McCubbin, Hans Henrik Thodberg, A. Pfeiffer, L. Ramello, A. Lounis, I. Stumer, S. Muraviev, Peter Fischer, J. Soltani, H. Beker, W. E. Cleland, L. Riccati, Franco Meddi, H. W. Van Hecke, H. En'yo, L. Šándor, D. Lissauer, M. Murray, H. Sletten, M. T. Muciaccia, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, S. Almehed, J. A. Thompson, G. Vasseur, G. Rosa, M. Seman, M. A. Mazzoni, Alevtina Shmeleva, R. C. E. Devenish, H. J. Specht, P. Depommier, C.W. Fabjan, F. Lamarche, Vladimir Tikhomirov, L. Olsen, Jurgen Schukraft, D.C. Rahm, F. Piuz, U. Goerlach, B. A. Dolgoshein, G. London, B. Collick, I. Blevis, Gilles Beaudoin, and F. Martelli
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Strange quark, Spectrometer, Nuclear Theory, Nuclear physics, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon, Nucleus, Beam energy, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Results from the HELIOS External Spectrometer on kaon production in 200 GeV/A S + W and p + W collisions are presented. The Kπ ratios are compared with results from a lower beam energy and are found to be remarkably similar. Evidence for secondary production of K+ by meson-baryon rescattering is reviewed. Our results at y = 1.0–1.5 are compared with neutral strange particle results at midrapidity.
Published: 1992

21. A Search for weakly interacting neutral particles in missing energy events in 450-GeV/c p N collisions

Author: Venetios Polychronakos, H. Kraner, Paolo Giubellino, N. DiGiacomo, Franco Meddi, M. Clemen, Vincent Hedberg, Serge Smirnov, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, L. Šándor, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, A. Shmeloeva, S. Muraviev, A. Drees, P. Nevski, C. Leroy, J. P. Pansart, M. Seman, V. Kroh, F. Lamarche, A. Pfeiffer, A. L. S. Angelis, Y. M. Park, E. Stern, B. V. Jacak, H. Bøggild, V. Bisi, Richard Wigmans, V. Sidorov, D. Lissauer, Francois Corriveau, Vladimir Tikhomirov, S. Johannson, S. DiLiberto, Ulf Mjörnmark, C.W. Fabjan, P. L. McGaughey, R. Heifetz, J. R. Dodd, A. Gaidot, L. Olsen, P. Yepes, M. J. Price, I. Stumer, Rob Veenhof, H. Atherton, H. Beker, V. Tcherniatin, A. Kalinovski, R. Haglund, S. Dagan, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, A. Marzari-Chiesa, P. Pomianowski, H. En'yo, Gilbert Poulard, S. Almehed, G. Beaudoin, H. W. Bartels, L. Riccati, J. A. Thompson, M. J. Esten, G. Vasseur, Yona Oren, Peter Fischer, B. Erlandsson, N. A. McCubbin, F. Martelli, B. Lörstad, S. Simone, H. J. Specht, G. Romano, W.E. Sondheim, D. Bettoni, Matthias Neubert, M. A. Mazzoni, Y. Sirois, Jurgen Schukraft, G. Rosa, D.C. Rahm, Y. Murray, I. Blevis, H. Sletten, P. Depommier, Massimo Masera, J. Sunier, F. Gibrat-Debu, Odette Benary, W. J. Willis, A. Holscher, S. Dell'Uomo, A. Lounis, L. A. Hamel, F. Piuz, Göran Jarlskog, W. E. Cleland, B. A. Dolgoshein, M. T. Muciaccia, A. Nikitin, L. Ramello, H. W. Van Hecke, G. London, M. L. McCubbin, K. Dederichs, Ulrich Goerlach, E. Mazzucato, and J. M. Beaulieu
Subjects: Physics, Particle physics, Missing energy, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), particle physics, weak interactions, Function (mathematics), Nuclear physics, Subatomic particle, Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment, Engineering (miscellaneous), Event (particle physics), Particle Physics - Experiment, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: We have measured the inclusive cross-section as a function of missing energy, due to the production of neutrinos or new weakly interacting neutral particles in 450 GeV/c proton-nucleus collisions, using calorimetric measurements of visible event energy. Upper limits are placed on the production of new particles as a function of their energy. These upper limits are typically an order
Published: 1991

22. Measurement of the transverse energy flow in nucleus-nucleus collisions at 200-GeV per nucleon

Author: B. V. Jacak, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, V. Kroh, A. Pfeiffer, H. Bøggild, G. Beaudoin, M. A. Mazzoni, L. Ramello, R. C. E. Devenish, W. E. Cleland, H. Beker, B. Sellden, E. Mazzucato, J. M. Beaulieu, Jurgen Schukraft, L. Riccati, Richard Wigmans, G. London, Ulrich Goerlach, C. Leroy, D.C. Rahm, H. W. Van Hecke, Rob Veenhof, Z. Fraenkel, A. L. S. Angelis, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, A. Marzari-Chiesa, H. W. Bartels, I. Stumer, Göran Jarlskog, G. Rosa, Venetios Polychronakos, Peter Fischer, J. Sunier, H. Kraner, K. Dederichs, M. Clemen, S. Simone, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, W.E. Sondheim, A. Dress, Hans Henrik Thodberg, N. DiGiacomo, S. Dagan, V. Bisi, L. Šándor, A. Gaidot, P. Yepes, P. Depommier, S. Almehed, Paolo Giubellino, Vincent Hedberg, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, Gilbert Poulard, J. A. Thompson, G. Vasseur, Serge Smirnov, S. Di Liberto, Odette Benary, Franco Meddi, Sverker Johansson, B. Erlandsson, Massimo Masera, H. J. Specht, J. P. Pansart, Francois Corriveau, Ulf Mjörnmark, R. Heifetz, S. Dell'Uomo, D. Lissauer, P. L. McGaughey, Alevtina Shmeleva, J. R. Dodd, A. Lounis, F. Lamarche, M. J. Price, N. A. McCubbin, B. Lörstad, M. Murray, H. Sletten, G. Romano, C.W. Fabjan, D. Bettoni, I. Tserruya, N. Armenise, H. Atherton, B. Collick, I. Blevis, R. Haglund, Matthias Neubert, F. Martelli, Y. Sirois, F. Gibrat-Debu, V. Tcherniatin, M. J. Esten, S. Muraviev, Yona Oren, W. J. Willis, A. Holscher, H. En'yo, L. A. Hamel, F. Piuz, B. A. Dolgoshein, M. T. Muciaccia, Vladimir Tikhomirov, L. Olsen, and M. Seman
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear reaction, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Heavy Ion Physics, Nuclear Theory, Nuclear matter, transverse energy flow, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, Transverse plane, medicine.anatomical_structure, heavy-ions, Energy flow, multiplicity, medicine, Stopping power (particle radiation), High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon, Particle Physics, Nucleus, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Measurement of the transverse energy flow in nucleus-nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon
Published: 1991

23. Diffraction dissociation of nuclei in 450 GeV/c proton-nucleus collisions

Author: M. Faessler, M. Clemen, W.E. Sondheim, H. En'yo, Matthias Neubert, P. Yepes, Gilbert Poulard, N. DiGiacomo, B. Erlandsson, L. Šándor, P. Depommier, Y. Sirois, Vincent Hedberg, Serge Smirnov, F. Gibrat-Debu, C. Leroy, Alevtina Shmeleva, Yona Oren, Göran Jarlskog, F. Lamarche, M. Sekimoto, A. Marzari-Chiesa, S. Almehed, H. W. Bartels, H. Beker, W. J. Willis, J. A. Thompson, G. Vasseur, A. L. S. Angelis, A. Gaidot, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, Peter Fischer, B. Lörstad, G. Romano, L. Riccati, A. Holscher, I. Stumer, N. A. McCubbin, S. Muraviev, Vladimir Tikhomirov, L. A. Hamel, Odette Benary, J. P. Pansart, C.W. Fabjan, G. Beaudoin, S. Johanson, F. Piuz, W. E. Cleland, B. V. Jacak, V. Tcherniatin, L. Olsen, Rob Veenhof, Z. Fraenkel, V. Bisi, M. Murray, S. Dell'Uomo, Francois Corriveau, M. J. Esten, H. Sletten, H. J. Specht, P. L. McGaughey, A. Lounis, Sven Gösta Nilsson, J. Sunier, J. R. Dodd, M. J. Price, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, M. T. Muciaccia, Hans Henrik Thodberg, G. Rosa, D. Lisauer, M. Seman, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, B. A. Dolgoshein, S. Simone, G. London, Ulrich Goerlach, S. Dagan, A. Drees, V. Kroh, A. Pfeiffer, H. Bøggild, S. DiLiberto, I. Tserruya, H. Atherton, R. Haglund, F. Martelli, M. A. Mazzoni, R. C. E. Devenish, L. Ramello, H. W. Van Hecke, Paolo Giubellino, Venetios Polychronakos, H. Kraner, B. Collick, Richard Wigmans, I. Blevis, D. Bettoni, Ulf Mjörnmark, R. Heifetz, Massimo Masera, Jurgen Schukraft, D.C. Rahm, E. Mazzucato, J. M. Beaulieu, K. Dederichs, and Franco Meddi
Subjects: Physics, education.field_of_study, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Proton, Population, Nuclear dissociation, diffractive proton nucleus collisions, Elementary particle, Super Proton Synchrotron, Dissociation (chemistry), Nuclear physics, Rapidity, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, education, Nucleon, Engineering (miscellaneous), Excitation, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Diffractive dissociation of nuclei (Be, Al, W) in collisions with 450 GeV/c protons,pA→pX, has been measured with the HELIOS spectrometer at the CERN Super Proton synchrotron. The dependence of the single-diffraction cross-section on the nuclear massA can be parametrized as σSD mb×A0.35±0.02, showing the peripheral nature of the process. The differential cross-section dσSD=(3.8±0.3)mb ×A0.35±0.02, is exponential with the slope parameter, increasing from 6.2±0.4 (GeV/c)−2 for beryllium to 7.9±0.5 (GeV/c)−2 for tungsten. The slope parameter also increases with increasing massMX of the diffractively produced state. The rapidity, multiplicity, and transverse-momentum distributions of the particles of the diffractively produced stateX show a longitudinal phase-space population and are remarkably insensitive to the nuclear mass. This, together with theA1/3 dependence of σSD, suggests that the dominant process of nuclear diffractive excitation is the dissociation of single nucleons.
Published: 1990

24. Charged-particle multiplicity distributions in oxygen-nucleus collisions at 60 and 200 GeV per nucleon

Author: Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, S. Dell'Uomo, I. Tserruya, H. Atherton, Hans Henrik Thodberg, G. Beaudoin, A. Lounis, A. Gaidot, N. DiGiacomo, B. Lörstad, G. Romano, R. Haglund, F. Corriveau, Vincent Hedberg, Boris Dolgoshein, B. Sellden, G. Rosa, M. T. Muciaccia, A. Marzari-Chiesa, Venetios Polychronakos, H. W. Bartels, S. Muraviev, E. Mazzucato, H. Beker, J. M. Beaulieu, K. Dederichs, Peter Fischer, L. Riccati, C. Leroy, M. Clemen, S. Dagan, Paolo Giubellino, H. J. Specht, A. Holscher, B. V. Jacak, J. Soltani, H. Kraner, L. Olsen, V. Bisi, A. L. S. Angelis, P. Depommier, Sergei Smirnov, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, J. Sunier, D. Bettoni, D. Lissauer, F. Lamarche, M. A. Mazzoni, F. Piuz, N. Armenise, I. Stumer, Franco Meddi, L. A. Hamel, M. L. McCubbin, G. Vasseur, R. C. E. Devenish, Massimo Masera, W.E. Sondheim, S. Nilsson, Z. Fraenkel, Matthias Neubert, V. Tikhomirov, L. Ramello, M. Sekimoto, Y. Sirois, P. Yepes, M. Murray, H. Sletten, Gilbert Poulard, Richard Wigmans, Jurgen Schukraft, J. P. Pansart, B. Erlandsson, D.C. Rahm, F. Gibrat-Debu, V. Tcherniatin, S. Simone, M. J. Esten, G. London, H. W. Van Hecke, P. L. McGaughey, Ulrich Goerlach, J. R. Dodd, M. Seman, H. En'yo, M. J. Price, V. Kroh, R. Veenhof, A. Pfeiffer, H. Bøggild, S. DiLiberto, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, A. Shmeleva, Sverker Johansson, S. Almehed, Ulf Mjörnmark, J. A. Thompson, R. Heifetz, F. Martelli, B. Collick, I. Blevis, Yona Oren, W. E. Cleland, L. Šándor, C.W. Fabjan, Göran Jarlskog, A. Dress, and Odette Benary
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, HELIOS, Nuclear Theory, chemistry.chemical_element, Oxygen, Nuclear physics, medicine, multiplicity, Physics::Chemical Physics, Multiplicity (chemistry), Nuclear Experiment, heavy ions, Particle Physics, Physics, Heavy Ion Physics, Charged particle, medicine.anatomical_structure, Monte Carlo comparison, chemistry, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nucleon, Nucleus, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Charged-particle multiplicity distributions in oxygen-nucleus collisions at 60 and 200 GeV per nucleon
Published: 1990

25. Inclusive Photon Production in P a and A-a Collisions at 200-{GeV}/u

Author: C.W. Fabjan, I. Tserruya, H. Atherton, R. Haglund, G. Beaudoin, U. Goerlach, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, A. Marzari-Chiesa, H. W. Bartels, L. Šándor, Sergei Smirnov, B. Sellden, M. J. Esten, J. P. Pansart, S. Muraviev, F. Lamarche, Yona Oren, Gilbert Poulard, V. Toherniatin, S. Dagan, M. A. Mazzoni, C. Leroy, Paolo Giubellino, E. Mazzucato, Peter Fischer, J. M. Beaulieu, Franco Meddi, R. C. E. Devenish, V. Sidoroy, B. Erlandsson, A. Holscher, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, M. T. Muciaccia, W. E. Cleland, A. L. S. Angelis, N. A. McCubbin, J. Soltani, Y. M. Park, S. Almehed, V. Kroth, I. Stumer, L. Ramello, V. Bisi, N. Armenise, Jurgen Schukraft, S. Simone, D.C. Rahm, Richard Wigmans, G. Vasseur, Odette Benary, J. A. Thompson, A. Shmeleva, L. A. Hamel, Z. Fraenkel, Matthias Neubert, A. Gaidot, L. Olsen, H. En'yo, F. Martelli, Göran Jarlskog, Y. Sirois, S. Di Liberto, V. Tikhomirov, A. Drees, B. Dogolshein, M. L. McCubbin, G. Rosa, R. Veenhoff, M. Murray, K. Dederichs, A. Pfeiffer, Sverker Johansson, S. Dell'Uomo, P. McGaughey, H. Bøggild, H. Sletten, A. Lounis, Francois Corriveau, J. R. Dodd, Ulf Mjörnmark, B. Collick, I. Blevis, F. Gibrat-Debu, R. Heifetz, M. J. Price, M. Seman, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, H. J. Specht, J. Sunier, Hans Henrik Thodberg, H. W. Van Hecke, Massimo Masera, H. Beker, P. Depommier, P. Yepes, L. Riccati, W. Sondheim, Venetios Polychronakos, G. London, H. Kraner, B. Lörstad, G. Romano, M. Clemen, D. Bettoni, D. Lissauer, B. V. Jacak, N. DiGiacomo, Vincent Hedberg, and F. Piuz
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Physics, Particle physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Proton, Meson, HELIOS, Heavy Ion Physics, Branching fraction, Hadron, photon spectra, Particle Physics, Charged particle, Nuclear physics, Particle decay, Pion, heavy ions, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Engineering (miscellaneous), Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Inclusive photonp⊥ spectra were measured with 200 GeV/u proton,16O and32S beams on W and Pt targets, using a conversion method. The measurement of charged pions in the same apparatus allows a comparison of the γ data with the expected γ's from hadronic decays π0, η, η', ω). In all data sets, no deviation from the expected shape is observed in the range of 0.1 0.1 GeV/c andp⊥>0.6 GeV/c.
Published: 1990

26. An emulsion study of 16O and 32S interactions at 200 GeV per nucleon selected by transverse energy

Author: A. Gaidot, W.E. Sondheim, Sergei Smirnov, F. Lamarche, M. Kazuno, H. Tajima, Paolo Giubellino, B. V. Jacak, Richard Wigmans, G. Beaudoin, M. L. McCubbin, K. Dederichs, V.A. Sidorov, P. Yepes, V. Bisi, Y. Kobayashi, V. Kroh, Boris Dolgoshein, Kazuhito Tsukagoshi, S. Nakanishi, Yona Oren, G. Rosa, A. Marzari-Chiesa, L. Ramello, N. DiGiacomo, H. W. Bartels, Gilbert Poulard, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, H. J. Specht, A.C. Breslin, A. Pfeiffer, Franco Meddi, Vincent Hedberg, Peter Fischer, E. Mazzucato, J. M. Beaulieu, D. Bettoni, J. Soltani, Makoto Kobayashi, H. Beker, Jurgen Schukraft, B. Erlandsson, Kazuma Nakazawa, H. Bøggild, J. P. Pansart, B. Sellden, B. Collick, D.C. Rahm, I. Blevis, S. Di Liberto, L. Riccati, I. Tserruya, K. Niu, H. Atherton, Sverker Johansson, R. Haglund, K. Nakamura, S. Almehed, S. Sartori, Rob Veenhof, Z. Fraenkel, Massimo Masera, J. A. Thompson, G. Vasseur, C.W. Fabjan, S. Watanabe, Ulf Mjörnmark, S. Muraviev, F. Piuz, Odette Benary, M. Clemen, R. Heifetz, H. W. Van Hecke, C. Leroy, M. A. Mazzoni, S. Dagan, C. Sgarbi, A. Drees, R. C. E. Devenish, H. Kitamura, M. Nomura, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, Koichi Kodama, Venetios Polychronakos, Motoaki Miyanishi, Francois Corriveau, A. L. S. Angelis, S. Dell'Uomo, Y. M. Park, D. Lissauer, Hans Henrik Thodberg, L. Šándor, A. Lounis, P. L. McGaughey, N. Ushida, I. Stumer, J. Sunier, G. Baroni, H. Shibuya, S. Simone, M. J. Price, B. Lörstad, H. Kraner, Shigeki Aoki, G. Romano, Kimio Niwa, M. Seman, Alevtina Shmeleva, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, J.R. Dodd, D.H. Davis, H. En'yo, G. London, G. Grella, Göran Jarlskog, D.N. Tovee, N. Armenise, K. Hoshino, P. Depommier, Ulrich Goerlach, Matthias Neubert, Vladimir Tikhomirov, T. Ishigami, Y. Sirois, L. Olsen, V. Tcherniatin, M. J. Esten, A. Holscher, L. A. Hamel, F. Gibrat-Debu, M. Murray, H. Sletten, M. T. Muciaccia, Y. Umezawa, and W. E. Cleland
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Theory, Hadron, Elementary particle, Nuclear emulsions, Nuclear physics, multiplicity, heavy ions, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, Ioni ultrarelativistici, Heavy Ion Physics, Multiplicity (mathematics), Charged particle, hybrid experiment, transverse energy, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Transverse plane, Emulsion, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nucleon, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: An emulsion study of 16O and 32S interactions at 200 GeV per nucleon selected by transverse energy
Published: 1990

27. Transverse energy distributions in16O-nucleus collisions

Author: B. Sellden, C. Leroy, A. L. S. Angelis, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, I. Stumer, Paolo Giubellino, J. Sunier, A. Marzari-Chiesa, H. W. Bartels, G. Romano, Peter Fischer, M. L. McCubbin, H. Ries, Francois Corriveau, J. Soltani, W. Sondheim, A. Dress, V. Tcherniatin, C.W. Fabjan, S. Dell'Uomo, J. R. Dodd, Odette Benary, M. A. Mazzoni, M. J. Price, N. Armenise, S. Nilsson, A. Gaidot, M. Sekimoto, B. V. Jacak, Yona Oren, J. M. Beaulieu, H. Hecke, Göran Jarlskog, M. Clemen, H. Kramer, H. En'yo, Gilbert Poulard, A. Lounis, I. Gavrilenko, A. Hölscher, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, J. P. Pansart, H. Beker, H. J. Specht, Matthias Neubert, A. Sumarokov, N. DiGiacomo, Z. Fraenkel, J. H. Bartley, L. Riccati, B. Erlandsson, Y. Sirois, K. Dederichs, A. Shmeleva, D. Bettoni, V. Tikhomirov, R. Roosen, D. Lissauer, Vincent Hedberg, V. Bisi, Sverker Johansson, Ulf Mjörnmark, Stephan J. Huber, M. J. Esten, R. Heifetz, P. T. Trent, B. Lörstad, N. A. McCubbin, J. Russ, Boris Dolgoshein, S. Almehed, A. Kalinovski, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, J. A. Thompson, T. Ludlam, Sergei Smirnov, A. Kantserov, Hans Henrik Thodberg, F. Lamarche, F. Piuz, P. Shotton, R. Chechik, U. Goerlach, F.F. Heymann, G. Rosa, Richard Wigmans, P. Nevski, M. Faessler, M. Seman, W. E. Cleland, W. J. Willis, P. Depommier, L. A. Hamel, R.C.E. Devenish, V. Kroh, L. Olsen, A. Pfeiffer, P. McGaughey, H. Bøggild, S. DiLiberto, M. Murray, H. Sletten, S. Simone, S. Dagan, Franco Meddi, I. Tserruya, H. Atherton, R. Haglund, Amos Breskin, M. T. Muciaccia, Massimo Masera, Jurgen Schukraft, D.C. Rahm, B. Collick, I. Blevis, G. London, Venetios Polychronakos, S. Mayburov, F. Gibrat-Debu, L. Ramello, and G. Beaudoin
Subjects: Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Nuclear Theory, Elementary particle, Quark gluon plasma, Nuclear physics, Transverse plane, medicine.anatomical_structure, Quark–gluon plasma, medicine, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Field theory (psychology), Quantum field theory, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon, Particle Physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), Nucleus, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: Transverse-energy distributions have been measured in the pseudo-rapidity region −0.1 >ηlab
Published: 1988

28. The transverse energy distribution in16O-nucleus collisions at 60 and 200 GeV per nucleon

Author: M. Clemen, M. J. Esten, D. Bettoni, Franco Meddi, D. Lissauer, M. Faessler, C. Leroy, Paolo Giubellino, S. Dell'Uomo, M. A. Mazzoni, P. Shotton, V. Bisi, R.C.E. Devenish, A. L. S. Angelis, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, F.F. Heymann, R. Chechik, J. M. Beaulieu, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, I. Stumer, P. Depommier, A. Gaidot, G. Jarslkog, H. Beker, Venetios Polychronakos, W. J. Willis, A. Holscher, H. En'yo, Odette Benary, B. Lörstad, C.W. Fabjan, A. Sumarokov, L. Riccati, Richard Wigmans, V. Kroh, V. Tcherniatin, L. A. Hamel, A. Marzari-Chiesa, G. Beaudoin, K. Dederichs, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, I. Tserruya, A. Pfeiffer, H. Atherton, F. Piuz, Massimo Masera, A. Lounis, N. Armenise, R. Haglund, H. Kraner, H. W. Bartels, Gilbert Poulard, P. McGaughey, H. Bøggild, G. Romano, Francois Corriveau, I. Gavrilenko, Matthias Neubert, Yona Oren, Sergei Smirnov, B. Erlandsson, T. Ludlam, S. Almehed, Y. Sirois, N. Di Giacomo, J. P. Pansart, B. Sellden, F. Lamarche, G. Rosa, S. Dagan, J. R. Dodd, U. Goerlach, Peter Fischer, J. A. Thompson, Jurgen Schukraft, S. Mayburov, D.C. Rahm, M. J. Price, J. Russ, J. Sunier, J. Soltani, S. Simone, P. Nevski, M. L. McCubbin, M. Seman, N. A. McCubbin, L. Ramello, H. J. Specht, Z. Fraenkel, H. W. Van Hecke, L. Olsen, Amos Breskin, V. Tikhomirov, G. London, Boris Dolgoshein, M. Murray, H. Sletten, F. Gibrat-Debu, A. Shmeleva, R. Roosen, S. Di Liberto, Sverker Johansson, Ulf Mjörnmark, Stephan J. Huber, R. Heifetz, A. Kantserov, W. E. Cleland, W. Sondheim, A. Dress, B. Collick, I. Blevis, B. V. Jacak, J. H. Bartley, M. T. Muciaccia, Vincent Hedberg, P. T. Trent, H. Ries, A. Kalinovski, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, and Hans Henrik Thodberg
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear reaction, Particle physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Heavy Ion Physics, Nuclear Theory, Carbon-12, Parton, Alpha particle, Charged particle, Nuclear physics, Orders of magnitude (time), Pseudorapidity, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon, Engineering (miscellaneous), Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Transverse-energy distributions have been measured in the pseudorapidity region −0.12.9 decreases with increasingA. The distributions are compared with the predictions of a dual parton model. Finally the question of the energy density is addressed.
Published: 1988

29. The Transverse Energy Distributions Of S-32 Nucleus Collisions At 200-gev Per Nucleon

Author: S. Simone, P. Shotton, Paolo Giubellino, Yona Oren, A. Kantserov, A. Kalinovski, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, M. Sekimoto, Hans Henrik Thodberg, Franco Meddi, R. Haglund, B. Sellden, S. Dell'Uomo, A. Drees, Venetios Polychronakos, Gilbert Poulard, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, Richard Wigmans, G. Vasseur, M. L. McCubbin, N. Armenise, J. P. Pansart, Z. Fraenkel, S. Muraviev, B. Erlandsson, N. A. McCubbin, C. Leroy, H. Kramer, V. Kroh, F. Piuz, V. Tikhomirov, G. London, I. Gavrilenko, Matthias Neubert, A. L. S. Angelis, Jurgen Schukraft, G. Beaudoin, P. Depommier, P. Nevski, C.W. Fabjan, V. Bisi, J. Russ, D.C. Rahm, Y. Sirois, G. Jarlskog, M. T. Muciaccia, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, I. Stumer, L. Ramello, I. Tserruya, A. Pfeiffer, H. Atherton, M. Seman, U. Goerlach, M. Murray, M. Masera, Sergei Smirnov, F. Lamarche, V. Tcherniatin, H. Sletten, S. Dagan, P. McGaughey, H. Bøggild, M. A. Mazzoni, W. J. Willis, R. C. E. Devenish, H. W. Van Hecke, S. Mayburov, A. Holscher, Boris Dolgoshein, H. W. Bartels, W. Cleland, F. Gibrat-Debu, W. Sondheim, R. Heifetz, Odette Benary, Peter Fischer, L. Olsen, L. A. Hamel, H. En'yo, J. Sunier, A. Marzarichiesa, M. J. Esten, L. Lessard, A. Sumarokov, Sven Gösta Nilsson, Francois Corriveau, J. R. Dodd, E. Mazzucato, A. Lounis, J. M. Beaulieu, M. J. Price, R. Veenhof, A. Shmeleva, A. Gaidot, S. Di Liberto, Sverker Johansson, K. Dederichs, Ulf Mjörnmark, H. J. Specht, B. Collick, I. Blevis, G. Rosa, B. Lörstad, G. Romano, H. Beker, S. Almehed, M. Clemen, L. Riccati, J. A. Thompson, D. Bettoni, D. Lissauer, N. DiGiacomo, Vincent Hedberg, and B. V. Jacak
Subjects: Mass number, Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, HELIOS, Projectile, Nuclear Theory, Monte Carlo method, Particle Physics, heavy Ion Physics, Parton, Heavy ions, transverse energy, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon, Nucleus, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Transverse-energy distributions have been measured for the collisions of the 32 S nucleus with Al, Ag, W, Pt, Pb, and U target nuclei, at an incident energy of 200 GeV per nucleon. The shapes of these distribution reflect the geometry of the collisions, including the deformation effects. For central collisions, the transverse-energy production in the region −0.1 η lab A 0.5 , where A is the atomic mass number of the target. This increase is accompanied by a relative depletion in the forward region η lab > 2.9. These results are compared with those obtained under similar conditions with incident 16 O nuclei. A comparison is also made with the predictions of a Monte Carlo generator based on the dual parton model. Finally, we give estimates of the energy density reached and its dependence on the atomic mass number of the projectile.
Published: 1988

30. Feasibility of improving vascular imaging in the presence of metallic stents using spectral photon counting CT and K-edge imaging.

Author: Sigovan M, Si-Mohamed S, Bar-Ness D, Mitchell J, Langlois JB, Coulon P, Roessl E, Blevis I, Rokni M, Rioufol G, Douek P, and Boussel L
Subjects: Animals, Artifacts, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Male, Rabbits, Reproducibility of Results, Coronary Angiography methods, Coronary Vessels diagnostic imaging, Metals chemistry, Stents, Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods
Abstract: Correct visualization of the vascular lumen is impaired in standard computed tomography (CT) because of blooming artifacts, increase of apparent size, induced by metallic stents and vascular calcifications. Recently, due to the introduction of photon-counting detectors in the X-ray imaging field, a new prototype spectral photon-counting CT (SPCCT) based on a modified clinical CT system has been tested in a feasibility study for improving vascular lumen delineation and visualization of coronary stent architecture. Coronary stents of different metal composition were deployed inside plastic tubes containing hydroxyapatite spheres to simulate vascular calcifications and in the abdominal aorta of one New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit. Imaging was performed with an SPCCT prototype, a dual-energy CT system, and a conventional 64-channel CT system (B64). We found the apparent widths of the stents significantly smaller on SPCCT than on the other two systems in vitro (p < 0.01), thus closer to the true size. Consequently, the intra-stent lumen was significantly larger on SPCCT (p < 0.01). In conclusion, owing to the increased spatial resolution of SPCCT, improved lumen visualization and delineation of stent metallic mesh is possible compared to dual-energy and conventional CT.
Published: 2019
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31. Assessment of candidate elements for development of spectral photon-counting CT specific contrast agents.

Author: Kim J, Bar-Ness D, Si-Mohamed S, Coulon P, Blevis I, Douek P, and Cormode DP
Subjects: Animals, Cell Culture Techniques methods, Contrast Media chemical synthesis, Feasibility Studies, Gadolinium chemistry, Hep G2 Cells, Humans, Mice, Nanoparticles chemistry, Nanoparticles toxicity, Phantoms, Imaging, Tantalum chemistry, Tomography, X-Ray Computed instrumentation, Toxicity Tests methods, Ytterbium chemistry, Contrast Media toxicity, Drug Development, Photons, Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods
Abstract: Spectral photon-counting computed tomography (SPCCT) is a rapidly emerging imaging modality that provides energy-dependent information on individual x-ray photons, leading to accurate material decomposition and simultaneous quantification of multiple contrast generating materials. Development of SPCCT-specific contrast agents is needed to overcome the issues with currently used iodinated contrast agents, such as difficulty in differentiation from calcified structures, and yield SPCCT's full promise. In this study, the contrast generation of different elements is investigated using a prototype SPCCT scanner based on a modified clinical CT system and suitable elements for novel contrast agent development for SPCCT imaging are identified. Furthermore, nanoparticles were synthesized from tantalum as a proof of concept spectral photon-counting CT agent and tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity and contrast generation to provide insight into the feasibility of nanoparticle contrast agent development from these elements. We found that gadolinium, ytterbium and tantalum generate high contrast in spectral photon-counting CT imaging and may be suitable elements for contrast agent development for this modality. Our proof of concept results with tantalum-based nanoparticles underscore this conclusion due to their detectability with spectral photon-counting CT, as well as their biocompatibility.
Published: 2018
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32. Evaluation of spectral photon counting computed tomography K-edge imaging for determination of gold nanoparticle biodistribution in vivo.

Author: Si-Mohamed S, Cormode DP, Bar-Ness D, Sigovan M, Naha PC, Langlois JB, Chalabreysse L, Coulon P, Blevis I, Roessl E, Erhard K, Boussel L, and Douek P
Subjects: Animals, Photons, Rabbits, Tissue Distribution, Gold, Metal Nanoparticles, Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Abstract: Spectral photon counting computed tomography (SPCCT) is an emerging medical imaging technology. SPCCT scanners record the energy of incident photons, which allows specific detection of contrast agents due to measurement of their characteristic X-ray attenuation profiles. This approach is known as K-edge imaging. Nanoparticles formed from elements such as gold, bismuth or ytterbium have been reported as potential contrast agents for SPCCT imaging. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles have many applications in medicine, such as adjuvants for radiotherapy and photothermal ablation. In particular, longitudinal imaging of the biodistribution of nanoparticles would be highly attractive for their clinical translation. We therefore studied the capabilities of a novel SPCCT scanner to quantify the biodistribution of gold nanoparticles in vivo. PEGylated gold nanoparticles were used. Phantom imaging showed that concentrations measured on gold images correlated well with known concentrations (slope = 0.94, intercept = 0.18, RMSE = 0.18, R 2 = 0.99). The SPCCT system allowed repetitive and quick acquisitions in vivo, and follow-up of changes in the AuNP biodistribution over time. Measurements performed on gold images correlated with the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurements in the organs of interest (slope = 0.77, intercept = 0.47, RMSE = 0.72, R 2 = 0.93). TEM results were in agreement with the imaging and ICP-OES in that much higher concentrations of AuNPs were observed in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes (mainly in macrophages). In conclusion, we found that SPCCT can be used for repetitive and non-invasive determination of the biodistribution of gold nanoparticles in vivo.
Published: 2017
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33. Multicolor spectral photon-counting computed tomography: in vivo dual contrast imaging with a high count rate scanner.

Author: Cormode DP, Si-Mohamed S, Bar-Ness D, Sigovan M, Naha PC, Balegamire J, Lavenne F, Coulon P, Roessl E, Bartels M, Rokni M, Blevis I, Boussel L, and Douek P
Subjects: Animals, Calcium Phosphates, Female, Gold pharmacokinetics, Iopamidol analogs & derivatives, Iopamidol pharmacokinetics, Male, Metal Nanoparticles, Phantoms, Imaging, Rabbits, Contrast Media pharmacokinetics, Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods
Abstract: A new prototype spectral photon-counting computed tomography (SPCCT) based on a modified clinical CT system has been developed. SPCCT analysis of the energy composition of the transmitted x-ray spectrum potentially allows simultaneous dual contrast agent imaging, however, this has not yet been demonstrated with such a system. We investigated the feasibility of using this system to distinguish gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and an iodinated contrast agent. The contrast agents and calcium phosphate were imaged in phantoms. Conventional CT, gold K-edge, iodine and water images were produced and demonstrated accurate discrimination and quantification of gold and iodine concentrations in a phantom containing mixtures of the contrast agents. In vivo experiments were performed using New Zealand White rabbits at several times points after injections of AuNP and iodinated contrast agents. We found that the contrast material maps clearly differentiated the distributions of gold and iodine in the tissues allowing quantification of the contrast agents' concentrations, which matched their expected pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, rapid, repetitive scanning was done, which allowed measurement of contrast agent kinetics with high temporal resolution. In conclusion, a clinical scale, high count rate SPCCT system is able to discriminate gold and iodine contrast media in different organs in vivo.
Published: 2017
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34. Spectral Photon-counting CT: Initial Experience with Dual-Contrast Agent K-Edge Colonography.

Author: Muenzel D, Bar-Ness D, Roessl E, Blevis I, Bartels M, Fingerle AA, Ruschke S, Coulon P, Daerr H, Kopp FK, Brendel B, Thran A, Rokni M, Herzen J, Boussel L, Pfeiffer F, Proksa R, Rummeny EJ, Douek P, and Noël PB
Subjects: Contrast Media, Gadolinium, Iodine Compounds, Phantoms, Imaging, Photons, Colonography, Computed Tomographic methods
Abstract: Purpose To investigate the feasibility of using spectral photon-counting computed tomography (CT) to differentiate between gadolinium-based and nonionic iodine-based contrast material in a colon phantom by using the characteristic k edge of gadolinium. Materials and Methods A custom-made colon phantom was filled with nonionic iodine-based contrast material, and a gadolinium-filled capsule representing a contrast material-enhanced polyp was positioned on the colon wall. The colon phantom was scanned with a preclinical spectral photon-counting CT system to obtain spectral and conventional data. By fully using the multibin spectral information, material decomposition was performed to generate iodine and gadolinium maps. Quantitative measurements were performed within the lumen and polyp to quantitatively determine the absolute content of iodine and gadolinium. Results In a conventional CT section, absorption values of both contrast agents were similar at approximately 110 HU. Contrast material maps clearly differentiated the distributions, with gadolinium solely in the polyp and iodine in the lumen of the colon. Quantitative measurements of contrast material concentrations in the colon and polyp matched well with those of actual prepared mixtures. Conclusion Dual-contrast spectral photon-counting CT colonography with iodine-filled lumen and gadolinium-tagged polyps may enable ready differentiation between polyps and tagged fecal material. © RSNA, 2016.
Published: 2017
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35. Fluence-Field Modulated X-ray CT using Multiple Aperture Devices.

Author: Stayman JW, Mathews A, Zbijewski W, Gang G, Siewerdsen J, Kawamoto S, Blevis I, and Levinson R
Abstract: We introduce a novel strategy for fluence field modulation (FFM) in x-ray CT using multiple aperture devices (MADs). MAD filters permit FFM by blocking or transmitting the x-ray beam on a fine (0.1-1 mm) scale. The filters have a number of potential advantages over other beam modulation strategies including the potential for a highly compact design, modest actuation speed and acceleration requirements, and spectrally neutral filtration due to their essentially binary action. In this work, we present the underlying MAD filtration concept including a design process to achieve a specific class of FFM patterns. A set of MAD filters is fabricated using a tungsten laser sintering process and integrated into an x-ray CT test bench. A characterization of the MAD filters is conducted and compared to traditional attenuating bowtie filters and the ability to flatten the fluence profile for a 32 cm acrylic phantom is demonstrated. MAD-filtered tomographic data was acquired on the CT test bench and reconstructed without artifacts associated with the MAD filter. These initial studies suggest that MAD-based FFM is appropriate for integration in clinical CT system to create patient-specific fluence field profile and reduce radiation exposures.
Published: 2016
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36. Sentinel node detection in an animal study: evaluation of a new portable gamma camera.

Author: Kopelman D, Blevis I, Iosilevsky G, Hatoum OA, Zaretzki A, Shofti R, Salmon T, Israel O, and Hashmonai M
Subjects: Animals, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Male, Radionuclide Imaging, Radiopharmaceuticals, Swine, Technetium, Gamma Cameras, Lymph Nodes diagnostic imaging, Lymphatic Metastasis diagnostic imaging, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy instrumentation
Abstract: We tested the capacity of a newly developed portable gamma camera to precisely locate sentinel nodes by injecting a radiotracer. Two sets of experiments were performed on eight pigs under general anesthesia. 99mTc-Nanocolloid and dye complex was injected in the submuscular layer of the small bowel in the first set and subcutaneously in the knee region in the second set of experiments. Image acquisition of the sentinel nodes was performed with the Camera placed at various angles. A mosaic of images was obtained encompassing the injection sites, lymphatic pathways, and sentinel lymph nodes. Three-dimensional visualizations were obtained, allowing the precise location and complete excision of these nodes. The use of the portable gamma camera allowed the rapid visualization of the lymphatic pathways leading from the injection sites to the sentinel nodes and precise location of these nodes. The Camera was also useful to verify the complete removal of the labeled target tissues.
Published: 2007

37. A newly developed intra-operative gamma camera: performance characteristics in a laboratory phantom study.

Author: Kopelman D, Blevis I, Iosilevsky G, Reznik A, Chaikov A, Weiner N, Israel O, and Hashmonai M
Subjects: Equipment Design, Equipment Failure Analysis, Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Surgery, Computer-Assisted methods, Gamma Cameras, Image Enhancement instrumentation, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted instrumentation, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted methods, Imaging, Three-Dimensional instrumentation, Surgery, Computer-Assisted instrumentation
Abstract: Purpose: Radioguided surgery depends on the intra-operative detection of radiolabelled tissues. This is currently accomplished with hand tools capable of providing a tone signal, depending on the proximity and direction of a radioactive source in relation to the probe. The advantages of visual images of radiolabelled tissues are well recognised, but satisfactory means of acquiring such images intra-operatively are not yet available. The goal of this study was to examine the performance of a newly developed intra-operative gamma camera, compact enough to be a hand tool and capable of yielding a visual image of the source field., Methods: The study was performed in the laboratory with a phantom consisting of a water bath and small hollow spheres (1-2 cm in internal diameter) filled with 99mTc (1-5 microCi/cc), placed in different configurations within the bath. For comparison, studies were also performed using a standard intra-operative gamma probe, and others using a standard single-head high-resolution gamma camera., Results: Compared with the gamma probe, the intra-operative camera was found to possess a superior ability to distinguish small, deep and weakly localised radioactivity sources from background. By acquiring images from different angles, it allowed a 3D understanding of multiple radioactive sources. It detected "cold" defects within a "hot" radiolabelled sphere. It discriminated a weak source located near a much "hotter" radioactivity source, similar to discrimination with the standard gamma camera, and discerned localised sources against a background of radioactivity., Conclusion: It is anticipated that the high imaging potential of the camera tested in this study will offer clinical advantages.
Published: 2005
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38. Evaluation of a small cadmium zinc telluride detector for scintimammography.

Author: Mueller B, O'Connor MK, Blevis I, Rhodes DJ, Smith R, Collins DA, and Phillips SW
Subjects: Breast diagnostic imaging, Cadmium Compounds chemistry, Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast diagnostic imaging, Equipment Design, Humans, Phantoms, Imaging, Quality Control, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tellurium chemistry, Zinc chemistry, Breast Neoplasms diagnostic imaging, Cadmium Compounds analysis, Gamma Cameras, Radiometry instrumentation, Radionuclide Imaging instrumentation, Transducers
Abstract: Unlabelled: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a small semiconductor-based gamma camera that may have applications in scintimammography., Methods: A small cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector was evaluated. The detector had a field of view of 20 x 20 cm with detector elements of 2.5 x 2.5 mm in size. Both short-bore (35 mm) and long-bore (50 mm) collimators, matched to the geometry of the detector elements, were evaluated. The imaging performance of the CZT detector was compared with that of a conventional gamma camera equipped with all-purpose and ultra-high-resolution collimators. The performance of both systems with respect to breast imaging was evaluated using a water tank containing small glass spheres, 1.8-9.8 mm in diameter. The effects of variations in breast thickness, tumor depth, and tumor-to-background ratio were all simulated in this phantom model. Total counts per image were adjusted to approximate the count density observed in clinical scintimammographic studies., Results: Sensitivity of the CZT detector was 76% that of the equivalent NaI system. The system demonstrated excellent integral uniformity. The energy resolution of the CZT system was 6.5% for (99m)Tc. Spatial resolution with the long-bore collimator was superior to that of a conventional large field-of -view gamma camera equipped with an ultra-high- resolution collimator, over the range 0-6 cm from the collimator face. A blinded review of breast phantom images showed that small spheres (< or =7 mm in diameter) were better seen and had a better tumor-to-background ratio with the CZT system than with the conventional gamma camera., Conclusion: A small CZT detector offers superior performance to a conventional gamma camera and should permit reliable detection of breast tumors <1 cm in size.
Published: 2003

39. Measurement of day and night neutrino energy spectra at SNO and constraints on neutrino mixing parameters.

Author: Ahmad QR, Allen RC, Andersen TC, Anglin JD, Barton JC, Beier EW, Bercovitch M, Bigu J, Biller SD, Black RA, Blevis I, Boardman RJ, Boger J, Bonvin E, Boulay MG, Bowler MG, Bowles TJ, Brice SJ, Browne MC, Bullard TV, Bühler G, Cameron J, Chan YD, Chen HH, Chen M, Chen X, Cleveland BT, Clifford ET, Cowan JH, Cowen DF, Cox GA, Dai X, Dalnoki-Veress F, Davidson WF, Doe PJ, Doucas G, Dragowsky MR, Duba CA, Duncan FA, Dunford M, Dunmore JA, Earle ED, Elliott SR, Evans HC, Ewan GT, Farine J, Fergani H, Ferraris AP, Ford RJ, Formaggio JA, Fowler MM, Frame K, Frank ED, Frati W, Gagnon N, Germani JV, Gil S, Graham K, Grant DR, Hahn RL, Hallin AL, Hallman ED, Hamer AS, Hamian AA, Handler WB, Haq RU, Hargrove CK, Harvey PJ, Hazama R, Heeger KM, Heintzelman WJ, Heise J, Helmer RL, Hepburn JD, Heron H, Hewett J, Hime A, Howe M, Hykawy JG, Isaac MC, Jagam P, Jelley NA, Jillings C, Jonkmans G, Kazkaz K, Keener PT, Klein JR, Knox AB, Komar RJ, Kouzes R, Kutter T, Kyba CC, Law J, Lawson IT, Lay M, Lee HW, Lesko KT, Leslie JR, Levine I, Locke W, Luoma S, Lyon J, Majerus S, Mak HB, Maneira J, Manor J, Marino AD, McCauley N, McDonald AB, McDonald DS, McFarlane K, McGregor G, Meijer Drees R, Mifflin C, Miller GG, Milton G, Moffat BA, Moorhead M, Nally CW, Neubauer MS, Newcomer FM, Ng HS, Noble AJ, Norman EB, Novikov VM, O'Neill M, Okada CE, Ollerhead RW, Omori M, Orrell JL, Oser SM, Poon AW, Radcliffe TJ, Roberge A, Robertson BC, Robertson RG, Rosendahl SS, Rowley JK, Rusu VL, Saettler E, Schaffer KK, Schwendener MH, Schülke A, Seifert H, Shatkay M, Simpson JJ, Sims CJ, Sinclair D, Skensved P, Smith AR, Smith MW, Spreitzer T, Starinsky N, Steiger TD, Stokstad RG, Stonehill LC, Storey RS, Sur B, Tafirout R, Tagg N, Tanner NW, Taplin RK, Thorman M, Thornewell PM, Trent PT, Tserkovnyak YI, Van Berg R, Van de Water RG, Virtue CJ, Waltham CE, Wang JX, Wark DL, West N, Wilhelmy JB, Wilkerson JF, Wilson JR, Wittich P, Wouters JM, and Yeh M
Abstract: The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) has measured day and night solar neutrino energy spectra and rates. For charged current events, assuming an undistorted 8B spectrum, the night minus day rate is 14.0%+/-6.3%(+1.5%)(-1.4%) of the average rate. If the total flux of active neutrinos is additionally constrained to have no asymmetry, the nu(e) asymmetry is found to be 7.0%+/-4.9%(+1.3%)(-1.2%). A global solar neutrino analysis in terms of matter-enhanced oscillations of two active flavors strongly favors the large mixing angle solution.
Published: 2002
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40. Direct evidence for neutrino flavor transformation from neutral-current interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory.

Author: Ahmad QR, Allen RC, Andersen TC, D Anglin J, Barton JC, Beier EW, Bercovitch M, Bigu J, Biller SD, Black RA, Blevis I, Boardman RJ, Boger J, Bonvin E, Boulay MG, Bowler MG, Bowles TJ, Brice SJ, Browne MC, Bullard TV, Bühler G, Cameron J, Chan YD, Chen HH, Chen M, Chen X, Cleveland BT, Clifford ET, Cowan JH, Cowen DF, Cox GA, Dai X, Dalnoki-Veress F, Davidson WF, Doe PJ, Doucas G, Dragowsky MR, Duba CA, Duncan FA, Dunford M, Dunmore JA, Earle ED, Elliott SR, Evans HC, Ewan GT, Farine J, Fergani H, Ferraris AP, Ford RJ, Formaggio JA, Fowler MM, Frame K, Frank ED, Frati W, Gagnon N, Germani JV, Gil S, Graham K, Grant DR, Hahn RL, Hallin AL, Hallman ED, Hamer AS, Hamian AA, Handler WB, Haq RU, Hargrove CK, Harvey PJ, Hazama R, Heeger KM, Heintzelman WJ, Heise J, Helmer RL, Hepburn JD, Heron H, Hewett J, Hime A, Howe M, Hykawy JG, Isaac MC, Jagam P, Jelley NA, Jillings C, Jonkmans G, Kazkaz K, Keener PT, Klein JR, Knox AB, Komar RJ, Kouzes R, Kutter T, Kyba CC, Law J, Lawson IT, Lay M, Lee HW, Lesko KT, Leslie JR, Levine I, Locke W, Luoma S, Lyon J, Majerus S, Mak HB, Maneira J, Manor J, Marino AD, McCauley N, McDonald AB, McDonald DS, McFarlane K, McGregor G, Meijer Drees R, Mifflin C, Miller GG, Milton G, Moffat BA, Moorhead M, Nally CW, Neubauer MS, Newcomer FM, Ng HS, Noble AJ, Norman EB, Novikov VM, O'Neill M, Okada CE, Ollerhead RW, Omori M, Orrell JL, Oser SM, Poon AW, Radcliffe TJ, Roberge A, Robertson BC, Robertson RG, Rosendahl SS, Rowley JK, Rusu VL, Saettler E, Schaffer KK, Schwendener MH, Schülke A, Seifert H, Shatkay M, Simpson JJ, Sims CJ, Sinclair D, Skensved P, Smith AR, Smith MW, Spreitzer T, Starinsky N, Steiger TD, Stokstad RG, Stonehill LC, Storey RS, Sur B, Tafirout R, Tagg N, Tanner NW, Taplin RK, Thorman M, Thornewell PM, Trent PT, Tserkovnyak YI, Van Berg R, Van de Water RG, Virtue CJ, Waltham CE, Wang JX, Wark DL, West N, Wilhelmy JB, Wilkerson JF, Wilson JR, Wittich P, Wouters JM, and Yeh M
Abstract: Observations of neutral-current nu interactions on deuterium in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are reported. Using the neutral current (NC), elastic scattering, and charged current reactions and assuming the standard 8B shape, the nu(e) component of the 8B solar flux is phis(e) = 1.76(+0.05)(-0.05)(stat)(+0.09)(-0.09)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1) for a kinetic energy threshold of 5 MeV. The non-nu(e) component is phi(mu)(tau) = 3.41(+0.45)(-0.45)(stat)(+0.48)(-0.45)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1), 5.3sigma greater than zero, providing strong evidence for solar nu(e) flavor transformation. The total flux measured with the NC reaction is phi(NC) = 5.09(+0.44)(-0.43)(stat)(+0.46)(-0.43)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1), consistent with solar models.
Published: 2002
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41. Measurement of the rate of nu(e) + d --> p + p + e(-) interactions produced by (8)B solar neutrinos at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory.

Author: Ahmad QR, Allen RC, Andersen TC, Anglin JD, Bühler G, Barton JC, Beier EW, Bercovitch M, Bigu J, Biller S, Black RA, Blevis I, Boardman RJ, Boger J, Bonvin E, Boulay MG, Bowler MG, Bowles TJ, Brice SJ, Browne MC, Bullard TV, Burritt TH, Cameron K, Cameron J, Chan YD, Chen M, Chen HH, Chen X, Chon MC, Cleveland BT, Clifford ET, Cowan JH, Cowen DF, Cox GA, Dai Y, Dai X, Dalnoki-Veress F, Davidson WF, Doe PJ, Doucas G, Dragowsky MR, Duba CA, Duncan FA, Dunmore J, Earle ED, Elliott SR, Evans HC, Ewan GT, Farine J, Fergani H, Ferraris AP, Ford RJ, Fowler MM, Frame K, Frank ED, Frati W, Germani JV, Gil S, Goldschmidt A, Grant DR, Hahn RL, Hallin AL, Hallman ED, Hamer A, Hamian AA, Haq RU, Hargrove CK, Harvey PJ, Hazama R, Heaton R, Heeger KM, Heintzelman WJ, Heise J, Helmer RL, Hepburn JD, Heron H, Hewett J, Hime A, Howe M, Hykawy JG, Isaac MC, Jagam P, Jelley NA, Jillings C, Jonkmans G, Karn J, Keener PT, Kirch K, Klein JR, Knox AB, Komar RJ, Kouzes R, Kutter T, Kyba CC, Law J, Lawson IT, Lay M, Lee HW, Lesko KT, Leslie JR, Levine I, Locke W, Lowry MM, Luoma S, Lyon J, Majerus S, Mak HB, Marino AD, McCauley N, McDonald AB, McDonald DS, McFarlane K, McGregor G, McLatchie W, Meijer Drees R, Mes H, Mifflin C, Miller GG, Milton G, Moffat BA, Moorhead M, Nally CW, Neubauer MS, Newcomer FM, Ng HS, Noble AJ, Norman EB, Novikov VM, O'Neill M, Okada CE, Ollerhead RW, Omori M, Orrell JL, Oser SM, Poon AW, Radcliffe TJ, Roberge A, Robertson BC, Robertson RG, Rowley JK, Rusu VL, Saettler E, Schaffer KK, Schuelke A, Schwendener MH, Seifert H, Shatkay M, Simpson JJ, Sinclair D, Skensved P, Smith AR, Smith MW, Starinsky N, Steiger TD, Stokstad RG, Storey RS, Sur B, Tafirout R, Tagg N, Tanner NW, Taplin RK, Thorman M, Thornewell P, Trent PT, Tserkovnyak YI, Van Berg R, Van de Water RG, Virtue CJ, Waltham CE, Wang JX, Wark DL, West N, Wilhelmy JB, Wilkerson JF, Wilson J, Wittich P, Wouters JM, and Yeh M
Abstract: Solar neutrinos from (8)B decay have been detected at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory via the charged current (CC) reaction on deuterium and the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. The flux of nu(e)'s is measured by the CC reaction rate to be straight phi(CC)(nu(e)) = 1.75 +/- 0.07(stat)(+0.12)(-0.11)(syst) +/- 0.05(theor) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1). Comparison of straight phi(CC)(nu(e)) to the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration's precision value of the flux inferred from the ES reaction yields a 3.3 sigma difference, assuming the systematic uncertainties are normally distributed, providing evidence of an active non- nu(e) component in the solar flux. The total flux of active 8B neutrinos is determined to be 5.44+/-0.99 x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1).
Published: 2001
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42. Electron spectra derived from depth dose distributions.

Author: Faddegon BA and Blevis I
Subjects: Computer Simulation, Electrons, Models, Theoretical, Monte Carlo Method, Particle Accelerators, Radiotherapy, High-Energy instrumentation, Radiotherapy Dosage
Abstract: The technique of extracting electron energy spectra from measured distributions of dose along the central axis of clinical electron beams is explored in detail. Clinical spectra measured with this simple spectroscopy tool are shown to be sufficient in accuracy and resolution for use in Monte Carlo treatment planning. A set of monoenergetic depth dose curves of appropriate energy spacing, precalculated with Monte Carlo for a simple beam model, are unfolded from the measured depth dose curve. The beam model is comprised of a point electron and photon source placed in vacuum with a source-to-surface distance of 100 cm. Systematic error introduced by this model affects the calculated depth dose curve by no more than 2%/2 mm. The component of the dose due to treatment head bremsstrahlung, subtracted prior to unfolding, is estimated from the thin-target Schiff spectrum within 0.3% of the maximum total dose (from electrons and photons) on the beam axis. Optimal unfolding parameters are chosen, based on physical principles. Unfolding is done with the public-domain code FERDO. Comparisons were made to previously published spectra measured with magnetic spectroscopy and to spectra we calculated with Monte Carlo treatment head simulation. The approach gives smooth spectra with an average resolution for the 27 beams studied of 16+/-3% of the mean peak energy. The mean peak energy of the magnetic spectrometer spectra was calculated within 2% for the AECL T20 scanning beam accelerators, 3% for the Philips SL25 scattering foil based machine. The number of low energy electrons in Monte Carlo spectra is estimated by unfolding with an accuracy of 2%, relative to the total number of electrons in the beam. Central axis depth dose curves calculated from unfolded spectra are within 0.5%/0.5 mm of measured and simulated depth dose curves, except near the practical range, where 1%/1 mm errors are evident.
Published: 2000
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43. Digital radiology using active matrix readout of amorphous selenium: construction and evaluation of a prototype real-time detector.

Author: Zhao W, Blevis I, Germann S, Rowlands JA, Waechter D, and Huang Z
Subjects: Models, Theoretical, Sensitivity and Specificity, X-Rays, Fluoroscopy methods, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Selenium
Abstract: The goal of the present work is to develop a large area, flat-panel solid-state detector for both digital radiography and fluoroscopy. The proposed detector employs a photoconductive layer of amorphous selenium (a-Se) to convert x rays into charge. The charge image formed by the a-Se layer is electronically read out in situ using a two dimensional array of thin film transistors (TFTs), or active matrix. Since the active matrix readout is capable of producing x-ray images in real-time, it can potentially be applied in both radiography and fluoroscopy. In this paper, the imaging performance of this concept is investigated using a prototype x-ray imaging detector. The designs for the active matrix, the peripheral electronic circuits, and the image acquisition system are described. Measurements of x-ray imaging properties of the prototype detector, i.e., x-ray sensitivity, presampling modulation transfer function (MTF), and noise power spectrum (NPS), were performed, and from which the spatial frequency dependent detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of the prototype was derived. The experimental results are in agreement with the results of our theoretical analysis. The factors affecting the imaging performance and methods of improvement in the future are discussed.
Published: 1997
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44. Search for the decay pi 0--> gamma X.

Author: Meijer Drees R, Waltham CE, Blevis I I, Hasinoff M, Virtue CJ, Gumplinger P, Stetz A, and Poutissou J
Published: 1994
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