Search

Background: Hypocholesterolemia hallmarks critical illness though the underlying pathophysiology is incompletely understood. As low circulating cholesterol levels could partly be due to an increased conversion to cortisol/corticosterone, we hypothesized that glucocorticoid treatment, via reduced de novo adrenal cortisol/corticosterone synthesis, might improve cholesterol availability and as such affect adrenal gland and skeletal muscle function. Methods: In a matched set of prolonged critically ill patients (n = 324) included in the EPaNIC RCT, a secondary analysis was performed to assess the association between glucocorticoid treatment and plasma cholesterol from ICU admission to day five. Next, in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis, septic mice were randomized to receive either hydrocortisone (1.2 mg/day) (n = 17) or placebo (n = 15) for 5 days, as compared with healthy mice (n = 18). Plasma corticosterone, cholesterol, and adrenocortical and myofiber cholesterol were quantified. Adrenal structure and steroidogenic capacity were evaluated. Muscle force and markers of atrophy, fibrosis and regeneration were quantified. In a consecutive mouse study with identical design (n = 24), whole body composition was assessed by EchoMRI to investigate impact on lean mass, fat mass, total and free water. Results: In human patients, glucocorticoid treatment was associated with higher plasma HDL- and LDL-cholesterol from respectively ICU day two and day three, up to day five (P < 0.05). Plasma corticosterone was no longer elevated in hydrocortisone-treated septic mice compared to placebo, whereas the sepsis-induced reduction in plasma HDL- and LDL-cholesterol and in adrenocortical cholesterol was attenuated (P < 0.05), but without improving the adrenocortical ACTH-induced CORT response and with increased adrenocortical inflammation and apoptosis (P < 0.05). Total body mass was further decreased in hydrocortisone-treated septic mice (P < 0.01) compared to placebo, with no additional effect on muscle mass, force or myofiber size. The sepsis-induced rise in markers of muscle atrophy and fibrosis was unaffected by hydrocortisone treatment, whereas markers of muscle regeneration were suppressed compared to placebo (P < 0.05). An increased loss of lean body mass and total and free water was observed in hydrocortisone-treated septic mice compared to placebo (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Glucocorticoid treatment partially attenuated critical illness-induced hypocholesterolemia, but at a cost of impaired adrenal function, suppressed muscle regeneration and exacerbated loss of body mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Errors of cholesterol b i o s y n t h e s i s r e p r e s e n t a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders. The aim of the authors of this article is to present a case of a patient with typical symptoms of a rare post-squalene disorder of cholesterol biosynthesis, its diagnostics and progress in neonatal period. The differential diagnosis of a typical findings on the skin wi th spontaneous r e g r e s s i o n i c h t y o s i f o rm erythroderma, craniofacial dysmorphic features, anomalies of organs or skeletal abnormalities in a newborn may also be the result of a di sorde r of chol e s t e rol biosynthesis. The final diagnosis is definitely confirmed by DNA analysis. Prognosis depends on the different enzyme defects of cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, but typically on the post-squalene pathway. Cholesterol is an important substance that plays a significant role in membrane structure, as well as being the precursor for the synthesis of the steroid hormones and bile acids. Cholesterol synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and microsomes from the twocarbon acetate group of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). The biosynthesis of cholesterol consists of several reactions. Acetyl-CoA units are converted to mevalonate by a series of reactions. Mevalonate is formed on squalene and then lanosterol. Lanosterol is conver ted by two di fferent pathways, either with the creation of 7-dehydrocholesterol , or desmosterol with the creation of cholesterol. Errors of cholesterol biosynthesis represent a heterogeneous group of metabol ic disorders that is c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y mu l t i p l e dysmorphic features underlining an important role for cholesterol in human embryogene s i s and development. The differential diagnosis of atypical findings on the skin in newborn may be the result of d i s o r d e r o f c h o l e s t e r o l biosynthesis. It may be also associated with various dysmorphic features or anomalies including multiple anomalies of congenital and internal organs and skeletal abnormalities. Some of the postsqualene disorders may point to atypical findings on the skin in the form of psoriatic eruptions, psychomotoric delay or laboratory findings as hypocholesterolemia

Objective: To observe the effects of moringa oleifera on lipid parameters of rabbits. Study Design: Experimental Trial. Setting: was carried out on healthy animal models using adult male rabbits in indoor Patient Ward of Pakistan Veterinary Clinic and Pet Centre Nawabshah. Period: January 2023 to June 2023. Methods: Thirty adult male rabbits age ranging from 16 to 24 months having weight between 2 to 3 kg were selected and randomly divided in to three groups comprising 10 rabbits in each group. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 25.0. Results: The mean Cholesterol, LDL, HDL and Triglycerides level of the rabbits were compared between Group A (Control), Group B (250 mg/Kg MO) and Group C (500 mg/Kg MO) and data was collected on four scheduled days (Day 0, 15, 30 and 45). Statistical significant test repeated measure ANOVA was applied and there was statistically significant difference among means Cholesterol level in each time period in both Group B and C with P-value 0.002 on groups, mean LDL level with P-value 0.014 and 0.000 on both groups and mean HDL level with P-value 0.000 and 0.015on both groups. There were no statistically significant differences between means in Serum Triglyceride level in both groups with P-value 0.063 and 0.149. Conclusion: It was concluded in our study that Moringa Olifera has potential role in lowering serum Cholesterol, LDL and HDL level with regular use. But we cannot find any significant difference in lowering triglyceride level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin (MLT), a natural compound found in the animal and vegetable kingdom, participates in several physiological processes. MLT exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, among others, but information about its action on lipid metabolism is still scarce. For this reason, mice deficient in apolipoprotein E (ApoE−/−) fed a Western diet (WD) were intragastrically treated with different concentrations of MLT (2 and 9 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. The lipid parameters were quantified, and, since links between cardiovascular risk and immune function and oxidative stress have been established, we also analyzed the population of leukocytes and the oxidative stress status. Although there was no change in the weight of the mice, a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was observed in mice treated with the higher concentration of MLT tested in this study. Additionally, an improvement in cardiovascular risk indexes was observed. A reduction in the hepatic total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C levels was also observed in the treated mice. Finally, a decrease in leukocytes and lymphocytes in particular, as well as an increase in the antioxidant status, were shown in MLT-treated mice. In conclusion, MLT is a promising candidate that could be considered as a possible functional ingredient capable of preventing cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin (MLT), a natural compound found in the animal and vegetable kingdom, participates in several physiological processes. MLT exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, among others, but information about its action on lipid metabolism is still scarce. For this reason, mice deficient in apolipoprotein E (ApoE−/−) fed a Western diet (WD) were intragastrically treated with different concentrations of MLT (2 and 9 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. The lipid parameters were quantified, and, since links between cardiovascular risk and immune function and oxidative stress have been established, we also analyzed the population of leukocytes and the oxidative stress status. Although there was no change in the weight of the mice, a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was observed in mice treated with the higher concentration of MLT tested in this study. Additionally, an improvement in cardiovascular risk indexes was observed. A reduction in the hepatic total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C levels was also observed in the treated mice. Finally, a decrease in leukocytes and lymphocytes in particular, as well as an increase in the antioxidant status, were shown in MLT-treated mice. In conclusion, MLT is a promising candidate that could be considered as a possible functional ingredient capable of preventing cardiovascular risk.

A hypocholesterolemic effect of chickpea (CPH) and sardine protein hydrolysates (SPH) has been observed. Two main mechanisms could be involved in explaining this fact: the inhibition of cholesterol enterohepatic cycle and a post-absorptive regulatory pathway. We aimed to check whether these hypotheses were involved in the present study. Three groups of rats were given a single dose of a cholesterol-oil solution (HC), supplemented or not with CPH or SPH. The postprandial transcription levels of some genes involved in cholesterol metabolism were assessed in their livers. Four hours after feeding, the results showed that Mttp, Pltp, Cidec, Abca1, and Abcg1 gene expressions were similar among the different groups. Lcat mRNA was 5.5-fold higher in CPH and SPH rats' liver vs. HC, but this difference was not statistically significant. SPH tends to upregulate Ldlr expression, while CPH tends to upregulate Cyp7a1 transcription (2- and 8-fold, respectively, compared to HC rats, p=0.083 according to the Mann-Whitney test). Pon1 and Apoa1 were not affected by the hydrolysate supplementation vs. HC group. In conclusion, these results suggest that chickpeas and sardine protein hydrolysates exert hypocholesterolemic activity mainly by enterohepatic inhibiting the cholesterol cycle rather than modulating the postprandial gene expressions involved in cholesterol metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the incorporation effect of probiotic culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus) in buffalo milk yogurt on stability and microbial survival rate during storage. In addition, the influence of probiotic culture on blood lipid profiles was investigated for a period of 6 weeks. Yogurt was prepared with buffalo milk with different probiotic concentrations (0, 100, and 50%) and administered to subjects at 300 g/day. All treatments showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in acidity and pH during storage for 21 days at refrigeration temperature, while treatment with 100% probiotic culture (G2) was most prominent. Physicochemical analysis demonstrated a maximum pH decline of 0.60 in G2, followed by 0.56 in the mix cultured (G3). However, increasing trend was observed in acidity, with highest increment of 0.89% followed by 0.54% in G2 and G3, respectively. Storage study of total viable count demonstrated the reduction in the enumeration of microbial population owing to the production of organic acids, while L. acidophilus had a high survival rate of 5.25 log 10 CFU/g. Probiotic culture produced significant results in the lipid profile of subjects. Treatments containing probiotic bacteria G2 and G3 showed the lowest total cholesterol (183.57 and 182.85 mg/dL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) (105.80 106.40 mg/dL), respectively. In terms of high density lipoproteins (HDL), G2 showed a highest increment of 49.82 mg/dL. Results of our study revealed that consumption of probiotic yogurt is beneficial for human health by improvement of blood lipid profiles and reduces cardiovascular patient's percentage around the globe. Practical Application: Experimental investigation of the effect of probiotic culture addition on the stability of buffalo milk yogurt. Assessment of the potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus on blood lipid profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigment gallstones are not uncommon among patients with chronic haemolytic anaemia. But their clinical characteristics have not been described in detail and not been directly compared with the general gallstone population. Patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital with haemolytic anaemia and subsequent gallstones from January 2012 to December 2022 were included. Cases were matched (1:2) based on age, sex and location of stones to randomly select non-anaemia patients with gallstones (controls). Screening 899 cases of gallstones, we finally included 76 cases and 152 controls. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) for cases were 3.02 ± 0.98 mmol/L, 0.89 ± 0.30 mmol/L and 1.58 ± 0.70 mmol/L, respectively, significantly lower than those in the control group (all p < 0.001). TC and HDL were both lower than the normal range, but triglyceride and LDL were within the normal range. Multiple stones were significantly more common for cases (n = 59, 78%) than for controls (n = 44, 29%, p < 0.001). The mean diameter of the maximal gallstone was 1.2 ± 0.6 cm and 1.5 ± 1.0 cm for cases and controls (p = 0.120), respectively. Stones in the elderly (p = 0.002 for univariate analysis, and 0.001 for multivariate analysis) and stones in the bile duct (p = 0.005 for univariate analysis, and 0.009 for multivariate analysis) were found to occur in a shorter period after anaemia. The lipid profile of haemolytic anaemia with gallstones was distinct, low TC, low HDL, and increased-to-normal LDL, compared with the general gallstone population. Patients with haemolytic anaemia were recommended an abdominal ultrasound if aged older than 50 years, with more frequent follow-up visits. Clinical characteristics of gallstones following chronic haemolytic anaemia were described and compared with the general gallstone population. The lipid profiles were distinctly different between the patients with gallstones following chronic haemolytic anaemia and the general gallstone population. Elder patients were complicated with gallstones in a shorter period after anaemia and thus were recommended an abdominal ultrasound if aged older than 50 years, with more frequent follow-up visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To study genetic causes of decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in Russian patients.Material and methods. The study included the following Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) participants: individuals with LDL-C

AbstractBackground Pigment gallstones are not uncommon among patients with chronic haemolytic anaemia. But their clinical characteristics have not been described in detail and not been directly compared with the general gallstone population.Methods Patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital with haemolytic anaemia and subsequent gallstones from January 2012 to December 2022 were included. Cases were matched (1:2) based on age, sex and location of stones to randomly select non-anaemia patients with gallstones (controls).Results Screening 899 cases of gallstones, we finally included 76 cases and 152 controls. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) for cases were 3.02 ± 0.98 mmol/L, 0.89 ± 0.30 mmol/L and 1.58 ± 0.70 mmol/L, respectively, significantly lower than those in the control group (all p

The dietary fiber extracted from cassava pulp, composed of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and cellulose content, demonstrates promise as a functional food ingredient. The study's objectives encompassed the assessment of short-term toxicity and the evaluation of its potential cholesterol-lowering effects. The results indicated that cassava pulp dietary fiber (CDF) is well-tolerated with non-toxic thresholds determined at 10.01 g/kg body weight/day for male rats and 11.21 g/kg body weight/day for female rats during the short-term toxicity assessment. Furthermore, CDF exhibited notable cholesterol-lowering effects, significantly reducing serum triglyceride and serum total cholesterol levels, along with decreased liver total lipids and liver cholesterol levels. In contrast, it led to significant increases in fecal total lipids and cholesterol when compared to the control group. Most notably, there were no significant differences in terms of serum triglyceride, serum total cholesterol, liver total lipids, and liver cholesterol between CDF and the conventional cholesterol-lowering medication, simvastatin. These findings underscore the potential of cassava pulp dietary fiber as a natural and safe alternative for managing hyperlipidemia and related conditions. It offers a valuable avenue for the development of functional foods aimed at improving cardiovascular health and further investigation for its potential application in the field of nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daboia (Vipera) palaestinae (Dp), accounts for most envenomations in humans and dogs in Israel. In humans envenomed by Dp, serum cholesterol concentration (sChol) is inversely correlated with envenomation severity. This study examined the utility of sChol upon admission in dogs envenomed by Dp as an envenomation severity and outcome marker. Data upon admission, including sChol, were retrospectively collected from the medical records of dogs with proven Dp envenomation. The study included 415 dogs. The mortality rate was 11%. The heart rate upon admission was higher in non-survivors than in survivors. Signs of bleeding or hematoma and circulatory shock signs were more frequent among non-survivors compared to survivors. sChol, the platelet count, and serum albumin concentration (sAlb) were lower, while serum creatinine concentration was higher among non-survivors. sChol and sAlb were moderately, positively, and significantly correlated. sChol was significantly, negatively, albeit weakly, correlated with the length of hospitalization and the heart rate. sChol was lower in dogs admitted >12 h post-envenomation than in those admitted later. In dogs, sChol upon admission is a potential marker of severity and outcome of Dp envenomation. The platelet count, sAlb, and sCreat might also be potential markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we established a HepG2 cell model of hypercholesterolemia in order to investigate the cholesterol-lowering activity and underlying mechanism of sterols. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol regulation-related proteins were measured in HepG2 cells treated with nothing, simvastatin as a positive control or sterols. The results showed that the four sterol compounds tested could reduce TC and TG levels and mitigate the increase of lipids levels and lipid metabolism disorder in hypercholesterolemic cells. Moreover, they reduced the biosynthesis and absorption of cholesterol, decreased cholesterol esterification and promoted cholesterol excretion to the intestine by down-regulating the expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase (HMGCS1) and sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP2), and up-regulating the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G5/8 (ABCG5/8). We concluded that sterols improve lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic cells by affecting the expression of proteins related to cholesterol absorption and metabolism.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BackgroundFamilial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) is an autosomal semi-dominant disorder usually caused by variants in the APOB gene that frequently interferes with protein length. Clinical manifestations include malabsorption, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, low levels of lipid-soluble vitamins, and neurological, endocrine, and hematological dysfunction.MethodsGenomic DNA was isolated from the blood samples of the pediatric patient with hypocholesterolemia and his parents and brother. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed, and an expanded dyslipidemia panel was employed for genetic analysis. In addition, a systematic review of the literature on FHBL heterozygous patients was performed.Case reportGenetic investigation revealed the presence of a heterozygous variant in the APOB (NM_000384.3) gene c.6624dup[=], which changes the open reading frame and leads to early termination of translation into the p.Leu2209IlefsTer5 protein (NP_000375.3). The identified variant was not previously reported. Familial segregation analysis confirmed the variant in the mother of the subject, who also has a low level of low-density lipoprotein and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We have introduced therapy that includes limiting fats in the diet and adding lipid-soluble vitamins E, A, K, and D and calcium carbonate. We reported 35 individuals with APOB gene variations linked to FHBL in the systematic review.ConclusionWe have identified a novel pathogenic variant in the APOB gene causing FHBL in pediatric patients with hypocholesterolemia and fatty liver disease. This case illustrates the importance of genetic testing for dyslipidemias in patients with significant decreases in plasma cholesterol as we can avoid damaging neurological and ophthalmological effects by sufficient vitamin supplementation and regular follow-ups.

Background: Previous study has shown that dyslipidemia is common in patients with Sickle cell disease (SCD) and is associated with more serious SCD complications. Methods: This study investigated systematically dyslipidemia in SCD using a state-of-art nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics platform, including 147 pediatric cases with SCD and 1234 controls without SCD. We examined 249 metabolomic biomarkers, including 98 biomarkers for lipoprotein subclasses, 70 biomarkers for relative lipoprotein lipid concentrations, plus biomarkers for fatty acids and phospholipids. Results: Specific patterns of hypolipoproteinemia and hypocholesterolemia in pediatric SCD were observed in lipoprotein subclasses other than larger VLDL subclasses. Triglycerides are not significantly changed in SCD, except increased relative concentrations in lipoprotein subclasses. Decreased plasma FFAs (including total-FA, SFA, PUFA, Omega-6, and linoleic acid) and decreased plasma phospholipids were observed in SCD. Conclusion: This study scrutinized, for the first time, lipoprotein subclasses in pediatric patients with SCD, and identified SCD-specific dyslipidemia from altered lipoprotein metabolism. The findings of this study depict a broad panorama of lipid metabolism and nutrition in SCD, suggesting the potential of specific dietary supplementation of the deficient nutrients for the management of SCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dietary fiber extracted from cassava pulp, composed of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and cellulose content, demonstrates promise as a functional food ingredient. The study’s objectives encompassed the assessment of short-term toxicity and the evaluation of its potential cholesterol-lowering effects. The results indicated that cassava pulp dietary fiber (CDF) is well-tolerated with non-toxic thresholds determined at 10.01 g/kg body weight/day for male rats and 11.21 g/kg body weight/day for female rats during the short-term toxicity assessment. Furthermore, CDF exhibited notable cholesterol-lowering effects, significantly reducing serum triglyceride and serum total cholesterol levels, along with decreased liver total lipids and liver cholesterol levels. In contrast, it led to significant increases in fecal total lipids and cholesterol when compared to the control group. Most notably, there were no significant differences in terms of serum triglyceride, serum total cholesterol, liver total lipids, and liver cholesterol between CDF and the conventional cholesterol-lowering medication, simvastatin. These findings underscore the potential of cassava pulp dietary fiber as a natural and safe alternative for managing hyperlipidemia and related conditions. It offers a valuable avenue for the development of functional foods aimed at improving cardiovascular health and further investigation for its potential application in the field of nutraceuticals.

• Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia is caused by monoallelic variants in APOB. • Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease is the main associated comorbidity. • We report a novel APOB nonsense variant and present a short review about this entity. • We propose a support algorithm for the clinical diagnosis of this syndrome. Hereditary familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) is a syndrome caused by variants in the APOB gene, that cause a defect in the secretion and mobilization of liver lipids to peripheral tissues, associated with the synthesis of truncated ApoB100 apolipoproteins. This condition causes significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very low-density proteins (VLDL) and serum triglyceride levels, with unchanged high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Herein we present the case of a middle-aged woman diagnosed with FHBL and hepatic steatosis, heterozygous for c.4698C>A; (p.Tyr1566Ter) variant in APOB. The variant presented herein showed high expressiveness in the two generations of individuals analyzed and has not yet being described in the medical literature. Early diagnosis and screening for associated metabolic comorbidities such as metabolic fatty liver disease and its subsequent progression to fibrosis are the two main goals in the treatment of this condition, in order to prevent medium to long term potential complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study presents a patient diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia from his primary care physician who had been prescribed a statin. The patient sought conservative care for alternatives to the prescribed medication, but declared intervention should be with minimal changes to his current dietary or lifestyle habits. Additionally, the patient would not obtain labs not covered under his insurance. This case report highlights a concern in the patient population for common nutritional issues with nutritional supplementation and lifestyle change resistance and manners in which they are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chylomicron retention disease (CRD), or Anderson disease, is included in the familial hypocholesterolemia syndromes. Blockade of transport of chylomicron from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus at the cellular level results in a total absence of chylomicron and apolipoprotein B-48 in the blood circulation following a fat meal. This is associated with a deficiency in liposoluble vitamins and essential fatty acids. Clinical Description: We report the clinical, laboratory, and histological details of a 7-month-old boy who presented with recurrent vomiting, steatorrhea, abdominal distension, and failure to thrive since early infancy. On examination, he had severe acute malnutrition, pallor, dry skin, and hepatomegaly. Management and Outcome: Investigations revealed anemia, normal liver function test, amylase, and hypocholesterolemia. Endoscopy showed fat-laden duodenal mucosa with inflammation and vacuolization of the enterocytes. This prompted genetic testing for CRD which was confirmed by a homozygous deletion encompassing exonic regions of 3–7 of SAR1B gene on chromosome 5 [c.(178 + 1_179-1)_ * 1_]. Our patient was treated with a low-fat diet, allowing only essential fatty acids, and supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins. There was a gradual improvement in weight gain. Conclusion: Common fat malabsorption disorders presenting in childhood have significant failure to thrive. CRD should be suspected in infants with early-onset steatorrhea, if a typical blood lipid profile and endoscopy/biopsy findings are seen. CRD is confirmed by the detection of a mutation in the SAR1B gene.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the hypocholesterolemic effect of analogue rice added with rice bran from three different rice varieties (white, red and black). The Sprague Dawley rats were fed ad libitum with six different chow formulas, i.e. standard diet equal to AIN-93G (C-), high-cholesterol diet (C+), high cholesterol diet plus analogue rice containing 15% coconut dregs flour (AR1), high cholesterol diet plus10% rice bran from Ciherang white rice (AR2), Cere red rice (AR3), and Campoireng black rice (AR4). The diet intervention was conducted for 28 days. The total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) of rat plasma as well as total fat of rat liver were analyzed. The results showed that rats fed with AR1, AR2, AR3 and AR4 exhibited significant decreases of TC, LDL-C, AI and liver fat, but increased of HDL-C in comparison to those of a high-cholesterol group (C+). This hypocholesterolemic effect is associated with the significant role of dietary fiber and/or γ-oryzanol. Among groups with diet containing rice bran, AR2 demonstrated the highest hypocholesterolemic effect followed by AR4 and AR3. The AR1 group also gave a significant hypochlolesterolemic effect (p<0.05) due to the role of the dietary fiber. As a conclusion, this study indicates that analogue rice added with rice bran and/or coconut dregs flour is a potential functional diet that is beneficial to lower the CHD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological functions of cholesterol are diverse, ranging from cell membrane integrity, cell membrane signaling, and immunity to the synthesis of steroid and sex hormones, vitamin D, bile acids, and oxysterols. Multiple studies have demonstrated hypocholesterolemia in sepsis, the degree of which is an excellent prognosticator of poor outcomes. However, the clinical significance of hypocholesterolemia has been largely unrecognized. We undertook a detailed review of the biological roles of cholesterol, the impact of sepsis, its reliability as a prognosticator in sepsis, and the potential utility of cholesterol as a treatment. Sepsis affects cholesterol synthesis, transport, and metabolism. This likely impacts its biological functions, including immunity, hormone and vitamin production, and cell membrane receptor sensitivity. Early preclinical studies show promise for cholesterol as a pleiotropic therapeutic agent. Hypocholesterolemia is a frequent condition in sepsis and an important early prognosticator. Low plasma concentrations are associated with wider changes in cholesterol metabolism and its functional roles, and these appear to play a significant role in sepsis pathophysiology. The therapeutic impact of cholesterol elevation warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (type1 and 2) is a rare codominant genetic disorder • More than 50% of FHBL1 heterozygous individuals have APOB gene variants • Loss-of-function mutations in ANGPTL3 cause FHBL2 • We report a family with a novel APOB variant coexisting with a known ANGPTL3 variant [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Hypocholesterolemia is the most frequently encountered lipid abnormality in sickle cell disease (SCD). We enrolled pediatric patients to determine the relationships between lipid profile and parameters of hemolysis, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in SCD. Methods The study involved 35 pediatric SCD patients and 19 healthy controls. Patients were crisis-free and had not received transfusions for the last 3 months. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, LCAT, LDH, bilirubin, haptoglobin, iron, ferritin, hemin, serum amyloid A (SAA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), uric acid, ALT and GGT levels were evaluated in patients’ blood. Results Patients had hypocholesterolemia depicted by lower levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, as well as Apolipoprotein A1 and Apolipoprotein B compared to controls. The chronic hemolysis of SCD was evident in patients by higher LDH and bilirubin and almost undetectable haptoglobin levels. Hemin levels (as a measure of oxidized heme) were significantly increased in patients with SCD. Inflammation markers, SAA and MPO, were significantly increased in the patients as well. There were negative correlations between HDL-C and LDH, and Apo A1 and SAA. Hemin was positively correlated to MPO. Conclusion Hemolysis was associated with decreased HDL –C, and Inflammation was linked to decreased apolipoprotein A1 levels in our SCD patients. Therefore, we suggest that the HDL particle is altered during the course of the disease. The altered HDL in SCD may become dysfunctional and result with a slowing down of the reverse cholesterol transport.

• Lipid specialists may see patients with low or extremely low LDL-C. • Standard-of-care does not include genetic testing for such patients. • We used whole exome sequencing in 9 such patients. • APOB truncating mutations were the most common cause. In clinical setting, current standard-of-care does not include genetic testing for patients with low (<50 mg/dL) and extremely low (<20 mg/dL) levels of serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). We aimed identify the underlying molecular cause – both monogenic and polygenic - of low and extremely low LDL-C levels in a cohort of patients presenting to specialty lipid clinics. Whole exome sequencing was done in patients with low or extremely low LDL-C not due to any secondary causes. Nine patients (4 women), ranging in age from 25 to 63 years old, with low or extremely low LDL-C levels were evaluated. Median LDL-C was 16 mg/dL (range undetectable - 43), total cholesterol 82 mg/dL (42 – 101), triglycerides 35 mg/dL (19–239), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol 45 mg/dL (24–81). Of nine patients, two carried known pathogenic variants in APOB (one stop-gain, one deletion; LDL-C range undetectable -10 mg/dL); three patients had novel APOB heterozygous mutations (two frameshift deletions and one splice site; LDL-C range undectable-13 mg/dL); two had heterozygous APOB frameshift deletions previously reported as variants of unknown significance (LDL-C 18 mg/dL in both patients); one (LDL-C 43 mg/dL) had two heterozygous mutations in PCSK9, both previously reported to be benign; and one patient (LDL-C 16 mg/dL) had the APO E2/E2 genotype along with several variants of unknown significance in genes associated with triglycerides. No patients had an LDL-C polygenic risk score below the 5th percentile (range 26th percentile to 93rd percentile). We found APOB mutations to be the most common molecular defect in patients presenting to lipid clinics with low or extremely low LDL-C. Whether clinical genetic testing and LDL-C polygenic risk scores have any utility - other than diagnostic purposes - for such patients remains unclear. In addition, further efforts may be needed to better reclassify pathogenicity of variants of unknown significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated charcoal (AC) is a potential candidate antidote against dioxins. However, it is difficult to take AC as a supplement on a daily basis, because its long-term ingestion causes side effects such as constipation and deficiency of fat-soluble essential nutrients and hypocholesterolemia. Alginatecoated AC, termed Health Carbon (HC), was developed to decrease the side effects of AC, but its pharmacological effects, including side effects, remains unclear. Here, we show that HC enhanced fecal excretion of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and decreased some side effects of unmodified AC, such as hypocholesterolemia, in male mice. Basal diet mixed with HC or unmodified AC at various concentrations was fed to mice for 16 days following a single intraperitoneal administration of [3H]TCDD. Both HC and unmodified AC at 3% or more significantly increased fecal excretion of [3H]TCDD in comparison with the control basal diet. Consistent with this, [3H]TCDD radioactivity in the liver--a major TCDD storage organ--was markedly decreased by HC at concentrations of 3% and 10%. In an examination of potential side effects, unmodified AC at 10% or more caused significant body weight reduction and at 20% caused significant hypocholesterolemia. In contrast, HC caused weight gain reduction only at a concentration of 20%, and there was no evidence of hypocholesterolemia at any dietary HC concentration. HC not only retains the ability of AC to enhance fecal excretion of TCDD but also reduces some of the side effects of AC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mammalian's cells, a higher level of plasma cholesterol is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is a regulatory cholesterol synthesis enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Statins are the major synthetic drugs as inhibitor of HMGCR but it's associated with adverse effect so it is advisable to provide alternative therapeutic candidate for cholesterol homeostasis. The current investigation indicates the cholesterol-lowering effect of Pigeon pea by-product protein hydrolysate (PBPH) fraction by inhibition of HMGCR and cholesterol micelles. The PBPH fractions control the cholesterol levels by two ways, first, PBPH fractions (> 30 kDa and > 10 < 30 kDa) significantly block the recycling of bile salts to the hepatocyte cells with direct excretion via the digestive system. Second, PBPH fraction (< 10 kDa) exhibits inhibition of cholesterol micellar, as well as the catalytic domain of HMGCR in a dose dependant manner. The inhibition of HMGCR has been verified through HMGCR protein expression in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. The HMGCR protein shows significant up-regulation upon treatment with PBPH fraction < 10 kDa in HepG2 cells. The PBPH fraction shows potent inhibitory capacity on cholesterol homeostasis suggesting it to have hypocholesterolemic properties. It could find an admirable application for the development of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cholesterol is derived via de novo synthesis and dietary absorption. Both processes can be monitored by determination of non-cholesterol sterol concentrations (lathosterol for synthesis; sitosterol and campesterol for absorption). The hypocholesterolemia that occurs during acute illness is a result of a multifactorial inability to compensate for the increased needs for this metabolite. The aim of this study was to examine the plasma cholesterol profile and both processes of cholesterol acquisition during acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage with emphasis on liver cirrhosis. Material and Methods: Thirty five patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (cirrhosis n=14, non-cirrhosis n=21) were evaluated over a 6 day period. The control cohort consisted of 100 blood donors. Serum concentrations of total, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol were measured enzymatically. Sterol concentrations were analysed using gas chromatography, data were statistically analysed. Results: In all patients, we found lower plasma levels of total cholesterol (P Conclusion: Our results showed substantial abnormalities in the cholesterol plasma profile including both the processes of cholesterol acquisition in patients with upper acute gastrointestinal bleeding. The patients with or without liver cirrhosis had similar trends in cholesterol plasma levels. Depression of cholesterol synthesis was, however, prolonged in the cirrhotic group and the data also suggest a different phytosterol metabolism.

Background: Variations in serum lipid parameters are commonly and ubiquitously reported in patients with malaria. Different host cell lipid-dependent processes have been observed in the life cycle of the malarial parasite Plasmodium. Aim: The present study was undertaken to assess the serum lipid profile in patients with malaria. Materials and Methods: This 1-year cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2013 to December 2013 at the Department of Medicine. A total of 50 adult patients with positive-smear and quantitative buffy coat test for malaria, as well as with clinical features of malarial infection, were investigated for serum lipid profile changes. Patients on lipid-lowering drugs were excluded from the study. Fasting lipid profile estimation was performed using fully-automated Siemens Dimension Clinical Chemistry System for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides. Data were analyzed using the independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: Majority (86%) of the patients were positive for Plasmodium vivax. Thrombocytopenia was observed in 64% of the patients. Serum lipid profile estimation in these patients revealed that 60% of the patients had low total cholesterol levels (100–150 mg/dL), 56% of patients had low-LDL levels (150 mg/dL). Interestingly, patients with low-LDL cholesterol level had low-platelet count (51.25 ± 29.67;P = 0.035). Conclusion: Patients with malaria infections may have lipid parameters alteration in terms of hypocholesterolemia, low-HDL and -LDL levels, and hypertriglyceridemia.

Hypercholesterolemia is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent studies reported that the stimulation of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), a nonbiliary cholesterol excretion, can be a strategy for preventing CVD. Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) has been reported to reduce the risk of CVD via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. However, little is known about the role of black elderberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism despite its well-known effects on cholesterol homeostasis regulation. To investigate the effects of polyphenol-rich black elderberry extract (BEE) on intestinal cholesterol metabolism, we measured the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and flux in Caco-2 cells. BEE significantly decreased the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of genes for cholesterol absorption, such as Niemann–Pick C1 Like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In contrast, there was marked induction of low-density lipoprotein receptor, ABCG5/G8, and ABCB1 in BEE-treated Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, BEE decreased the expression of genes for lipogenesis and altered the mRNA levels of sirtuins. All of the genes altered by BEE were in the direction of flux cholesterol from the basolateral to apical side of enterocytes, indicating stimulation of TICE. These results support the hypocholesterolemic effects of BEE for the prevention of CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) and chylomicron retention disease (CMRD) are extremely rare recessive forms of hypobetalipoproteinemia characterized by intestinal lipid malabsorption and severe vitamin E deficiency. Vitamin E is often supplemented in the form of fat-soluble vitamin E acetate, but fat malabsorption considerably limits correction of the deficiency. In this crossover study, we administered two different forms of vitamin E, tocofersolan (a water-soluble derivative of RRR-α-tocopherol) and α-tocopherol acetate, to three patients with ABL and four patients with CMRD. The aims of this study were to evaluate the intestinal absorption characteristics of tocofersolan versus α-tocopherol acetate by measuring the plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol over time after a single oral load and to compare efficacy by evaluating the ability of each formulation to restore vitamin E storage after 4 months of treatment. In patients with ABL, tocofersolan and α-tocopherol acetate bioavailabilities were extremely low (2.8% and 3.1%, respectively). In contrast, bioavailabilities were higher in patients with CMRD (tocofersolan, 24.7%; α-tocopherol acetate, 11.4%). Plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol at 4 months were not significantly different by formulation type in ABL or CMRD. This study provides new insights about vitamin E status in ABL and CMRD and suggests the potential of different formulations as treatment options.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathologic findings and associated diseases found in a population of hypocholesterolemic cats referred to two tertiary care facilities. Methods: An electronic medical record search was performed at two veterinary university referral centers to identify cats with serum cholesterol values below the reference interval between January 2004 and 2016. Clinicopathologic data were reviewed for each case and cats were classified into specific disease categories based on clinical diagnosis. Median cholesterol values were compared between disease categories, as well as between survivors and non-survivors. Results: In total, 106 hypocholesterolemic cats were included. The median age of the cats was 6 years (range 0.24–18 years). The most common disease categories were gastrointestinal (25.9%), hepatobiliary (19.8%), hematologic (14.8%) and urogenital (14.8%). Though median serum cholesterol values did not differ significantly between survivors and non-survivors, cats with concurrent hypoalbuminemia were at higher risk (odds ratio 15.6, 95% confidence interval 5.2–46.6; P <0.0001) of not surviving to discharge than cats with normal serum albumin concentrations. Conclusions and relevance: Taken together, our data suggest that while the degree of hypocholesterolemia did not appear to influence survival rates, the concurrent presence of hypocholesterolemia and hypoalbuminemia was associated with a worse prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates possessed functional probiotic attributes, such as high hydrophobicity and autoaggregation ability, coaggregation capability with bacterial pathogens, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant potential, and hypocholesterolemic effects. Selected potential probiotic LAB, i.e. Lactobacillus paracasei M3, L. casei M5, L. paracasei M7, and few others were studied for their ability to lower cholesterol using a number of methods viz. cholesterol assimilation, bile salt deconjugation, cholesterol co-precipitation, cholesterol adhesion to probiotic cell wall, and miceller sequestration of cholesterol. L. casei M5 showed maximum bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, and released 57.63 nmol of glycine/min, and was closely followed by LAB isolate M9 which generated 52.12 nmol of glycine/min. Sodium glycocholate was deconjugated by L. casei M5 to produce 27.77 μmol/mL of cholic acid, while other isolates produced 20–26 μmol/mL of cholic acid. Cholesterol was assimilated significantly by isolate M6 (82.15%) and L. casei M5 (76.51%). L. casei M5 showed higher cholesterol co-precipitation ability (50.16 μg/mL) as compared to other LAB isolates (33–44 μg/mL). Miceller cholesterol concentration was reduced maximally by LAB isolate M8 (87.5%), followed by isolates M5 (84.75%), M9 (84%), M10 (80%), and M37 (79%). Higher cell wall adhesion of cholesterol was realized by L. casei M5 (42.48 μg/mL) than other LAB isolates (30–40 μg/mL). Selected LAB probiotics demonstrated short chain fatty acid (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) producing ability, yet another way of probiotics-mediated cholesterol lowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypocholesterolemia has been reported to be associated with cancer risk and progression. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the prognostic value of cholesterol levels in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Methods: A total of 153 patients newly diagnosed with MM were retrospectively enrolled. The relationship between cholesterol levels and clinical characteristics was evaluated. The prognostic value of cholesterol levels was explored. Results: The levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglycerides (TC) were significantly lower in MM patients (p < 0.001). What is more, multivariate analyses showed that low TC and LDL-c levels were independent predictors of a better OS (overall survival; HR = 6.893 and 0.204; CI = 1.135 - 41.868 and 0.045 - 0.930, p = 0.036 and 0.040) and PFS (progression-free survival; HR = 7.416 and 0.216; CI = 1.365 - 40.290 and 0.047 - 0.999, p = 0.020 and 0.049). Conclusions: Serum cholesterol levels in MM patients were low, and TC and LDL-c levels could be used as prognostic markers for MM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypocholesterolemia is the most frequently encountered lipid abnormality in sickle cell disease (SCD). We enrolled pediatric patients to determine the relationships between lipid profile and parameters of hemolysis, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in SCD. Methods: The study involved 35 pediatric SCD patients and 19 healthy controls. Patients were crisis-free and had not received transfusions for the last 3 months. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, LCAT, LDH, bilirubin, haptoglobin, iron, ferritin, hemin, serum amyloid A (SAA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), uric acid, ALT and GGT levels were evaluated in patients' blood. Results: Patients had hypocholesterolemia depicted by lower levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, as well as Apolipoprotein A1 and Apolipoprotein B compared to controls. The chronic hemolysis of SCD was evident in patients by higher LDH and bilirubin and almost undetectable haptoglobin levels. Hemin levels (as a measure of oxidized heme) were significantly increased in patients with SCD. Inflammation markers, SAA and MPO, were significantly increased in the patients as well. There were negative correlations between HDL-C and LDH, and Apo A1 and SAA. Hemin was positively correlated to MPO. Conclusion: Hemolysis was associated with decreased HDL –C, and Inflammation was linked to decreased apolipoprotein A1 levels in our SCD patients. Therefore, we suggest that the HDL particle is altered during the course of the disease. The altered HDL in SCD may become dysfunctional and result with a slowing down of the reverse cholesterol transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with low cholesterol levels in a limited number of studies. However, the prevalence of hypocholesterolemia as well as the degree of association with ASD remains to be elucidated. We therefore sought to investigate the lipid profiles of a group of French‐Canadian ASD individuals. The medical records of 79 ASD individuals and 79 age and gender‐matched healthy controls were retrospectively reviewed. The fasting lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and low‐density lipoprotein were extracted for individuals of both groups along with the following clinical data: anthropometric measurements, medication use and associated disorders. Lipid parameters were compared to age and gender‐based normative population and categorized in centile groups. The prevalence of hypocholesterolemia was revealed to be more than threefold higher in ASD individuals as compared to the general population (23%; P = 0.005). The 25th centile was determined as a potential TC threshold that could best predict the ASD (odds ratio [OR] = 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58–6.65; P < 0.001). This study identified specific ASD comorbidities associated with hypocholesterolemia: TC levels below the 10th centile were associated with a higher rate of ASD‐associated intellectual disability (OR = 3.33; 95% CI: 1.26–8.00) and anxiety/depression (OR = 4.74; 95% CI: 1.40–15.73). Overall, these results support a potential association between hypocholesterolemia and ASD occurrence. Application of this study to larger populations is urging to provide more extensive data that may further elucidate the association between hypocholesterolemia and ASD. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1860–1869. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary: Association of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with abnormally low levels of cholesterol (hypocholesterolemia) has been documented before. These studies were incomplete, and the conclusion remains speculative. Here, we reviewed the medical records of 79 French‐Canadian ASD individuals and compared their total cholesterol (TC) levels to healthy individuals matched for age and gender. We observed four times more hypocholesterolemia in ASD than in the general population. Furthermore, low TC in ASD was associated with higher rates of ASD‐associated intellectual disability and anxiety/depression. Our results support an association between hypocholesterolemia and ASD and open novel opportunities for the diagnosis and treatment of specific forms of ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypercholesterolemia is one of the modifiable and primary risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Emerging evidence suggests the stimulation of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), the nonbiliary cholesterol excretion, using natural products can be an effective way to reduce CVD. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) has been reported to have cardioprotective effects by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. However, the role of bilberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism is not well understood. To examine the effects of bilberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism, we measured the genes for cholesterol flux and de novo synthesis in anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (BE)-treated Caco-2 cells. BE significantly decreased the genes for cholesterol absorption, i.e., Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In contrast, BE significantly upregulated ABCG8, the apical transporter for cholesterol. There was a significant induction of low-density lipoprotein receptors, with a concomitant increase in cellular uptake of cholesterol in BE-treated cells. The expression of genes for lipogenesis and sirtuins was altered by BE treatment. In the present study, BE altered the genes for cholesterol flux from basolateral to the apical membrane of enterocytes, potentially stimulating TICE. These results support the potential of BE in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia.

The literature data about the association between low levels of lipids (gipoholesterinemia) with the occurrence of neurological disorders in children and adolescents at the present time remains controversial. A sharp decrease of the cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, chylomicrons and apob levels or their absence leads to the development of abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome). The key clinical symptoms of abetalipoproteinemia are psychomotor retardation, progressive cerebellar ataxia, pigment degeneration of the retina, peripheral neuropathy, as well as gross changes in the skeleton (severe scoliosis and pes cavus). Key laboratory signs - changes in the lipid spectrum (a sharp decrease of the blood levels of apob, total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, chylomicrons) and acanthocytes in the blood smear. The treatment is based on the replacement of fat-soluble vitamins and symptomatic therapy.

Hypercholesterolemia is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent studies reported that the stimulation of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), a nonbiliary cholesterol excretion, can be a strategy for preventing CVD. Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) has been reported to reduce the risk of CVD via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. However, little is known about the role of black elderberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism despite its well-known effects on cholesterol homeostasis regulation. To investigate the effects of polyphenol-rich black elderberry extract (BEE) on intestinal cholesterol metabolism, we measured the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and flux in Caco-2 cells. BEE significantly decreased the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of genes for cholesterol absorption, such as Niemann–Pick C1 Like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In contrast, there was marked induction of low-density lipoprotein receptor, ABCG5/G8, and ABCB1 in BEE-treated Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, BEE decreased the expression of genes for lipogenesis and altered the mRNA levels of sirtuins. All of the genes altered by BEE were in the direction of flux cholesterol from the basolateral to apical side of enterocytes, indicating stimulation of TICE. These results support the hypocholesterolemic effects of BEE for the prevention of CVD.

The hypocholesterolemic effect of amaranth was studied in male Wistar rats fed a high‐fat diet that was supplemented with amaranth flour, AF, or isolated protein, AI. Likewise, an in vitro test was carried out, in which the capacity of the AI, AF, the digested isolate, DAI, and the digested amaranth flour, DAF, to displace the cholesterol of the model micelles was evaluated. The in vivo results showed an increase in the excretion of cholesterol through feces (77% for AF7; 23% and 108% for AI30 and AF30, respect control) and a decrease in the content of hepatic cholesterol (98% for AF7; 96% and 53% for AI30 and AF30 respect control); whereas in vitro it was shown that both AF and DAF have greater power to displace cholesterol than the AI and DAI (IC50 0.1, 0.71, 0.2, and 2.1 for AF, DAF, AI, and DAI, respectively). These evidences show that the proteins and fibers of amaranth have an effect on cholesterol metabolism. Practical Application: Nowadays, consumers give great importance to the effect that food has on health. The results shown in this work evidence the potential hypocholesterolemic activity presented by amaranth, this is of great importance due to the increase in the incidence of dyslipidemia in the world population and the importance of amaranth as a nonextensive crop of excellent agronomic, nutritional, and bioactive properties suitable for preparation of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cholesterol is derived via de novo synthesis and dietary absorption. Both processes can be monitored by determination of non-cholesterol sterol concentrations (lathosterol for synthesis; sitosterol and campesterol for absorption). The hypocholesterolemia that occurs during acute illness is a result of a multifactorial inability to compensate for the increased needs for this metabolite. The aim of this study was to examine the plasma cholesterol profile and both processes of cholesterol acquisition during acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage with emphasis on liver cirrhosis. Material and Methods. Thirty five patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (cirrhosis n=14, non-cirrhosis n=21) were evaluated over a 6 day period. The control cohort consisted of 100 blood donors. Serum concentrations of total, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol were measured enzymatically. Sterol concentrations were analysed using gas chromatography, data were statistically analysed. Results. In all patients, we found lower plasma levels of total cholesterol (P<0.001) and decrease of LDL and HDL cholesterol. Patients had also significantly lower plasma levels of sterol concentrations. While the differences in cholesterol profile between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic bleeding were significant only in HDL cholesterol (P<0.001), comparison of non-cholesterol sterols was statistically significant (P<0.001) in all measured parameters. Conclusion. Our results showed substantial abnormalities in the cholesterol plasma profile including both the processes of cholesterol acquisition in patients with upper acute gastrointestinal bleeding. The patients with or without liver cirrhosis had similar trends in cholesterol plasma levels. Depression of cholesterol synthesis was, however, prolonged in the cirrhotic group and the data also suggest a different phytosterol metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of wheat gluten on gut microbiota from hamsters and also analyse whether alterations in microbiota could result in wheat gluten's lipid-lowering properties. Four weeks male hamsters were divided into 3 groups (n=10). Two hypercholesterolemic groups were fed for 35 days with hypercholesterolemic diet, containing 20% (w/w) wheat gluten or casein. Wheat gluten significantly reduced serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, and also decreased the liver total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), cholesterol ester (CE), triglycerides (TG) concentrations. Wheat gluten group had a higher fecal lipids, total cholesterol (TC) and bile acids (BA) than that of casein group (p < 0.05). Moreover, wheat gluten significantly increased total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations in feces. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene revealed that intake of wheat gluten decreased the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Erysipelotrichaceae, but to increased the relative abundances of Bateroidetes, Bacteroidales_S24-7_group and Ruminococcaceae. The lipid lowering properties of wheat gluten was associated with the lower ratio of Firmicutes/Bateroidetes, the lower of the bacterial taxa Erysipelotrichaceae and the higher of the bacterial taxa Bacteroidales_S24-7_group and Ruminococcaceae. These results suggest that wheat gluten modulate cholesterol metabolism by altering intestinal microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thepresent study was undertaken to evaluate the hypocholesterolemic activity of buttermilk, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and Enterococcus faecium FFNL-12 in rat model. Thirty-sixth male Abino rats were divided into six groups. The first one (coded as G1) was fed a standard diet containing 10% corn oil as fat source while remaining five (coded G2 to G6) were fed hypercholesterolemic diets in which oil was replaced with animal grease. Animals subjected to treatment G1 served as healthy control while those in G2 were assigned as hypocholesterolemic animals which did not receive any treatment. The remaining experimental groups were designed to assess the hypocholesterolemic effect of intragastric adminstartion of dose of 109 CFU/Kg body weight of Enterococcus faecium FFNL-12 (G3), Enterococcus faecium FFNL-12/butter milk (G4), buttermilk (G5) and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). After four weeks, animals were evaluated in relation to growth, fecal pH, organs weight, serum lipid profile, antioxidant activity of liver tissue, liver and heart function and liver histopathological architecture. Results revealed that animals fed hypercholesterolemic diet (G2-G6) had significantly lower faecal pH and liver weight compared with those fed standard diet (G1). Treatments applied to animals fed hypercholesterolemic diet with the above mentioned additions (G3 to G6) appeared to improve both cardiac and hepatic functions, serum lipid profile and glucose concentration and liver histopathological architecture compared with animals subjected to G2 treatment. In most cases, treatment with MFGM appeared to be the most effective to avoid adverse effects associated to feeding hypercholesterolemic diet. MFGM fraction as well as E. faecium FFNL-12/buttermilk combination were effective in reducing serum lipids and glucose levels to the normal range. This combination also had potential antioxidant activity and ability to improve liver and heart functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of 31-year-old white male known with a factor V Leiden mutation and recurrent pulmonary embolism for which he used lifelong vitamin K antagonist. The patient underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which confirmed myocarditis and showed increased mid-myocardial late enhancement of the lateral wall of the left ventricle. It informs that routine lipid measurement showed an extremely low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

Recently there has been an increased demand for functional foods to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases mainly related to hypercholesterolemia, because of undesirable side effects of traditional drugs (statins). Hence, in the quest for natural and safer alternatives, this work is aimed to bring together the health-promoting properties of probiotics, soymilk, bovine milk and green tea into one product, i.e., soy-fortified green tea curd (GTC). This study includes isolation and characterization of microbes for probiotic attributes, from locally made curd which could reduce cholesterol and produce angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in vitro. The best isolate was used for the production of soy-fortified GTC, and the effect of refrigerated storage on bacterial viability, tea polyphenol contents, and organoleptic properties was investigated. CI1 ( Enterococcus faecium ) depicted best probiotic potential amongst the 15 isolates. Soy-fortified GTC depicted higher probiotic viability for a longer duration during refrigerated storage and greater ACEI activity than unfortified GTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The relationship between hypocholesterolemia and increased incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains controversial. Several studies have resulted in contradicting outcomes. We tried to find whether hypocholesterolemia confers an increased risk of ICH or not. Methods: This cross-sectional and observational study was carried out at the Shorsh Military General Hospital, Iraq. From April 1, 2014, to October 31, 2016, 93 consecutive patients who had developed their first-ever hypertensive ICH were included in the study. Patients were age and gender-matched with the control group. Serum lipid levels assessment was done in all patients within 24 hours of hospital admission. Results: Out of the 93 patients with ICH, 71 (76%) were male. Females were younger than males (mean age, years: 54±12.4 vs. 59±9.2). In the intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke group (ICHSG), hypocholesterolemia (serum total cholesterol <131 mg/dl) was found in 5 out of 71 males as well as 3 out of 22 females, whereas 3 males and 3 females were hypocholesterolemic in the control group (CG). Serum total cholesterol level showed no significant difference between the ICHSG and CG. There was no statistically significant difference between males or females who had hypocholesterolemia. All hemorrhagic stroke patients were receiving a statin with an average duration of 4.2 years. Conclusions: In our study, the presence of ICH in hypertensive patients was not associated with hypocholesteremia. Further analytic studies are required to confirm this observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]