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The title compound was synthesized from a di­nitro­biphenyl­benzene derivative using a novel modification of the Cadogan reaction. The reaction has several possible ring-closed products and the title compound was separated as the major product. It crystallizes in the monoclinic P space group and possesses a single closed Cadogan ring., The title compound, C18H12N2O2, was synthesized from a di­nitro­biphenyl­benzene derivative using a novel modification of the Cadogan reaction. The reaction has several possible ring-closed products and the title compound was separated as the major product. The X-ray crystallographic study revealed that the carbazole compound crystallizes in the monoclinic P space group and possesses a single closed Cadogan ring. There are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding.

The title compound, C20H22N8O2, was synthesized by the coupling reaction of a sodium tetrazolate salt and dibromobutane in a molar ratio of 2:1. The reaction can produce several possible regioisomers and the title compound was separated as the major product. The X-ray crystallographic study confirmed that the title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group and possesses a bridging butylene group that connects two identical phenyl tetrazole moieties. The butylene group is attached not to the first but the second nitrogen atoms of both tetrazole rings. The dihedral angles between the phenyl groups and the adjacent tetrazolyl rings are 5.32 (6) and 15.37 (7)°. In the crystal, the molecules form centrosymmetric dimers through C—H...O hydrogen bonds between a C—H group of the butylene linker and the O atom of a methoxy group.

A novel potassium complex, [K2L2(H2O)MeOH]n (1), was prepared by reacting KOH and a substituted tetrazolyl ligand LH (LH = 1-[5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]-2-methyl-2-propanol). The prepared complex was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and mass analysis and its solid-state structure was determined to be a high dimensional coordination polymer by X-ray crystallography. The synthesized potassium coordination polymer 1 was used as a catalyst for the cycloaddition of CO2 to propylene oxide and is the first potassium coordination polymer to be used for this purpose. The prepared catalyst provided high selectivity toward cyclic propylene carbonate (>99%) and showed considerable activity despite the heterogeneous reaction condition.

The diffraction data confirmed the title compound as the main isomer produced in a coupling reaction. The structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of the formed di-tetra­zolyl chelate ligand are reported., The title compound, C20H22N8O2, was synthesized by the coupling reaction of a sodium tetra­zolate salt and di­bromo­butane in a molar ratio of 2:1. The reaction can produce several possible regioisomers and the title compound was separated as the major product. The X-ray crystallographic study confirmed that the title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group and possesses a bridging butyl­ene group that connects two identical phenyl tetra­zole moieties. The butyl­ene group is attached not to the first but the second nitro­gen atoms of both tetra­zole rings. The dihedral angles between the phenyl groups and the adjacent tetra­zolyl rings are 5.32 (6) and 15.37 (7)°. In the crystal, the mol­ecules form centrosymmetric dimers through C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between a C—H group of the butyl­ene linker and the O atom of a meth­oxy group.

The fluorescence and ultraviolet (UV)/visible absorption spectra of apigenin (API) were measured and examined in bulk solutions and aerosol-OT (AOT) reverse micelles. The Stokes’ shift in micelles is very small due to the small dipole moment change upon excitation. Since the intermolecular interaction between API and H2O in micelles is weak, the fluorescence parameters are relatively insensitive to the change in water concentration compared with those in bulk solutions. Since the B ring can rotate freely, the dihedral angle between the A, C, and B rings can be changed easily by the influence of the solvent. The potential energy curves of the electronic states show a very shallow or no minimum. Although the change in electronic energy by intermolecular interaction will be very small, the point where emission occurs on the energy curve can be altered very sensitively. Due to these reasons, the fluorescence properties of API are very sensitive to changes in excitation wavelength and solvent.

Herein we report three chiral, hierarchal mono-, tetra-, and hexa-nuclear nickel complexes that were formed via controlled self-aggregation based on ancillary ligands H3L1 (2,6-bis[(2,3-dihydro-1H-2-indenol)imine]-4-bromophenol) and H3L2 (2,6-bis[(2,3-dihydro-1H-2-indenol)imine]-4-tert-butylphenol). Stoichiometric control of the metal precursor and ligand strongly influenced the nuclearity of the complexes. Mononuclear [Ni(H2L1)2Na2]·2ClO4(1) complex was obtained in the stoichiometric reaction of ligand H3L1 with nickel perchlorate in the presence of sodium acetate. Tetranuclear [Ni4(L1)2(µ3-OMe)2(µ1,3-OAc)2]·2Na(2) and hexanuclear [Ni6(L2)3(µ6-CO3)(MeOH)5(H2O)]·ClO4 (3) were selectively assembled by the reaction of nickel perchlorate and the ligand in a molar ratio of 1:2 without or with carbonate ions, respectively. The solid-state structures of the complexes were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The photophysical properties of the complexes were explored using UV–visible spectroscopy.

Cobalt complexes containing a salen-type pyridoxal ligand with pyridine were synthesized as a new Co(III) catalytic system for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide. Two cobalt(III) complexes possessing a salen-type pyridoxyl ligand were synthesized by the reaction of pyridoxal ligands (pyr2en = (N,N′-bis(pyridoxylideneiminato)ethylene) and pyr2cy = (N,N′-bis(pyridoxylideneiminato)cyclohexane)) and Co(OAc)2 and characterized by various analytical methods, including infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution mass analysis. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography analysis confirmed that the cobalt pyr2en complex had a distorted octahedral structure: the tetradentate Schiff base ligand binds the cobalt metal in one plane, and the metal center adopts an octahedral geometry by the additional coordination of acetate and dimethyl sulfoxide. The synthesized complexes were used as catalysts in the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to propylene oxide. The catalysts showed high activity for cycloaddition between CO2 and epoxides, even at a low loading (0.5 mol%), in the presence of various cocatalysts.

Dimeric iron(III) complexes bearing acetylacetonate (acac) ligands and tridentate chiral Schiff base ligands, which were synthesized from condensation reactions between salicylaldehyde and amino-indanol, were prepared and characterized by various methods, including infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. X-ray analysis revealed that two iron centers are each coordinated octahedrally within the complexes, but are situated in different coordination environments; one is attached to two tridentate ligands with meridional isomerization, while the other is coordinated to two acac molecules and two of the oxygen atoms of the indanol moieties of the Schiff bases. The complexes showed higher activity than Fe(acac)3 for the ring opening polymerization of lactide.

The specific fluorescence properties of morin (3,2',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) were studied in various CH3OH-H2O and CH3CN-H2O mixed solvents. Although the dihedral angle is large in the S0 state, morin has an almost planar molecular structure in the S1 state owing to the very low rotational energy barrier around the interring bond between B and the A, C ring. The excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) at the S1 state cannot occur immediately after excitation, S1 → S0 fluorescence can be observed. Two conformers, Morin A and B have been known. At the CH3OH-H2O, Morin B will be the principal species but at the CH3CN-H2O, Morin A is the principal species. At the CH3OH-H2O, owing to the large Franck-Condon (FC) factor for S2 → S1 internal convernal (IC) and flexible molecular structure, only S1 → S0 fluorescence was exhibited. At the CH3CN-H2O, as the FC factor for S2 → S1 IC is small and molecular structure is rigid, S2 → S0 and S1 → S0 dual fluorescence was observed. This abnormal fluorescence property was further supported by the small pK1 value, effective delocalization of the lone pair electrons of C(2')-OH to the A, C ring, and a theoretical calculation.

A chemosensor for selective detection of zinc has been prepared by the simple one-step reaction of pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde and amino indanol. Whereas other metal ions except Zn2 + have no effect on the fluorescence of it, Zn2 + enhanced the fluorescence at 400 nm by the complexation of the sensor molecule and Zn2 + ion. The chemosensor has high selectivity and sensitivity toward Zn2 + ion with high binding constant (3 × 106 M− 1) and low detection limit (1.0 × 10− 6 mol/L). 1H NMR spectroscopy and Job's plot suggest that they formed 1:1 complex.

The dimeric aluminum complex containing fully deprotonated 4-{[(1S,2R)-2-hydroxyindan-1-yl]amino}-pent-3-en-2-one was synthesized and characterized. X-ray analysis revealed that the two five-coordinate aluminum centers possess ideal tetragonal pyramid geometry and two methyl groups are located in cis position. It is found to be stable in the presence of isopropanol at room temperature. The compound was used as a catalyst for the ring opening polymerization of lactide accompanying lactide epimerization.

The selective syntheses of titanium complexes containing the 2-(2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (LH) ligand, namely [LTiCl2(μ-Cl)]2 (1), LTiCl3(THF) (2), L2Ti(NMe2)2 (3), L2TiCl2 (4) and L2Ti(O-i-Pr)2 (5), were achieved by changing the solvents or metal precursors. The solid state structures of 1–5 were revealed by single-crystal X-ray analyses. Complexes 2 and 5 showed a fast thermal exchange process of the benzotriazole ligand L. Among 1–5, complex 5 was proven as a highly effective catalyst for the controlled ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (LA), as shown by the linearity of the molecular weight versus [LA]/[Ti] ratio as well as very narrow PDI values of the PLA polymers obtained.

A series of new half-sandwich titanocene [(η5-C5H5)TiLCl2] (1) and nonorganometallic titanium complexes [TiLCl3(THF)] (2) and [TiL2Cl2] (3) containing 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)tetrazole (LH) were synthesized in high yield and fully characterized by various spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. In all complexes, the ligand L acted as a monoanionic bidentate ligand and hydrogen bonding between the oxygen of the tetrahydrofuran and hydrogen of the tetrazolyl unit was observed. In the cycloaddition of CO2 to propylene oxide, complex 3 showed the highest activity among the reported Ti complexes.

O composition of both solvents increases, the fluorescence intensity decreasesrapidly due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction. The theoretical calculation further supportsthese results. The change in fluorescence properties as a function of the solvatochromic parameters was alsostudied.Key Words : Flavonoids, Fluorescence spectroscopy, Intramolecular charge transfer, Intramolecular protontransferIntroductionFlavonoids are polyphenolic compounds which are widelypresent in the vegetal kingdom.

Department of Cosmetic Science, Nambu University, Gwangju 506-706, Korea Received August 7, 2012, Accepted September 17, 2012Key Words : Catechin, Metal ions, Oxidation, Spectroscopic method, Methanolic solutionPolyphenolic substances have been widely studied inrecent years due to their numerous biological activities suchas anticarcinogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antimicrobial, andantioxidant properties.

A well-dispersed multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) composite was prepared by simple in-situ polymerization of styrene using pentamethylcyclopentadienyltitanium(IV) trimethoxide (Cp*Ti(OMe)3) attached to the shortened and functionalized MWCNT (f-MWCNT). The attachment of Cp*Ti(OMe)3 to the f-MWCNT was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cp*Ti(OMe)3 attached to pristine MWCNT in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO) did not produce PS, whereas Cp*Ti(OMe)3 attached to f-MWCNT showed a high catalytic activity for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene under the same polymerization conditions. Obtained sPS showed a narrow molecular weight distribution (PDI ≈ 2), a high SI value (≥90%), and a high melting point (≈272 °C). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images showed that MWCNT strands were well dispersed in the MWCNT/sPS composite. Such composites had greatly improved thermal stability compared to normal sPS polymers.

The spectroscopic behavior of catechin (5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavan-3-ol), has been studied in the presence and the absence of air using UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. The UV-vis absorption spectrum of catechin shows a very sharp and strong absorption maximum peak at 275 nm in deaerated water. New absorption maximum peaks appeared in aerated water, as well as in basic aqueous solution, caused by the oxidation of catechin. The absorbances in the UV-vis absorption spectrum of catechin decreased when the solution was left in the dark for a long time. The fluorescence emission spectrum of catechin after a long time period differs markedly from that in freshly prepared solution; the fluorescence maxia shifted as time passes after adding catechin to the solutions. When the deaerated basic catechin solutions were left in the dark for a long time, their fluorescence quantum yields were found to be nearly zero. This suggests that the oxidized catechin molecules were seen to have slowly undergone successive chemical reactions in basic buffer solution.

Three monomeric boratranes B[(OCH2CH2)nN(CH2CMe2O)3−n] (n = 0, 1; n = 1, 2; n = 2, 3) have been synthesized by the reaction of B(OMe)3 with a series of triethanolateamines such as [(OCH2CH2)nN(CH2CMe2O)3−n]3− (n = 0, L1; n = 1, L2; n = 2, L3), where the number of CMe2 groups adjacent to the OH functionality varied from 3 (L1H3) to 2 (L2H3) to 1 (L3H3). These boratranes 1–3 have been characterized by solution 1H, 13C{1H} and 11B NMR, and the crystal structures of 1 and 2 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.

Propionibacterium acnes naturally produces endogenous porphyrins that are composed of coproporphyrin III (CPIII) and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Red light alone and photodynamic therapy (PDT) improve acne vulgaris clinically, but there remains a paucity of quantitative data that directly examine the bactericidal effects that result from PDT on P. acnes itself in vitro. The purpose of this study was to measure the difference of bactericidal effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-PDT with red and blue light on P. acnes. P. acnes were cultured under anaerobic conditions and divided into two groups (ALA-treated group and control group), and were then illuminated with blue (415 nm) and red (635 nm) lights using a light-emitting diode (LED). The cultured P. acnes were killed with both blue and red LED light illumination. The efficacy increased with larger doses of light and a greater number of consecutive illuminations. We demonstrated that red light phototherapy was less effective for the eradication of P. acnes than blue light phototherapy without the addition of ALA. However, pretreatment with ALA could enhance markedly the efficacy of red light phototherapy.

Porphyrin derivatives contain pyrrole rings, five membered heterocycles. These compounds have properties of a conjugated diene and of an amine. Delocalization of π electrons stabilizes the ring and their ultra-violet absorption maximum peak shifts to a longer wavelength. They can easily absorb visible light, and thus can utilize sunlight directly as a good photosensitizer. Re-cently, photodynamic therapy has been used in the management of various malignant tumors, including cancers of the skin, gas-trointestinal tract, lung and uterus.

particles, Photocatalyst, HydrazineAmmonia is produced in huge quantities worldwide notonly by commercial chemical factories but by decayingvegetation, garbage, even deco mposition of the other proteinmaterials. Ammonia with foul odor causes a serious environ-mental pollution in the atmosphere. Therefore, the de-composition of ammonia has attr acted considerable attentionin respect to environmental pollution of the atmosphere. Earlier investigation on the decomposition of ammoniausing a light was performed by means of radiolysis

Fluorescence quenching of norfloxacin (NOR) by Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Mn 2+ was studied in water. The change in the fluorescence intensity and lifetime was measured as a function of quencher concentration at various temperatures. According to the Stern-Volmer plots, the NOR was quenched both by collisions and complex formation with the same quencher. However, the static quenching had a more important effect on the emission. Large static and dynamic quenching constants support significant ion-dipole and orbital-orbital interactions between NOR and cations. The both quenching constants by Cu 2+ were the largest among quenchers. Also, quenching mechanism of Cu 2+ was somewhat different. The change in the absorption spectra due to the quencher provided information on static quenching. The fluorescence of NOR was relatively insensitive to both the dynamic and static quenching compared with other quinolone antibiotics. This property can be explained by the twisted intramolecular charge transfer.

Among fluoroquinolone antibiotics, ofloxacin (OFL) and norfloxacin (NOR) have piperazinyl groups but flumequine (FLU) does not have this substitutent. The emission spectra of OFL and NOR are strong, broad structureless bands with large Stokes' shifts in water but the emission intensities are very weak in organic solvents. Thus we find that these compounds exist as different chemical species in various solvents. A continuous red shift in the emission bands for OFL and NOR is observed as the water concentration within the aerosol-OT (AOT; sodium 1,4-bis[2-ethylhexyl]sulfosuccinate) micelle increases or temperature of this solution rises. From the fluorescence anisotropy measurements of OFL and NOR, we assume the intramolecular charge transfer after excitation from the nitrogen of the piperazinyl group to the keto oxygen. Theoretical calculations further support this observation. Multifrequency phase and modulation experiments and time-resolved emission spectra clearly show the occurrence of intramolecular charge transfer and the subsequent nanosecond water reorganization around OFL or NOR in the AOT micelle. Upon increasing the water concentration within the AOT micelle, the relaxation rate increases because of the large amount of free water. The emission spectra of FLU do not exhibit any significant response to the physical properties of their environment.

The spectroscopic properties of enoxacin (ENO), oxolinic acid (OXO) and nalidixic acid (NAL) were studied in various H2O-CH3OH and H2O-CH3CN mixed solvents because these solvents were thought to behave as a biological mimetic system. ENO has piperazinyl group, but OXO and NAL do not have this substituent. The fluorescence emission spectra of ENO were very sensitive to the composition of the solvents. In the Lippert-Mataga analysis of the steady-state fluorescence data, clear reverse solvatochromism was exhibited for ENO in both mixed solvents. This observation can be explained using the excited state twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) from the nitrogen of the piperazinyl group to the keto oxygen. Theoretical calculations further support this observation. The nonradiative and radiative rate constants of these molecules were analyzed as a function of dipolarity-polarizability (pi*) and hydrogen bond donor acidity (alpha) of the mixed solvents. These results for ENO were consistent with the suggested mechanism of the TICT very well. The influence of bulk dielectric effect was more significant relative to the specific hydrogen bonding interactions. The emission spectra of OXO and NAL do not exhibit any characteristic responses to the properties of the solvent.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), Unsaturated alkyl esters of ALA, Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), Photo-dynamic therapy (PDT), Fluorescence spectra of photosensitizer PpIX5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a non-fluorescent drug, hasbeen used as a precursor to the fluorescent photosensitizerprotoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in photodynamic therapy (PDT).

The self-assembly of C(s)-symmetric tetrapyridyl cobalt-metalloligand 2 with three half-sandwich diruthenium acceptors, 3-5, led to the formation of A4D2 (A = acceptor, D = donor) metallacages 6-8, as shown by ESI mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The solid-state structures of 6-8 revealed that the length of the acceptor unit greatly influences the molecular packing of these metallacages. Hence, in the solid state, 6-8 can be considered to have waterwheel-shaped, tweezer-shaped, and butterfly-like architectures, respectively.

compared with the interaction by other metals. The change in the absorption spectra as a result of the addition of a quencher provided information on static quenching. With all these metals, the static quenching constant of FLU was larger than those of OFL. The fluorescence of OFL was quite insensitive to both the dynamic and static quenching compared with FLU. This property of OFL can be explained by the twisted intramolecular charge transfer in the excited state.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used for diagnosis and treatment of patients with various malignant tumors, including cancers of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, lung and uterus. Recently, PDT with using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) for cutaneous diseases has been attracted considerable attentions, because skin is easily accessible to light and drugs. Since ALA was used as a pre-drug of the photosensitizer in PDT research by Kenedy et al. in 1990, a number of ALA ester derivatives have been synthesized and applied to PDT. ALA and its ester derivatives are precursors of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in the biosynthetic pathway of heme. They are normally biosynthesized in vivo from glycine and succinyl-coenzyme A in mitochondria and then converted into the actual photosensitizer, PpIX. PpIX produced through the heme biosynthetic pathway emits fluorescence strongly and photobleaches rapidly under production of singlet oxygen. The amount of ALA-induced porphyrins can be generally determined by measuring the fluorescence under various experimental conditions. Most papers have reported that the amount of fluorescence was determined by the measurement of fluorescence intensity at the maximum emission wavelength. Fluorescence spectra were measured by single-beam operation in which a sample is examined to determine the amount of light emitted at a given wavelength. Unstable light source and uneven intensities can cause the false peaks in the spectrum. Equally serious is the variation of the sensitivity of the photomultiplier tubes with regard to wavelength. Moreover, the analytical method for the determination of the fluorescence intensity at a particular wavelength is less sensitive than that of fluorescence spectrum area. The aim of this study is to present a highly sensitive and convenient spectrofluorometric method using an internal standard for the determination of the amount of PpIX produced by ALA in the various tumor and normal cells.

Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea. *E-mail: hrpark@chonnam.ac.kr Department of Chemical Education and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea Department of Health and Environment, Chunnam Techno College, Koksung 516-911, Korea Department of Food and Nutrition, Songwon College, Gwangju 502-742, Korea Received July 29, 2005

The photochemical reactions of methanolic nalidixic acid (NAL) solution in the absence and in the presence of air have been investigated using 300 nm UV light. From the reactions, 1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-4-hydro-1,8naphthyridine (EMDN), formic acid, and formaldehyde are produced. In the presence of air, hydrogen peroxide is also detected along with the products listed above. The presence of oxygen during the irradiation of methanolic NAL solution effects on the product yield. The initial quantum yields of the products and of the NAL decomposition are determined. Possible reaction pathways for the photochemical reaction are suggested on the basis of the products analysis.

The photochemical transformation of carbon monoxide in aqueous solution has been investigated at 25±0.1 o C using ZnO as a photocatalyst. After irradiation of 253.7 nm UV light in the solution, carboxylation and car- bonylation processes were carried out, and the formation of formic acid, oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid, formaldehyde and glyoxal was observed. The formation of the products depended on the pH values in the solution. The yield of form- aldehyde and glyoxal increased in acidic solution whereas it decreased in basic solution. When the pH values in the solu- tion increased above 11.5, the yield of formic acid increased rapidly. The initial quantum yields of the products were determined and the probable mechanisms for the reactions were presented on the basis of the products analysis.

by bubbling high purity argon (99.999%) through. The compound was then dissolved in water using double distilled water, which was obtained by passing distilled water through a Barnstead (U.S.A.) Nanopure II deionization system. The pH of the solution was adjusted by adding HClO4, NaOH or ammonium chloride buffer solutions which were prepared from air-free distilled water. These buffer solutions did not absorb any UV light with wavelength longer than 240 nm and therefore would not overlap with the characteristic peaks of flavan-4-ol. The UV/vis absorption spectra of the solutions were then taken by a UV/vis spectrophotometer (Uvikon, model 943, Italy) at room temperature. The steady-state fluorescence emission spectra were obtained on a Varian Cary Eclipse spectrofluorometer with 5 nm slits at room temperature after eliminating the oxygen from the solution by means of bubbling high purity argon (99.999%) through. To improve the accuracy, each sample was scanned 10 times and the average of these measurements was recorded as the emission spectrum.

We report formation of a new metallascorpionate ligand, [FeL3](3-) (IPtz), containing a Fe core and three 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazole (LH2) ligands. It features two different binding sites, oxygen and nitrogen triangles, which consist of three oxygen or nitrogen donors from tetrazole. The binding affinities of the complex for three alkali metal ions were studied using UV spectrophotometry titrations. All three alkali metal ions show high affinities and binding constants (3 × 10(6) M(-1)), based on the 1:1 binding isotherms to IPtz. The coordination modes of the alkali metals and IPtz in the solid were studied using X-ray crystallography; two different electron-donor sites show different coordination numbers for Li(+), Na(+), and K(+) ions. The oxygen triangles have the κ(2) coordination mode with Li(+) and κ(3) coordination mode with Na(+) and K(+) ions, whereas the nitrogen triangles show κ(3) coordination with K(+) only. The different binding affinities of IPtz in the solid were manipulated using multiple metal precursors. A Fe-K-Zn trimetallic complex was constructed by assembly of an IPtz ligand, K, and Zn precursors and characterized using X-ray crystallography. Oxygen donors are coordinated with the K ion via the κ(3) coordination mode, and nitrogen donors are coordinated with Zn metal by κ(3) coordination. The solid-state structure was confirmed to be a honeycomb coordination polymer with a one-dimensional infinite metallic array, i.e., -(K-K-Fe-Zn-Fe-K)n-.

Propionibacterium acnes naturally produces endogenous porphyrins that are composed of coproporphyrin III (CPIII) and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Red light alone and photodynamic therapy (PDT) improve acne vulgaris clinically, but there remains a paucity of quantitative data that directly examine the bactericidal effects that result from PDT on P. acnes itself in vitro. The purpose of this study was to measure the difference of bactericidal effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-PDT with red and blue light on P. acnes. P. acnes were cultured under anaerobic conditions and divided into two groups (ALA-treated group and control group), and were then illuminated with blue (415 nm) and red (635 nm) lights using a light-emitting diode (LED). The cultured P. acnes were killed with both blue and red LED light illumination. The efficacy increased with larger doses of light and a greater number of consecutive illuminations. We demonstrated that red light phototherapy was less effective for the eradication of P. acnes than blue light phototherapy without the addition of ALA. However, pretreatment with ALA could enhance markedly the efficacy of red light phototherapy.