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Metabolic engineering of non-photosynthetic microorganisms to increase the utilization of CO2 has been focused on as a green strategy to convert CO2 into valuable products such as fatty acids. In this study, a CO2 utilization pathway involving carbonic anhydrase and biotin carboxylase was formed to recycle CO2 in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, thereby increasing the production of fatty acids. In the recombinant strain in which the CO2 utilization pathway was introduced, the production of fatty acids was 10.7 g/L, which was 1.5-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. The resulting strain had a 1.4-fold increase in dry cell mass compared to the wild-type strain. In addition, linoleic acid was 47.7% in the fatty acid composition of the final strain, which was increased by 11.6% compared to the wild-type strain. These results can be applied as an essential technology for developing efficient and eco-friendly processes by directly utilizing CO2.

Metabolic engineering of non-photosynthetic microorganisms to increase the utilization of CO

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a valuable nonproteinogenic amino acid, has received increasing attention in various fields including medicine, agriculture, and cosmetics. Here, we developed metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum to enhance ALA production. To achieve this object, we focused on the flux redistribution of the TCA cycle toward l-glutamate and introduction of the heterogenous ALA transporter in C. glutamicum. First, the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibitor (OdhI) was mutated by site-directed mutagenesis to prevent the phosphorylation that abolishes the capability of OdhI protein to inhibit oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity. The overexpression of the double-mutated OdhI, T14A/T15A, showed the highest l-glutamate and ALA production compared with that of the native and single-mutated OdhI. To increase ALA secretion from the engineered strain, the ALA exporter RhtA from Escherichia coli was introduced and allowed 2.46 ± 0.11 g/L of ALA production, representing a 1.28-fold increase in extracellular ALA production. In the final strain, the induction of triggers, including Tween 40 and ethambutol, was performed to amplify the effect of the flux redistribution toward ALA. A significant increase in ALA production was observed in the induction of triggers. In particular, ethambutol induction showed the best result, corresponding to 2.9 ± 0.15 g/L of ALA production. Therefore, this biotechnological model enables the efficient extracellular production of ALA from glucose in C. glutamicum.

Photosynthesis of C. vulgaris shows slow growth and low lipid production due to the low solubility of CO

Photosynthesis of C. vulgaris shows slow growth and low lipid production due to the low solubility of CO2, and it is thus necessary to increase the dissolved inorganic carbon source to solve this problem. In this study, carbonic anhydrase (CA) was fused with dockerin to form a CA complex by cohesion-dockerin interaction. The CA complex was displayed on the surface of C. vulgaris by a cellulose binding module. The CA complex increased activity and stability compared to those of a single enzyme. Additionally, C. vulgaris showed an average of 1.6-fold rapid growth during log phase through the influence of the CA complex. The bicarbonate produced by the CA complex increased the lipid production about 1.7-fold (23.3%), compared to 13.6% for the control group. The present results suggest that the CA complex successfully enhances the CO2 fixation, which should be an essential study for 4th generation biofuels.

The objective of this study is to scrutinize the organization background and characteristics of the Busan Exported-cow Quarantine Service, constructed at Juckgie, Busan in 1909 when the Japanese colonial rule period had just begun. The preliminary research including field measurements of the facility and interviews of villager was conducted. The historical situation during facility construction and developing process of the Busan Port and the Juckgie Bay were investigated. Moreover, with the literal review on this facility, the original features of the facility will be restored and recorded, and its characteristics will be inspected. Form the research, the development process and characteristics of modification of the cowshed village in the Wooam-Dong area which had preserved the original facility were studied in detail.

The objective of this paper is to study the Wooam-Dong cowshed village, which maintains a portion of original features pretty well among the shelters of refuge in Busan, constructed after the independence from Japan. Contents of the research include the study on the developing process and characteristics of this village and its housing spaces, literal review and field surveys, study on the villager's life pattern, and field measurements of the facility. From the research results, characteristics of changing pattern of the housing types and application features of their living spaces will be analyzed. Then, developing process of the cowshed village will be inspected and recorded, and house-historical meaning of the living spaces should be re-clarified.

Background Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is known to increase blood flow to the innervations area of the stellate ganglion. Near infrared spectroscopy reflects an increased blood volume and allows continuous, non-invasive, and bedside monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2). We investigated the influence of SGB on bilateral cerebral oxygenation using a near infrared spectroscopy. Methods SGB was performed on 30 patients with 1% lidocaine 10 ml using a paratracheal technique at the C6 level and confirmed by the presence of Horner's syndrome. The blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and rSO2 were measured before SGB and 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after SGB. Tympanic temperature of each ear was measured prior to SGB and 20 minutes after SGB. Results The increments of the rSO2 on the block side from the baseline were statistically significant at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The rSO2 on the non-block side compared with the baseline, however, decreased at 15 and 20 minutes. The difference between the block and the non-block sides was significant at 15 and 20 minutes. The BP at 10, 15 and 20 minutes was increased and the HR was increased at 10 and 15 minutes. Conclusions We observed an increment of the rSO2 on the block side from the baseline; however, the rSO2 on the non-block side decreased.

(46.2%) for CCI and 0.09 ± 0.60 L/min/m 2 (44.0%) for SCI, compared with ICI measurements. Conclusions: We found that the agreement of CCI, SCI, and ICI was poor. This disagreement increased during periods of open thorax and open pericardium when compared to the period of closed thorax. Continuous CO measurements through pulmonary artery catheter should be interpreted with caution during OPCAB. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2008; 54: 603∼8)

Facet joint is an important structure not only contributing to the stability of the lumbar motion segments but also causing low back pain. Hypothetically, the more lumbar lordosis decreases, the more corresponding facet joints orient axially and asymmetrically. Furthermore, the increased incidence of common diseases possessed of low back pain and radiologic findings such as wedging of vertebral body and spondylolisthesis were reported in the patients with asymmetric orientation of the facet joints and loss of lumbar lordosis at the same time. The purpose of our study is to define the relationship of asymmetry of the facet joints and loss of lumbar lordosis. Methods: The asymmetry and average angle of facet joints with respect to sagittal plane were measured on the magnetic resonance images. The lumbar lordosis was measured on the lateral X-ray. The relevance of lumbar lordosis and facet orientation was analyzed through linear regression. Results: There were no significant relationships between lumbar lordosis and asymmetrical orientation of facet joint. Conclusions: The loss of lumbar lordosis did not suggest asymmetrical and axial orientation of facet joints. Further investigation into pathology and consideration into individual differences of range of motion, body mass index, age, sex might be needed.