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Mankind has erected monoliths and stone structures for millennia to ensure stories and culture are passed on to future generations. In the modern era, monuments and architecture are designed with the intention of lasting several decades to hundreds of years and may utilize an arrangement of natural and synthetic materials. Choice of substrate helps ensure the longevity of these structures, but coatings are utilized to provide additional characteristics and subsequent protection to the finished product. Protective coatings come in a variety of base materials and are utilized to address specific degradation concerns. Advances in this field focus on protection of the surface while preventing any unintended damage to the substrate. This mini review summarizes the advances in protective coatings useful for historical monuments and architecture up to January 2024. © 2024 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium (Ti) is widely used in medical and dental implants. Calcium phosphate (CPs) coatings enhance Ti implants' osteoinductive properties, and additives further improve these coatings. Recently, a nano amorphous calcium phosphate (nACP) coating decorated with chitosan oligolactate (ChOL) and selenium (Se) showed immunomodulatory effects. This study investigates the surface morphology, composition, bioactivity, mechanical properties, and Se-release mechanism of the nACP@ChOL-Se hybrid coating on Ti substrates. Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was synthesized, and the nACP@ChOL-Se hybrid coating was deposited on Ti substrates using in situ anaphoretic deposition. Physico-chemical characterization was used to analyze the surface of the coating (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). The distribution of Se within the coating was examined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Bioactivity was evaluated in simulated body fluid (SBF), and adhesion was tested using a scratch test method. In vitro testing determined the release mechanism of Se. SEM images illustrated the surface morphology, while AFM provided a detailed analysis of surface roughness. XRD analysis revealed structural and phase composition, and EDS confirmed Se distribution within the coating. The coating exhibited bioactivity in SBF and showed good adhesion according to the scratch test. In vitro testing uncovered the release mechanism of Se from the coating. This study successfully characterized the surface morphology, composition, bioactivity, and Se-release mechanism of the nACP@ChOL-Se hybrid coating on Ti substrates, offering insights for developing immunomodulatory coatings for medical and dental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research helps with the creation, assessment, and characterization of a new hybrid protective coating for carbon steel alloy in acid conditions. The findings of this study will be useful for both chemical and petrochemical companies as well as scientists. This study aims to protect C-steel in acid pickling solution 1.0M HCl and formulate new hydrophobic protective hybrid organic–inorganic coatings from biopolymers chitosan and plant resin guar gum. Eight coating samples of chitosan in the absence and the presence of guar gum, silica and two heterocyclic compounds are prepared at feasible operational conditions using hot melt method. The aiding additives improved compatibility between coating constituents as confirmed by using different methods of analysis. This new processing approach has addressed the problems of using chitosan in corrosion control such as solubility in acid media and low mechanical strength. Coating samples of chitosan and its composites with the heterocyclic compounds (2-Hydrazinyl-6-methyl-4, 5-dihydro pyrimidine-4-on) or (2-Hydrazinyl-6-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro pyrimidine-4-on) are potent biocides. Coating shifts corrosion potential of carbon steel by 30 mV to more noble direction relative to the active potential 520 mV of bare carbon steel surface. Impedance and polarization measurements indicate that coating samples protect metal surface as mixed-type inhibitor by adsorption mechanism. There is a good agreement between percentages protection %P of coating calculated using the values of charge transfer resistance, Rct, and corrosion current density, icorr. All %P values are above 99% for all coating samples. Guar gum plant resin increases gloss of the coating film. Silica fills the pores in the polymeric film and increases the stuffiness of the polymeric coating film by modifying the particle size. All coated samples have high contact angle ranging from 150° to 165° indicating low wettability and high hydrophobicity of coating film on the metal surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational modulation of surface reconstruction in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) utilizing defect engineering to form efficient catalytic activity centers is a topical interest in the field of catalysis. The introduction of point defects has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy to regulate the electronic configuration of electrocatalysts, but the influence of more complex planar defects (e.g., twins and stacking faults), on their intrinsic activity is still not fully understood. This study harnesses ultrasonic cavitation for rapid and controlled introduction of different types of defects in the FeCoNi/FeAl2O4 hybrid coating, optimizing OER catalytic activity. Theoretical calculations and experiments demonstrate that the different defects optimize the coordination environment and facilitate the activation of surface reconstruction into true catalytic activity centers at lower potentials. Moreover, it demonstrates exceptional durability, maintaining stable oxygen production at a high current density of 300 mA cm−2 for over 120 hours. This work not only presents a novel pathway for designing advanced electrocatalysts but also deepens our understanding of defect‐engineered catalytic mechanisms, showcasing the potential for rapid and efficient enhancement of electrocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing a functional hybrid coating appears to be a promising strategy for addressing the poor corrosion resistance and insufficient endothelialization of Mg-based stents. Nevertheless, the steps for preparing composite coatings are usually complicated and time-consuming. Herein, a novel composite coating, composed of bioactive magnesium thioctic acid (MTA) layer formed by deposition and corrosion-resistant magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) layer grown in situ, is simply fabricated on ZE21B alloys via one-step electrodeposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the electrodeposited coating has a compact and uniform structure. And the high adhesion of the MTA/Mg(OH)2 hybrid coating is also confirmed by the micro-scratch test. Electrochemical test, scanning kelvin probe (SKP), and hydrogen evolution measurement indicate that the hybrid coating effectively reduces the degradation rate of Mg substrates. Haemocompatibility experiment and cell culture trial detect that the composite coating is of fine biocompatibility. Finally, the preparation mechanism of MTA/Mg(OH)2 hybrid coatings is discussed and proposed. This coating shows a great potential application for cardiovascular stents.

• A novel MTA/Mg(OH) 2 hybrid coating is simply prepared by one-step electrodeposition. • MTA/Mg(OH) 2 coatings with dense structures are firmly bonded to the ZE21B alloy. • Corrosion resistance of ZE21B alloys is greatly enhanced after coating MTA/Mg(OH) 2. • MTA/Mg(OH) 2 coating improves the hemocompatibility of the ZE21B alloy. • MTA/Mg(OH) 2 coating markedly promotes the endothelialization of the ZE21B alloy. Constructing a functional hybrid coating appears to be a promising strategy for addressing the poor corrosion resistance and insufficient endothelialization of Mg-based stents. Nevertheless, the steps for preparing composite coatings are usually complicated and time-consuming. Herein, a novel composite coating, composed of bioactive magnesium thioctic acid (MTA) layer formed by deposition and corrosion-resistant magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2) layer grown in situ, is simply fabricated on ZE21B alloys via one-step electrodeposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the electrodeposited coating has a compact and uniform structure. And the high adhesion of the MTA/Mg(OH) 2 hybrid coating is also confirmed by the micro-scratch test. Electrochemical test, scanning kelvin probe (SKP), and hydrogen evolution measurement indicate that the hybrid coating effectively reduces the degradation rate of Mg substrates. Haemocompatibility experiment and cell culture trial detect that the composite coating is of fine biocompatibility. Finally, the preparation mechanism of MTA/Mg(OH) 2 hybrid coatings is discussed and proposed. This coating shows a great potential application for cardiovascular stents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires are becoming more intense and more frequent, ravaging the habitations and ecosystems in their path. One solution to reducing the risk of damage to buildings and other structures during a fire event is the use of fire-retardant coatings that can stop or slow down the spread of flames, especially for textile materials. The present study focuses on the preparation and application of halogen-free boron/bentonite-based polymeric fire-retardant (FR) hybrid coating formulations for fabrics such as cotton (CO) and polyester (PE) fibers. For the preparation of FR composites, two types of boron derivatives, disodium octaborate and zinc borate, were used in combination with sodium bentonite. A styrene-acrylic copolymer was specifically synthesized and used as a coating binder for FR components to apply on fabrics. The properties of the synthesized copolymer and FR composites were characterized with a particle size analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, a dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and rheological measurements. The obtained hybrid composites based on styrene-acrylic copolymers and two different inorganic fillers were applied on cotton (CO) and polyester (PE) fabrics with a screen-printing technique, and the flame retardancy performance of the finished textile samples was investigated by means of flame spread and limit oxygen index (LOI) tests. The findings showed that the FR-composite-coated fabrics had higher LOI values and much decreased flame spread rates in comparison with uncoated ones. Among the boron derivatives, the composites prepared with disodium octaborate (FR-A) had much more pronounced LOI values and decreased flame spread behavior in comparison with the composite with zinc borate (FR-B). When compared to a commercial product, the FR-A composite, in conjunction with the specially synthesized polymer, demonstrated commendable fire retardancy performance and emerged as a promising candidate for a halogen-free waterborne fire-retardant coating for fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the effect of ultrasonic shot peening (USSP) on electrodeposited Ni/Ni-TiO2 coatings on mild steel substrate was analyzed in terms of surface-mechanical and electrochemical properties. USSP was performed on the Ni/Ni-TiO2 coatings surface deposited mainly from Watt baths with varying peening vibrational amplitude and peening time, and the resulting hybrid coating was analyzed using XRD, SEM, microhardness, scratch test, and corrosion analysis. The XRD analysis revealed a prominent texturing effect and residual compressive stress, which resulted in changes in surface-mechanical and corrosion properties. SEM morphology revealed pore closure following USSP, as well as a positive effect at the coating interface. Surface roughness and dimple size also had an impact on the properties. Microhardness and scratch results showed improvement after peening. The noticeable effect of peening was observed during a corrosion study using potentiodynamic polarization and EIS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are prospective biodegradable metallic implant materials. This research focuses on addressing the high corrosion rate of Magnesium (Mg) and WE54 Mg alloys, limiting their biomedical applications as biodegradable metallic implants. The study proposes a novel approach by developing hybrid coatings on these materials, combining organic PLA (poly-lactic acid) and inorganic HA (hydroxyapatite) substances. The hybrid coatings exhibit significantly improved corrosion protection and biocompatibility, reducing degradation and in vitro corrosion rates in body fluid solutions. Immersion testing indicates a substantial decrease in the degradation rate in simulated body fluid (SBF). Electrochemical studies reveal that the HA/PLA coating enhances corrosion resistance by about 280 times compared to unmodified Mg and approximately 230 times compared to uncoated WE54 Mg alloy. Cytotoxicity tests affirm improved bioactivity and biocompatibility, suggesting the potential of HA/PLA hybrid coatings as promising solutions for fabricating biodegradable implants in biomedical applications.

A novel inorganic-organic layer with outstanding corrosion resistance in a 3.5wt.% NaCl solution was fabricated by taking advantage of the unique interactions between coumarin (COM) molecules and the porous layer formed on Mg alloy. To achieve this aim, the AZ31 Mg alloy coated via microarc oxidation (MAO) coating was placed in an ethanolic solution of COM for 6 and 12 h at 25 °C. By reducing the surface area exposed to the corrosive species, the donor-acceptor complexes produced by the particular interactions between the COM and MAO surface would successfully prevent the corrosion of Mg alloy substrate. The MAO layer would provide the ideal sites for the charge-transfer-induced physical and chemical locking, leading to uneven organic layer nucleation and crystal growth with a thatch-like structure. To evaluate the formation mechanism of such hybrid composites and highlight the key bonding modes between the COM and MAO, theoretical simulations were conducted.

A hybrid‐based coating is proposed for its performance against accelerated corrosion of steel bars used for concrete reinforcement. The innovative, hybrid nano‐modified character of the coating is applied during steel's welding process (at around 400°C) ensuring durability and adhesion to the steel bars while energy saving is a necessary feature. With the intention of comparing product sustainability, both water‐based and organic solvent based polymeric matrix was used. Formulations were designed according to the final desired performance of the coating's behaviour and anti‐corrosion properties. For all the above complex formulations, an ultrasonic mixing method was applied, and all coatings have been sprayed. Final performance of coated steel was tested after exposing samples in salt mist, using sodium chloride solution (3.0% w/w) for 7 days. Detailed imaging modalities for metallic surfaces have been performed after testing samples under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface modification of Ti based bipolar plates (BPs) could be an effective solution to prevent the formation of low-conductive oxide film, promote the corrosion resistance and electronic conductivity as well. In this work, a novel hybrid coating composed of nano-sized TiN and carbonaceous phases (TiN–C) was successfully established on a Ti substrate via a combined electrophoretic deposition and thermal treatment process. Various physiochemical characterizations revealed that the coating was uniform, and the formation of the nano-sized TiN and carbonaceous composites reduced the interfacial contact resistance significantly. The potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarization tests indicated that the hybrid coating TiN–C prepared at 400 °C had a corrosion current density of only 1.41 μA cm−2, which was an order of magnitude lower than that (36.02 μA cm−2) of the bare Ti. Furthermore, the as-prepared coating showed excellent durability in both the simulated PEMWE environment and the PEMWE cell under polarization at 1.7 V for more than 300 h. A protective hybrid coating composed of nano-sized TiN and carbon is developed on a Ti substrate which demonstrates high surface conductivity and low interfacial contact resistance due to improved electron transfer, high uniformity and corrosion resistance, and excellent durability under high anode potential and acidic environment in actual operation of PEMWE. [Display omitted] • Hybrid coating of TiN and carbon on a Ti substrate is realized by electrophoretic deposition coupled with heat treatment. • Interfacial contact resistance and corrosion resistance of the hybrid coating are improved. • The hybrid coating exhibits remarkable stability in PEMWE environment for 300 h. • The improvement originates from the formation of uniform nano-sized TiN and carbon composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel inorganic-organic layer with outstanding corrosion resistance in a 3.5wt.% NaCl solution was fabricated by taking advantage of the unique interactions between coumarin (COM) molecules and the porous layer formed on Mg alloy. To achieve this aim, the AZ31 Mg alloy coated via microarc oxidation (MAO) coating was placed in an ethanolic solution of COM for 6 and 12 h at 25 °C. By reducing the surface area exposed to the corrosive species, the donor-acceptor complexes produced by the particular interactions between the COM and MAO surface would successfully prevent the corrosion of Mg alloy substrate. The MAO layer would provide the ideal sites for the charge-transfer-induced physical and chemical locking, leading to uneven organic layer nucleation and crystal growth with a thatch-like structure. To evaluate the formation mechanism of such hybrid composites and highlight the key bonding modes between the COM and MAO, theoretical simulations were conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polyorganosilazane (PSZ) material was used to develop thin hybrid organic–inorganic coatings on copper as a protective barrier against corrosion. The coatings were deposited on the copper substrate by sol–gel route, using solution formulations of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane substituted polymethyl(hydro)/polymethylsilazane. The obtained coating were transparent with the advantage of preserving the original aesthetic appearance of the coated material. The effect the PSZ ratio (10–40% w/w) in the depositing solution and relative humidity (RH) of curing process have been investigated. The coating structure was evaluated in function of the curing time by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and its morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Information about barrier properties of the coated samples were obtained by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. It was demonstrated that a PSZ coating thickness of about 2 μm cured at 25 °C and 80% RH ensures an enhanced protection for the copper substrate for relatively long time (28 days continuous immersion test). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is in situ anodization/anaphoretic deposition of a nano amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)/chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (ChOL) multifunctional hybrid coating decorated with selenium (Se) on a titanium substrate and in vivo investigation of its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effect. Investigating phenomena at the implant–tissue interface of interest for controlled inflammation and immunomodulation was also the aim of the research. In our earlier research, we designed coatings based on ACP and ChOL on titanium with anticorrosive, antibacterial and biocompatible properties, while in the presented results we show that selenium addition makes this coating an immunomodulator. The immunomodulatory effect of the novel hybrid coating is characterized by the examination of the functional aspects in the tissue around the implant (in vivo): proinflammatory cytokines' gene expression, M1 (iNOS) and M2 (Arg1) macrophages, fibrous capsule formation (TGF-β) and vascularization (VEGF). The EDS, FTIR and XRD analyses prove the formation of a ACP/ChOL/Se multifunctional hybrid coating on Ti and the presence of Se. A higher M2/M1 macrophage ratio in the ACP/ChOL/Se-coated implants compared to pure titanium implants (a higher level of Arg1 expression) is noted at all time points examined (after 7, 14 and 28 days). Lower inflammation measured by gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF, lower expression of TGF-β in the surrounding tissue and higher IL-6 expression (solely at day 7 post-implantation) is noted in presence of the ACP/ChOL/Se-coated implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are modern implant materials that are remarkably similar to natural bone. Biomedical researchers have taken notice of its exceptional mechanical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Despite their excellent physical and mechanical properties, their alloys are restricted to medical applications because of their low corrosion resistance and rapid structural deterioration in physiological environments. The coating is one of the most effective methods to overcome these limitations and improve corrosion resistance. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a natural inorganic mineral applied as a coating material that shows superior biocompatibility, bioactivity, high osteoconductivity, non-toxicity, non-inflammatory properties, and a slower degradation and corrosion rate when incorporated on an Mg alloy surface. However, HA applications are limited in scope because of their inherent brittleness. Hybrid coatings are frequently used because they can be combined with inorganic and organic coating materials to overcome the limitations of a single-layer coating, such as corrosion resistance, adhesion, and mechanical integrity. Despite layer-by-layer coating, the hybrid coating has excellent mechanical, physiochemical, and biomedical properties. This review summarizes the most recent developments in hybrid coatings with synthetic polymer coatings (PCL/HA, PLA/HA), natural polymer coatings (SF + HA, collagen/HA), and HA/TiO2-based hybrid coatings on biodegradable Mg alloys. In addition, their biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties have been discussed. Biopolymer-based hybrid coatings could be a promising means to alter the constraints of Mg alloys in biomedical applications.

Wildfires are becoming more intense and more frequent, ravaging the habitations and ecosystems in their path. One solution to reducing the risk of damage to buildings and other structures during a fire event is the use of fire-retardant coatings that can stop or slow down the spread of flames, especially for textile materials. The present study focuses on the preparation and application of halogen-free boron/bentonite-based polymeric fire-retardant (FR) hybrid coating formulations for fabrics such as cotton (CO) and polyester (PE) fibers. For the preparation of FR composites, two types of boron derivatives, disodium octaborate and zinc borate, were used in combination with sodium bentonite. A styrene-acrylic copolymer was specifically synthesized and used as a coating binder for FR components to apply on fabrics. The properties of the synthesized copolymer and FR composites were characterized with a particle size analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, a dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and rheological measurements. The obtained hybrid composites based on styrene-acrylic copolymers and two different inorganic fillers were applied on cotton (CO) and polyester (PE) fabrics with a screen-printing technique, and the flame retardancy performance of the finished textile samples was investigated by means of flame spread and limit oxygen index (LOI) tests. The findings showed that the FR-composite-coated fabrics had higher LOI values and much decreased flame spread rates in comparison with uncoated ones. Among the boron derivatives, the composites prepared with disodium octaborate (FR-A) had much more pronounced LOI values and decreased flame spread behavior in comparison with the composite with zinc borate (FR-B). When compared to a commercial product, the FR-A composite, in conjunction with the specially synthesized polymer, demonstrated commendable fire retardancy performance and emerged as a promising candidate for a halogen-free waterborne fire-retardant coating for fabrics.

Water vapor barrier materials are crucial importance in the packaging industry. Herein, a series of organic–inorganic hybrid coatings are successfully deposited onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film through a facile casting method. These coatings impart PET film with enhanced water vapor barrier properties. Particularly, the influencing factors for the water vapor barrier property are systematically investigated in terms of polymers, inorganic fillers and environmental pH level. The results demonstrate that the hybrid coatings comprising ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer resin (AQ4104) and inorganic filler with peelable structure, including micas (ME-100 and NTS) and sodium montmorillonite (K–F) significantly reduce the water vapor transmittance ratio (WVTR) of PET film. The WVTR of PET film coated with ME-100/AQ4104 hybrid is 0.7 g m−2/day, which is reduced by 80% than that of uncoated PET film. Also, the composite coatings comprising polyurethane resin (WPB-341) and NTS greatly reduce the WVTR of PET film to 1.0 g m−2/day at 20 wt% NTS content. The inorganic fillers with both small sheet diameter and peelable sheet structure are greatly advantageous for the water vapor barrier property of hybrid coatings. Additionally, the adhesion tests show that these composite coatings possess great adhesion strength, especially for NTS/WPB-341 composite coating of 4.92 N/cm. Moreover, when the environmental pH is adjusted from original alkaline to acidic, the WVTR of PET film coated with AQ4104-based composite coatings is changed, indicating the pH-dependent water vapor barrier ability. This research may provide some reference significance for the simple, low-cost and easy large-scale production of high-performance water vapor barrier coatings for packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low resistance at high temperatures as well as low wear resistance are the limitations of polymer-based materials; therefore, to increase thermal stability and wear resistance of these materials, resistant coatings used to protect their surface in applications with good wear performance at high temperatures. The coating layer in this study includes epoxy resin mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as the organic phases, containing 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 17.5 %wt of the modified silica nanoparticles as inorganic phase are applied to polymeric substrates through dip-coating. Wear resistance, hardness and thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) were used to evaluate the properties of applied hybrid coating. The results showed that the thermal stability of the substrate with Epoxy/PVC coating containing 12.5 %wt modified nanosilica had an increase up to 31.27% compared to the uncoated substrate. The hardness obtained in the uncoated substrate is 2H; While in substrates with coatings containing 12.5 and 15% wt of modified nanosilica increased to 6H. The wear rate of substrate with Epoxy/PVC hybrid coating containing 12.5 %wt of modified nanosilica had amount 75% reduce compared to the uncoated substrate. The results showed the potential ability of the formulated coating to enhance the working conditions of polymeric coating including high temperature and high wear conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In different application areas, bacteria cause serious problems due to their occurrences in a bio-film form on the surfaces. To overcome such drawbacks, surface coating appears as an alternative way to prevent these formations. In practice, there are many antibacterial substances and biocides for coating the material surfaces. With this strong motivation, the present study addresses a closer look at silane-based anti-bacterial coatings on polycarbonate. For anti-bacterial purposes, silver oxide, boron oxide, and titanium oxides in nano-sizes were utilized with the combination of silanes. The samples were prepared using the traditional sol–gel technique. After that, silane-based hybrid coating surfaces were cured with thermal treatment. The synthesized samples were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, digital microscopy, and anti-bacterial activity. As a result, we reported that our samples showed an anti-bacterial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel PCL/HA/TiO 2 hybrid coating on ZM21 Mg alloy substrate has been investigated for corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and mechanical integrity loss in terms of bending, compressive and tensile strength in physiological media. The prepared hybrid coating was dip coated over ZM21 from HA/TiO 2 and PCL solutions followed by creating a microporous PCL layer by utilizing Non-solvent Induced Phase Separation (NIPS) technique. The electrochemical measurement and in-vitro degradation study in SBF after 28 days showed that the PCL/HA/TiO 2 hybrid coating reduced H2 evolution rate, weight loss, and corrosion rate by 64, 116 and 118 times respectively, as compared to uncoated ZM21 samples. The surface studies carried out using SEM-EDX, FTIR and XRD revealed formation of highly stable 3d flower-like HA crystals with Ca/P ratio of 1.60 in the PCL micropores. This dense apatite growth effectively protected the PCL/HA/TiO 2 hybrid coated samples to maintain the good mechanical integrity even after 28 days of immersion as compared to HA/TiO 2 composite coated, As-polished (A/P) and As-machined (A/M) samples. The failure analysis of samples under mechanical loading were performed using SEM-BSE-EBSD. The in-vitro cellular viability of L929 fibroblast cells on PCL/HA/TiO 2 hybrid coating was found 50.47% higher with respect to control group, whereas bacterial viability was supressed by 57.15 and 62.35% against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacterial models. The comprehensive assessment indicates PCL/HA/TiO 2 hybrid coating as a suitable candidate to delay early degradation and mechanical integrity loss of Mg-based alloys for devising biodegradable orthopaedic implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tribological properties of tin (Sn)-zinc (Zn) hybrid coating on bronze were evaluated in lubricated condition mating with a chromium alloy steel (Japanese Industrial Standards, JIS SUJ2) flat surface. A shot peening technique using Sn and Zn fine powders as the impact media was applied to the coating process. The resulted coating film thickness was approximately 1-2 µm. Tribological properties of mono-layered coating showed that the friction coefficient and the wear loss were considerably smaller than those of the bronze and that the transfer layer morphology was different depending on the coating material. Further decrease of the friction coefficient was found on the hybrid Sn-Zn coating surface and Zn transfer layer accompanying with oxygen reduced. Therefore, it is concluded that hybrid Sn-Zn coating is effective means to improve the tribological properties of bronze surface.

Crystalline and amorphous cobalt-phosphorus (Co-P) coatings have their own advantages in interfacial diffusion resistance and mechanical ductility of solder joints, respectively, but it cannot be better at both. In this work, the hybrid crystalline-amorphous Co-P coating (Co-9.1 at.% P) was fabricated and applied on the Cu/Sn interface by controlling the crystallinity through compositional design. Combining the advantages of crystalline and amorphous Co-P, strategies for solder joints with high shear strength, ductile intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and slow interface consumption was proposed. The evolution, microstructure, phase, and mechanical properties of the Co-Sn, Co-Sn-P and P-rich layers in solid-state diffusion were systematically characterized and tested by means of SEM, EPMA, EBSD, TEM, nanoindentation, and shear test. It was found that the hybrid Co-P coating achieved a low consumption rate, 14.2 nm/h, attributing to the partially crystalline structure and the Co-Sn-P exfoliation behavior. In addition, solder joints containing large-thickness ductile Co-Sn IMCs, 3.2–3.6 GPa of hardness, was established. The shear strength after aging reached 75.4 MPa relying on the large thickness of Co-Sn IMCs. Severe mechanical loads would be able to be withstand by virtue of the plastic deformation of ductile IMCs. Hybrid crystalline-amorphous Co-P would be a promising interface material in microelectronic packaging.

The liquid and gas diffusion layer is a key component of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE), and its interfacial contact resistance (ICR) and corrosion resistance have a great impact on the performance and durability of PEMWE. In this work, a novel hybrid coating with Au contacts discontinuously embedded in a titanium oxidized layer was constructed on a Ti felt via facile electrochemical metallizing and followed by a pre-oxidization process. The physicochemical characterizations, such as scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, and X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the distribution and morphology of the Au contacts could be regulated with the electrical pulse time, and a hybrid coating (Au-TiO2/Ti) was eventually achieved after the long-term stability test under anode environment. At the compaction force of 140 N cm−2, the ICR was reduced from 19.7 mΩ cm2 of the P-Ti to 4.2 mΩ cm2 of the Au-TiO2/Ti. The corrosion current density at 1.8 V (RHE) is 0.689 μA cm−2. Both the ICR and corrosion resistance results showed that the prepared protective coating could provide comparable ICR and corrosion resistance to a dense Au coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of a robust photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid coating on a polymer substrate via a simple process, such as dip-coating, is useful for practical applications but still challenging. In this study, the photocatalytic coating is prepared by nano-TiO2 hydrosol and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which has both photocatalytic and hydrophobic properties. The as-prepared TiO2/PDMS coating can be applied on silicon rubber directly via a dipping process. FTIR, XPS, and HRTEM analysis showed that the interaction between PDMS and nano-TiO2 occurred via generated Ti-O-Si bonds. The photocatalytic activity test performs that this coating can remove organic pollutants methylene blue (MB) dissolved in the water. Meanwhile, the coating can degrade the organic dye stained on the silicon rubber surface under UV irradiation. The water contact angle test shows that the hydrophobicity of the TiO2/PDMS coating is stable under UV irradiation for over 60 h, which means the existence of TiO2 will not break the PDMS in the hybrid coating. Also, the hybrid coating can keep both hydrophobicity and photocatalytic activity even after pre-irradiation treatment. These results show that the as-fabricated hybrid coating has promising applications for functionalizing silicone rubber surfaces to endow them with photocatalytic activity to degrade organic pollutants on surfaces both in ambient and aqueous environments, and the hybrid coating has potential stable self-cleaning function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic faults of conical crushers leading to prolonged downtime are considered. Wear and failure of the main components are associated with overloading on intake of the uncrushed mass (rock). The wear resistance may be improved by applying a hybrid coating to the component under the greatest load, which is the eccentric. Specifically, it is effective to use an electrospark coating of VK8 hard alloy; and a frictional surface coating of B83 Babbitt metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a promising natural polymer for coatings, it combines intrinsic antibacterial and pro-osteoblastic properties, but the literature still has a gap from the development to behavior of these coatings, so this systematic review aimed to answer, "What is the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of polymeric chitosan coatings on titanium implants on antibacterial activity and osteoblast viability?". PRISMA guidelines was followed, the search was applied into 4 databases and grey literature, without the restriction of time and language. The selection process occurred in 2 blinded steps by the authors. The criteria of eligibility were in vitro studies that evaluated the physical, chemical, microbiological, and biological properties of chitosan coatings on titanium surfaces. The risk of bias was analyzed by the specific tool. Of 734 potential articles 10 were included; all had low risk of bias. The coating was assessed according to the technique of fabrication, FT-IR, thickness, adhesion, roughness, wettability, antibacterial activity, and osteoblast viability. The analyzed coatings showed efficacy on antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility dependent on the class of material incorporated. Thus, this review motivates the development of time-dependent studies to optimize manufacturing and allow for an increase in patents and availability on the market. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Modification of HA coating improved anti-corrosion resistance of the AZ31 alloy. • Zein protective layer was formed on HA coating by post-treatment method. • HA-zein coating exhibited stability in SBF and had better antibacterial properties. In order to control the corrosion rate and enhance the biocompatibility of the AZ31 magnesium alloys, hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings pre-treated and post-treated with Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and zein were prepared by pre-treatment and post-treatment methods, and then they were compared to each other. The electrochemical test results indicated that the modified coatings have more polarization resistance in contrast with HA coating. Moreover, the treated HA coating with zein prepared by the post-treatment method (R p = 25,375 ohm.cm2), reveals a better anti-corrosion behavior compared with the treated coating with EDTA (R p = 10,160 ohm.cm2) and zein prepared by the pretreatment method (R p = 20,376 ohm.cm2) in NaCl 3.5 wt.% solution. The surface characterization and composition of the coatings were examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FE-SEM results confirm the formation of a polymeric layer of zein on apatite's crystals. In addition, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) tests were performed in a simulated body fluid (SBF) in order to investigate the in vitro properties at specific times, and then the surface morphology of the coatings was also investigated. Immersion tests in SBF showed that the HA coating treated with zein by the post-treatment method significantly increases the corrosion rate due to the presence of the zein polymer film and the hydroxyapatite coating, and after 1 week of exposure to SBF, the protective layer of the zein remained almost unchanged. The viable cell count method was utilized to examine the antibacterial characteristics of the coatings, and a considerable reduction in bacteria growth percentage was observed after 24 h in the EDTA-HA and HA-zein coatings. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rampant dendrites and parasitic reactions have been seriously hampering the application of Zn metal anode. The construction of artificial interface layer is considered to be an effective strategy to solve these problems. Herein, we designed an organic-inorganic hybrid interface coating to regulate zinc deposition behavior. The chitin-rich outer layer with abundant polar groups exhibits good zincophilicity, as well as the good trapping ability to SO 4 2- and H 2 O molecule, thereby promoting the rapid desolvation of Zn2+ and inhibiting the parasitic reactions. The vermiculite-rich inner layer promotes the multi-site nucleation and leads to the uniform deposition of Zn2+, which also works as a tough physical parclose to inhibit dendrite growth. Moreover, according to the experimental results and theoretical calculation, the chitin-vermiculite interface supplies a fast diffusion path with low energy barriers, enabling fast zinc deposition kinetics. As a result, the hybrid coating protected Zn anode (denoted as Zn@VMCT) exhibits high electrochemical reversibility of average CE up to 99.6% in Zn||Cu battery, long plating/stripping lifespan of 2800 h under 1 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2 and exceeding 400 h under 10 mA cm−2/10 mAh cm−2 in symmetrical battery. Impressively, when paired with MnO 2 cathode, the Zn@VMCT||MnO 2 full battery delivers 201.0 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and maintains 92.9% after 800 cycles. [Display omitted] • An organic-inorganic hybrid interface coating was constructed on Zn anode. • The hybrid coating shows good electrolyte sieve ability and dendrite resistance. • The hybrid coating shows a low diffusion battier for Zn2+ ions. • The hybrid coating enables the long-term and high-capacity Zn deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is in situ anodization/anaphoretic deposition of a nano amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)/chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (ChOL) multifunctional hybrid coating decorated with selenium (Se) on a titanium substrate and in vivo investigation of its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effect. Investigating phenomena at the implant–tissue interface of interest for controlled inflammation and immunomodulation was also the aim of the research. In our earlier research, we designed coatings based on ACP and ChOL on titanium with anticorrosive, antibacterial and biocompatible properties, while in the presented results we show that selenium addition makes this coating an immunomodulator. The immunomodulatory effect of the novel hybrid coating is characterized by the examination of the functional aspects in the tissue around the implant (in vivo): proinflammatory cytokines’ gene expression, M1 (iNOS) and M2 (Arg1) macrophages, fibrous capsule formation (TGF-β) and vascularization (VEGF). The EDS, FTIR and XRD analyses prove the formation of a ACP/ChOL/Se multifunctional hybrid coating on Ti and the presence of Se. A higher M2/M1 macrophage ratio in the ACP/ChOL/Se-coated implants compared to pure titanium implants (a higher level of Arg1 expression) is noted at all time points examined (after 7, 14 and 28 days). Lower inflammation measured by gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF, lower expression of TGF-β in the surrounding tissue and higher IL-6 expression (solely at day 7 post-implantation) is noted in presence of the ACP/ChOL/Se-coated implants.

Ni–P–BN(h)–Ag hybrid composite coatings were fabricated on the steel substrate by a scalable electroless deposition process. The optimum bath composition and operating conditions were selected to obtain defect-free composite coatings with ∼50 μm thickness. Further, to enhance the hardness, as-deposited coatings were subjected to heat treatment in a tubular furnace at 400°C for 1 h. The dry sliding wear behaviour of the as-deposited (AD) and heat-treated (HT400) composite coatings was evaluated using a linear reciprocating tribometer. The average friction coefficient of the hybrid coating was ∼0.14 (in as-deposited condition) and ∼0.16 (in heat-treated condition); these values represent 51.72% and 52.94% reduction over non-hybrid Ni-P coatings. The specific wear rate of the as-deposited and heattreated composite coatings was found to be 50% and 43% lower, respectively, than that of conventional Ni–P coatings. Detailed wear track analysis was carried out to identify underlying wear mechanisms and tribochemical interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work attempted to fabricate superhydrophobic fabric via a simple immersion technique. Textile fabrics were coated with silica nanoparticles prepared from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to obtain sufficient roughness with hydrophobic surface chemistry. Then, the coated fabrics were treated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to reduce the surface energy. The effects of the PDMS concentration on the surface morphology and superhydrophobicity of as-prepared fabric were investigated. The morphology and the composition of superhydrophobic fabric were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results revealed the formation of spherical silica nanoparticles with an average particle size of 250 nm throughout the fabric surface. The possible interactions between silica nanoparticles and APTES, as well as the fabrics, were elucidated. Investigating the hydrophobicity of fabrics via water contact angle (WCA) measurement showed that the treated fabric exhibits excellent water repellency with a water contact angle as high as 151° and a very low water sliding angle. It was also found that the treated fabric maintained most of its hydrophobicity against repeated washing, as the WCA of superhydrophobic fabrics decreased to 141° after 25 repeated washing cycles. The comfort properties of the obtained superhydrophobic fabrics in terms of air permeability and bending length did not reveal any significant changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid coating was fabricated on ZK60 magnesium (Mg) alloy using alternating current electrophoretic deposition (AC-EPD). The hybrid coating comprised chitosan, gelatin (Type-B), bioactive glasses (BG(a,b)) and nanoparticles of ZnO/CeO2. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the presence of the above-mentioned materials on coated samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that coating morphology was homogeneous and covered the maximum surface area. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements (PDP) of coated samples were investigated in Ringer’s solution at 25°C. PDP results showed that lowest corrosion current density values of 1.39 and 1.84 µA cm−2 were observed for suspensions CS0.8–G0.8–BG(b)1.0–ZnO0.6 and CS0.8–G0.8–G(a)1–CeO2(0.6), respectively. SEM analysis and PDP results confirmed that best AC-EPD parameters for ZK60 are (Voltage = 35 V, Frequency = 300 Hz, DC off-set = 2 V, Time = 480 s, Distance = 10 mm). DC off-set with the same direction to high amplitude peak was a promising addition in AC-EPD parameters.

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A multifunctional protective coating with satisfactory moisture-proof and antireflective (AR) performance has been successfully fabricated by modifying SiO2 nanoparticles with an acid-catalyzed hexylamine and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane bridged polysilsesquioxane (HG-BPSQ). The preparation process is simple and environmental-friendly with no need for any post-treatments. Instead of destroying the nanoporous structure of the SiO2 coating, the introduced HG-BPSQ can improve the moisture-proof and enhance the mechanical property of the porous SiO2 coating. Experimental results show that the refractive index of the corresponding coating packed by the hybrid nanoparticles is as low as 1.22, and the average transmittance of the quartz coated with hybrid coating is 97.21% in the range of 300–1200 nm, which is far greater than that of the bare quartz's 91.98%, indicating the hybrid possesses good AR performance. In addition, the average transmittance of the potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal coated with the hybrid coating only decreases 2.54% after being treated in a 60% humidity environment for 7 months, which is far lower than that of the bare KDP and KDP coated with SiO2 coating, illustrating the hybrid coating has good moisture-proof performance. What's more, the abrasion-resistance ability of the hybrid coating is better than that of the SiO2 coating. Based on the experiment results, the formation mechanism of moisture-proof and AR function of the hybrid coating has been deduced and simulated. This work provides a simple and environmentally friendly way by using BPSQ to improve the moisture-proof and mechanical performance of the SiO2 coating while maintaining its antireflective property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new UV-curable maleimide-terminated polyimide was prepared and characterized using gel-permeation chromatography, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The polyimide was formulated with a commercially available UV-curable polyester resin via twin-screw extrusion to prepare a hybrid powder coating system. The hybrid powder coatings were cured by exposing the molten formulation to UV light. The films were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermomechanical analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. DMA highlighted the viscoelastic behavior of the films and showed that an increase in Tg was obtained with increasing polyimide content, as determined via the α-transition in the tanδ curve. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an improvement in the thermal stability of the polyester with the addition of the polyimide. Deformation resistance of the UV-cured films was investigated by SAOS and LAOS rheological methods to investigate the relative endurance of these coatings when subjected to different strains. The viscoelastic properties of the hybrid system were most improved when 16% weight percent of polyimide was added into the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational modulation of surface reconstruction in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) utilizing defect engineering to form efficient catalytic activity centers is a topical interest in the field of catalysis. The introduction of point defects has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy to regulate the electronic configuration of electrocatalysts, but the influence of more complex planar defects (e.g., twins and stacking faults), on their intrinsic activity is still not fully understood. This study harnesses ultrasonic cavitation for rapid and controlled introduction of different types of defects in the FeCoNi/FeAl 2 O 4 hybrid coating, optimizing OER catalytic activity. Theoretical calculations and experiments demonstrate that the different defects optimize the coordination environment and facilitate the activation of surface reconstruction into true catalytic activity centers at lower potentials. Moreover, it demonstrates exceptional durability, maintaining stable oxygen production at a high current density of 300 mA cm -2 for over 120 hours. This work not only presents a novel pathway for designing advanced electrocatalysts but also deepens our understanding of defect-engineered catalytic mechanisms, showcasing the potential for rapid and efficient enhancement of electrocatalytic performance., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The novelty of this study is that it the first time blending and formulation of chitosan as a new hybrid (organometallic) protective coatings for achieving synergistic protection for carbon steel alloy during acid pickling. The role of coated silica (by 0.1 wt % stearic acid lubricant) in the improvement of coating performance was highlighted. Variable weight percentage of chitosan and silica in addition to a fixed weight percentage (35 %) of guar gum natural plant resin, 5 × 10 -6  mmol (2-Hydrazinyl-6-methyl (or phenyl) -4, 5-di-H pyrimidinone) as organic corrosion inhibitors were compounding as hot melt in the presence of a low cost surfactant as an emulsifying agent improved compatibility between coating constituents. Guar gum increased coating flow during application and grafted chitosan into high molecular copolymer resin insoluble in acid media. Phosphorous acid improved coating flexibility during application by hot dipping. Hybrid coating decreased corrosion potential of carbon steel and retarded both redox reactions of corrosion acting as adsorbed mixed-type inhibitor. Percentages protection (%P) approached hundred percentage as confirmed from the agreement between impedance and polarization parameters. Guar gum plant resin and slice powder increased gloss of coating. The coated silica filled the pores and increased stiffness of coating. Super hydrophobicity of coating was confirmed by the measured contact angle above 150 o C indicating good spreading of coating sample as insulating adherent surface film., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Authors declared no conflict of interest have influenced the submitted work If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

[Display omitted] The current commercialized polyethylene (PE) separator has poor wettability and thermal stability which will seriously restrict the electrochemical performance and affect the safety of lithium ion battery. Herein, a porous hybrid layer coated separator with high thermal stability, good electrochemical performance and improved wettability was prepared by a template-free method via the synergistic effect between tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and aramid nano fibers (ANFs) during the evaporation of solvent and the in-situ gelation of TEOS. The results show that the porous hybrid coating layers can enhance the thermal stability, wettability and electrolyte uptake of the separators. Moreover, the lithium ion transference number is also increased. As a result, the battery assembled with the composite separator exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance in terms of cycle stability and rate performance. When coupled with LiCoO 2 cathode, the capacity retention rate is as high as 96.0% after 100 cycles at 0.2C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquid and gas diffusion layer is a key component of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE), and its interfacial contact resistance (ICR) and corrosion resistance have a great impact on the performance and durability of PEMWE. In this work, a novel hybrid coating with Au contacts discontinuously embedded in a titanium oxidized layer was constructed on a Ti felt via facile electrochemical metallizing and followed by a pre-oxidization process. The physicochemical characterizations, such as scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, and X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the distribution and morphology of the Au contacts could be regulated with the electrical pulse time, and a hybrid coating (Au-TiO2/Ti) was eventually achieved after the long-term stability test under anode environment. At the compaction force of 140 N cm−2, the ICR was reduced from 19.7 mΩ cm2 of the P-Ti to 4.2 mΩ cm2 of the Au-TiO2/Ti. The corrosion current density at 1.8 V (RHE) is 0.689 μA cm−2. Both the ICR and corrosion resistance results showed that the prepared protective coating could provide comparable ICR and corrosion resistance to a dense Au coating.

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials with high oxygen- and UV-barrier properties were developed using a polyelectrolyte complex comprising sodium alginate (SA), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and reconstructed layered double hydroxide (RLDH). These materials were applied to poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as a barrier coating layer at a harsh drying temperature of 120 °C, similar to environments for the industrial coating process. The RLDH nanoplatelets within the coating matrix restricted the polymer chain mobility, elevating the glass transition temperature to 105.222–159.114 °C. Below RLDH 0.2 %, the apparent coating density significantly increased to 0.93–0.94 g/cm3. The embedded RLDH gave a tortuosity within the matrix, as evidenced by an intensified (003) diffraction peak in the XRD analysis. These structural alterations contributed to high oxygen- and UV-barrier performance. Notably, the PET/SA1.0PVA0.5RLDH0.2 film exhibited an extremely low oxygen transmission rate of <0.005 cm3/m2·day, with effectively blocking UV-A (62.41 %), -B (92.45 %), and -C light (100 %). Moreover, the susceptibility of the coated film to water vapor was mitigated by laminating cast polypropylene, achieving a water vapor transmission rate of 1.17 g/m2·day. Overall, the packaging materials with advanced oxygen-, water vapor-, and UV-barrier properties show great potential for practical applications in various sectors, including food packaging and medical/electrical devices. [Display omitted] • Hybrid organic-inorganic coating materials were fabricated via a facile method. • SA and PVA formed hybrid PECs with RLDH via H-bonds and electrostatic interactions. • OTR of PET/SA1.0PVA0.5RLDH0.2 was below 0.005 cm3/m2·day, with a UV-blocking ability. • Susceptibility of the hybrid coating-treated film to water vapor was mitigated by CPP lamination. • Developed multilayer films were transparent and robust with barrier properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of environmentally benign flame retardant technology is crucial for flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). Herein, a hybrid organic-inorganic coating (CNT–NH 2 –PA) was prepared through a facile salt formation reaction between biomass phytic acid (PA) and aminated carbon nanotubes (CNT-NH 2) on FPUF. The obtained flame retardant foam (FPUF@CNT–NH 2 –PA) passed the UL-94 rate of V-0, with a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 27.6 ± 0.3 %. More importantly, the cone calorimeter (CC) results demonstrated that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of FPUF@CNT–NH 2 –PA was reduced by 39.7 % compared with that of neat foam. The mechanism analysis confirmed that a dense and compact char layer was formed during the combustion, which can effectively prevent the massive diffusion of heat and oxygen from the FPUF. Besides, the compression tests have clearly shown that the FPUF@CNT–NH 2 –PA retained the excellent mechanical nature of FPUF. Therefore, this easy and efficient process provided a powerful basis for technology and potential industrial applications. [Display omitted] • Flame retardant FPUF was successfully prepared by modifying with CNT-NH 2 and PA. • FPUF@CNT–NH 2 –PA exhibits excellent mechanical properties. • FPUF@CNT–NH 2 –PA passes the UL-94 rate of V-0 and shows a high LOI of 27.6 ± 0.3 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the results of investigations of material, tribological and anti-corrosion properties of hybrid coatings of the Cr/CrN type, consisting of chromium and chromium nitride, formed on the surface of alloy tool steel by the Arc-PVD method. Investigations of the morphology and microstructure of hybrid coatings, as well as of their phase composition were carried out. The studies on mechanical properties included tests on hardness and Young’s modulus using the nanoindentation method. Tests on adhesion were conducted using the scratch-test method. Tribological properties of the obtained coatings were evaluated by the pin-on-disc method. Resistance to corrosion was determined by electrochemical methods. It was shown that hybrid coatings of the Cr/CrN type are characterized by good adhesion to the substrate and very good tribological properties, as well as by very good resistance to corrosion in a solution containing chlorine ions.