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Studies on mathematics achievement status show that mathematical reasoning in Malaysian education is critical, especially among university students. Students' attitude toward mathematics is affected by affective, behavioural and cognitive factors. The present research investigated the connections between these variables and their impact on individuals' attitudes towards mathematics reasoning. A statistical analysis method, namely, AMOS-Structural Equation Modelling, was used in this approach. The survey method involving 378 university education students around the Klang Valley was selected using a proportional stratified random sampling technique. The respondents must complete the mathematics reasoning assessment and answer the questionnaire consisting of three components: affective, behavioural and cognitive towards mathematics reasoning. AMOS-Structural Equation Modelling (AMOS-SEM) was applied using data obtained from questionnaires. Results demonstrated that the measurement models showed acceptable validity and reliability by removing some indications from the scales. The findings illustrate the relationship between students' attitudes and mathematical reasoning. Moreover, attitude is significantly related to students' mathematical reasoning performance in university education. The next study's recommendation involves an interview session to explore more findings that might impact their learning in mathematical reasoning.

This study evaluates the content validity of the Quran-science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics (Q-STEAM) module, designed to integrate Quranic approach with STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics) education. This integration aims to enhance mathematics understanding while fostering Islamic character. The integration of the Quran in this module is dominated by mathematics to deliver the Quran and mathematics with the Quran. The module was designed using Borg and Gall's research method. Ten experts, who are specialists in the domains of mathematics education, STEAM education, Islamic education, and Indonesian language, assessed the module. The assessment resulted in high validity scores, where the results indicated that the content validity index for the Q-STEAM module falls within the range of 83–100%. The instrument used in this research is the content validity form. The experts agreed that the contextual problem should be set at the beginning of the module so that the contextualization of learning can be realized and that learners should be familiarized with triggering questions to stimulate thinking and recall concepts that have been learned. Similarly, the experts explained that the module should be structured according to the students' developmental trajectories to help students understand the context. This module has designed learning that integrates Quranic verses in every engineering design process (EDP) step in completing the project. This module can be used as a reference in professional development training for teachers in courses for mathematics education.

Background: Elementary school students in Aceh Tamiang often struggle with problem-solving which negatively impacts their confidence. To address this issue, a new teaching approach called PBL-Reathnomath was developed, combining problem-based learning with real-world math examples and cultural references. Aim: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the PBL-Reathnomath model at improving students' problem-solving skills and self-confidence. Method: A study was conducted involving randomly selecting participants and dividing them into two groups. One group learned using the new PBL-Reathnomath model while the other group learned using traditional methods. Data were collected through tests and surveys and the results were analyzed using statistical methods. Results: The findings showed that the PBL-Reathnomath model significantly improved both the problem-solving abilities and self-efficacy of the students. The group that used this new model performed better on average than the group that used traditional methods. Further analysis confirmed that the PBL-Reathnomath model simultaneously affected problem-solving and self-efficacy, explaining a substantial portion of the variation in these outcomes. Conclusion: While the effect size was smaller compared to conventional learning, the study concluded that PBL-Reathnomath is a valuable and specialized approach for improving problem-solving skills and boosting self-confidence among elementary school students.

Conceptual understanding is one of the most difficult issues in teaching physics. This study investigated the effect of adopting cooperative learning and Internet reciprocal teaching (IRT) on science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) literacy (physics) in secondary school by comparing the cooperative method with the IRT strategy and traditional method. A quasi-experimental research method was adopted. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Participants were 60 physics students from 12th-grade secondary schools. In this study, two intact classes were involved: the experimental group consisting of 30 students taught with the cooperative technique and the IRT strategy and the control group comprising 30 students taught with the traditional method. After adjusting for word problem-solving pre-test scores for STEM literacy (physics), the two-way MANCOVA results indicate that the cooperative method with the IRT strategy has a significant effect at p

Monotonous mathematics learning focusing on textbooks only will make students bored and feel that studying mathematics is useless. Using attractive and meaningful approaches, like STEAM and Quranic approaches, is strongly motivated by the need to avoid tedious drilling for students in learning mathematics. This study aims to assess students' perceptions of the development of mathematics modules using science, technology, engineering, and art (STEAM) and AL-Quran approaches. The research approach employed in this research is embedded in mixed methods. Quantitative data was examined using percentages, while qualitative data were transcribed and then developed into codes, categories, and themes. The study recruited 146 Pidie senior high school students in the natural science stream, and five individuals were selected for one-to-one semi-structured interviews. The results of this study show that students have a negative experience in learning mathematics. However, they have a significant interest in integrated math learning with Quranic and STEAM approaches. Furthermore, they believe the modules are one learning medium ideal for mathematics. Finally, based on this study, mathematics teachers should be able to develop learning modules that can integrate STEAM approaches and the understanding of the Quran for senior high school students.

The rapid advancement of technology in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution presents both opportunities and challenges for education, particularly in the field of mathematics. As teachers incorporate technology into their instructional practices, it is crucial to examine the role of morality in shaping their approach and the subsequent impact on readiness to face the demands of this transformative era. This study investigates the effect of morality as a mediator between teachers' use of technology in mathematics education and readiness for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The study adopted a quantitative research design, involving a sample of mathematics teachers from Malaysia and Indonesia. The findings found that the impact of technology use on the readiness for IR4.0 among mathematics teachers in Indonesia and Malaysia was found not statistically significant, but it significantly influences morality, suggesting that morality full mediates the relationship between technology use and readiness among mathematics teachers in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study contributes to understanding of how technology integration and moral values intersect in preparing mathematics teachers for the readiness of IR4.0. These insights can inform the development of effective strategies, policies, and interventions to equip teachers with the necessary skills and ethical frameworks to thrive in the digital age.

Background: HTML5 Package media, equipped with features and displays, provides a clearer visual display in learning geometry compared to traditional lecture-based teaching. This approach facilitates students in observing and understanding geometry concepts, positively impacting their self-efficacy. Aim: The study aims to assess the impact of HTML5 packages on students' understanding of geometry concepts and their self-efficacy. Method: The research, a quasi-experimental study, used simple random sampling to select 63 students. Data were collected through tests and questionnaires, and the analysis was conducted using MANOVA. Result: The findings reveal a significant effect of the HTML5 Package on both concept understanding and self-efficacy. The experimental group scored higher than the conventional group, with significant values in Pilae Trace, Wilk Lambda, Hotelling Trace, and Roy's Largest Root analyses. Conclusion: The HTML5 Package media effectively enhances the understanding of geometry concepts and self-efficacy among students. While the effect size is modest, it is notably better than conventional learning methods. The study suggests broader application and research involving more students and diverse mathematical topics could yield more influential results.

Sport engagement plays a crucial role in promoting physical well-being, fostering social connections, and enhancing overall quality of life. However, various factors, including financial constraints and limited resources, can serve as barriers to sport participation. Additionally, volunteerism has been recognized as a significant contributor to the growth and development of sports in communities. This research study aims to explore the relationship between the cost of sport engagement and volunteerism among individuals in Malaysia. This study was conducted to test the effect of sponsorship, expenditure and volunteering on activeness. A causal correlation study was conducted comprising a total of 501 young people in Malaysia who were selected randomly. This study found that sponsorship, expenditure and volunteerism towards activeness amongst youth are at a moderate level. The findings also showed that sponsorship (β = 0.035, sig = 0.682, p > 0.05) and voluntary (β = 0.098, sig = 0.192, p > 0.05) have no significant contribution towards activeness, the sponsorship and volunteering are not factors which contribute to changes in activeness. However, there is a significant effect of expenditure as an intermediary in the relationship between sponsorship and activeness (β = 0.107, sig = 0.001, p 0.05). This study provides implications to Ministry of Youth and Sports that sponsorship, expenditure, and voluntary are not main factors which contribute to activeness.

Reciprocal Teaching a type of cooperative teaching and learning strategy involving learners with similar academic backgrounds sharing teacher and student roles. Its use was not explored to the same degree as other types of peer-assisted strategy, including students at different levels. The goal of the systematic review was to investigate the impact of Reciprocal Teaching on existing literature in the field of education which include the use of Reciprocal Teaching for all student's level to enhancing academic achievement and ROSES (Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses) was carried out as a review protocol to conduct Systematic Literature Review (SLR). A literature review performed between January 2013 and February 2022 using the relevant electronic databases (Eric Plus Text, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) as well as searching for the keywords. Twenty-eight researches met the set inclusion requirements for this review. The results found that Reciprocal Teaching improved comprehension of the subject under review, enhanced cooperative learning, improved academic achievement, communication, metacognition, teaching skills, developed a positive impact in learners understanding, especially in evaluating learning performance and reciprocal teaching which may improve the understanding of reading, solving word problems in scientific fields.

Discussions about teaching area measurement in primary school have been ongoing over some decades. However, investigations that thoroughly examine the current research on conceptual understanding in area measuring in elementary schools are still lacking. The objective of this paper is to review whether conceptual knowledge in area measurement may support students to obtain better results in primary schools. This study is to gain insight into how conceptual knowledge in area measurement has been portrayed for primary school students, and reveal possible omissions and gaps in the synthesized literature on the subject. To gather information, two databases were used: Scopus and Web of Science. Primary searches pulled up many studies on the subject of investigation. After analyzing abstracts and eliminating duplicates, our systematic review indicates that there seems a direct link between conceptual understanding and area measurement in primary school mathematics. Hence, teaching children the principle of area measurement rather than a procedure for solving problems seems to be the most effective way of improving problem-solving skills and conceptual understanding for primary students.

Badminton is a highly sophisticated, fierce, and competitive tactical game. It requires the same action of hitting a ball with different landing points. Therefore, the complexity of badminton practitioner's sports decision-making is relatively high. Accordingly, it is extremely important to study the difference between the eye movement characteristics of different levels of badminton athletes and the difference between the eye movement characteristics of different sports levels of amateur athletes. Overall, 15 students from the badminton professional training team of the Physical Education College of the Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University and 15 students from the common public sports and badminton course were included as experimental participants in the present study. The laboratory experimental test on the virtual sports situation in badminton was conducted using an eye tracker. The eye movement index of both the badminton professionals and the experimental participants was recorded for statistical analysis, and the following results were obtained: (1) In the cognitive decision-masking task, the reaction time of the professional badminton practitioners was faster than that of the amateur practitioners. Similarly, in the intuitive decision-masking task, the reaction time and accuracy of the former were better than those of the latter. (2) The professional badminton practitioners' group was able to process and integrate the searched information in the process of sports attention selection information; although the amateur group was able to search and filter information, they were passive and could not actively process and assimilate the searched information. (3) The professional badminton practitioners could allocate their attention reasonably and process information in the process of attention transfer, while their amateur counterparts were affected easily by external interference factors. The level of motor intelligence of badminton practitioners in the professional group was higher than that of the amateur practitioners. Thus, these two groups of different levels showed attention transfer. (4) The mental skills of the professional group were higher than those of the amateur group.

Soft skills encompassing conscientiousness, lifelong learning, communication, creativity, and teamwork are beneficial to success in work and life. The education policy in Nigeria on teacher education stipulates that students should learn basic soft skills at universities as performance improvement tools for teaching, but for the most part teacher education programmes do not include such skills. The aim of the study reported on here was to assess whether the soft skills curriculum and instruction course has been effectively implemented in university teacher education programmes. This course is theory based designed to inculcate soft skills in would-be teachers within 2 semesters. We used paper questionnaires and performed data analysis by way of partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS software in a non-experimental procedure with a total of 722 prospective teachers. The analysis revealed that prospective teachers gained moderate soft skills, which, in turn, benefited them in classroom control and, ultimately, teaching success in terms of lesson planning, development, and results. It is fair to suggest that the PLS-SEM model shows that participation in the curriculum and instruction course generates different kinds of benefits to teachers at the same time.

The ongoing underrepresentation of Iraqi school students in science, mathematics, and PE (physical education) (SMPE) in general, and especially in PE demonstrates the need to develop and implement strategic high impact practice, such as new effective teaching strategies that not only improve students' academic outcomes but also foster student development holistically. In Iraqi schools, there is a need to help students persist and remain interested in their discipline and academic level; hence, this study aims to explore the effects of various PE STA (spectrum teaching approaches), the TGFU (teaching game for understanding), and TTA (traditional teaching approach) on intermediate school students' HBS (basic handball skills). A total of 90 male students participated in the present study. In EGs (experimental groups), the STA and TGFU were employed for EG1 (experimental group one) and EG2 (experimental group two), while the TTA was used for CG (control group). The results of the SPANOVA test showed a significant effect of the STA and TGFU approaches in enhancing the BHS in favour of the STA. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the interaction between Test time and teaching groups. The value of research does not require only coming up with solutions to a problem (under study) but also revealing new concerns worthy of investigation and analysis, such as investigating this tool's effectiveness in teaching other sports.

Literature is unequivocal about the relevance of promoting lifelong learning (LLL) intentions among adult learners. However, what is less certain in remedial education literature is how faculty members play a critical role in motivating the tendencies for LLL among remediated science students, especially in the developing countries. Therefore, this study investigated the contributions of faculty caring and student engagement to remediated science students' perceived LLL tendencies. Correlational research design was used to measure and gauge the level of the relationships amongst the studying variables. A total of 443 continuing education programme students in Nigeria participated in the study. By using AMOS v. 24 and SPSS v. 26 statistical tools for data analyses, we found a high level of student-perceived faculty caring, student engagement components and LLL tendencies. Multilevel regression analyses indicated that the dimensions of students' LLL tendencies (motivation and perseverance) were positively predicted by faculty caring and student engagement dimensions, such as vigour, absorption and dedication. In the final models, the predictor variables could explain some substantive proportions of motivation and perseverance dimensions of LLL tendencies. Our study findings reveal that faculty caring plays a significant role in motivating students’ academic engagement and the tendencies for LLL in higher education. Therefore, educational intervention that gears towards improving student academic engagement has a practical implication in enhancing LLL tendencies amongst higher education science students. Hence, the study findings could inspire various educational practitioners to encourage effective academic engagement amongst higher education science students. Directions for further research were suggested.

Traditional Tahfiz institutions have poor curriculum focus and design, resulting in graduates with poor employability skills. To overcome this issue, these institutions must embrace a skill-based curriculum, particularly for culinary courses. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the relevant objectives, learning content, delivery method, and assessment technique for Culinary Courses offered by traditional Tahfiz institutions. Twenty Tahfiz and culinary experts were selected for the Fuzzy Delphi Method utilising a purposive sample technique. According to the findings, the experts conclusively accepted all proposed objectives and learning activities. On the other hand, only 14 items representing content of learning, two items representing teaching modes, five items representing assessment activities, and three items representing assessment levels were acceptable. Generally, these items have reached a consensus value of above 80%. In summary, the proposed curriculum design serves as a useful reference for developing graduates' employability skills in addition to their Quranic knowledge and memorising skills. However, it is recommended that future studies develop a module based on the findings of this study in order to successfully introduce Culinary Courses in traditional Tahfiz institutions.

Two-tier multiple-choice (2TMC) has been introduced as an instrument to analyze a conceptual understanding at tier 1 and reasoning to the answer at tier 2. Even there are many studies on using the instrument; there is still relatively little attention on scoring method. Therefore, this study aimed to compare difficulties and to see if there is a correlation between responses at the phenomenon and reasoning tier. The instrument namely representational systems and chemical reaction diagnostic instrument (RSCRDI) containing 15 items were translated into Indonesian language and validity and reliability of the instrument were established. RSCRDI was tested with 185 pre-service chemistry teachers (19 males and 166 females). Their raw data were converted into logit, and it was found that the phenomenon tier was slightly more difficult. Based on Pearson correlation test, it is found that the phenomenon tier and reasoning tier were significantly correlated, r=.362, p-value

This study aims to determine the level of collaboration, in-service training and teaching resource proficiency amongst Chemistry teachers by investigating the intermediary role of collaboration for training and teaching resources competency. A total of 184 Chemistry teachers in Riau, Indonesia, have participated in the survey. Using AMOS and SPSS 25.0 software to analyse the research data, we find a high level of collaboration, training and teaching resource proficiency amongst Chemistry teachers. Male teachers have higher proficiency level on all aspects than female teachers. The MANOVA test results show a significant difference in teacher resource competency based on gender. Male teachers are significantly more proficient than their female counterparts. However, they do not significantly differ in terms of collaboration and in-service training. The structural equation modelling test results show that collaboration has a significant role in Chemistry teachers’ involvement in training and teaching resources. These research findings encourage relevant parties to design effective collaborations amongst Chemistry teachers. They also offer new insights for Chemistry teachers to keep on mastering teaching resources nationally and internationally.

Issues about poor achievement in mathematics (angles and polygons topics) among Palestinian students has led to the need for developing new effective strategies that can be used to improve mathematics achievement among Palestinian 7th grade students. The aim of study is to reveal the effect of employing the mantle of the expert on the achievement of angles and polygons topics among seventh grade students in Palestine. A quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design using experimental and control groups with a pre and post-test was conducted. Data were collected using achievement test. The sample of study consisted of (76) students in the seventh grade that were divided into two groups, the experimental group (37) students and the control group (39) students. Data collected from the pre-test and post-test was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. One-way MANOVA test was used to verify the differences of achievement between experimental and control groups. The research found that there is a significant impact of employing the mantle of the expert in increasing the achievement in geometry among seventh grade students. Students who are studied using mantle of the expert had better achievement than those who did not. This study recommended employing the mantle of the expert in teaching other topics in mathematics and in different study stages. This study too showed the necessity of paying attention to the use of classroom and extra-curricular activities in different academic subjects, particularly in mathematics, as well as indicated the necessity of holding courses and workshops to train teachers to use the mantle of the expert in the educational process.

Guided by a model promoted by Biccard and Wessels (2011) and empirical evidence, this work aims to examine a model that includes meta-cognitive behaviour and mathematical modelling competency with the indirect effects of two performance goal sub-constructs, namely, other-approach and other-avoidance goals. The study investigates the correlation between meta-cognitive behaviour and performance goals that may affect mathematical modelling competency. A total of 538 mathematics education programme students (89.8% female and 10.2% male) in Indonesia are considered. A correlational study is performed to examine the level of the link amongst mathematical modelling competency, performance goals and meta-cognitive behaviour. Results show that meta-cognitive behaviour positively affects mathematical modelling competency, but no significant direct relationship is observed between performance goals and mathematical modelling competency. Furthermore, other-approach and other-avoidance goals are significant mediators between meta-cognitive behaviour and mathematical modelling competency. We conclude that meta-cognitive behaviour positively influences the mathematical modelling competency of students, which is unaffected by other-approach and other-avoidance goals.

In this new era drenched with data, statistical literacy becomes more essential for individuals to be able to read, communicate, and make informed decisions. Moreover, statistical literacy is highly essential for education policy makers who are highly accountable for all policy outcomes including school improvement, resource allocation, curriculum planning and intervention. Hence, there is a need to understand their perceptions and beliefs. The aim of this study is to explore whether attitude towards statistics and statistical anxiety are related to the education policy makers' statistical literacy. Considering that statistics coursework is the basis and major contributor to a statistically literate society, real problems with statistics are likely due to non-cognitive factors, which include attitudes or beliefs towards statistics. There is a global increase in literature exploring beliefs and attitudes of teachers towards statistics, indicating that studies on attitudes towards statistics do not stop at the students' level but should also be extended to education personnel who uses statistics in their workplace. While pre-service teachers in college claimed that statistics anxiety is the main obstacle to get their teaching degree. This is alarming as they are the future teachers and education policy makers with anxiety may develop avoidance to read educational diagnoses containing statistical information. Participants self-reported their statistical literacy with 20 multiple choice items tailor made to the work of education policy makers. Data were drawn from a survey elicited using a cross-sectional method on 328 education personnel working at different levels in Ministry of Education. The findings show that attitude towards statistics is not significantly related to statistical literacy while statistics anxiety has a significant negative relationship with statistical literacy. Statistical anxiety also has a negative significant relationship with attitudes towards statistics. These findings help strengthen Model of Statistical Literacy, where dispositional element including beliefs and attitude was addressed while confirming Anxiety Expectation Model. Future studies to explore other potential predictors of statistical literacy and suggested to investigate possible difference in attitude towards statistics between adult workers and students.

Purpose – The integrated science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education has been reported to improve students’ science achievement. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on how this approach affected different ability groups. Lack of equity or the presence of achievement gap can be detrimental because they can reduce medium and low-ability students’ interest in science, which in turn can affect national development. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the main and the interaction effects of integrated science, technology, engineering and mathematics (ISTEMA) on students’ science achievement and how this approach affects students with different academic abilities. Methodology – The research adopted a 2x3 factorial design. The sample size consisted of 100 Nigerian science students from Year 11. A total of 51 students with different academic abilities (low, medium and high) were assigned randomly to an experimental group. The experimental group was taught genetics using a fivephased iterative ISTEMA process. Pre-test and post-test data were collected using 40 multiple-choice questions adopted from a national high-stakes examination. Analysis of covariance, paired sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance were utilised in the data analysis. Findings – Findings for research question one revealed a main significant difference in science achievement between year 11 students who learned using ISTEMA and those using traditional methods. No significant interaction effect was observed between the instructional approach and students’ academic abilities, that is, students’ academic abilities and the instructional approach did not interact to enhance students’ achievement. The findings for research question two indicated that high, medium and low academic-ability students benefitted; however, students with low academic abilities had the highest mean gain. Significance – Findings in this study have revealed empirically that the ISTEMA, as an instructional approach, has the potential to close the academic achievement gap. The findings may also serve as a guide for policymakers to promote STEM education in schools.

A recent review of literature in topic of rate of change mostly highlighted students and teachers' difficulties in handling conceptual questions. This initiated the researcher to investigate the Malaysian pre-service mathematics teacher's subject matter knowledge in rate of change through a case study design. A task-based interview was conducted with Chong, a pre-service mathematics teacher that majored in mathematics. There are 6 tasks given, comprising topics of rate of change and derivatives. The result shows that Chong has difficulties dealing with derivatives caused by his lacking knowledge in rate of change conception. His interpretation of rate of change under multiple contexts were also inaccurate, even for motion graphical context. His weakness in graphical representation also reflected his insufficient knowledge in rate of change as he was unable to convey the first principle accurately. The overall result suggested that Chong's subject matter knowledge of rate of change is insufficient, especially in meaning of rate of change, describing the occurrence of rate of change, and distinguishing between rate of change and instantaneous rate of change.

Self-determination theory (SDT) is a significant theoretical framework for investigating and comprehending student learning and motivation, which are crucial aspects of physical education. The purpose of this study is to identify the reliability and validity of the Malay language version of SIMS-14 items, as well as to determine the effect of four-week intervention teaching utilizing the flipped classroom method affects primary school students' situational motivation. A total of 421 students participated in this study. Reliability analysis based on the Rasch model found that the individual reliability value was 0.91 and the items reliability was 0.85. CFA analysis reported X[superscript 2]/df = 2.037, CFI = 0.969, GFI = 0.907 and RMSEA = 0.074 with internal validity for each variable based on Cronbach Alpha's ([alpha]) values ranging from 0.87 to 0.92. As for the value of Construct Validity (CR), the value of 0.88 to 0.95 is obtained by fulfilling the condition [greater than or equal to] 0.60 and the value of Average Variance Extracted (AVE) is between 0.70 to 0.86. Therefore, the data collected using SIMS-14 items were analyzed with One-Way ANCOVA and the results affirmed that students from the experimental group exhibited an enhancement in situational motivation based on flipped classroom method better than the control group. Besides, the results of the study revealed that the SIMS-14 items consist of four factors that are consistent and prove the quality of psychometry. In addition, the SIMS-14 items instrument attempts to represent constructs of intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation that can be widely used for assessment in the context of PE.

This study aims to identify the role of mathematical representation as a mediator between mathematical belief and problem solving. A quasi-experimental design was developed that included 426 Form 1 secondary school students. Respondents comprised 209 and 217 students in the treatment and control groups, respectively. SPSS 23.0, ANATES 4 and Amos 18 were used for data analysis. Findings indicated that mathematical representation plays a significant role as mediator between mathematical belief and arithmetic problem solving. The Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach successfully increased the arithmetic problem-solving ability of students.

This study investigates the relationship between metacognition and achievement goals which may influence mathematical modeling competency in students of mathematics education programs. The current study employs 538 students of mathematics education program; 483 (89.8%) of whom are male and 55 (10.2%) are aged from 18 years old to 22 years old. The study follows a correlational research design to investigate and measure the degree of relationship amongst mathematical modeling competencies, achievement goals and metacognition. Results indicate that achievement goals and metacognition positively influence mathematical modeling competency. Moreover, four metacognition dimensions including awareness, planning, cognitive strategy and self-checking are positive partial mediators because they increase the association between achievement goals and mathematical modeling competency. In conclusion, metacognition and achievement goals positively affect students' mathematical modeling competency.

Individuals' perceptions or beliefs about their mathematical aptitude are commonly classified as mathematics self-efficacy. Conversely, metacognitive awareness is characterized as a phenomenon that presents itself in a variety of ways as people engage with objects and circumstances in their everyday lives. The objective of this quantitative research was to evaluate the reliability of a self-efficacy and metacognitive awareness test administered to 184 undergraduate university students. In completing tasks in mathematical reasoning, students clearly discriminated between their self-efficacy and metacognitive awareness. Self-efficacy demonstrated discriminant and convergent validity in these quantitative investigations, which conforms to the Bandura (1993) theory and contains three dimensions: course self-efficacy, test self-efficacy, and future self-efficacy. Metacognitive awareness shows discriminant and convergent validity, which relates to Flavell (1979) theory and contains six factors: procedural knowledge, declarative knowledge, conditional knowledge, monitoring, planning, and evaluation. The casual correlation approach was used in the research design to explore the influence of metacognitive awareness and self-efficacy on mathematical thinking. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency reliability research demonstrated that the self-efficacy and metacognitive awareness instrument that was developed was exceptionally reliable and may be used by researchers to assess self-efficacy and metacognitive awareness among university students.

The purpose of this study is to identify the teaching styles and problems that are faced by teachers in cultivating digital literacy skills for the topic of quadratic equations. This study helps to overcome and refine all shortcomings that occur in the process of instilling digital literacy skills into the topic of quadratic equations. This study employed a qualitative approach by adopting the structured interview method that involved four participants from three districts in Malaysia. The interview data were analyzed using the ATLAS.ti 8 software by dividing the transcripts into small codes based on thematic analysis. The findings show that the importance of digital literacy skills in quadratic equation comprises the aspect of motivation, space saving, conducive environment, fostering thinking skills, and diversity of resources. The results have also indicated that the teachers' teaching approach is based on existing hardware and software such as the Microsoft software, Google software, teaching aids, the Internet resources, and mobile device applications. Among the constraints that are faced by the teachers include the use of technology in calculations, communicating information, issues in exploring the diversity of information, issues in mathematical modelling, and technical limitations. Accordingly, all emerging themes and codes are summarized using schematic diagrams. A major implication of this research is that it serves as a catalyst in cultivating digital literacy among generation Z such as using the TI-Nspire software to solve mathematical problems.

The Higher-Order Thinking Skill Test Instrument on Quadratic Equations (HOTS-QE) was developed to measure the level of HOTS on the topic of quadratic equations among secondary school students. The HOTS-QE instrument consists of 17 structured subjective items divided into two smaller questions according to the three levels of HOTS, namely applying, analysing, and evaluating. This study proposes a design and development research (DDR) approach via a development research that was done through an organised and systematic process. The DDR-oriented development process comprised seven stages namely source analysis, theory, development, content validity, validation of the HOTS domain accuracy, language validity, and pilot study. The development of the HOTS-QE instrument comprised seven stages, namely source analysis, theory, development, content validity, validation of the HOTS domain accuracy, language validity, and pilot study. The content validity of the instrument was evaluated by five mathematics education experts. The results showed that the item content validity index (I-CVI) value of each item was above 0.70 while the content validation per scale (S-CVI) value was 0.98. Results from the interrater evaluation also showed that the HOTS level accuracy of the instrument items had achieved the Cohen's Kappa coefficient value of 0.63. In addition, findings from the pilot study also showed that the Cronbach's alpha coefficient value was 0.79, the discrimination index value of each item was between 31.11% to 66.67%, and the difficulty index values were between 40.74% to 70.00%. These results suggest that the HOTS-QE instrument has an acceptable level of validity. The development of this instrument provides a more varied learning assessment that can foster students' interests in learning, help them to improve HOTS, and provide opportunities for students to directly apply the knowledge of quadratic equations learned at school in their daily life.

The Brain-Based Teaching Approach is a strategy that implements methods from a brain-based learning (BBL) model. This approach was designed to be compatible with the inclinations and optimal functions of the individual brain to ensure that students can learn effectively. The module uses the Brain-Based Teaching Approach integrated with GeoGebra Software (B-Geo Module) to help students' conceptual understanding of the topic of differentiation. Therefore, this study aims to explore the possible effects of the Brain-Based Teaching Approach with the integration of GeoGebra Software on conceptual understanding of the topic of differentiation in rural secondary schools in Malaysia. This study used a quasi-design of pre-test and post-test experiments involving 118 form 4 students from rural secondary schools. The researchers used cluster sampling techniques for school selection and intact group for sample selection. The school selection was divided into two groups, namely, the control group using conventional information and communication technology (ICT) modules and the experimental group using the B-Geo Module. The instrument used was the Conceptual Understanding Test of Differentiation. The results of the data analysis show that the conceptual understanding of the topic of differentiation amongst rural secondary school students increased when using the Brain-Based Teaching Approach with the integration of GeoGebra Software.

The purpose of this study is to identify the teaching styles and problems faced by teachers as they attempt to cultivate higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) in the topic of quadratic equations. This study used a qualitative approach via structured interview involving four participants who are experienced mathematics teachers from three districts in Malaysia. Data obtained were analysed using the ATLAS.ti 8 software by dividing the transcripts into small codes based on thematic analysis. The results revealed that Malaysian teachers have limited and general understanding about higher-order thinking skills for the topic of quadratic equations. The interview results also found that existing teaching styles mainly involve teacher-centred strategies that emphasise on the memorisation of procedures or facts as well as steps to solve quadratic equation problems. Among the challenges faced by teachers were stated as students' acceptance, lack of teaching aids, teaching strategies in the classroom, and students' thinking skills. The findings of this study can help to refine and improve several shortcomings and weak students can be exposed to the learning of higher-order thinking skills in quadratic equations via real-life projects. It is proposed for future research to focus on integrating digital literacy, such as Desmos Graphing Calculator, in cultivating higher-order thinking skills for quadratic equations.

In Palestine, issues about word problem solving and physics critical thinking have led to a deep understanding of factors affecting physics problem solving among Palestinian students. The influence of Reciprocal Teaching on physics students' critical thinking skills among 10th-grade students in Palestine was investigated in the study. The study used a quasi-experimental research design. Two treatment groups (male and female) and two control groups were randomly allocated to four intact courses (male and female). All four groups included a total of 120 participants who were pre- and post-tested on their critical thinking skills in physics. Preliminary checks were performed prior to inferential testing to ensure that the one-way MANCOVA assumptions were not violated. After adjusting for physics word problem-solving pre-test scores for critical thinking skills, one-way MANCOVA results show that reciprocal teaching strategy has a considerable effect on critical thinking skills at p<0.05 level between the groups F(1, 118)=336.649, p=0.001?0.05. In addition, the two-way MANCOVA results for the interaction effect of gender and method is not large in critical thinking skills, with F(1, 116)=3.5, p=0.064>0.05 but is big in two sub-skills interpretation, with F(1, 116)=5.187, p=0.025?0.05, and evaluating arguments skill, with F(1, 116)=5.463, p=0.021?0.05 in favour for male students. As a result, using a reciprocal teaching technique to learn physics topics is more effective than using a standard method, and it is applicable and effective for both male and female students. This study has implications for policymakers to encourage the implementation of an integrated reciprocal teaching strategy in schools. It also has implications for teachers' instructional practices in the classroom.

Soft skills encompassing conscientiousness, lifelong learning, communication, creativity, and teamwork are beneficial to success in work and life. The education policy in Nigeria on teacher education stipulates that students should learn basic soft skills at universities as performance improvement tools for teaching, but for the most part teacher education programmes do not include such skills. The aim of the study reported on here was to assess whether the soft skills curriculum and instruction course has been effectively implemented in university teacher education programmes. This course is theory based designed to inculcate soft skills in would-be teachers within 2 semesters. We used paper questionnaires and performed data analysis by way of partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS software in a non-experimental procedure with a total of 722 prospective teachers. The analysis revealed that prospective teachers gained moderate soft skills, which, in turn, benefited them in classroom control and, ultimately, teaching success in terms of lesson planning, development, and results. It is fair to suggest that the PLS-SEM model shows that participation in the curriculum and instruction course generates different kinds of benefits to teachers at the same time.

The common problems faced by most students in learning mathematics include their inability to answer problem-solving questions and low mathematical self-efficacy. Search, Solve, Create and Share (SSCS) is a teaching model that provides opportunities for students to enhance their problem-solving skills and self-efficacy. This quasi-experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of the SSCS teaching model on high school students' ability and self-efficacy in solving mathematical problems. A total of 129 high school students were involved in this study and categorised into two groups: 69 and 60 students in the treatment and control groups, respectively. The one-way analysis of covariance test was used with the SPSS 25.0 software to answer the research questions. Results show a significant difference in mathematical problem-solving ability and self-efficacy between students who experienced the SSCS teaching models and students who were taught by using conventional methods. The former has a better problem-solving ability and self-efficacy than the latter. This study supports the adoption of the SSCS teaching model by teachers as an alternative teaching method for improving students' problem-solving ability and self-efficacy. In addition, this study can serve as an impetus in the efforts of encouraging the use of the SSCS teaching model at various levels of education.

Several concerted movements toward mathematical modeling have been seen in the last decade, reflecting the growing global relationship between the role of mathematics in the context of modern science, technology and real life. The literature has mainly covered the theoretical basis of research questions in mathematical modeling and the use of effective research methods in the studies. Driven by the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) theory and empirical evidence on metacognition and modeling competency, this research aimed at exploring the interrelationships between metacognition and mathematical modeling and academic year level as a moderator via the SEM approach. This study involved 538 students as participants. From this sample, 133 students (24.7%) were from the first academic year, 223 (41.4%) were from the second and 182 (33.8%) were from the third. A correlational research design was employed to answer the research question. Cluster random sampling was used to gather the sample. We employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypothesized moderation employing IBM SPSS Amos version 18. Our findings confirmed the direct correlation between metacognition and mathematical modeling was statistically significant. Academic year level as a partial moderator significantly moderates the interrelationships between the metacognitive strategies and mathematical modeling competency. The effect of metacognition on mathematical modeling competency was more pronounced in the year two group compared to the year one and three groups.

Teaching introductory statistics to postgraduate students from multidisciplinary background and with diverse mathematics ability is a huge challenge that many statistics lecturers do not deny. The large ability range can make it very difficult for lecturers to fine tune the right level for effective course delivery. Even though an introductory statistics course has been seen as a necessary component for many postgraduate programs, research has shown that students have come to perceive statistics negatively. One suggestion for improving students' attitude toward statistics is through the use of innovative instructional approaches. This paper investigates the extent to which scenario-based learning (SBL) method used in a Statistics for Research in Education course were related to improvement in postgraduate students' attitude toward statistics. Nineteen students who enrolled in the course during the first semester of 2019/2020 were taught using the SBL instructional method. Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics-36 (SATS-36) was used to measure six statistics attitude components at the beginning and at the end of the course. Overall results show that there is a difference between mean score of attitude before and after exposure to scenario-based learning method. Scenario based learning has some positive effect on student attitude toward statistics.

In recent years, many studies have focused on teachers' conceptions and their effects on instruction and learning. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the level of teacher's conceptions of assessment and comparison between gender and academic qualifications. It utilises a causal-comparative research design to investigate conceptions of assessment among 352 Iranian lower secondary level mathematics teachers using COA-III questionnaire. Results of the study find that math teachers exhibit moderate-level conceptions. Significant differences exist across the academic qualifications on Improvement and Irrelevance based on academic qualifications. Teachers with PhD qualifications have more in Improvement and Irrelevance than those with bachelor and master's degree holders. Only school accountability has significant difference between male and female teachers; male teachers exhibit more in school accountability than female teachers. Policy makers, teachers, researchers and school administrators should consider these findings in their practices to introduce and enhance alternative methods of assessment.

The present research examines the relationship between self-directed learning and SNS that may affect lifelong learning. In study, 170 of the respondents are Masters students and 140 are PhD students in Malaysia. The study follows a relational survey to investigate and measure the degree of relationship amongst self-directed learning, SNS and lifelong learning. The findings of the research corroborate that self-directed learning positively affects lifelong learning. SEM analysis indicates significant and positive influence of self-directed learning on SNS. SNS are a positive partial mediator between self-directed learning and lifelong learning. In conclusion, self-directed learning positively influences the lifelong learning of students, which is affected by SNS. This study implies that lectures should support preservice teachers to sharpen teachers' self-directed learning and social networking in lifelong learning by giving suitable learning methods and proposing a sufficient teaching and learning atmosphere.

Purpose: The integrated science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education has been reported to improve students' science achievement. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on how this approach affected different ability groups. Lack of equity or the presence of achievement gap can be detrimental because they can reduce medium and low-ability students' interest in science, which in turn can affect national development. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the main and the interaction effects of integrated science, technology, engineering and mathematics (ISTEMA) on students' science achievement and how this approach affects students with different academic abilities. Methodology: The research adopted a 2x3 factorial design. The sample size consisted of 100 Nigerian science students from Year 11. A total of 51 students with different academic abilities (low, medium and high) were assigned randomly to an experimental group. The experimental group was taught genetics using a five-phased iterative ISTEMA process. Pre-test and post-test data were collected using 40 multiple-choice questions adopted from a national high-stakes examination. Analysis of covariance, paired sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance were utilised in the data analysis. Findings: Findings for research question one revealed a main significant difference in science achievement between year 11 students who learned using ISTEMA and those using traditional methods. No significant interaction effect was observed between the instructional approach and students' academic abilities, that is, students' academic abilities and the instructional approach did not interact to enhance students' achievement. The findings for research question two indicated that high, medium and low academic-ability students benefitted; however, students with low academic abilities had the highest mean gain. Significance: Findings in this study have revealed empirically that the ISTEMA, as an instructional approach, has the potential to close the academic achievement gap. The findings may also serve as a guide for policymakers to promote STEM education in schools.

This study aimed to determine the influence of support from the school culture and classroom environment in improving soft skills amongst students. Moreover, the study explored different soft skills, school culture and classroom environments based on gender and type of schools. This study used a quantitative approach by using surveys to gather information. A total of 400 students from three different types of schools were chosen using random sampling. The three types of schools were National Secondary Schools, Religious Secondary Schools, and Technical and Vocational Secondary Schools around Selangor and Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. Data were analysed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 18. Results confirmed the distinctions of the school culture and classroom environments with the soft skills based on the gender and type of schools. SEM analysis corroborated that the school culture and classroom environment contributed to the development of soft skills. Therefore, schools should come up with programs and approaches to improve the soft skills amongst the students to be proficient in various fields in parallel with the rapid growth of the world.

This research determined the effect of in-service training, collaboration and teacher proficiency on chemistry subject based on teaching experience. A total of 184 teachers were involved in this study, only 64 of which had less than 10 years of teaching experience. The data were collected via questionnaires and analysed using the software SPSS AMOS 23. The MANOVA test indicated significant differences between in-service training and collaboration based on teachers' teaching experience and parallel results between teacher proficiency in chemistry and teaching experience. The SEM test showed that collaboration has a different intermediary effect on the relationship between in-service training and teacher proficiency. Therefore, chemistry teachers with less teaching experience required additional in-service training and collaboration to enhance their proficiency, whereas experienced chemistry teachers only required in-service training. Results of this study implied that schools should organize collaborative activities that involve teachers with various experiences. Teamwork and collaboration are expected to enhance teacher proficiency in the subject.

This study aims to identify the contributions of teacher competency on teaching and learning for the subject of chemistry for the practical design, planning, and implementation to assessment of practical exercises in the science laboratory. The study used survey method with a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. The questions focused on designing, planning, implementing, and assessing practical sessions to discover teacher competency in the four listed aspects. Sample consisted of 236 chemistry teachers chosen at random from Riau, Indonesia. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to identify the teacher contribution of practical design, planning, and implementation to assessment of practical exercise. Findings showed that the practical design, planning, implementation of teachers were contributed to assessment of practical exercise. Implementation seemed to be the best predictor contribution to assessment. Based on the findings, a strategic and united effort is necessary to increase the competency of teachers and to develop the latest practical materials.

This article reports the findings on classroom practice in Malaysia, as the nation attempts to transform the education system to better prepare children for the 21st Century. The goal of the study is to describe an overview of classroom practice in Malaysia, to provide essential empirical data to inform discussions in one of the most important areas in education -- what happens in the classroom in relation to national aspirations, policies and practices. A random sampling of 24 secondary schools from across the country led to a sample size of 140 teachers. Lessons facilitated by these teachers were video recorded and analysed. The findings revealed that classroom practice was largely the same throughout the country, and lacked the kinds of activities widely associated with creating engaging and thinking classrooms. Systemic issues and possible ways forward are discussed in light of these findings.

Prior studies suggested close correlations among metacognition, mastery goal, and mathematical modelling competency. The present study examines the relationship between metacognition and mastery goal that may influence mathematical modelling competency. The current study employs 538 students of a mathematics education program; among these students, 483 (89.8%) are males and 55 (10.2%) are females, aged from 18 to 22 years old. The study follows a correlational research design to investigate and measure the degree of relationship among mathematical modelling competencies, mastery goal, and metacognition. Findings indicate that mastery goal positively affects mathematical modelling competency. SEM analysis indicates significant and positive influence of task- and self-approach goals on mathematical modelling competency, whereas task-avoidance goals are significantly and negatively related to mathematical modelling competency. By contrast, self-avoidance goals did not affect mathematical modelling competency. Task-approach goal is a positive partial mediator, task-avoidance goal is a negative partial mediator, self-approach goal is a positive full mediator, and self-avoidance goal is not a mediator between metacognition and mathematical modelling competency. In conclusion, metacognition positively affects the mathematical modelling competency of students, which is influenced by task-approach, task-avoidance, and self-approach goal but not self-avoidance goal.