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This paper deals with the impacts of carbon oxides (C02) from motor exhaust emissions upon changes in the environment, warming up of the Earth and changes of regional and global climate. It has been established that the average annual emission from natural sources is 700 to 1000 x J09 tons of carbon oxides in conjunction with additional 30 x 109 tons introduced by human activities in burning fossil fuels of which some 17. 9 draw origin from mo tor traffic. Global annual concentrations of C02 increases by approximately 0,2% because human beings obtain some 90% of their power needs from burning fossil fuels. It has been established that in the world road motor vehicles emit 7,62 x 109 tons of co2 out of the total emission which is about 42,57 x l 09 tons in the year 1988. Road motor vehicles in Yugoslavia pollute the atmosphere with 21,41% x 106 tons with the annual increase of l, 78% and share in global pollution of 0,28% C02. In this pol1ution Croatia participates with 5,65 x 1()6 tons with the annual increase of 4,19% and its share in global pollution of 0,074% co2 . The author recommends gradual decrease of co2-emission by 50% through reduction of concentrations of 400 ppm in the air to the maximum which may only be attained by substitution in the consumption of fossil fuels. In road traffic gasoline and diesel fuels can successfully be substituted by hydrogen and thus help avoiding inevitable catastrophic consequences in the Earth's biosphere.

The development of the automobile industry has invigorated the development and advancement of the tire manufacturers. Considering the fact that the tire is a major factor of traffic safety it should be secured proper maintenance and inspection.

Constant increase of the number of automobiles causes demand for individual materials to get on the rise, thus giving an impulse to the development of recycling logistics. Used automobiles get disassembled and individual parts which can be used as raw materials or additives get recycled. Automobile tires can be reclaimed or vulcanized. In July 1978 the environmental-friendly "Blauer Engel" or "Blue Angel" symbol was first introduced for reclaimed tires. Later, emblems were introduced for other recycled automobile pans. The awarding of the emblem is being controlled and approved by authorized institutes, because the emblem rightfully designates traffic safety.

The paper deals with the composition and quantities of waste tires of motor vehicles and possibilities of their utilization as possible potential secondary raw materials. The possible quantities available in the world, in the territory of former Yugoslavia, and the city of Zagreb have been reviewed. The possible available quantities of waste tires (pneumatics) in the year 1991 are as follows: in the world this comes to l. 7 x JO pieces of which 84% is still on automobiles, in former Yugoslavia it comes to 9.637.466 pieces or 267.049 tons, and in Zagreb it comes to 862.780 pieces or 18.635 tons while only as /itl/e as less than JO% is collected. It has been established that radial/ tires on automobiles on the roads of Croatia are used up on covered 50.000 kilometers of journey, 8,2% of radial-ply tn1ck tires after 60.000 kilometers 15% and cross-ply 17.1%. Out of a number of methods of utilization of waste rubber pneumatics the environmental and economic highest advantage rests in recycling and processing in cryogen procedure into rubber powder (recycler).

This paper deals with the drugs which affect the psychophysical characteristic of man, commonly known as trigonic drugs. In the spirit of our regulations trigonic fall into the category of those drugs ultimately prohibited to motorists and machine operators and the category of those drugs known for possible effects upon the psychophysical characteristics of a motorist. It has been suggested to the motorists to study carefully respective instructions for use i.e. administration of these drugs and get familiar with the effects and side-effects of the medicine. Trigonics have been indicated to account for some 12% of all road traffic accidents reported causes.

In this study, we present the design, synthesis, and evaluation of six new thiadiazole derivatives designed as VEGFR-2 inhibitors. The most promising compound, 18b, demonstrated promising inhibitory activity against VEGFR-2, with an IC 50 value of 0.165 µg/mL. The in vitro assessments on MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines revealed the superior anti-proliferative effects of compound 18b, exhibiting IC 50 values of 0.06 and 0.17 µM, respectively. Further investigations into the cell cycle distribution of compound 18b on MCF-7 cells exhibited a cell cycle arrest at the S phase (52.96 %) and significantly reducing the percentage of cells in the G0-G1 and G2/M phases. Additionally, compound 18b demonstrated a remarkable pro-apoptotic effect, with 45.29 % total apoptosis, characterized by both early and late apoptosis, and minimal necrosis. These findings were corroborated by RT-PCR analysis, revealing a significant downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 and upregulation of the pro-apoptotic gene BAX in compound 18b-treated cells compared to control MCF-7 cells. Moreover, in silico studies involving molecular docking, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, MM-GBSA, Principle Component Analysis of Trajectories (PCAT), in addition to Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) predictions underscored the molecular interactions, energetics, and pharmacokinetic properties of compound 18b and the other derivatives further supporting its potential. Our integrated approach, combining in vitro experimens with in silico predictions provides valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of compound 18b as a robust VEGFR-2 inhibitor and lays the groundwork for future optimization., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aims to investigate the potential of designed 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as anti-proliferative agents targeting VEGFR-2, utilizing a multidimensional approach combining in vitro and in silico analyses., Methods: The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines. Additionally, VEGFR-2 inhibition was assessed. Further investigations into the cellular mechanisms were conducted to elucidate the effects of 20b ( N -(4-(( E )-1-((( Z )-5-Acetyl-3-( p -tolyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3 H )-ylidene)hydrazono) ethyl) phenyl) benzamide) on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Furthermore, computational investigations, including molecular docking, MD simulations, DFT calculations, MM-GBSA, PCAT, and ADMET predictions were conducted., Results: Compound 20b emerged as a standout candidate with significantly lower IC 50 values of 0.05 μM and 0.14 μM for MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines, respectively. It exhibited notable VEGFR-2 inhibition (0.024 μM), surpassing the efficacy of sorafenib (0.041 μM). Compound 20b demonstrated cancer-specific targeting potential with a high selectivity index in normal WI-38 cells (IC 50 0.19 μM). Mechanistic studies revealed its ability to arrest the cell cycle of MCF-7 cells and induce apoptosis (total apoptosis 34.47%, early apoptosis 18.48%, and late apoptosis 15.99%), supported by upregulated caspase-8 (3.42-fold) and caspase-9 (5.44-fold) expression. Additionally, 20b arrested the cell cycle of MCF-7 cells at the %G0-G1 phase. Computational investigations provided insights into its molecular interactions with VEGFR-2, contributing to the rational design and understanding of its pharmacological profile., Conclusions: Compound 20b presents as a promising anti-proliferative agent targeting VEGFR-2. Also, this comprehensive investigation underscores the potential of 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as promising candidates for further development in anti-cancer research., Competing Interests: The authors verify that they have no conflicts of interest associated with this publication involving any party or among the co-authors., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Resource utilization of waste masks has become an urgent scientific issue. In this work, with sustainably, waste masks and biomass were co-pyrolysis with oxygen limitation to prepare mask-based biochar (MB). Then, urea was introduced to prepare novel nitrogen modified mask-based biochar (NMB) via a one-step hydrothermal synthesis method. The adsorption characteristics of NMB on the emerging environmental pollutant, bisphenol A (BPA), were evaluated via batch adsorption tests. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the materials were characterized with various advanced techniques. Also, the roles of waste masks and nitrogen modification were explored. The adsorption mechanisms of NMB on BPA were revealed as well as the performance differences between different adsorbents. The results showed that waste masks participated in thermochemical reactions, shaped the microsphere structure of biochar, and increased the types of surface functional groups. The nitrogen modification enriched the surface elemental composition and activated the specific surface area via the mesopore. These would enhance the adsorption performance. The maximum adsorption of BPA by NMB was 62.63 mg·g -1 , which was approximately 2.35-5.58 times higher than that of the control materials. Temkin model and pseudo-second-order model optimally simulate the isothermal and kinetic adsorption, respectively. The adsorption mechanisms are jointly by physical and chemical adsorption, which mainly includes π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding, intraparticle diffusion, surface adsorption, and ion exchange. After discussion and evaluation, NMB has lower preparation process cost (7.21 USD·kg -1 ) and safety, with potential for environmental applications. This study aims to expand new ideas for the comprehensive utilization of waste masks and the preparation of eco-friendly materials. Moreover, it provides a theoretical basis for the removal of BPA., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: VEGFR-2 has emerged as a prominent positive regulator of cancer progression., Aim: Discovery of new anticancer agents and apoptotic inducers targeting VEGFR-2., Methods: Design and synthesis of new thiazolidine-2,4-diones followed by extensive in vitro studies, including VEGFR-2 inhibition assay, MTT assay, apoptosis analysis, and cell migration assay. In silico investigations including docking, MD simulations, ADMET, toxicity, and DFT studies were performed., Results: Compound 15 showed the strongest VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity with an IC 50 value of 0.066 μM. Additionally, most of the synthesized compounds showed anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines at the micromolar range with IC 50 values ranging from 0.04 to 4.71 μM, relative to sorafenib (IC 50  = 2.24 ± 0.06 and 3.17 ± 0.01 μM against HepG2 and MCF-7, respectively). Also, compound 15 showed selectivity indices of 1.36 and 2.08 against HepG2 and MCF-7, respectively. Furthermore, compound 15 showed a significant apoptotic effect and arrested the cell cycle of MCF-7 cells at the S phase. Moreover, compound 15 had a significant inhibitory effect on the ability of MCF-7 cells to heal from. Docking studies revealed that the synthesized thiazolidine-2,4-diones have a binding pattern approaching sorafenib. MD simulations indicated the stability of compound 15 in the active pocket of VEGFR-2 for 200 ns. ADMET and toxicity studies indicated an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile. DFT studies confirmed the ability of compound 15 to interact with VEGFR-2., Conclusion: Compound 15 has promising anticancer activity targeting VEGFR-2 with significant activity as an apoptosis inducer., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A new theobromine-derived EGFR inhibitor (2-(3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purin-1-yl)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide) has been developed that has the essential structural characteristics to interact with EGFR's pocket. The designed compound is 2,6-di ortho methylphenyl)acetamide derivative of the well-known alkaloid, theobromine, (T-1-DOMPA). Firstly, deep DFT studies have been conducted to study the optimized chemical structure, molecular orbital and chemical reactivity analysis of T-1-DOMPA. Then, T-1-DOMPA's anticancer potentialities were estimated first through a structure-based computational approach. Utilizing molecular docking, molecular dynamics, MD, simulations over 100 ns, MM-PBSA and PLIP studies, T-1-DOMPA bonded to and inhibited the EGFR protein effectively. Subsequently, the ADMET profiles of T-1-DOMPA were computed before preparation, and its drug-likeness was anticipated. Therefore, T-1-DOMPA was prepared for the purposes of scrutinizing both the design and the results obtained in silico. The in vitro potential of T-1-DOMPA against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines, MDA- MB-231, was very promising with an IC 50 value of1.8 µM, comparable to the reference drug (0.9 µM), and a much higher selectivity index of 2.6. Interestingly, T-1-DOMPA inhibited three other cancer cell lines (CaCO-2, HepG-2, and A549) with IC 50 values of 1.98, 2.53, and 2.39 µM exhibiting selectivity index values of 2,4, 1.9, and 2, respectively. Additionally, T-1-DOMPA prevented effectively the MDA-MB-231cell line's healing and migration abilities. Also, T-1-DOMPA's abilities to induce apoptosis were confirmed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining assay. Finally, T-1-DOMPA caused an up-regulation of the gene expression of the apoptotic gene, Caspase-3, in the treated MDA-MB-231cell., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Aim: The aim of this study was to design and examine a novel epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor with apoptotic properties by utilizing the essential structural characteristics of existing EGFR inhibitors as a foundation., Method: The study began with the natural alkaloid theobromine and developed a new semisynthetic derivative ( T-1-PMPA ). Computational ADMET assessments were conducted first to evaluate its anticipated safety and general drug-likeness. Deep density functional theory (DFT) computations were initially performed to validate the three-dimensional (3D) structure and reactivity of T-1-PMPA . Molecular docking against the EGFR proteins was conducted to investigate T-1-PMPA 's binding affinity and inhibitory potential. Additional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations over 200 ns along with MM-GPSA, PLIP, and principal component analysis of trajectories (PCAT) experiments were employed to verify the binding and inhibitory properties of T-1-PMPA . Afterward, T-1-PMPA was semisynthesized to validate the proposed design and in silico findings through several in vitro examinations., Results: DFT studies indicated T-1-PMPA 's reactivity using electrostatic potential, global reactive indices, and total density of states. Molecular docking, MD simulations, MM-GPSA, PLIP, and ED suggested the binding and inhibitory properties of T-1-PMPA against the EGFR protein. The in silico ADMET predicted T-1-PMPA 's safety and general drug-likeness. In vitro experiments demonstrated that T-1-PMPA effectively inhibited EGFR WT and EGFR 790m , with IC 50 values of 86 and 561 nM, respectively, compared to Erlotinib (31 and 456 nM). T-1-PMPA also showed significant suppression of the proliferation of HepG2 and MCF7 malignant cell lines, with IC 50 values of 3.51 and 4.13 μM, respectively. The selectivity indices against the two cancer cell lines indicated the overall safety of T-1-PMPA . Flow cytometry confirmed the apoptotic effects of T-1-PMPA by increasing the total percentage of apoptosis to 42% compared to 31, and 3% in Erlotinib-treated and control cells, respectively. The qRT-PCR analysis further supported the apoptotic effects by revealing significant increases in the levels of Casp3 and Casp9. Additionally, T-1-PMPA controlled the levels of TNFα and IL2 by 74 and 50%, comparing Erlotinib's values (84 and 74%), respectively., Conclusion: In conclusion, our study's findings suggest the potential of T-1-PMPA as a promising apoptotic anticancer lead compound targeting the EGFR., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

In this study, a series of seven novel 2,4-dioxothiazolidine derivatives with potential anticancer and VEGFR-2 inhibiting abilities were designed and synthesized as VEGFR-2 inhibitors. The synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their potential to inhibit VEGFR-2 and the growth of HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Among the compounds tested, compound 22 (IC 50  = 0.079 μM) demonstrated the highest anti -VEGFR-2 efficacy. Furthermore, it demonstrated significant anti-proliferative activities against HepG2 (IC 50  = 2.04 ± 0.06 μM) and MCF-7 (IC 50  = 1.21 ± 0.04 M). Additionally, compound 22 also increased the total apoptotic rate of the MCF-7 cancer cell lines with cell cycle arrest at S phase. As well, computational methods were applied to study the VEGFR-2- 22 complex at the molecular level. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate the complex's structural and kinetic characteristics. The DFT calculations further revealed the structural and electronic properties of compound 22 . Finally, computational ADMET and toxicity tests were performed indicating the likeness of the proposed compounds to be drugs. The results suggest that compound 22 displays promise as an effective anticancer treatment and can serve as a model for future structural modifications and biological investigations in this field., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

This work presents the synthesis and in vitro , and in silico analyses of new thiadiazole derivatives that are designed to mimic the pharmacophoric characteristics of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) inhibitors. A comprehensive evaluation of the inhibitory properties of the synthesized thiadiazole derivatives against the cancer cell lines MCF-7 and HepG2 identified several auspicious candidates. Among them, compound 14 showed remarkably low IC 50 values of 0.04 μM and 0.18 μM against MCF-7 and HepG2, respectively. VEGFR-2 inhibitory evaluation of compound 14 revealed a promising IC 50 value in the nanomolar range (103 nM). Further examination of the cell cycle revealed that compound 14 has the ability to stop the progression of the cell cycle in MCF-7 cells via G0-G1 phase arrest. Interestingly, compound 14 also demonstrated a noteworthy pro-apoptotic effect in MCF-7 cells, with notable increases in early apoptosis (16.53%) and late apoptosis (29.57%), along with a slight increase in the population of necrotic cells (5.95%). Furthermore, compound 14 showed a significant drop in MCF-7 cells' ability to migrate and heal wounds. Additionally, compound 14 promoted apoptosis by boosting BAX (6-fold) while lowering Bcl-2 (6.2-fold). The binding affinities of the synthesized candidates to their target (VEGFR-2) were confirmed by computational investigations, including molecular docking, principal component analysis of trajectories (PCAT), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Additionally, compound 14's stability and reactivity were investigated using density functional theory (DFT). These thorough results highlight compound 14's potential as a lead contender for additional research in the creation of anticancer drugs that target VEGFR-2. This work establishes a foundation for promising thiadiazole derivatives for future therapeutic developments in anticancer- and angiogenesis-related scientific fields., Competing Interests: None., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

VEGFR-2 is a significant target in cancer treatment, inhibiting angiogenesis and impeding tumor growth. Utilizing the essential pharmacophoric structural properties, a new semi-synthetic theobromine analogue ( T-1-MBHEPA ) was designed as VEGFR-2 inhibitor. Firstly, T-1-MBHEPA 's stability and reactivity were indicated through several DFT computations. Additionally, molecular docking, MD simulations, MM-GPSA, PLIP, and essential dynamics (ED) experiments suggested T-1-MBHEPA 's strong binding capabilities to VEGFR-2. Its computational ADMET profiles were also studied before the semi-synthesis and indicated a good degree of drug-likeness. T-1-MBHEPA was then semi-synthesized to evaluate the design and the in silico findings. It was found that, T-1-MBHEPA inhibited VEGFR-2 with an IC 50 value of 0.121 ± 0.051 µM, as compared to sorafenib which had an IC 50 value of 0.056 µM. Similarly, T-1-MBHEPA inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and MCF7 cell lines with IC 50 values of 4.61 and 4.85 µg/mL respectively - comparing sorafenib's IC 50 values which were 2.24 µg/mL and 3.17 µg/mL respectively. Interestingly, T-1-MBHEPA revealed a noteworthy IC 50 value of 80.0 µM against the normal cell lines exhibiting exceptionally high selectivity indexes (SI) of 17.4 and 16. 5 against the examined cell lines, respectively. T-1-MBHEPA increased the percentage of apoptotic MCF7 cells in early and late stages, respectively, from 0.71 % to 7.22 % and from 0.13 % to 2.72 %, while the necrosis percentage was increased to 11.41 %, in comparison to 2.22 % in control cells. Furthermore, T-1-MBHEPA reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-2 in the treated MCF7 cells by 33 % and 58 %, respectively indicating an additional anti-angiogenic mechanism. Also, T-1-MBHEPA decreased significantly the potentialities of MCF7 cells to heal and migrate from 65.9 % to 7.4 %. Finally, T-1-MBHEPA 's oral treatment didn't show toxicity on the liver function (ALT and AST) and the kidney function (creatinine and urea) levels of mice., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

A group of theobromine derivatives was designed based on the key pharmacophoric characteristics of VEGFR-2 inhibitors. HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines were used to test the obtained compounds for their in vitro anti-proliferative activities. Compound 15 (2-(3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purin-1-yl)-N-(4-(1-(2-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)hydrazono)ethyl) phenyl)acetamide) was the most potent cytotoxic member against MCF-7 (IC 50 = 0.42 µM) and HepG2 (IC 50 = 0.22 µM). The effectiveness of VEGFR-2 inhibition was assessed for compound 15, and its IC 50 value was calculated to be 0.067 µM. Additional cellular mechanistic investigations showed that compound 15 dramatically increased the population of apoptotic HepG2 cells in both early and late apoptosis. The investigation of apoptotic markers confirmed that compound 15 upregulated the levels of BAX (2.26-fold) and downregulated the levels of Bcl-2 (4.4-fold). The molecular docking investigations, MM-GPSA, PLIP studies, and MD simulations validated the potential of compound 15 to be a VEGFR-2 inhibitor. DFT calculations have been completed to comprehend how the electrical charge is distributed within compound 15 and to predict how it would bond to VEGFR-2. Lastly, ADMET prediction showed that the designed members have drug-like characteristics and minimal levels of toxicity. In conclusion, our in vitro and in silico investigations showed that compound 15 exhibited promising apoptotic anticancer potential through the suppression of VEGFR-2., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The overexpression of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) marks it as a pivotal target in cancer treatment, with the aim of reducing its proliferation and inducing apoptosis. This study aimed at the CADD of a new apoptotic EGFR inhibitor. The natural alkaloid, theobromine, was used as a starting point to obtain a new semisynthetic (di-ortho-chloro acetamide) derivative ( T-1-DOCA ). Firstly, T-1-DOCA 's total electron density, energy gap, reactivity indices, and electrostatic surface potential were determined by DFT calculations, Then, molecular docking studies were carried out to predict the potential of T-1-DOCA against wild and mutant EGFR proteins. T-1-DOCA 's correct binding was further confirmed by molecular dynamics (MD) over 100 ns, MM-GPSA, and PLIP experiments. In vitro, T-1-DOCA showed noticeable efficacy compared to erlotinib by suppressing EGFR WT and EGFR T790M with IC 50 values of 56.94 and 269.01 nM, respectively. T-1-DOCA inhibited also the proliferation of H1975 and HCT-116 malignant cell lines, exhibiting IC 50 values of 14.12 and 23.39 µM, with selectivity indices of 6.8 and 4.1, respectively, indicating its anticancer potential and general safety. The apoptotic effects of T-1-DOCA were indicated by flow cytometric analysis and were further confirmed through its potential to increase the levels of BAX, Casp3, and Casp9, and decrease Bcl-2 levels. In conclusion, T-1-DOCA , a new apoptotic EGFR inhibitor, was designed and evaluated both computationally and experimentally. The results suggest that T-1-DOCA is a promising candidate for further development as an anti-cancer drug., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Background: This study focuses on the development and evaluation of (E)-N-(3-(1-(2-(4-bromobenzoyl)hydrazono)ethyl)phenyl)nicotinamide (BHEPN) as a potential inhibitor of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2)., Methods: Computational investigations as density function theory (DFT), docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and ADMET) in addition to in vitro (VEGFR-2 inhibition, cytotoxicity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, selectivity index, cells cycle analysis, apoptosis investigation, and cells migration assay) studies were conducted., Results: DFT calculations determined the three-dimensional structure and indicated the reactivity of BHEPN. Molecular docking, and MD simulations analysis showed the BHEPN's binding affinity and its potential as a VEGFR-2 inhibitor. ADMET assessments predicted BHEPN's safety and drug-like characteristics. In vitro investigations confirmed the inhibition of VEGFR-2 with an IC 50 value of 0.320 ± 0.012 µM. BHEPN also exhibited remarkable cytotoxic effects against HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values of 0.19 ± 0.01 µM and 1.18 ± 0.01 µM, respectively, outperforming Sorafenib's IC 50 values (2.24 ± 0.06 µM and 3.17 ± 0.01 µM), respectively. Notably, BHEPN displayed a higher IC 50 value of 4.11 ± 0 µM against the non-carcinogenic Vero cell lines, indicating selectivity index values of 21.6 and 3.4 against the tested cancer cell lines, respectively. In a flow cytometry assay, BHEPN induced HepG2 cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase. Moreover, BHEPN increased the incidence of early and late apoptosis in HepG2 cell lines (from 1.38% and 0.22%) in control cells to (4.11-26.02%) in the treated cells, respectively. Additionally, the percentage of necrosis raised to 13.39%, in contrast to 0.62% in control cells. Finally, BHEPN was able to reduce the migration and wound healing abilities in HepG2 cells to 38.89% compared to 87.92% in untreated cells after 48 h. These in vitro results aligned with the computational predictions, providing strong evidence of BHEPN's efficacy and safety in anticancer applications., Conclusions: BHEPN is a promising candidate for the development of novel anticancer agents through further in vitro and in vivo investigations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors have participated in (a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and (c) approval of the final version. This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at, another journal or other publishing venue. The authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Novel thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives, 11a-g, were designed, and synthesized targeting the VEGFR-2 protein. The in vitro studies indicated the abilities of the synthesized derivatives to inhibit VEGFR-2 and prevent the growth of two different cancer cell types, HepG2 and MCF-7. Compound 11 f exhibited the strongest anti-VEGFR-2 activity (IC 50 = 0.053 µM). As well, compound 11 f showed impressive anti-proliferative activity against the mentioned cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 0.64 ± 0.01 and 0.53 ± 0.04 µM, respectively. Additionally, compound 11 f arrested the MCF-7 cell cycle at the S phase and increased the overall apoptosis percentage. Furthermore, cell migration assay revealed that compound 11 f has a significant ability to prevent migration and healing potentialities of MCF-7. Moreover, computational studies were used to conduct the molecular investigation of the VEGFR-2-11 f complex. The kinetic and structural features of the complex were examined using molecular dynamics simulations and molecular docking. Besides, Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explain the dynamics of the VEGFR-2-11 f complex at various spatial scales. The DFT calculations also provided further clarity regarding compound 11 f's structural and electronic features. To evaluate how closely the developed compounds might look like drugs, ADMET and toxicity experiments were computed. To conclude, the presented study demonstrates the potential of compound 11 f as a viable anti-cancer drug, which can serve as a prototype for future structural modifications and further biological investigations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: VEGFR-2 is a key regulator of cancer cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Aim: Development of thieno[2,3- d ]pyrimidine derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents targeting VEGFR-2. Methods: Seven in vitro and nine in silico studies were conducted. Results: Compound 10d demonstrated strong anticancer potential, boosting apoptosis based on VEGFR-2 inhibition. It arrested the S phase of the cell cycle and upregulated the apoptotic factors. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies confirm the stability of the VEGFR-2- 10d complex and suggest that these compounds have good binding affinities to VEGFR-2. In addition, the drug-likeness was confirmed. Conclusion: Thieno[2,3- d ]pyrimidines, particularly compound 10d , has good anticancer effects and may contribute to the development of new anticancer therapies.

Background: The overexpression of VEGFR-2 receptors in breast cancer provides a valuable approach to anticancer strategies. Targeting VEGFR-2, a new semisynthetic compound (T-1-MCPAB) has been designed., Methods: Computational methods (ADMET, toxicity, DFT, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, MM-GBSA, PLIP, and PCAT) were conducted. In addition to the semi-synthesis, in vitro studies (anti-VEGFR-2, anti-proliferative, flow cytometry, and wound scratch assay) were employed., Results: ADME and toxicity profiles of T-1-MCPAB studies indicated its overall drug-likeness showing results much better than Sorafenib. Then, T-1-MCPAB's exact 3D structure, stability, and reactivity were evoked by the DFT calculations. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, MM-GPSA, PLIP, and PCAT studies denoted the correct binding and inhibiting potential of T-1-MCPAB, towards VEGFR-2 protein. After the semisynthesis, T-1-MCPAB inhibited VEGFR-2 with an IC 50 of 0.135 µM, which was comparable to sorafenib's IC 50 of 0.0591 µM. T-1-MCPAB also showed a notable performance against MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 30.95 µM and 63.64 µM, respectively, and had high selectivity index values of 3.7 and 1.8, respectively. Furthermore, T-1-MCPAB influenced early and late apoptosis and significantly decreased the potential of MCF7 cells to heal and migrate., Conclusion: T-1-MCPAB is a promising VEGFR-2 inhibitor with potential for breast cancer treatment. Further chemical and biological studies are needed to explore its potential as a therapeutic agent., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflict of interest to be declared., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

In this study, new thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives that could have potential anticancer activity by inhibiting the VEGFR-2 receptor have been designed, synthesized, and investigated. The thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives showed strong in vitro abilities to inhibit VEGFR-2 and to prevent cancer cell growth in two different types of cancer cells, MCF-7 and HepG2. Particularly, compound 22 showed the most potent anti-VEGFR-2 activity with an IC 50 value of 0.58 µM. Additionally, compound 22 exhibited good anti-proliferative activity against both MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values of 11.32 ± 0.32 and 16.66 ± 1.22 µM, respectively. Further investigations revealed that compound 22 induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and promoted both early and late apoptosis in the MCF-7 cancer cells. Compound 22 also increased the level of BAX (2.8-fold), and reduced the level of Bcl-2 (2.2-fold), hence increasing the rate of apoptosis. Compound 22 also revealed 2.9-fold and 2.8-fold higher levels of caspase-8 and caspase-9, respectively, in the treated MCF-7 cancer cells compared to the control cell lines. The MD simulations showed that the VEGFR-2-22 complex was structurally and energytically stable over 100 ns, while the MM-GBSA study indicated its stable thermodynamic behavior. The bi-dimensional projection analysis confirmed the proper binding of the VEGFR-2-22 complex, while the DFT studies provided optimized geometry, charge distribution, FMO, ESP, the total density of state, and QTAIM maps of compound 22. Finally, computational ADMET studies were performed to assess the drug development potential of the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives. Overall, this study suggests that compound 22 has the potential as an anticancer lead compound by inhibiting VEGFR-2, which may be a guide for future drug design and development., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A computer-assisted drug design (CADD) approach was utilized to design a new acetamido-N-(para-fluorophenyl)benzamide) derivative of the naturally occurring alkaloid, theobromine, (T-1-APFPB), following the pharmacophoric features of VEGFR-2 inhibitors. The stability and reactivity of T-1-AFPB were assessed through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Molecular docking assessments showed T-1-AFPB's potential to bind with and inhibit VEGFR-2. The precise binding of T-1-AFPB against VEGFR-2 with optimal energy was further confirmed through several molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, PLIP, MM-GBSA, and PCA studies. Then, T-1-AFPB (4-(2-(3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purin-1-yl)acetamido)-N-(4-fluorophenyl)benzamide) was semi-synthesized and the in vitro assays showed its potential to inhibit VEGFR-2 with an IC 50 value of 69 nM (sorafenib's IC 50 was 56 nM) and to inhibit the growth of HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 2.24±0.02 and 3.26±0.02 μM, respectively. Moreover, T-1-AFPB displayed very high selectivity indices against normal Vero cell lines. Furthermore, T-1-AFPB induced early (from 0.72 to 19.12) and late (from 0.13 to 6.37) apoptosis in HepG2 cell lines. In conclusion, the combined computational and experimental approaches demonstrated the efficacy and safety of T-1-APFPB providing it as a promising lead VEGFR-2 inhibitor for further development aiming at cancer therapy., (© 2023 The Authors. ChemistryOpen published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In this study, novel VEGFR-2-targeting thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives with potential anticancer properties were designed and synthesized. The ability of the designed derivatives to inhibit VEGFR-2 and stop the growth of three different cancer cell types (HT-29, A-549, and HCT-116) was examined in vitro . The IC 50 value of compound 15, 0.081 μM, demonstrated the best anti-VEGFR-2 potency. Additionally, compound 15 showed remarkable anti-proliferative activities against the tested cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values ranging from 13.56 to 17.8 μM. Additional flow cytometric investigations showed that compound 15 increased apoptosis in HT-29 cancer cells (from 3.1% to 31.4%) arresting their growth in the S phase. Furthermore, compound 15's apoptosis induction in the same cell line was confirmed by increasing the levels of BAX (4.8-fold) and decreasing Bcl-2 (2.8-fold). Also, compound 15 noticeably increased caspase-8 and caspase-9 levels by 1.7 and 3.2-fold, respectively. Computational methods were used to perform molecular analysis of the VEGFR-2-15 complex. Molecular dynamics simulations and molecular docking were utilized to analyze the complex's kinetic and structural characteristics. Protein-ligand interaction profiler analysis (PLIP) determined the 3D interactions and binding conformation of the VEGFR-2-15 complex. DFT analyses also provided insights into the 3D geometry, reactivity, and electronic characteristics of compound 15. Computational ADMET and toxicity experiments were conducted to determine the potential of the synthesized compounds for therapeutic development. The study's findings suggest that compound 15 might be an effective anticancer lead compound and could guide future attempts to develop new drugs., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

In agreement with the general features of VEGFR-2 inhibitors, a new naphthalene analog (compound 7 ) has been designed and synthesized. The inhibitory potential of compound 7 was indicated by the proper binding and the perfect energy of -21.10 kcal/mol compared to sorafenib (-21.22) in the molecular docking studies. Next, six MD simulation studies over 100 ns (RMSD, RMSF, SASA, RoG, hydrogen bonding, and distance between the center of mass) confirmed the accurate interaction of compound 7 with the catalytic pocket of VEGFR-2. Similarly, an MM-GBSA established proper binding showing an exact total binding energy of -36.95 ± 3.03 kcal/Mol. Additionally, the MM-GBSA experiment indicated the vital amino acids in the binding process. Types and number of interactions of compound 7 with catalytic pocket of VEGFR-2 were determined through Protein-Ligand Interaction Profiler (PLIP). As a new compound, the DFT was employed to optimize the molecular structure of compound 7 . The DFT experiments also verified the interaction features of compound 7 with the VEGFR-2 active site. In silico ADMET experiments revealed the general drug-likeness of compound 7. Fascinatingly, the in vitro examinations were consistent with the in silico experiments as compound 7 inhibited the VEGFR-2 enzyme with an IC 50 value of 37 nM. Captivatingly, compound 7 inhibited both MCF-7 and HCT 116 cancer cells exhibiting IC 50 values of 10.56 and 7.07 µM exhibiting excellent selectivity indexes of 9.04 and 13.50, respectively.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

In this work, new thieno[2,3- d ]pyrimidine-derived compounds possessing potential anticancer activities were designed and synthesized to target VEGFR-2. The thieno[2,3- d ]pyrimidine derivatives were tested in vitro for their abilities to inhibit VEGFR-2 and to prevent cancer cell growth in two types of cancer cells, MCF-7 and HepG2. Compound 18 exhibited the strongest anti-VEGFR-2 potential with an IC 50 value of 0.084 μM. Additionally, it displayed excellent proliferative effects against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values of 10.17 μM and 24.47 μM, respectively. Further studies revealed that compound 18 induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and promoted apoptosis in MCF-7 cancer cells. Apoptosis was stimulated by compound 18 by increasing BAX (3.6-fold) and decreasing Bcl-2 (3.1-fold). Additionally, compound 18 significantly raised the levels of caspase-8 (2.6-fold) and caspase-9 (5.4-fold). Computational techniques were also used to investigate the VEGFR-2-18 complex at a molecular level. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to assess the structural and energetic features of the complex. The protein-ligand interaction profiler analysis identified the 3D interactions and binding conformation of the VEGFR-2-18 complex. Essential dynamics (ED) study utilizing principal component analysis (PCA) described the protein dynamics of the VEGFR-2-18 complex at various spatial scales. Bi-dimensional projection analysis confirmed the proper binding of the VEGFR-2-18 complex. In addition, the DFT studies provided insights into the structural and electronic properties of compound 18. Finally, computational ADMET and toxicity studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of the thieno[2,3- d ]pyrimidine derivatives for drug development. The results of the study suggested that compound 18 could be a promising anticancer agent that may provide effective treatment options for cancer patients. Furthermore, the computational techniques used in this research provided valuable insights into the molecular interactions of the VEGFR-2-18 complex, which may guide future drug design efforts. Overall, this study highlights the potential of thieno[2,3- d ]pyrimidine derivatives as a new class of anticancer agents and provides a foundation for further research in this area., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

This study aimed to design anticancer theobromine derivatives inhibiting VEGFR-2. The new compounds were tested in vitro to evaluate their effectiveness against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines. Among these compounds, 15a showed the highest cytotoxicity against HepG2, with an IC 50 value of 0.76 μM, and significant anti-proliferative effects on MCF-7, with an IC 50 value of 1.08 μM. Notably, the selectivity index of 15a against the two cancer cells was 98.97 and 69.64, respectively. Moreover, 15a demonstrated potent VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity (IC 50 = 0.239 μM). Further investigations revealed that 15a induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells, significantly increasing early-stage and late-stage apoptosis percentages from 3.06% and 0.71% to 29.49% and 9.63%, respectively. It also upregulated caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels by 3.45-fold and 2.37-fold, respectively compared to control HepG2 cells. Additionally, 15a inhibited the migration and wound healing ability of HepG2 cells. Molecular docking confirmed the binding affinities of the semi-synthesized compounds to VEGFR-2, consistent with in vitro results. Several computational analyses (DFT, MD simulations, MM-GBSA, PLIP, and essential dynamics) supported the stability of the 15a-VEGFR-2 complex. Overall, the biological and computational findings suggest that compound 15a could be a promising lead compound for the development of a novel apoptotic anticancer agent., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

A new semisynthetic derivative of the natural alkaloid, theobromine, has been designed as a lead antiangiogenic compound targeting the EGFR protein. The designed compound is an (m-tolyl)acetamide theobromine derivative, (T-1-MTA). Molecular Docking studies have shown a great potential for T-1-MTA to bind to EGFR. MD studies (100 ns) verified the proposed binding. By MM-GBSA analysis, the exact binding with optimal energy of T-1-MTA was also identified. Then, DFT calculations were performed to identify the stability, reactivity, electrostatic potential, and total electron density of T-1-MTA. Furthermore, ADMET analysis indicated the T-1-MTA's general likeness and safety. Accordingly, T-1-MTA has been synthesized to be examined in vitro. Intriguingly, T-1-MTA inhibited the EGFR protein with an IC50 value of 22.89 nM and demonstrated cytotoxic activities against the two cancer cell lines, A549, and HCT-116, with IC50 values of 22.49, and 24.97 μM, respectively. Interestingly, T-1-MTA's IC50 against the normal cell lines, WI-38, was very high (55.14 μM) indicating high selectivity degrees of 2.4 and 2.2, respectively. Furthermore, the flow cytometry analysis of A549 treated with T-1-MTA showed significantly increased ratios of early apoptosis (from 0.07% to 21.24%) as well as late apoptosis (from 0.73% to 37.97%)., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Eissa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

A new lead compound has been designed as an antiangiogenic EGFR inhibitor that has the pharmacophoric characteristics to bind with the catalytic pocket of EGFR protein. The designed lead compound is a (para-chloro)acetamide derivative of the alkaloid, theobromine, ( T-1-PCPA ). At first, we started with deep density functional theory (DFT) calculations for T-1-PCPA to confirm and optimize its 3D structure. Additionally, the DFT studies identified the electrostatic potential, global reactive indices and total density of states expecting a high level of reactivity for T-1-PCPA . Secondly, the affinity of T-1-PCPA to bind and inhibit the EGFR protein was studied and confirmed through detailed structure-based computational studies including the molecular docking against EGFR WT and EGFR T790M , Molecular dynamics (MD) over 100 ns, MM-GPSA and PLIP experiments. Before the preparation, the computational ADME and toxicity profiles of T-1-PCPA have been investigated and its safety and the general drug-likeness predicted. Accordingly, T-1-PCPA was semi-synthesized to scrutinize the proposed design and the obtained in silico results. Interestingly, T-1-PCPA inhibited in vitro EGFR WT with an IC 50 value of 25.35 nM, comparing that of erlotinib (5.90 nM). Additionally, T-1-PCPA inhibited the growth of A549 and HCT-116 malignant cell lines with IC 50 values of 31.74 and 20.40 µM, respectively, comparing erlotinib that expressed IC 50 values of 6.73 and 16.35 µM, respectively.

Objectives: This study aims to design and evaluate ( in silico and in vitro ) a new nicotinamide derivative as an inhibitor of VEGFR-2, a major mediator of angiogenesis Methods: The following in silico studies were performed; DFT calculations, molecular modelling, MD simulations, MM-GBSA, PLIP, and PCAT studies. The compound's in silico (ADMET) analysis was also conducted. Subsequently, the compound ((E)- N -(4-(1-(2-(4-(4-Chlorobenzamido)benzoyl)hydrazono)ethyl) phenyl)nicotinamide) was successfully synthesized and designated as compound X . In vitro , VEGFR-2 inhibition and cytotoxicity of compound X against HCT-116 and A549 cancer cell lines and normal Vero cell lines were conducted. Apoptosis induction and migration assay of HCT-116 cell lines after treatment with compound X were also evaluated., Results: DFT calculations assigned stability and reactivity of compound X . Molecular docking and MD simulations indicated its excellent binding against VEGFR-2. Furthermore, MM-GBSA analysis, PLIP experiments, and PCAT studies confirmed compound X 's correct binding with optimal dynamics and energy. ADMET analysis expressed its general likeness and safety. The in vitro assays demonstrated that compound X effectively inhibited VEGFR-2, with an IC 50 value of 0.319 ± 0.013 μM and displayed cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and A549 cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values of 57.93 and 78.82 μM, respectively. Importantly, compound X exhibited minimal toxicity towards the non-cancerous Vero cell lines, (IC 50 = 164.12 μM). Additionally, compound X significantly induced apoptosis of HCT-116 cell lines and inhibited their potential to migrate and heal., Conclusion: In summary, the presented study has identified compound X as a promising candidate for the development of a novel apoptotic lead anticancer drug., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Extensive studies have shown that doping can enhance the properties of graphene, but the application to real industrial wastewater treatment and theoretical calculations are limited. In this study, the hybrid nanoadsorbent Cu, N co-doped graphene (Cu@NG) was successfully synthesized via green route using carbon rods from waste dry batteries, human urine and copper nitrate, then multiple characterizations, detailed density functional theory (DFT) theoretical calculations and comprehensive actual wastewater tests are performed in environmental applications to investigate the adsorption properties and mechanism. The results showed that Cu@NG surface is mesoporous, decorated with CuO crystals and doped with N atoms. The isotherms and kinetics were simulated by Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. The theoretical maximum sorption for MB and CV on Cu@NG is 116.28 mg·g -1 and CV is 86.96 mg·g -1 , respectively. Pilot tests with Cu@NG on real textile wastewater showed that COD, BOD and color were removed by 54.2%, 55.2% and 86.4%, respectively. The desorption rate of Cu@NG is approximately above 90% for both MB and CV on Cu@NG after six cycles of treatment. The DFT calculations confirmed the experimental results as MB is more reactive than CV molecules. Besides, interactions have been systematically investigated via topology and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. The process mechanism involved mainly electrostatic adsorption, π-π stacking interactions and H-bonding interactions and ion exchange., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

( E )- N -(3-(1-(2-(4-(2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamido)benzoyl)hydrazono)ethyl)phenyl)nicotinamide (compound 10 ) was designed as an antiangiogenic VEGFR-2 inhibitor with the essential pharmacophoric structural properties to interact with the catalytic pocket of VEGFR-2. The designed derivative was synthesized, and its structure was confirmed through Ms, elemental, 1 H, and 13 C spectral data. The potentiality of the designed pyridine derivative to bind with and inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) enzyme was indicated by molecular docking assessments. In addition, six molecular dynamic (MD) experiments proved its correct binding with VEGFR-2 over 100 ns. Additionally, the molecular mechanics energies, combined with the generalized born and surface area (MM-GBSA) analysis, identified the precise binding with optimum energy. To explore the stability and reactivity of the designed pyridine derivative, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, including electrostatic potential maps and total electron density, were carried out. Additionally, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis demonstrated its general likeness and its safety. The designed compound was synthesized to evaluate its effects against VEGFR-2 protein, cancer, and normal cells. The in vitro results were concordant with the in silico results, because the new pyridine derivative (compound 10 ) displayed VEGFR-2 inhibition with an IC 50 value of 65 nM and displayed potent cytotoxic properties against hepatic (HepG2) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 21.00 and 26.10 μM, respectively; additionally, it exhibited high selectivity indices against the normal cell lines (W-38) of 1.55 and 1.25, respectively. The obtained results present compound 10 as a new lead VEGFR-2 inhibitor for further biological investigation and chemical modifications.

We report herein, the design and synthesis of thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives as new inhibitors for VEGFR-2. The designed members were assessed for their in vitro anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines; A549, Caco-2, HepG-2 and MDA-MB-231. Compound 14a showed the most potent effects against Caco-2, and HepG-2 cell lines (IC50 = of 1.5 and 31.5 μM, respectively). Next, the in vitro VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity, safety profiles and selectivity indices were examined for all the synthesized members against the normal Vero cell line. Compound 14a (the safest member against Caco-2 cell line) was further investigated for its ability to inhibit Caco-2 cells migration and healing. Moreover, the apoptotic induction of compound 14a against Caco-2 cell line was investigated by assessing against four apoptotic genes (Bcl2, Bcl-xl, TGF, and Survivin). The results revealed that compound 14a can exert apoptosis through significant reduction of Bcl2, Survivin, and TGF gene expression levels. Finally, deep computational studies including molecular docking, ADMET, toxicity studies, and MD simulation were carried out. Also, the DFT calculations were performed and discussed, and the results confirmed the inhibitory reactivity of 14a against VEGFR-2. Compound 14a is expected to be used as a potential lead in the development of new VEGFR-2 inhibitors with increased potency., Competing Interests: the authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Based on the pharmacophoric features of EGFR inhibitors, a new semisynthetic theobromine-derived compound was designed to interact with the catalytic pocket of EGFR. Molecular docking against wild (EGFR WT ; PDB: 4HJO) and mutant (EGFR T790M ; PDB: 3W2O) types of EGFR-TK indicated that the designed theobromine derivative had the potential to bind to that pocket as an antiangiogenic inhibitor. The MD and MM-GBSA experiments identified the exact binding with optimum energy and dynamics. Additionally, the DFT calculations studied electrostatic potential, stability, and total electron density of the designed theobromine derivative. Both in silico ADMET and toxicity analyses demonstrated its general likeness and safety. We synthesized the designed theobromine derivative (compound XI ) which showed an IC 50 value of 17.23 nM for EGFR inhibition besides IC 50 values of 21.99 and 22.02 µM for its cytotoxicity against A549 and HCT-116 cell lines, respectively. Interestingly, compound XI expressed a weak cytotoxic potential against the healthy W138 cell line (IC 50 = 49.44 µM, 1.6 times safer than erlotinib), exhibiting the high selectivity index of 2.2. Compound XI arrested the growth of A549 at the G2/M stage and increased the incidence of apoptosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

A nicotinamide-based derivative was designed as an antiproliferative VEGFR-2 inhibitor with the key pharmacophoric features needed to interact with the VEGFR-2 catalytic pocket. The ability of the designed congener (( E )-N-(4-(1-(2-(4-benzamidobenzoyl)hydrazono)ethyl)phenyl)nicotinamide), compound 10 , to bind with the VEGFR-2 enzyme was demonstrated by molecular docking studies. Furthermore, six various MD simulations studies established the excellent binding of compound 10 with VEGFR-2 over 100 ns, exhibiting optimum dynamics. MM-GBSA confirmed the proper binding with a total exact binding energy of -38.36 Kcal/Mol. MM-GBSA studies also revealed the crucial amino acids in the binding through the free binding energy decomposition and declared the interactions variation of compound 10 inside VEGFR-2 via the Protein-Ligand Interaction Profiler (PLIP). Being new, its molecular structure was optimized by DFT. The DFT studies also confirmed the binding mode of compound 10 with the VEGFR-2. ADMET (in silico) profiling indicated the examined compound's acceptable range of drug-likeness. The designed compound was synthesized through the condensation of N -(4-(hydrazinecarbonyl)phenyl)benzamide with N -(4-acetylphenyl)nicotinamide, where the carbonyl group has been replaced by an imine group. The in-vitro studies were consonant with the obtained in silico results as compound 10 prohibited VEGFR-2 with an IC 50 value of 51 nM. Compound 10 also showed antiproliferative effects against MCF-7 and HCT 116 cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 8.25 and 6.48 μM, revealing magnificent selectivity indexes of 12.89 and 16.41, respectively.

Graphene-based metal oxide nanocomposites are interesting and promising kinds of nanocomposites due to their large specific area, fast kinetics, and specific affinity towards heavy metal contaminants. In this work, a facile and cost-effective route was used to synthesize CdO nanoparticles (CdO NPs) and graphene-based CdO nanocomposite (G-CdO). The prepared nanomaterials were characterized and explored for lead removal from water. Both CdO NPs and G-CdO composite exhibited excellent sorption capacity of 427 and 398 mg g -1 , respectively, at pH 4.8 and T = 298 K, which was superior to individual graphene and many other adsorbents. The results indicated that the recovered nanomaterials endure 4 times recyclability retaining up to 89% lead uptake efficiency. To complement the experimental study, DFT calculations were performed to investigate the stability of the formed G-CdO composite compared to CdO NPs; the reactivity of G-CdO compared to plain graphene as well as the interaction insights between graphene and CdO clusters were studied using natural-bond-orbital (NBO), electron-localization-function (ELF) and reduced-density-gradient (RDG) analyses., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

A facile, feasible, and green synthesis via an electrochemical exfoliation process was applied to synthesize nitrogen-doped MgO/graphene nanocomposite (N-MgO/G). The N-MgO/G nanocomposite was characterized by several analytical techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and elemental mapping analysis. N-MgO/G nanocomposite was then applied to adsorb lead metal ions (Pb 2+ ) from aqueous solutions. The N-MgO/G nanocomposite demonstrated a remarkably high Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity (294.12 mg/g) for Pb 2+ ions under the optimum experimental conditions at a pH of 5.13, time of 35 min, dose of 0.025 g, the concentration of 400 mg/L, and a temperature of 36 °C. Adsorption kinetics results fitted with a pseudo-second-order model and a thermodynamic study showed that Pb 2+ adsorption is an endothermic process. The practical application of N-MgO/G was also investigated to test its applicability in real water samples collected from different sources such as deionized water, tap water, wastewater, and river water.

The release of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Ibuprofen (Ibu), Naproxen (Nab) and Diclofenac (Dic) to the aquatic system cause serious environmental problems. In this study, green-synthesized copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) have been used as nano-adsorbent for the removal of Ibu, Nab, and Dic from wastewater samples. Formation of Cu NPs was confirmed by different analytical techniques. The adsorption parameters such as temperature, pH, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time were studied. The best removal results were obtained at these conditions: temperature 298 K, pH = 4.5, 10.0 mg Cu NPs, 60 min. At these conditions, the removal percentage of Ibu, Nap, and Dic were found to be 74.4, 86.9 and 91.4% respectively. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities were calculated as 36.0, 33.9 and 33.9 mg/g for Dic, Nap, and Ibu respectively. The kinetic studies conducted that the sorption process obeyed the second order kinetic model, while the thermodynamic results revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic (+23.8, +40.8 and +38.3 kJ/mol for Ibu, Nap and Dic respectively). The results revealed that green-synthesized copper nano-adsorbent may be used for the removal of the anti-inflammatory drugs from real wastewater efficiently.

A cost-effective method for the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPLs) using Tilia extract under optimum conditions has been presented. The use of Tilia extracts for the synthesis of Cu-NPLs has been investigated for the first time. The Cu-NPLs are stable due to in situ bio-capping by the Tilia extract residues. Formation of metallic Cu was revealed by UV-vis and XRD analyses. UV-vis of Cu-NPLs showed an SPR characteristic peak at 563 nm (energy bandgap = 2.1 eV). Morphology and size of the as-prepared Cu-NPLs were determined using SEM and TEM studies. TEM observations show that the produced Cu-NPLs are hemispherical in shape with different diameters in the range 4.7-17.4 nm. The electrical conductivity of the Cu-NPLs was determined as 1.04 × 10 -6 S cm -1 (at T = 120 K). The antimicrobial studies exhibited relatively high activity against pathogenic bacteria like Gram-positive & Gram-negative bacteria. Anticancer studies demonstrated the in vitro cytotoxicity value of Cu-NPLs against tested human colon cancer Caco-2 cells, human hepatic cancer HepG2 cells and human breast cancer Mcf-7 cells. To conclude, Cu-NPLs are promising in electronic devices and they possess a potential anticancer application for some human cancer therapy as well.