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Programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for wood development in trees. However, the determination of crucial factors involved in xylem PCD of wood development is still lacking. Here, two Populus trichocarpa typical aspartic protease (AP) genes, AP17 and AP45, modulate xylem maturation, especially fibre PCD, during wood formation. AP17 and AP45 were dominantly expressed in the fibres of secondary xylem, as suggested by GUS expression in APpro::GUS transgenic plants. Cas9/gRNA-induced AP17 or AP45 mutants delayed secondary xylem fibre PCD, and ap17ap45 double mutants showed more serious defects. Conversely, AP17 overexpression caused premature PCD in secondary xylem fibres, indicating a positive modulation in wood fibre PCD. Loss of AP17 and AP45 did not alter wood fibre wall thickness, whereas the ap17ap45 mutants showed a low lignin content in wood. However, AP17 overexpression led to a significant decrease in wood fibre wall thickness and lignin content, revealing the involvement in secondary cell wall synthesis during wood formation. In addition, the ap17ap45 mutant and AP17 overexpression plants resulted in a significant increase in saccharification yield in wood. Overall, AP17 and AP45 are crucial modulators in xylem maturation during wood development, providing potential candidate genes for engineering lignocellulosic wood for biofuel utilization.

Summary Plant cellulose is synthesized by a large plasma membrane‐localized cellulose synthase (CesA) complex. However, an overall functional determination of secondary cell wall (SCW) CesAs is still lacking in trees, especially one based on gene knockouts.Here, the Cas9/gRNA‐induced knockouts of PtrCesA4, 7A, 7B, 8A and 8B genes were produced in Populus trichocarpa. Based on anatomical, immunohistochemical and wood composition evidence, we gained a comprehensive understanding of five SCW PtrCesAs at the genetic level.Complete loss of PtrCesA4, 7A/B or 8A/B led to similar morphological abnormalities, indicating similar and nonredundant genetic functions. The absence of the gelatinous (G) layer, one‐layer‐walled fibres and a 90% decrease in cellulose in these mutant woods revealed that the three classes of SCW PtrCesAs are essential for multilayered SCW structure and wood G‐fibre. In addition, the mutant primary and secondary phloem fibres lost the n(G + L)‐ and G‐layers and retained the thicker S‐layers (L, lignified; S, secondary). Together with polysaccharide immunolocalization data, these findings suggest differences in the role of SCW PtrCesAs‐synthesized cellulose in wood and phloem fibre wall structures.Overall, this functional understanding of the SCW PtrCesAs provides further insights into the impact of lacking cellulose biosynthesis on growth, SCW, wood G‐fibre and phloem fibre wall structures in the tree.

Background In cervical cancer, most patients die of metastasis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a pivotal and intricate process that increases the metastatic potential of cervical cancer. C-phycocyanin (C-PC) is a natural marine product isolated and purified from Spirulina platensis, has been investigated that has anti-cancer function. The aim of this study was to explore the inhibitory effect of C-phycocyanin on the migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), so as to provide a new idea for the treatment and prognosis of cervical cancer. Methods A wound-healing assay, an invasion assay, immunofluorescence assay, western blot, flow cytometry and real-time reverse transcriptione polymerase chain reaction were explored in cervical cancer Caski cell lines. TGF-β/smad signaling pathway was evaluated of in Caski cell lines. Results Our study indicated that TGF-β1 induced EMT in cervical cancer cells. C-phycocyanin inhibited EMT in Caski cells by down-regulating N-cadherin and up-regulating E-cadherin protein expression. Furthermore, C-phycocyanin could inhibit the expression and proteins Twist, Snail and Zeb1 transcription factors related to EMT. In addition, C-phycocyanin could inhibit the migration and invasion of Caski cells induced by TGF-β1. Besides, C-phycocyanin inhibited EMT through TGF-β/smads signaling pathway. We also found C-phycocyanin induced cell cycle G0/G1 arrest by decreasing protein expression levels of Cyclin D1 and p27. Conclusions C-phycocyanin reversed TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cervical cancer cells and down-regulated the TGF-β/samd signaling pathway induced G0/G1 arrest of tumor cell cycle.

Objective We aimed to estimate the risk of varied antifungal therapy with azoles causing the syndrome of acquired apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) in the real-world practice. Methods First, we conducted a disproportionality analysis based on data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database to characterize the signal differences of triazoles - related AME. Second, a systematic review was conducted, and to describe clinical features of AME cases reported in clinical practice. Results In the FAERS database, we identified 27 cases of triazoles - AME, posaconazole [ROR=865.37; 95%CI (464.14; 1613.45)] and itraconazole [ROR=556.21; 95% (303.05; 1020.85)] significantly increased the risk of AME events, while fluconazole, voriconazole and isavuconazole did not affect any of the mineralocorticoid excess targets. 18 studies with 39 cases raised evidence of AME following posaconazole and itraconazole treatment, and another 27 cases were identified by analysis of the description of clinical features in FAERS database. The average age of 66 patients was 55.5 years (6∼87 years). AME mainly occurs in patients with posaconazole concentrations above 3 μg/mL (mean=4.4μg/mL, range 1.8∼9.5μg/mL), and is less likely to occur when levels are below 2 μg/mL (6%). The median time to event onset was 11.5 weeks, and 50% of the adverse events occurred within 3 months for posaconazole. Conclusion The presented study supports very recent findings that posaconazole and itraconazole but not the other three azole antifungals investigated are associated with AME and the effects were dose-dependent, which allows for a dose de-escalation strategy and for substitution with fluconazole, isavuconazole or voriconazole to resolve the adverse effects.

Secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition is an important process during wood formation. Although aspartic proteases (APs) have been reported to have regulatory roles in herbaceous plants, the involvement of atypical APs in SCW deposition in trees has not been reported. In this study, we characterised the Populus trichocarpa atypical AP gene PtAP66, which is involved in wood SCW deposition. Transcriptome data from the AspWood resource showed that in the secondary xylem of P. trichocarpa, PtAP66 transcripts increased from the vascular cambium to the xylem cell expansion region and maintained high levels in the SCW formation region. Fluorescent signals from transgenic Arabidopsis plant roots and transiently transformed P. trichocarpa leaf protoplasts strongly suggested that the PtAP66-fused fluorescent protein (PtAP66-GFP or PtAP66-YFP) localised in the plasma membrane. Compared with the wild-type plants, the Cas9/gRNA-induced PtAP66 mutants exhibited reduced SCW thickness of secondary xylem fibres, as suggested by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data. In addition, wood composition assays revealed that the cellulose content in the mutants decreased by 4.90–5.57%. Transcription analysis further showed that a loss of PtAP66 downregulated the expression of several SCW synthesis-related genes, including cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis enzyme-encoding genes. Altogether, these findings indicate that atypical PtAP66 plays an important role in SCW deposition during wood formation.

A visible-light-driven photocatalyst nitrogen-deficient mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-C3N4-δ) was prepared by a thermal polymerization-assisted colloidal crystal templating method. The unique mesoporous structure of mpg-C3N4-δ was confirmed to be formed with relatively uniform pores and cyano groups ( C N)-related nitrogen defects, which were generated from the break of the C N bonds of triazine rings and the subsequent loss of terminal NHx species during the pore-making process. Benefiting from the larger surface area, suitable energy level and increased unpaired electrons on C atoms of aromatic rings, the photocatalytic activity of mpg-C3N4-δ for RhB degradation was 11 and 2.6 times higher than that of bulk g-C3N4 and mpg-C3N4, respectively, under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm). Furthermore, nitrogen defects in mpg-C3N4-δ were verified to serve as electron/hole traps to boost the separation and transfer of photoexcited charge carriers and thus enhanced the production of main active species h+ and O2 −, resulting in the efficient destruction of the intrinsic structure and functional groups of RhB molecules into small molecules. This work highlights that construction of uniform mesoporous architectures with surface nitrogen defects could be useful for developing highly efficient metal-free photocatalysts.

Counterfeit medicine still exists widely, which have affected our health and life. So the discrimination (classification) of medicine is becoming more and more important. Then near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a popular and effective technique used on the medicine classification with nondestructive characteristics. To solve the discrimination of medicines, the sparse signal representation model is established in the presence of spectrum crossover and overlapping. However, the sparsity of nonzero representation coefficients is low during solving the \( L_{ 2} \)-norm on representation model. To overcome this problem, in this paper a novel classification model—regularized collaborative representation classification with Gabor optimizer (RCRCG) is proposed. Gabor filter is adopted to control the \( L_{2} \)-norm for the more relevant factor vectors. Then Lasso regulation on local classification is proved to improve the accuracy on the medicine discrimination. The experiments using NIRS samples from the three datasets (active substance, Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate and Domperidone) show that the proposed method is more effective and robust than the existing ones, and it has speed-up about 1 times compared with the Sparse Representation based Classification (SRC) and Class \( L_{1} \)-optimizer classifier with the closeness rule (C_CL1C).

Background This is an updated version of the original Cochrane Review published in 2018, Issue 5. Epilepsy affects over 70 million people worldwide, and nearly a quarter of patients with seizures have drug-resistant epilepsy. People with drug-resistant epilepsy have increased risks of premature death, injuries, psychosocial dysfunction, and a reduced quality of life. Objectives To assess the efficacy and tolerability of clonazepam when used as an add-on therapy for adults and children with drug-resistant focal onset or generalised onset epileptic seizures, when compared with placebo or another antiepileptic agent. Search methods For the latest update we searched the following databases on 4 June 2019: Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web), MEDLINE (Ovid) 1946 to 3 June, 2019. The Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web) includes the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and randomised or quasi-randomised, controlled trials from Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). Selection criteria Double-blind randomised controlled studies of add-on clonazepam in people with resistant focal or generalised onset seizures, with a minimum treatment period of eight weeks. The studies could be of parallel or cross-over design. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted relevant data, and assessed trial quality. We contacted study authors for additional information. Main results We found no double-blind randomised controlled trials which met the inclusion criteria. Authors' conclusions There is no evidence from double-blind randomised controlled trials for or against the use of clonazepam as an add-on therapy for adults and children with drug-resistant focal or generalised onset epileptic seizures. Since the last version of this review no new studies have been found.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which leads to memory and behaviour impairment. Early discovery and diagnosis can delay the progress of this disease. In this paper, we propose a new deep learning method called selective kernel network with attention for early diagnosis of AD using magnetic resonance imaging. Generally, deep learning methods for high-accuracy recognition are based on structure of deep neural networks by stacking a myriad of convolutional layers in the model. In this paper, the structure of SKANet is constructed similarly to that of ResNeXt by repeating residual blocks with the same topology and group convolution for saving computational costs. Different from ResNeXt, the primary convolution is replaced by using selective kernel convolution to adaptively adjust the receptive field based on imported information. Then, attention mechanism is added to the bottom of the block to emphasize on important features and suppress unnecessary ones for more accurate representation of the network. The block is termed as selective kernel with attention block that consists of a sequence of operations followed by the order: a convolution with kernel size \(1\times 1\), a selective kernel convolution, a convolution with kernel size \(1\times 1\), and spatial attention mechanism. The effectiveness of this proposed model is verified based on the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset. Our experimental results show superiority of the proposed model for the early diagnosis of AD. The classification accuracy of AD and mild cognitive impairment reaches up to \(98.82\%\).

Guoxiang Liu, Qifeng Yin, Huanhuan Ji, Yujuan Wang, Huihui Liu, Liangqian Jiang, Feng Zhu, Bing Li Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China Background: To improve the targeting ability of antitumor drugs, we identified the antigens with high expression on the surface of tumor cells associated with tumor escape, such as the complement regulatory protein CD55 molecule, which is also known as the decay accelerating factor. In this study, phage display technology was used to screen and identify CD55-specific ligand peptide (CD55sp) bound to CD55 molecule on the surface of cervical cancer HeLa cells. We then explored the role of this peptide in inhibiting the growth of cervical cancer cells in vitro. Our characterization of CD55sp will provide implication for tumor target therapy. Methods: The phage bound to the surface of HeLa cells were isolated by phage display technology. Positive phage clones were identified by ELISA. Phage was then amplified and determined by agarose gel electrophoresis after monoclonal DNA extraction. DNA sequencing and bioinformatical analysis were conducted to obtain specific ligand peptides. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to measure the expression of CD55 molecule on the surface of tumor and normal cells. Subsequently, the effects of CD55sp on the proliferation and apoptosis of HeLa and SiHa cells were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, and TUNEL assay, respectively. The morphology of apoptotic cells was examined by electron microscope. The distribution of Cleaved caspase-3 was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of bcl-2 and Cleaved caspase-3 were determined by Western blot. Results: The results showed that the peptide (QVNGLGERSQQM) can bind to the CD55 molecule on the surface of cervical cancer HeLa and SiHa cells as a ligand peptide. It can also effectively inhibit the proliferation of cervical cancer cells and induce cell apoptosis. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that CD55sp screened by phage display technology plays a strong antitumor role. Keywords: phage display, cervical cancer, CD55sp, ligand peptide, apoptosis

A layered BiO(OH)xI1-x solid solution was grown in situ on the surface of AgI particles by a one-pot co-crystallization method. Based on the results of XPS, EPR, XRD and other techniques, it was verified that a p-n heterojunction was formed through Ag-I-Bi cross-linking bonds in the interface of BiO(OH)xI1-x and AgI due to the common species of I− ions. The resulting BiO(OH)xI1-x-AgI exhibited high efficiency and stability for photodegradation of phenolic compounds with visible light irradiation. No significant AgI decomposition or release of Ag+ or Bi3+ was observed in the photoreaction, and the photoactivity of AgI was enhanced almost 9-fold. These enhanced photocatalytic properties were attributed to the strong interfacial interaction between BiO(OH)xI1-x and AgI by the Ag-I-Bi bond junction. Due to the chemical-bond junction, the photogenerated electrons in the CB of AgI quickly transferred to the CB of BiO(OH)xI1-x to produce O2 －, while the holes in the VB of BiO(OH)xI1-x migrated to the VB of AgI to oxidize pollutants in water. The accelerated interfacial charge transfers were responsible for the high photostability and photoactivity of BiO(OH)xI1-x-AgI.

Polycrystalline CdZnTe films with thickness about 300 μm were deposited by close spaced-sublimation (CSS) method. The as-deposited CdZnTe samples were polished by mechanical polishing (MP) process. Cu-doped ZnTe films were sputtered by RF magnetron sputtering as an intermediate layer to improve the performance of Ohmic contact of Au electrodes to CdZnTe films. The effect of Cu-doped ZnTe intermediate layers on the electrical characteristics of Au/CdZnTe and Au/ZnTe:Cu/CdZnTe was investigated by the circular transmission line model (CTLM). The results indicate a good Ohmic contact of Au/ZnTe:Cu/CdZnTe with low contact resistivity of about 0.79 Ω·cm 2 .

A close-connected p-AgI/n-Bi2O2CO3 heterojunction was synthesized by a one-step co-crystallization method. The visible-light-driven photoactivity of AgI was exceptionally enhanced by nearly 5 times through in-situ close contact with Bi2O2CO3. After seven cycling measurements, the photodegradation rate of 2-chlorophenol could be maintained at 88% and no Ag+ and Bi3+ could be detected in the reaction solution, indicating high photostability of the heterojunction photocatalyst. On the basis of the characterization of morphology, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, AgI nanoparticles were selectively anchored on active {001} facets of layered Bi2O2CO3 sheets, and a strong interfacial interaction between p-AgI and n-Bi2O2CO3 was observed, which enhanced effective separation and transfer of the photo-generated electron-hole pair from AgI, resulting in the high photoactivity and photostability of AgI for the degradation and mineralization of 2-chlorophenol under visible light. By the studies of electron spin resonance and other experiments, the charge transfer process at the interface of p-AgI/n-Bi2O2CO3 was verified that the photoexcited electrons of the conduction band of AgI transferred to the conduction band of Bi2O2CO3 to react with surface adsorbed oxygen into O2 –, while the photoexcited holes of the valence band of AgI could oxidize organic pollutants in water.

Cd 1− x Mn x Te films were grown on SnO 2 :F (FTO)-coated glass substrates by close-spaced sublimation method. After deposition, the films were etched by Br-MeOH (BM) solution followed by two separate annealing processes. One was only carried out in N 2 directly, and the other was further annealed in MnCl 2 . XRD, SEM, EDS and I – V measurement were employed to investigate the influences of post-annealing on the structure and properties of Cd 1− x Mn x Te films. Uniform Cd 1− x Mn x Te films with high quality and high resistivity were obtained by BM/N 2 post-treatment.

CdZnTe films with thickness above 50 μm were deposited at temperatures of 200–500 °C by Close Space Sublimation method. A peel-off approach has been adopted to study the interface chemistry of CdZnTe thick films. For all the CdZnTe films, the scanning electron microscopy images show the small and round-like grains formed at interface in contrast to the large ordered grains at surface. For CdZnTe films grown at a low substrate temperature of 200 °C, the interface layer between CdZnTe and substrate is mixed with Te and CdTe, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results. The thickness of the interface layer can be estimated to be 84 nm by depth profile using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In contrast, a thin interface layer less than 14 nm is found at a high substrate temperature of 500 °C. The limited reaction of Te 2 and Cd (Zn) to CdZnTe at a low growth temperature is responsible for the formation of the thick interface layer and a slow deposition rate at the nucleation stage.

Solid solution of BiOBr and BHO (BiO(OH) 0.06 Br 0.94 ) with abundant oxygen vacancies was supported on Ag/AgBr using precipitation and deposition–precipitation methods. The photocatalyst showed high and stable photocatalytic activity for the degradation of chlorophenols and azodyes in water under visible to NIR light irradiation without any release of Ag + , which came from visible-excited AgBr and the SPR of Ag NPs in the visible and NIR region. The different interfacial charge-transfer processes were verified on the basis of cyclic voltammetry analyses and all experimental information. The conduction band (CB) electrons of photoexcited AgBr reacted with the adsorbed oxygen forming O 2 •− , while the valence band (VB) holes of AgBr were transported the VB of BiO(OH) 0.06 Br 0.94 to oxidize organic pollutants or H 2 O to • OH. The plasmon-induced electrons from Ag NPs transferred to the CB of AgBr reacting with the adsorbed oxygen to O 2 •− , while the electrons trapped on the oxygen vacancies of BiO(OH) 0.06 Br 0.94 transferred to Ag NPs recombining with the plasmon-induced holes, inhibiting the release of Ag + , and the resulted VB holes of BiO(OH) 0.06 Br 0.94 oxidized organic compound. These interfacial charge transfers evidenced the high photoactivity and photostability of BiO(OH) 0.06 Br 0.94 /Ag/AgBr.

In this paper, the growth of boron (10B) oxide films on (1 0 0) silicon substrate were achieved by radio frequency (r.f.) magnetron sputtering under the different oxygen partial pressure with a target of boron and boron oxide. The structure and properties of deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The results showed that the substrate was covered with boron-rich films tightly and the surface of films was covered with B2O3. And the growth mechanism of boron-rich film in oxygen atmosphere was also analyzed.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) leads to memory loss and impairment, which may cause further symptoms. It affects lives of patients seriously and is not curable, but early confirmation of AD may be helpful to start proper treatment so as to avoid further brain damage. Over the past decades, machine learning methods have been applied to the classification of AD with results based on manually prepared features and a classifier having a multiple-step architecture. Recently, with the development of deep learning, the end to- end process of neural networks has been employed for pattern classification. In this paper, we focus on early diagnosis of AD based on convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Image slices of gray matter and white matter from MRI have been used as the inputs for classification. Ensemble learning methods have been employed after the convolutional operations for improving the classification by combining outputs of deep learning classifiers [27]. Three base ConvNets were designed, implemented, and compared in this paper. Our method was evaluated based on a dataset from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative for the early diagnosis of this illness. In particular, the accuracy rates of our classifications have reached up to 97.65% for AD/mild cognitive impairment and 88.37% for mild cognitive impairment/normal control.

Counterfeit medicine still exists widely, which have affected our health and life. So the discrimination (classification) of medicine is becoming more and more important. Then near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a popular and effective technique used on the medicine classification with nondestructive characteristics. To solve the discrimination of medicines, the sparse signal representation model is established in the presence of spectrum crossover and overlapping. However, the sparsity of nonzero representation coefficients is low during solving the \( L_{ 2} \)-norm on representation model. To overcome this problem, in this paper a novel classification model—regularized collaborative representation classification with Gabor optimizer (RCRCG) is proposed. Gabor filter is adopted to control the \( L_{2} \)-norm for the more relevant factor vectors. Then Lasso regulation on local classification is proved to improve the accuracy on the medicine discrimination. The experiments using NIRS samples from the three datasets (active substance, Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate and Domperidone) show that the proposed method is more effective and robust than the existing ones, and it has speed-up about 1 times compared with the Sparse Representation based Classification (SRC) and Class \( L_{1} \)-optimizer classifier with the closeness rule (C_CL1C).

The Cd 1-x Zn x Te films with a high x value of about 0.42 were achieved by close-spaced sublimation (CSS) method using a pre-alloyed CdZnTe source on the basis of two critical growth factors. A relatively high growth temperature is one of two key factors to achieve high Zn content in CdZnTe films. The x value of Cd 1-x Zn x Te varies from 0.10 to 0.42 as the substrate temperature changes from 100 to 500 °C under the pressure of 10 Pa. Moreover, it can be inferred that the sticking coefficient ratio of Zn to Cd is about 2.5–4 times at 500 °C than that at 400 °C. The other factor, more importantly, is the growth pressure, which should be below 10 Pa, while a high pressure of above 1000 Pa generally adopted in the Cd 1-x Zn x Te films using the CSS method always leads to Cd 1-x Zn x Te films with a low x value. The sudden increase of Zn vapor pressure under a growth pressure lower than 10 Pa is responsible for a high Zn content in the Cd 1-x Zn x Te films.

Boron and gallium co-doped ZnO (BGZO) films were prepared by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering under different RF powers (50–250 W) at room temperature and 200 °C, respectively. The influence of sputtering power and substrate temperature on the structural, morphological, electrical and optical properties of BGZO films was investigated. The results indicated that all the films showed preferentially c-axis orientation and structure of hexagonal wurtzite. The grain size decreased at higher sputtering power above 150 W. The carrier concentration and optical band gap (Eg) increased with the increasing of RF sputtering power. At RF power of 150 W, the films showed higher mobility and lower resistivity. Average optical transmittance of all the BGZO films is greater than 85% in the visible wavelength and did not change obviously with the sputtering power or substrate temperature.

Transparent conducting oxide films of boron and gallium co-doped ZnO (BGZO) were prepared on glass substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering at room temperature and 200°C, respectively. The dependence of structural, electrical and optical properties on the thickness and substrate temperature were investigated. All films demonstrated c-axis preferred orientation and showed highly transparent in the visible wavelength region. With the increase thickness and substrate temperature, the grain size of BGZO films increased and the full width at half maximum decreased, the carrier mobility increased and resistivity decreased, which indicated that the crystallinity and conductivity of films were improved. The research also found that the optical band gap (Eg) of BGZO thin films decreased with increased substrate temperature and thickness.

Objective: To acquire information about residents of Changshou District's knowledge levels and their behaviors of drug use, so that implementation strategies of rational drug use can be formulated accordingly to promote and spread health education of rational drug use. Methods: Online and offline surveys were randomly conducted about rational drug use conditions of residents in Changshou District by questionnaires. Online questionnaires were sent to residents of Changshou District by Wenjuanxing, an professional platform used for surveys. Offline questionnaires were mainly distributed to residents of communities in Changshou District. All the online and offline statistics were analyzed and counted. Results: Three hundred and nine (309) questionnaires were distributed (176 online questionnaires and 133 paper questionnaires), and the effective recovery rate was 75.4%. According to investigation and survey, conditions of resident’s rational drug use were optimistic. Only 8.15% residents who participated in the survey (or research subjects) took paracetamol tablets and vitamin C Yinqiao tablets (also known as VC Honeysuckle Pills) at the same time when they had a cold or fever. Among 8.15% residents, 5.15% frequently took paracetamol, caffeine and aspirin powder (also known as headache powder); 80.26%, checked expiration date of drugs before taking medicine; more than 50%, knew that drinking after taking medicines such as cephalosporin is prohibited. Common irrational problems caused by drug use were as follows: 40% research subjects took dietary supplements as drugs, and 28% of them failed to know the correct usage and dosage of drugs. Proportion of drugs that were taken with irrational usage and dosage were antibiotics (64%), antibacterial (52%), drugs for patients with diabetes mellitus (36%), drugs for patients with hyperlipidemia , hypertension and hyperglycemia (32%), vitamins (24%), drugs for treatment of common cold and cough(20%) and others. Conclusion: Publicity of rational drug use should not be restricted to specific population, and knowledge of safe drug use is supposed to be actively popularized. Contents of rational drug use are as follows: Guide the public to correctly understand the functions of vitamins and dietary supplements strengthen publicity of rational use of drugs such as antibiotics, antibacterial drugs, drugs for chronic diseases, cold and cough, etc. Focus should be given on usage and dosage of drugs, use of antibacterial drugs, and repeated and excessive use of drugs caused by joint use of drugs with same ingredients of OTC drugs for treatment of common cold and cough.

The novel tumor targeted nano-drug C-PC/CMC-CD59sp nanoparticles were constructed with carbocymethyl chitosan (CMC), C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and CD59 specific ligand peptide (CD59sp). The anti-tumor drug mechanism of the C-PC/CMC-CD59sp NPs was further explored in cervical cancer cells (HeLa and SiHa) in vitro and in vivo. We found that the C-PC/CMC-CD59sp NPs could inhibit the proliferation and induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in cervical cancer HeLa and SiHa cells, and the cell proliferation was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. We further found that the C-PC/CMC-CD59sp NPs regulated the cell cycle via up-regulating the expression of p21, and then down-regulating the expressions of Cyclin D1 and CDK4 in vivo. Compared with C-PC and C-PC/CMC NPs, the pro-apoptosis effects of the C-PC/CMC-CD59sp NPs were more significant for HeLa and SiHa cells in vitro. Moreover, the C-PC/CMC-CD59sp NPs up-regulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and down-regulated the expression of bcl-2. In addition, compared with C-PC and C-PC/CMC, the C-PC/CMC-CD59sp NPs significantly inhibited MMP-2 protein expression in vivo. Our data suggested that the anti-tumor effects of C-PC/CMC-CD59sp NPs were better than C-PC and C-PC/CMC NPs. Our laboratory constructed a new drug delivery system and proved the effective antitumor effects of C-PC/CMC-CD59sp, which would widen the application of C-PC as a potential anti cervical cancer drug.

BACKGROUND: This is an updated version of the original Cochrane Review published in 2018, Issue 5. Epilepsy affects over 70 million people worldwide, and nearly a quarter of patients with seizures have drug‐resistant epilepsy. People with drug‐resistant epilepsy have increased risks of premature death, injuries, psychosocial dysfunction, and a reduced quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of clonazepam when used as an add‐on therapy for adults and children with drug‐resistant focal onset or generalised onset epileptic seizures, when compared with placebo or another antiepileptic agent. SEARCH METHODS: For the latest update we searched the following databases on 4 June 2019: Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web), MEDLINE (Ovid) 1946 to 3 June, 2019. The Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web) includes the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and randomised or quasi‐randomised, controlled trials from Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). SELECTION CRITERIA: Double‐blind randomised controlled studies of add‐on clonazepam in people with resistant focal or generalised onset seizures, with a minimum treatment period of eight weeks. The studies could be of parallel or cross‐over design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted relevant data, and assessed trial quality. We contacted study authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS: We found no double‐blind randomised controlled trials which met the inclusion criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence from double‐blind randomised controlled trials for or against the use of clonazepam as an add‐on therapy for adults and children with drug‐resistant focal or generalised onset epileptic seizures. Since the last version of this review no new studies have been found.

Background Triple-negative breast cancer is a biological subtype of breast cancer, which is unresponsive to conventional chemotherapies and has a poor prognosis. C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), a marine natural purified from Spirulina platensis, has been investigated that has anti-cancer function. The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a crucial role in the development and progression of cancer. Therefore, we would like to study the anti-cancer effects of C-phycocyanin in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer, and explore the role of MAPK pathway in the anti-tumor effects of C-phycocyanin. Methods Cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell apoptosis and cell migration were explored in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell lines. AKT, MAPK and membrane death receptor signaling were evaluated in MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Results Our study indicated that C-phycocyanin inhibited cell proliferation and reduced colony formation ability of MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, C-phycocyanin induced cell cycle G0/G1 arrest by decreasing protein expression levels of Cyclin D1 and CDK-2 and increasing protein expression levels of p21 and p27. In addition, C-phycocyanin induced cell apoptotic by activating cell membrane surface death receptor pathway. Besides, C-phycocyanin down-regulated the protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, and further inhibited MDA-MB-231 cells migration. We also found cell death induced by C-phycocyanin was carried through the MAPK signaling pathways. C-Phycocyanin was able to induce MDA-MB-231 cell apoptosis by activating p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways while inhibiting ERK pathway. Conclusions C-Phycocyanin exerted anti-cancer activity via the MAPK signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells.

CdZnTe thin films were deposited on glass substrates by close-spaced sublimation method and then annealed in vacuum. The structure, morphology and composition are investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. The CdZnTe film detector shows a linear X-ray response, which is about one order of magnitude lower than that of the single crystalline CdZnTe sample. The mobility and lifetime product of the CdZnTe film is estimated to be around 6.5 × 10−6cm2/V. Time dependent X-ray response shows the increase of photocurrent with time at the first 20 min for the film detector, indicating a filling of traps in the forbidden gap.

Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of adverse drug events (ADEs) in pediatric inpatient is essential if we are to prevent, reduce or ameliorate the harm experienced. The Global Trigger Tool (GTT) is a method of retrospective medical record review that measures harm in hospitalized children. We employed a three-stage retrospective chart review of random samples of 1800 pediatric inpatients discharged from January 2013 to December 2015. 31 kinds of pediatric-specific triggers were made based on the previous trigger tool studies developed for use in adult or pediatric. Positive predictive value (PPV) of individual triggers, as well as ADEs detection rates were calculated. Stepwise logistic regression was performed to investigate risk factors associated with ADEs. Of 1746 patients, detected in 221 patients (12.7%) with 247 ADEs. The PPV of the trigger tool was 13.3%. Of the 247 ADEs, 82.6% were identified as category E, 11.7% category F and 5.7% category H. The pediatric-focused trigger tool is a feasible and useful tool for detecting pediatric ADEs. Especially for patients who have had more drugs, more doses or more admissions which needs to be closely monitored as triggers to improve the safety.

In this study, a rapid reduction of Cr(VI) and degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in a simultaneous manner was reported through the catalysis of g-C3N4 under visible light (lambda > 420 nm) irradiation. The effects of initial concentration of reactants, dissolved O-2 and pH value were investigated systematically. It indicated that, under the optimized concentration, the Cr(VI) reduction and 2,4,6-TCP oxidation could be accomplished in couple of hours in the presence of g-C3N4. And also, the O-2 involvement and low pH value were able to significantly improve the removal rate of Cr(VI) and 2,4,6-TCP. In addition, the reaction mechanism was investigated through monitoring the reduced states of Cr(VI) and active oxygen intermediates formed during photoreaction by ESR and XPS, as well as determining the degradation products of 2,4,6-TCP by HPLC-MS. The results supported that the redox reactions of Cr(VI) and 2,4,6-TCP can be performed simultaneously via a synergistic oxidation-reduction mechanism in the presence of g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.