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James S Hu,1 Louis N Pangaro,2 Bami M Gloria Andrada,3 Rachel C Ceasar,4 Jennifer L Phillips5 1Department of Medicine – MD, EdD, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 2Department of Medicine – MD, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; 3Department of Medicine – MS, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 4Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 5USC Rossier School of Education – DLS, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USACorrespondence: James S Hu, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave, NTT 3440, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Email jameshu@med.usc.eduPurpose: Organizational approaches to physician burnout are limited. Training physician leaders to influence the organizational environment is a growing area of study. This study explored perceived physician leadership behaviors in response to burnout from the viewpoint of faculty physicians not in formal leadership positions. Understanding physician leadership behaviors from the viewpoint of those faculty being led can inform organizational strategy and leadership training to address physician burnout.Subjects and Methods: Interview requests were sent to 70 randomly identified faculty physicians from a roster containing all 1145 physician faculty that excluded the Pediatric Department, at an academic health care institution in Southern California. The first ten respondents were asked to participate in a 30-to-40-minute semi-structured virtual interview via Zoom. The interviewees were asked two questions pertaining to burnout and their perception of how leadership responded. The two questions were “What has leadership done to address burnout?” and “If you had five minutes to advise your leaders on burnout, what would you say?” The recorded interviews were transcribed, redacted, and then sent to two reviewers. Thematic analysis through iterative coding was completed, and categories were constructed that aligned with the two interview questions.Results: Overall, five themes were identified. These themes were organized according to the interview questions and broadly categorized as physician leadership behaviors observed that corresponded to the interview question of what leadership had done to address burnout and physician leadership behaviors desired corresponding to the second interview question of what advice should be given. Leadership behaviors observed in the context of burnout included three themes; referral to individual wellness programs, increased number of meetings and events, and a lack of agency in addressing wellness issues. The two themes of leadership behaviors desired were the obtainment of more resources and the granting of greater appreciation and recognition for work done through enhanced communication.Conclusion: This small study of faculty physician perceptions of leadership behaviors identified several themes that had been identified in previous studies of leadership and burnout; need for relationship building through communication, need for resources to address work issues, and referral to wellness programs. However, the identification of a lack of agency in addressing factors in the wellness environment has not been identified in the previous burnout and physician leadership literature. Further study into the causes of this perceived lack of agency should be explored. Understanding the root causes of physician leaders’ lack of agency can further inform physician leadership education as an organizational approach to burnout.Keywords: physician, leadership, qualitative, health care, burnout

Guang Zeng,1,* Yong-Zhi Jin,1,* Yi Huang,1 Jun-Sheng Hu,1 Meng-Fan Li,2 Ming Tian,3 Jun Lu,4 Rong Huang1 1Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of General Surgery, LiQun Hospital, Shanghai, 200333, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Burn, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Endocrinology, Putuo Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jun Lu; Rong Huang, Email lujundoctor@163.com; huangrongsci@163.comBackground: The pathological damage mechanism of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and macroangiopathy is extremely complex, and T2D and arteriosclerosis obliterans have different biological behaviors and clinical features. To explore the mechanism of lower extremity arteriosclerosis occlusion (LEAOD) in T2D patients, we utilized RNA-seq to identify unique gene expression signatures of T2D and LEAOD through transcriptomic analysis.Methods: We obtained blood samples and performed RNA sequencing from four patients with T2D, five of whom had LEAOD. Another six age- and gender-matched blood samples from healthy volunteers were used for control. By exploring the general and specific differential expression analysis after transcriptome sequencing, specific gene expression patterns of T2D and LEAOD were verified.Results: Transcriptome analysis found differentially expressed genes in T2D, and T2D + LEAOD (vs normal) separately, of which 35/486 (T2D/T2D + LEAOD) were up-regulated and 1290/2970 (T2D/T2D + LEAOD) were down-regulated. A strong overlap of 571 genes across T2D, LEAOD, and coexisting conditions was mainly involved in extracellular exosomes and the transcription process. By exploring the sex difference gene expression features between T2D, T2D + LEAOD, and healthy controls, we noticed that sex chromosome-associated genes do not participate in the sexual dimorphism gene expression profiles of T2D and LEAOD. Protein–Protein Interaction Network analysis and drug target prediction provided the drug candidates to treat T2D and LEAOD.Conclusion: This study provides some evidence at the transcript level to uncover the association of T2D with LEAOD. The screened hub genes and predicted target drugs may be therapeutic targets.Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, lower extremity arterial disease, gene expression profile, hub gene

Yanwei Zheng,1 Yibei Zhou,1 Jiangshan Hu,1 Jieping Zhu,2 Qi Hua,3 Minfang Tao1 1Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital East Branch, 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital of the China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China Objective: The present study aimed to develop a symptom-based (namely, hot flashes and sweating) scoring system for predicting the risk of depressive symptoms in menopausal women via a multicentre cross-sectional survey. Methods: The data examined in the present study were obtained from 1,004 women aged 40–60 years who underwent physical examination at A Hospital. The basic information was obtained using a questionnaire-based survey. A self-rating depression scale was used to obtain the depressive symptom scores, while the Kupperman Menopausal Index was used to obtain the scores for the frequency of hot flashes and sweating. A logistic regression model was also established. The resulting β coefficient was employed to calculate and predict the risk of depressive symptoms in these women and a risk scoring system was established. The scoring system was validated using samples from 2 other centers (validation sample 1: B Hospital, 440 women; validation sample 2: C Hospital, 247 women). Results: The scoring system developed to predict the risk of depressive symptoms in menopausal women was based on hot flash and sweating symptoms and associated with menopausal status, hot flash scores, education level (high school education and below) and being diabetic. The scoring system yielded a total score of 0–54 points. For women in the study sample, the area under the curve (AUC) of depressive symptom risk score was 0.750 (95% CI, 0.708–0.793). Validation sample 1 had an AUC of 0.731 (95% CI, 0.667–0.794), while validation sample 2 had an AUC of 0.744 (95% CI, 0.669–0.820). The optimal cut-off score to assess depressive symptoms in women participating in the present study was 31 points. The sensitivity and specificity for predicting depressive symptoms in the study sample were 0.667 and 0.701, respectively. In contrast, the sensitivity was 0.840 in validation sample 1 and 0.879 in validation sample 2. Conclusion: The hot flash and sweating symptom-based scoring system developed to predict the risk of depressive symptoms in menopausal women relies on non-laboratory survey data. The system is simple, practical, and convenient to use. For Chinese huge population of menopausal women, the scoring system should be considered a reliable screening tool for depressive symptoms. Keywords: menopause, depressive symptoms, hot flash, sweating

Golgi protein-73 (GP73) is a newly identified candidate serum marker for HCC, but GP73 study now is lesser in Asian population. The aims of this study were to determine how GP73 is detected in the serum of healthy, hepatitis B, cirrhosis and HCC by western blotting and RT-PCR, and to establish the sensitivity and specificity of serum GP73 protein and RNA for diagnosing HCC. Serum GP73 was detected by western blotting and RT-PCR, and quantified by densitometric analysis. GP73 was measured in serum from 124 patients with various forms of liver. AFP was tested using commercially available electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The median sGP73 in patients with HBV-related HCC was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in healthy individuals and in patients with other diseases. When sGP73 protein was used to detect HBV-related HCC, it had a sensitivity of 77.4% and a specificity of 83.9%, at the optimal cut-off value of 7.4 relative units. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.89. GP73 RNA in patients with HBV-related HCC had a sensitivity of 87.1% and a specificity of 83.9% and AUROC of 0.92. AFP in patients with HCC had a sensitivity of 48.4% and a specificity of 96.8% and AUROC of 0.77. GP73 protein and RNA can be found in the serum of patients with HBV-related HCC obviously higher than of other liver diseases in Asian. GP73 was better than AFP for the diagnosis of HBV-related HCC. RT-PCR is a more sensitive and superior method of quantification than Western blot. Furthermore, our data need to be confirmed in larger cohorts of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spiro-OMeTAD hole transport materials typically exhibit an amorphous state in perovskite solar cells. However, the lack of structural ordering leads to weak intermolecular interaction, inferior carrier transfer, and poor stability in devices. Herein, we developed a π-conjugation-induced short-range ordering strategy to modulate the stacking order of spiro-OMeTAD during film formation. A clear molecular ordering at the nanoscale is observed, which enhances intermolecular π-π stacking in spiro-OMeTAD and enables effective carrier extraction and favorable energy level alignment. The nanoscale-ordered spiro-OMeTAD allows the achievement of perovskite solar cells with a champion efficiency of 25.37%, surpassing devices utilizing amorphous spiro-OMeTAD (23.52%). The unencapsulated device demonstrates enhanced operational stability by retaining 98% of its initial efficiency under continuous 1 sun equivalent illumination at 60 °C for 840 h. This work establishes a significant and valid modulation concept for the stacking order of organic transport materials, paving the way for the development of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

A diarylethene ligand-anchored two-dimensional Hofmann-type compound [Fe II (BTEPy){Pt(CN) 4 }](CH 3 OH) (BTEPy = 1,2-bis[2-methyl-5-(4-pyridyl)-3-thienyl]cyclopentene) is synthesized, which undergoes a two-step spin-state transition and dual photoinduced magnetic switching.

The recent surge in tandem solar cells and indoor photovoltaics has renewed interest in selenium (Se), the world's first photovoltaic material, due to its intrinsic wide bandgap of ≈1.9 eV, high stability, and non-toxicity in small quantities when applied in photovoltaics. However, with a 1D chained crystal structure, Se tends to grow crystalline films with a lying orientation-chains parallel to substrates arising from the low surface energy; this results in poor carrier transport across chains held together by weak van der Waals forces. Here a substrate-heating strategy that facilitates the interfacial bonding between Se and substrate is introduced, enabling the growth of Se films with a standing orientation-chains perpendicular to substrates. This achieves efficient carrier transport along covalently bonded chains. The resulting Se films thereby exhibit a fourfold increase in carrier mobility compared to lying-oriented Se films. Consequently, Se solar cells are achieved with the highest power conversion efficiency of 8.1% under AM1.5G 1-sun illumination. The unencapsulated devices exhibit negligible efficiency loss after 1 000 h of storage under ambient conditions., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: Depression and anxiety are common psychiatric symptoms in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). While face-to-face psychotherapy is a common option, tele-based interventions provide a more accessible alternative. However, a comprehensive synthesis of evidence from clinical trials for COPD patients has yet to be conducted., Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of tele-based interventions in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with COPD., Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE databases was conducted from inception to May 5, 2024. Eligible studies included Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) of people with COPD patients receiving tele-based interventions reporting on the outcomes of depression or anxiety. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two researchers. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan (version 5.4) and Stata (version 18.0) software., Results: Following the search, 9 RCTs with a total of 2064 patients with COPD were included. The meta-analysis revealed that tele-based interventions reduced depressive symptoms in patients with COPD (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD] = -0.15, 95 % CI -0.24 to -0.06; P = 0.001). The subgroup analysis indicated that the PHQ-9 (SMD = -0.24, 95 % CI -0.37 to -0.10; P = 0.001) was better at detecting changes in depressive symptoms compared to other scales; the first 3 months of intervention (SMD = -0.36, 95 % CI -0.52 to -0.19; P < 0.001) was the most pronounced improvement; and telehealth interventions were more effective (SMD = -0.30, 95 % CI -0.46 to -0.15; P < 0.001) than telemonitoring interventions. Tele-based interventions also reduced anxiety symptoms in patients with COPD (SMD = -0.12, 95 % CI -0.22 to -0.02; P = 0.02)., Conclusions: The evidence supports the efficacy of tele-based interventions in alleviating depression and anxiety symptoms in COPD patients. However, further large-scale and rigorously designed studies are warranted to strengthen the evidence., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The activity of the electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) is substantially affected by alkali metal cations (AM + ) in electrolytes, yet the underlying mechanism is still controversial. Here, we employed electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy and in situ observed Au(111) surface roughening in AM + electrolytes during cathodic polarization. The roughened surface is highly active for catalyzing the CO 2 RR due to the formation of surface low-coordinated Au atoms. The critical potential for surface roughening follows the order Cs + > Rb + > K + > Na + > Li + , and the surface proportion of roughened area decreases in the order of Cs + > Rb + > K + > Na + > Li + . Electrochemical CO 2 RR measurements demonstrate that the catalytic activity strongly correlates with the surface roughness. Furthermore, we found that AM + is critical for surface roughening to occur. The results unveil the unrecognized effect of AM + on the surface structural evolution and elucidate that the AM + -induced formation of surface high-activity sites contributes to the enhanced CO 2 RR in large AM + electrolytes.

Copper(II) chloride anionic coordination complexes with different imidazole-derived ligands due to the potential cytotoxic activity play the important role in protein. By investigating the experimental electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra of [CuCl(C 6 H 10 N 2 ) 4 ]Cl, [CuCl(C 6 H 10 N 2 ) 4 ]Cl, [CuCl 2 (C 4 H 6 N 2 ) 4 ], and [Cu 2 Cl 2 (C 5 H 8 N 2 ) 6 ]Cl 2 ·2H 2 O, the local structure of the corresponding Cu 2+ centers and the role of different ligands are obtained. Based on the well-agreed EPR parameters and the d-d transitions (10D q ), the four Cu 2+ centers show tetragonal and orthorhombic distortion, corresponding to the different anisotropies of EPR signals. In addition, the general rules of governing the impact of methanol in imidazolylalkyl derivatives are also discussed, especially the influence on the local environment (symmetry, distortion, covalency, and crystal field) of above four copper(II) chloride anionic coordination complexes. Therefore, the obtained results in this study will be beneficial to provide a theoretical basis for the experimental design of desired copper-containing imidazolyl alkyl derivatives., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Developing non-platinum group metal catalysts for the sluggish hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is critical for alkaline fuel cells. To date, Ni-based materials are the most promising candidates but still suffer from insufficient performance. Herein, we report an unconventional hcp/fcc Ni (u-hcp/fcc Ni) heteronanocrystal with multiple epitaxial hcp/fcc heterointerfaces and coherent twin boundaries, generating rugged surfaces with plenty of asymmetric convex sites. Systematic analyses discover that such convex sites enable the adsorption of *H in unusual bridge positions with weakened binding energy, circumventing the over-strong *H adsorption on traditional hollow positions, and simultaneously stabilizing interfacial *H 2 O. It thus synergistically optimizes the HOR thermodynamic process as well as reduces the kinetic barrier of the rate-determining Volmer step. Consequently, the developed u-hcp/fcc Ni exhibits the top-rank alkaline HOR activity with a mass activity of 40.6 mA mg Ni -1 (6.3 times higher than fcc Ni control) together with superior stability and high CO-tolerance. These results provide a paradigm for designing high-performance catalysts by shifting the adsorption state of intermediates through configuring surface sites., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The lanthanide contraction involves a reduction in atomic radius among f-block elements below the expected level. A similar contraction is observed in group-16 elements. The atomic radius of Se (117 pm) is slightly larger than that of S (104 pm) arising from the presence of d electrons, compared to the significant increase in atomic radius from O (73 pm) to S. This lanthanide-like contraction contributes to Se's robust oxidative resistance. Here we report a selective oxidation strategy utilizing Se's strong antioxidative property to remove coexisting narrow-band gap Te impurities from Se feedstocks. This strategy selectively oxidizes volatile Te impurities into involatile TeO 2 that remains in the evaporation source, while only volatile Se deposits onto the substrate during the thermal-evaporation deposition process. This enables the fabrication of high-purity Se films possessing a wide band gap of 1.88 eV, ideally suited to the optimal band gap for indoor photovoltaics (IPVs). The resulting Se photovoltaics exhibit an efficiency of 20.1 % under 1000-lux indoor illumination, outperforming market-dominant amorphous silicon and all types of lead-free perovskite IPVs. Unencapsulated Se devices show no efficiency degradation after 20,000 hours of storage in ambient atmosphere., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) molecular networking platform was applied to discovery the undescribed compounds from the common marine fungi Aspergillus versicolor CGF9-1-2, ultimately resulting in isolation of four new polyketides, decumbenone E (1), decumbenone F (2), 2'-epi-8-O-methylnidurufin (6), (-)-phomoindene A (7), one new nucleoside, 3-methyl-9-(2-methylbutene)-xanthine (8), and five known analogues. Their structures were elucidated based on 1D/2D NMR spectroscopic and HRESIMS data analyses, meanwhile, the absolute configurations of new compounds were established based on the X-ray crystallographic experiments, as well as the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis. All compounds were predicted pharmaceutical chemistry with ten commonly disease-related proteins by molecular docking. In addition, all compounds against TDP1 were performed in vitro, which was consistent with the docking result, and compound 6 shown a weak inhibitory activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are recognized as one of the most promising next-generation photovoltaics, primarily due to their exceptional power conversion efficiency, ease of processing, and cost-effectiveness. Despite these advantages, challenges remain in achieving high-quality films and ensuring the long-term stability of PSCs, which hinder their widespread commercialization. Polymers, characterized by multifunctional groups, superior thermal stability, flexible long chains, and cross-linking capabilities, offer significant potential to enhance the performance and reliability of PSCs. This review comprehensively presents the multifaceted roles that polymers play in PSCs. Through carefully controlling interactions between polymers and perovskites, crucial aspects such as film crystallization kinetics, carrier transport process, ion migration issues, and mechanical properties under bending can be effectively regulated to maximize the device performance. Furthermore, the hydrophobic properties and strong chelated cross-linking networks of polymers significantly enhance the stability of PSCs under various environmental conditions while effectively mitigating lead leakage, thereby addressing environmental concerns and long-term durability. Moreover, this Perspective identifies potential pathways for further advancing polymer-based strategies in PSC applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

The interfacial species-built local environments on Cu surfaces impact the CO 2 electroreduction process significantly in producing value-added multicarbon (C 2+ ) products. However, intricate interfacial dynamics leads to a challenge in understanding how these species affect the process. Herein, with ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and finite element method (FEM) simulations, we reveal that the highly concentrated interfacial species, including the *CO, hydroxide, and K + , could synergistically promote the C-C coupling on the one-dimensional (1D) porous hollow structure regulated interfacial environment. The Cu-Ag tandem catalyst was then synthesized with the as-designed structure, exhibiting a high C 2+ Faradaic efficiency of 76.0% with a partial current density of 380.0 mA cm -2 in near-neutral electrolytes. Furthermore, in situ Raman spectra validate that the 1D porous structure regulates the concentration of interfacial CO intermediates and ions to increase *CO coverage, local pH value, and ionic field, promoting the CO 2 -to-C 2+ activity. These results provide insights into the design of practical ECR electrocatalysts by regulating interfacial species-induced local environments.

Responsive spin-crossover (SCO) metal-organic cages (MOCs) are emerging dynamic platforms with potential for advanced applications in magnetic sensing and molecular switching. Among these, Fe III -based MOCs are particularly noteworthy for their air stability, yet they remain largely unexplored. Herein, we report the synthesis of two novel Fe III MOCs using a bis-bidentate ligand approach, which exhibit SCO activity above room temperature. These represent the first SCO-active Fe III cages and feature an atypical {FeN 6 }-type coordination sphere, uncommon for Fe III SCO compounds. Our study reveals that these MOCs are sensitive to acid/base variations, enabling reversible magnetic switching in solution. The presence of multiple active proton sites within these SCO-MOCs facilitates multisite, multilevel proton-induced spin-state modulation. This behavior is observed at room temperature through 1 H NMR spectroscopy, capturing the subtle proton-induced spin-state transitions triggered by pH changes. Further insights from extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and theoretical analyses indicate that these magnetic alterations primarily result from the protonation and deprotonation processes at the NH active sites on the ligands. These processes induce changes in the secondary coordination sphere, thereby modulating the magnetic properties of the cages. The capability of these Fe III MOCs to integrate magnetic responses with environmental stimuli underscores their potential as finely tunable magnetic sensors and highlights their versatility as molecular switches. This work paves the way for the development of SCO-active materials with tailored properties for applications in sensing and molecular switching.

While the construction of a donor-acceptor (D-A) structure has gained great attention across various scientific disciplines, such structures are seldomly reported within the field of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs). Herein, a D-A based HOF is synthesized, where the adjacent D-A pairs are connected by hydrogen bonds instead of the conventionally employed covalent bonds. This structural feature imparts material with a reduced energy gap between excited state and triplet state, thereby facilitating the intersystem crossing (ISC) and boosting the generation rate of single oxygen (quantum yield = 0.98). Consequently, the resulting material shows high performance for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT). The impact of D-A moiety is evident when comparing this finding to a parallel study conducted on an isoreticular HOF without a D-A structure. The study presented here provides in-depth insights into the photophysical properties of D-A pair in a hydrogen-bonded network, opening a new avenue to the design of innovative materials for efficient PDT., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The highly localized Fe d orbital in ion phthalocyanine (FePc)-based molecular catalysts significantly hinders their electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) performance. Herein, we theoretically designed a series of FePc-based molecules with adjacent metal phthalocyanine sites to form an asymmetric delocalized electronic structure on Fe centers, promoting the catalytic activity and lowering the overpotential of the eNRR, as well as suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) side reaction.

A single crystal composed of one-dimensional coordinated polymers, [CdCl 2 (1-methyl-2-pyridone)] n , has been synthesized and characterized. This compound exhibits outstanding elastic bending due to the molecular spring nature of the CdCl 2 coordination framework and weak intermolecular interactions between the coordination chains. Owing to the helical arrangement of organic ligands surrounding the coordination structure, the compound crystallizes in a chiral space group. As a result, it displays compelling circular dichroism spectra and second harmonic generation properties.

Background: Multiple studies have shown that skeletal muscle index (SMI) measured on abdominal computed tomography (CT) is strongly associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk as estimated by the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX). Although some studies have reported that SMI at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12) measured on chest CT images can be used to diagnose sarcopenia, it is regrettable that no studies have investigated the relationship between SMI at T12 level and BMD or fracture risk. Therefore, we further investigated the relationship between SMI at T12 level and FRAX-estimated BMD and fracture risk in this study., Methods: A total of 349 subjects were included in this study. After 1∶1 propensity score matching (PSM) on height, weight, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, body mass index (BMI), age, and gender, 162 subjects were finally included. The SMI, BMD, and FRAX score of the 162 participants were obtained. The correlation between SMI and BMD, as well as SMI and FRAX, was assessed using Spearman rank correlation. Additionally, the effectiveness of each index in predicting osteoporosis was evaluated through the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis., Results: The BMD of the lumbar spine (L1-4) demonstrated a strong correlation with SMI ( r  = 0.416, p  < 0.001), while the BMD of the femoral neck (FN) also exhibited a correlation with SMI ( r  = 0.307, p  < 0.001). SMI was significantly correlated with FRAX, both without and with BMD at the FN, for major osteoporotic fractures ( r  = -0.416, p  < 0.001, and r  = -0.431, p  < 0.001, respectively) and hip fractures ( r  = -0.357, p  < 0.001, and r  = -0.311, p  < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, the SMI of the non-osteoporosis group was significantly higher than that of the osteoporosis group ( p  < 0.001). SMI effectively predicts osteoporosis, with an area under the curve of 0.834 (95% confidence interval 0.771-0.897, p  < 0.001)., Conclusion: SMI based on CT images of the 12th thoracic vertebrae can effectively diagnose osteoporosis and predict fracture risk. Therefore, SMI can make secondary use of chest CT to screen people who are prone to osteoporosis and fracture, and carry out timely medical intervention., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Hu, Jin, Wu and Ni.)

A mononuclear valence tautomeric (VT) complex, [Co(pycz) 2 (Sq)(Cat)] (1-trans), where pycz = 9-(pyridin-4-yl)-9H-carbazole, Sq⋅ - = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-semiquinonato, and Cat 2- = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-catecholato, is synthesized in the trans configuration, which undergoes one-step valence tautomeric transition above room temperature. Remarkably, 1-trans can transform into its isomeric structure, [Co(pycz) 2 (Sq)(Sq)] (1-cis), at temperature above 350 K in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal way by in situ molecular twist, and the resulting 1-cis exhibits a pronounced two-step VT transition during magnetic measurements that is rare for mononuclear VT complexes. Such drastic solid-state structural transformation is reported in VT compounds for the first time, which is actuated by a crystal surface's melting-recrystallization induced phase transition process. DFT calculations offer an underlying mechanism suggesting a concerted bond rotation during the structural transformation. The results demonstrate an unconventional approach that realizes structural transformation of VT complexes and the control of VT performance., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Tin halide perovskites (THPs) have demonstrated exceptional potential for various applications owing to their low toxicity and excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the crystallization kinetics of THPs are less controllable than its lead counterpart because of the higher Lewis acidity of Sn 2+ , leading to THP films with poor morphology and rampant defects. Here, a colloidal zeta potential modulation approach is developed to improve the crystallization kinetics of THP films inspired by the classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. After adding 3-aminopyrrolidine dihydro iodate (APDI 2 ) in the precursor solution to change the zeta potential of the pristine colloids, the total interaction potential energy between colloidal particles with APDI 2 could be controllably reduced, resulting in a higher coagulation probability and a lower critical nuclei concentration. In situ laser light scattering measurements confirmed the increased nucleation rate of the THP colloids with APDI 2 . The resulting film with APDI 2 shows a pinhole-free morphology with fewer defects, achieving an impressive efficiency of 15.13 %., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Using a stereo camera system, a new diagnostic for the safety factor of the core plasma based on the pellet ablation trail is applied on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). In EAST discharge No. 128 874, a shattered pellet injection system is applied to inject a shattered neon pellet into the EAST. Since the strong magnetic field in tokamaks binds the ablated pellet material, the orientation of the pellet ablation trail is the same as the local magnetic field direction. Thus, from the three-dimensional reconstruction result of the pellet ablation trail, the local safety factor q can be obtained. The motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic is applied to determine the safety factor q profile in this shot. The determined safety factor q results for this new diagnostic are in quantitative agreement with those from the MSE diagnostic with the mean relative difference of only 6.8%, confirming the effectiveness of this new diagnostic of the safety factor., (© 2024 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.)

The severe performance degradation of low-temperature hydrogen fuel cells upon exposure to trace amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) impurities in reformate hydrogen fuels is one of the challenges that hinders their commercialization. Despite significant efforts that have been made, the CO-tolerance performance of electrocatalysts for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is still unsatisfactory. This Perspective discusses the path forward for the rational design of CO-tolerant HOR electrocatalysts. The fundamentals of the CO-tolerant mechanisms on commercialized platinum group metal (PGM) electrocatalysts via either promoting CO electrooxidation or weakening CO adsorption are provided, and comprehensive discussions based on these strategies are presented with typical examples. Given the recent progress, some emerging strategies, including blocking CO diffusion with a barrier layer and developing non-PGM HOR catalysts, are also discussed. We conclude with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of these strategies along with the perspectives of the major challenges and opportunities for future research on CO-tolerant HOR electrocatalysts.

Selenium (Se) discovered in 1817 belongs to the family of chalcogens. Surprisingly, despite the long history of over two centuries and the chemical simplicity of Se, the structure of amorphous Se (a-Se) remains controversial to date regarding the dominance of chains versus rings. Here, we find that vapor-deposited a-Se is composed of disordered rings rather than chains in melt-quenched a-Se. We further reveal that the main origin of this controversy is the facile transition of rings to chains arising from the inherent instability of rings. This transition can be inadvertently triggered by certain characterization techniques themselves containing above-bandgap illumination (above 2.1 eV) or heating (above 50 °C). We finally build a roadmap for obtaining accurate Raman spectra by using above-bandgap excitation lasers with low photon flux (below 10 17 phs m -2 s -1 ) and below-bandgap excitation lasers measured at low temperatures (below -40 °C) to minimize the photoexcitation- and heat-induced ring-to-chain transitions.

The thermally stable inorganic cesium-based perovskites promise efficient and stable photovoltaics. Unfortunately, the strong ionic bonds lead to uncontrollable rapid crystallization, making it difficult in fabricating large-area black-phase film for photovoltaics. Herein, we developed a facile hydrogen-bonding assisted strategy for modulating the crystallization of CsPbI 2 Br to achieve uniform large-area phase-pure films with much-reduced defects. The simple addition of methylamine acetate in precursors not only promotes the formation of intermediate phase via hydrogen bonding to circumvent the direct crystallization of CsPbI 2 Br from ionic precursors but also widens the film processing window, thus enabling to fabricate large-area high-quality phase-pure CsPbI 2 Br film under benign conditions. Combining with stable dopant-free poly(3-hexylthiophene), the CsPbI 2 Br solar cells achieve the record-high efficiencies of 18.14 % and 16.46 % for 0.1 cm 2 and 1 cm 2 active area, respectively. The obtained high efficiency of 38.24 % under 1000 lux illumination suggests its potential in indoor photovoltaics for powering the Internet of Things, etc., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Electrochemically converting CO 2 back into fuels and chemicals is promising in alleviating the greenhouse effect worldwide. Various high-efficiency catalysts have been achieved, yet the unsatisfied structural stability under CO 2 electrolysis conditions restricts their practical application. Herein, a sub-5 nm sized CuInS 2 quantum dots (CIS-QDs) based electrocatalyst for converting CO 2 into CO are developed. Taking advantage of the stable M─Ch (metal-chalcogenide) covalent bonds, and unique p-block metal properties, the as-prepared catalyst exhibits excellent structural stability under large overpotentials and can achieve a high CO Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 86% (total CO 2 reduction FE of 89%) at -0.65 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode with long-term durability of 40 h and outstanding current densities of 10.6 mA cm -2 simultaneously. Furthermore, detailed electrochemical analyses revealed that the excellent performance of the as-prepared catalysts shall be attributed to the high-density active sites and fast charge transfer brought by the ultrasmall size of CIS-QDs. This work provides insights into the design of high-density and stable catalytic sites for developing high-performance electrocatalysts., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a powerful regulator of cell proliferation, growth, synapse maintenance and cell fate. While intensely studied for its role in cancer, the role of mTOR signaling is just beginning to be uncovered in specific cell types that are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. Previously, loss of the Tsc1 gene, which results in hyperactive mTOR, was shown to affect the function and molecular properties of GABAergic cortical interneurons (CINs) derived from the medial ganglionic eminence. To assess if other important classes of CINs could be impacted by mTOR dysfunction, we deleted Tsc1 in a caudal ganglionic eminence-derived interneuron group, the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)+ subtype, whose activity disinhibits local circuits. Tsc1 mutant VIP+ CINs reduced their pattern of apoptosis from postnatal days 15-20, resulting in increased VIP+ CINs. The mutant CINs exhibited synaptic and electrophysiological properties that could contribute to the high rate of seizure activity in humans that harbor Tsc1 mutations.

Sulfonamide antibiotics and florfenicol(FFC) are commonly used antibiotics in Zhejiang Province. They have weak adsorption on soil and are easy to migrate, with high environmental risks. In recent years, most of the studies on the potential risk of fecal-derived antibiotics to farmland soil were conducted by adding manure under laboratory conditions; therefore, it is impossible to assess the risk of antibiotic pollution under natural fertilization. Therefore, batch balance experiments were conducted to explore the effects of different soil types and manure types on the adsorption of antibiotics in the soil, in which five types of dryland farmland soils[Lin'an(LA), Jiashan(JS), Longyou(LY), Kaihua(KH), and Jinhua(JH)]in Zhejiang Province that have been used with different fertilizers(chicken manure, pig manure, and chemical fertilizer) for a long time were chosen, and four types of commonly used antibiotics[sulfadiazine(SD), sulfamethazine(SMT), sulfamethoxazole(SMZ), and FFC]were selected. The results showed that the adsorption of the four antibiotics in the experimental soil was weak, and the adsorption capacity decreased in the order of:SMT(1.44-13.23 mg 1-(1/ n ) ·L 1/ n ·kg -1 )>SMZ(0.73-6.05 mg 1-(1/ n ) ·L 1/ n ·kg -1 )>SD(0.16-5.57 mg 1-(1/ n ) ·L 1/ n ·kg -1 )>FFC(0.27-3.81 mg 1-(1/ n ) ·L 1/ n ·kg -1 ). The Freundlich model was superior to the linear model in fitting the isotherm adsorption of SD, SMT, and FFC, in which SD and FFC belonged to "S" type adsorption, and SMT belonged to "L" type adsorption. For SMZ, the fitting effect of the linear model was better than that of the Freundlich model. The contents of total organic carbon(TOC) and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) could better predict the adsorption capacity of the four antibiotics( r =0.548-0.808), and the values of cation exchange capacity(CEC) and electrical conductivity(EC) could better predict the adsorption capacity of SMT and FFC( r= 0.758-0.841). Compared with the application of chemical fertilizer, manure application increased the values of TOC, DOC, CEC, and EC in acidic and neutral soils, which was conducive to the adsorption of antibiotics on the soil. Meanwhile, manure application also increased pH in acidic and neutral soils, which was not conducive to the adsorption of antibiotics on the soil. In addition, manure application reduced the values of TOC, DOC, CEC, EC, and pH in alkaline soils. The lower pH was conducive to antibiotic adsorption on the soil, whereas the lower content of the other four was not conducive to antibiotic adsorption on the soil. For the acidic soil with low fertility, the application of manure increased soil fertility and thus increased the adsorption of antibiotics on the soil, such as the LA soil with chicken manure, the LY(1) soil with pig manure, and the JH soil with chicken manure and pig manure. However, for the acidic and neutral soils with high fertility, the application of manure had significantly increased soil pH and thus reduced the adsorption of antibiotics on the soil, such as the JS soil with chicken manure and pig manure and the LY(2) soil with chicken manure. For calcareous soil with high fertility and pH(such as KH soil), the adsorption profiles of the four types of antibiotics on the soil showed diversity after the application of manure:the adsorption capacity of SD increased significantly after the application of chicken manure and pig manure, whereas the adsorption capacity of SMT and SMZ decreased significantly, and the adsorption capacity of FFC declined significantly after the application of chicken manure. Therefore, manure application according to soil fertility could effectively control the environmental risk of fecal antibiotics.

Sunn hemp ( Crotalaria juncea L.) cultivar Tropic Sun plants, stunted and displaying mottle and mosaic symptoms on foliage, were observed at a seed farm in Maui County, Hawaii. Lateral flow assays indicated the presence of either tobacco mosaic virus or a serologically related virus. High-throughput sequencing results coupled with real-time PCR experiments recovered the 6,455-nucleotide genome of a virus with an organization typical of tobamoviruses. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses indicated that this virus was most closely related to sunn-hemp mosaic virus but represents a distinct species. Sunn-hemp mottle virus (SHMoV) is being proposed as the common name of this virus. Transmission electron microscopy of virus extracts purified from symptomatic leaves revealed rod-shaped particles approximately 320 by 22 nm in size. In inoculation studies, the experimental host range of SHMoV appeared limited to members of the plant families Fabaceae and Solanaceae. Greenhouse experiments demonstrated plant-to-plant transmission of SHMoV that increased with ambient wind speed. Seeds from SHMoV-infected Tropic Sun were collected and were either surface disinfested or directly planted. A total of 924 seedlings germinated; 2 were positive for the virus, resulting in a seed transmission rate of 0.2%. Both infected plants came from the surface disinfestation treatment, suggesting that the virus might be unaffected by the treatment., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.