Search

The objective was to compare clinical protection [evaluated through health scoring, endoscopy score of the upper respiratory tract (URT-ES), leukocyte count, viremia, and virus shedding in nasal secretions] following Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV2) and Bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1) challenge among calves submitted to modified-live virus (MLV) booster vaccination (either intranasal or subcutaneous) concurrent with injectable trace minerals (ITM) or saline. Forty-eight dairy calves received an MLV intranasal (IN) vaccine containing BHV1, BRSV, and BPI

El presente estudio de investigación tuvo como objetivo principal analizar la relación entre el liderazgo transformacional, el clima organizacional y las variables de resultado en la Dirección General de Fábrica de Ingenio Risaralda S.A. Teniendo en cuenta que el propósito fue analizar esta relación, la investigación tuvo carácter cuantitativo y un alcance descriptivo-correlacional. El cuestionario se aplicó a 303 colaboradores pertenecientes a los diferentes departamentos de la Dirección General de Fábrica de Ingenio Risaralda S.A. y la recolección de los datos se realizó en forma presencial y personal a cada uno de ellos. Para la medición del constructo de liderazgo transformacional se adaptó el instrumento de Kouzes y Posner donde se incluyeron las variables de resultado descritas en el modelo teórico de Bass y Avolio. Finalmente, para la medición del clima organizacional, se utilizó un instrumento desarrollado por la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira en el año 2010 ajustado de acuerdo a la realidad de la organización. Los resultados se analizaron por medio de la herramienta SPSS, que permitió llegar a la conclusión de que existe una alta correlación (ρ = 0,878) entre los constructos de liderazgo transformacional y el clima organizacional, la cual se establece mediante el cálculo del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. The main goal of this research is to analyze the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational climate and results in the General Management of Ingenio Risaralda S.A. Because the purpose was to analyze this relationship, the research was quantitative and had a descriptive-correlational scope. The survey was made to 303 employees who worked for different areas of the Production Department of Ingenio Risaralda S.A. This survey was made direct way to each one. To measure of transformational leadership was used Kouzes and Posner which inclued the result's variables Bass and Avolio´s theoretical model, and for mesuaring the organizational climate an instrument developed by the Technological University of Pereira created in 2010 adjusted to Ingenio Risaralda S.A The results were analyzed with the SPSS statistical sofware, and it can conclue that there is a significant correlation (ρ = 0.878) between transformational leadership and organizational climate, established by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient. Maestría Magíster en Administración del Desarrollo Humano y Organizacional CONTENIDO LISTA DE TABLAS........................................................................................................6 LISTA DE FIGURAS......................................................................................................7 RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................9 INTRODUCCIÓN .........................................................................................................10 CAPÍTULO I..................................................................................................................12 PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN..........................................................................12 1.1 Antecedentes de la idea ......................................................................................12 1.2 Situación Problema ............................................................................................18 1.3 Definición del problema.....................................................................................19 1.4 Objetivo general .................................................................................................19 1.5 Objetivos específicos..........................................................................................19 1.6 Hipótesis o supuestos.........................................................................................20 1.7 Tabla de congruencia .........................................................................................20 1.8 Justificación del estudio .....................................................................................22 1.9 Beneficios que conlleva .....................................................................................24 CAPÍTULO II................................................................................................................25 MARCO REFERENCIAL............................................................................................25 2.1 Antecedentes de la investigación .......................................................................25 2.2 Marco Teórico....................................................................................................34 2.2.1 Clima Organizacional .................................................................................34 2.2.2 Modelos de medición de Clima Organizacional.........................................37 2.2.3 Liderazgo ....................................................................................................41 2.3 Marco Conceptual ..............................................................................................48 2.4 Marco normativo................................................................................................53 2.5 Marco filosófico .................................................................................................62 2.6 Marco situacional ..............................................................................................64 2.6.1. Reseña Histórica .........................................................................................65 2.6.2. Direccionamiento estratégico......................................................................67 2.6.3. Proceso Productivo .....................................................................................69 2.6.4. Productos ....................................................................................................70 2.6.5. Red de macro procesos ...............................................................................71 2.6.6. Grupos de Interés........................................................................................72 2.6.7. Estructura Organizacional...........................................................................75 2.7. Glosario ..............................................................................................................75 CAPÍTULO III...............................................................................................................77 DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO ......................................................................................77 3.1 Tipo de investigación .........................................................................................77 3.2 Universo .............................................................................................................77 3.3 Población y muestra ...........................................................................................77 3.4 Etapas o fases de la investigación ......................................................................78 3.5 Variables e indicadores ......................................................................................79 3.5.1 Variables de Clima Organizacional ............................................................79 3.5.2 Variables de Liderazgo Transformacional..................................................81 3.5.3 Variables de Resultado ...............................................................................82 3.6 Instrumentos para recolección de información ..................................................83 3.7 Procesamiento y análisis de información ...........................................................83 CAPITULO IV...............................................................................................................85 RELACIÓN ENTRE LIDERAZGO TRANSFORMACIONAL Y CLIMA ORGANIZACIONAL........................................................................................................85 CAPITULO V ................................................................................................................96 DIAGNÓSTICO DE LIDERAZGO TRANSFORMACIONAL, CLIMA ORGANIZACIONAL Y VARIABLES DE RESULTADO DE LA DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE FÁBRICA DE INGENIO RISARALDA S.A .......................................96 5.1. Estadísticas Sociodemográficas .........................................................................96 5.2 Validez y Confiabilidad del Instrumento ...............................................................99 5.3 Jerarquización de variables ..............................................................................101 5.3.1 Jerarquización de las variables de clima organizacional ..........................101 5.3.2 Jerarquización de las variables de Liderazgo Transformacional ..............103 5.3.3 Jerarquización de las variables de Resultado............................................104 5.4 Análisis de variables por departamento ...........................................................106 5.4.1 Análisis de variables de clima organizacional por departamento.............106 5.4.2 Análisis de variables de liderazgo transformacional por departamento ...107 5.4.3 Análisis de variables de resultado por departamento................................108 5.5 Análisis de variables por rangos de edad .........................................................108 5.5.1 Análisis de variables de clima organizacional por rangos de edad...........108 5.5.2 Análisis de variables de liderazgo transformacional por rangos de edad .109 5.5.3 Análisis de variables de resultado por rangos de edad .............................110 5.6 Análisis de variables por nivel educativo.........................................................111 5.6.1 Análisis de variables de clima organizacional por nivel educativo ..........111 5.6.2 Análisis de variables de liderazgo transformacional por nivel educativo.112 5.6.3 Análisis de variables de resultado por nivel educativo.............................112 5.7 Discusión de Resultados. .....................................................................................113 CAPITULO VI.............................................................................................................117 RELACIÓN ENTRE LAS VARIABLES DE LIDERAZGO TRANSFORMACIONAL, LAS VARIABLES DE CLIMA ORGANIZACIONAL Y LAS VARIABLES DE RESULTADO EN LA DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE FÁBRICA DEL INGENIO RISARALDA S.A. .............................................................117 6.1 Correlaciones generales....................................................................................117 6.2 Correlaciones bivariadas..................................................................................118 6.2.1 Correlación entre variables de clima organizacional y variables de liderazgo transformacional..........................................................................................................118 6.2.2 Correlación entre variables de clima organizacional y variables de resultado 119 6.2.3 Correlación entre variables de liderazgo transformacional y variables de resultado 119 6.3 Discusión de Resultados...................................................................................120 CAPITULO VII ...........................................................................................................124 CAPITULO VIII..........................................................................................................132 CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES.........................................................132 8.1 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................132 8.2 Recomendaciones.............................................................................................134 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .........................................................................................................136 ANEXOS.......................................................................................................................153

This study was performed to elucidate whether the route of booster vaccination affects the immune response against respiratory vaccine viruses in pre-weaning beef calves that receive primary intranasal (IN) vaccination during the first month of life. The objective was to compare the serum neutralizing antibody (SNA) titers to BHV1, BRSV, and BPI3V, cytokine mRNA expression and mucosal BHV1- and BRSV-specific IgA in nasal secretions following administration of IN or subcutaneous (SC) modified-live virus (MLV) booster vaccines 60 days after primary IN vaccination in young beef calves. Twenty-one beef calves were administered 2 mL of an IN MLV vaccine containing BHV1, BRSV, and BPI3V (Inforce3®) between one and five weeks of age. Sixty days after primary vaccination, calves were randomly assigned to one of two groups: IN-MLV (n = 11): Calves received 2 mL of the same IN MLV vaccine used for primary vaccination and 2 mL of a SC MLV vaccine containing BVDV1 & 2 (Bovi- Shield GOLD® BVD). SC-MLV (n = 10): Calves were administered 2 mL of a MLV vaccine containing, BHV1, BRSV, BPI3V, and BVDV1 & 2 (Bovi-Shield GOLD® 5). Blood and nasal secretion samples were collected on days -61 (primary vaccination), -28, -14, 0 (booster vaccination), 14, 21, 28, 42 and 60 for determination of SNA titers, cytokine gene expression analysis and nasal virus-specific IgA concentrations. Statistical analysis was performed using a repeated measures analysis through PROC GLIMMIX of SAS®. Booster vaccination by neither IN nor SC routes induced a significant increase in SNA titers against BHV1, BRSV, and BPI3V. Subcutaneous booster vaccination induced significantly greater BRSV-specific SNA titers (on day 42) and IgA concentration in nasal secretions (on days 21 and 42) compared to calves receiving IN booster vaccination. Both IN and SC booster vaccination were able to stimulate the production of BHV1-specific IgA in nasal secretions. In summary, booster vaccination of young beef calves using either SC or IN route two months after IN MLV primary vaccination resulted in comparable SNA titers, cytokine gene expression profile and virus-specific IgA concentration in nasal secretions. Only a few differences in the systemic and mucosal immune response against BHV1 and BRSV were observed. Subcutaneous booster vaccination induced significantly greater BRSV-specific SNA and secretory IgA titers compared to IN booster vaccination.

Chironomidae es una familia de moscas acuáticas con amplia distribución global, siendo el grupo de insectos más abundante en los ecosistemas de agua dulce. La familia tiene 11 subfamilias, de las cuales apenas cinco están reportadas para Colombia, entre ellas la de los Chironominae, una de las más diversas del grupo. Los estados inmaduros se han utilizado como bioindicadores de contaminación, sin embargo, un gran obstáculo para el avance de las investigaciones ecológicas con este grupo es su difícil taxonomía y la falta de inventarios y de claves taxonómicas regionales. En este contexto, se presenta la primera clave taxonómica para los géneros de Chironominae registrados en Caldas con su respectiva diagnosis e imágenes ilustrativas. Para su determinación, se prepararon cápsulas cefálicas de larvas depositadas en la Colección Entomológica del Programa de Biología de la Universidad de Caldas (CEBUC), las cuales proceden de afluentes de la cuenca del río Chinchiná; además, se revisaron los estudios que reportan Chironominae en Caldas. Se encontraron nueve géneros: Polypedilum, Rheotanytarsus, Chironomus, Endotribelos, Género A, Paracladopelma, Paratanytarsus, Riethia y Tanytarsus, estos siete últimos se registran por primera vez en Caldas. Chironomidae es una familia de moscas acuáticas con amplia distribución global, siendo el grupo de insectos más abundante en los ecosistemas de agua dulce. La familia tiene 11 subfamilias, de las cuales apenas cinco están reportadas para Colombia, entre ellas la de los Chironominae, una de las más diversas del grupo. Los estados inmaduros se han utilizado como bioindicadores de contaminación, sin embargo, un gran obstáculo para el avance de las investigaciones ecológicas con este grupo es su difícil taxonomía y la falta de inventarios y de claves taxonómicas regionales. En este contexto, se presenta la primera clave taxonómica para los géneros de Chironominae registrados en Caldas con su respectiva diagnosis e imágenes ilustrativas. Para su determinación, se prepararon cápsulas cefálicas de larvas depositadas en la Colección Entomológica del Programa de Biología de la Universidad de Caldas (CEBUC), las cuales proceden de afluentes de la cuenca del río Chinchiná; además, se revisaron los estudios que reportan Chironominae en Caldas. Se encontraron nueve géneros: Polypedilum, Rheotanytarsus, Chironomus, Endotribelos, Género A, Paracladopelma, Paratanytarsus, Riethia y Tanytarsus, estos siete últimos se registran por primera vez en Caldas.

Bovine antisperm antibodies (ASAs) have been associated with teratospermia and asthenospermia. It was hypothesized here that scrotal insulation induces the formation of ASAs and deterioration of sperm function. Scrotal insulation bags were placed in 10 bulls for 8 days. Semen was collected on days −29, −22 and −2, twice weekly from days 5 to 54, and thereafter weekly until day 96 (day 0 = first day of scrotal insulation). On each collection day, scrotal circumference, sperm motility, morphology, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential, ASA binding and DNA integrity were evaluated. The percentage of IgG- and IgA-bound sperm increased between days 12 and 96 (P < 0.0001), in association with poor motility (days 19–30, P < 0.005) and morphology (days 8–40, P < 0.0001). Mean scrotal circumference decreased between days 15 and 75 (P < 0.0001). There was also a deterioration in sperm membrane integrity (days 19–40, P < 0.0001), acrosome integrity (days 26–89, P < 0.0001), lipid peroxidation (days 5–12, P < 0.0001), and mitochondrial membrane potential (days 12–96, P = 0.001). In contrast, a decrease in apoptotic cells (days 37–83, P = 0.0002) and lipid peroxidation (days 19–96, P < 0.0001) was noticed. Most bulls recovered normospermia by day 96. However, the persistence of ASAs, acrosomal damage and dysfunctional mitochondria suggest a long term effect of scrotal insulation on sperm function and the homeostasis of the reproductive immune system.

While changes in semen quality after heat stress are well characterized in the bull, changes in endocrine function have not been critically evaluated. It was hypothesized here that scrotal insulation results in alterations in Sertoli cell and Leydig cell function, as measured by changes in serum testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration. Scrotal insulation bags were placed in 10 bulls for 8 d. Blood was collected on days -22 and -2, and weekly from days 5 to 96 (day 0 = first day of scrotal insulation) for measurement of serum concentration of AMH and testosterone using ELISA. The concentration of AMH decreased on day 5, followed by an increase on day 54 (P = 0.014). When AMH concentration was normalized to pre-insulation values, the percent increase in serum concentration of AMH was significant between days 26 and 54, with another peak at 75 d (P = 0.031). The serum concentration of testosterone (P = 0.0001) and the percentage of change in testosterone concentration (P0.0001) increased on day 5, followed by a decrease from days 33 to 96. Scrotal insulation was associated with Sertoli and Leydig cell dysfunction, as measured by serum testosterone and AMH concentration. The persistently low concentration of testosterone at the end of the study suggests a long term effect of scrotal insulation on Leydig cell function.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) concurrent with modified-live virus (MLV) vaccination on protection from bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy calves. In a previous study (Palomares et al., 2016), thirty dairy calves received two doses of a MLV vaccine subcutaneously (SC), concurrently with ITM (n = 15) or saline (n = 15), SC. Five months later, 20 of these calves received ITM (G1, n = 10) or saline (G2, n = 10) according to their previous groups and were challenged intranasally with BVDV2. Five unvaccinated calves were also challenged with BVDV2 (G3). Blood samples were collected on days 0 (BVDV challenge), 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 18, 21, 32 and 61 for leukocyte count, virus isolation and BVDV serum neutralizing antibodies (SNA). Mild-moderate clinical signs were observed in G3 after BVDV challenge. Group 1 showed lower sum health score and nasal score on d5 and fecal score on d8 compared to G2. Rectal temperature and leukocyte counts were not different between G1 and G2. In contrast, G3 calves had significant leukopenia and lymphopenia from d3 to d7 (P .05) and higher rectal temperatures on d6 to d8, compared to values on d0 (P .05). All unvaccinated calves became viremic, while viremia was not detected in G1 or G2. Average daily gain was not different between vaccinated groups, however, only G1 calves had significantly greater (P = .04) ADG compared to non-vaccinated calves during the first 14 days post challenge. Vaccinated calves treated or not with ITM were protected from BVDV2 infection five months post-vaccination.

The Colombian Tropical Andes are one of the regions with highest bird diversity on Earth. However, information on bird morphology, reproductive phenology, and molt is particularly scarce in this region. Also, this region is heavily impacted by deforestation, and it is vulnerable to climate change. Hence, providing baseline information on life history and morphological traits will be essential to support future research on functional diversity, climate change effects, conservation, evolution, and phenology. To fill this gap, we have compiled information on bird distribution, morphology, molt, and reproductive phenology at 52 localities of the Department of Caldas, covering an elevation range between 148 and 3845 m. This compilation comprises a wide range of habitats, including native forests, forestry plantations, croplands, and paramo. Our database presents information for 3,398 records belonging to 379 bird species (representing 23 orders, 53 families, and 258 genera). From those records, 2,843 correspond to information collected in the field between 2008 and 2019, and the remaining 555 records correspond to specimens deposited in the Natural History Museum of the Caldas University, collected between 1969 and 2014. We measured nine morphological traits from all specimens: total culmen, gape, bill width, bill depth, tarsus, wing length, tail length, total length, and mass. We also have reproductive condition information for 257 species and molt information available for 378 species. The information contained in this data set represents ~20% of the Colombian avifauna and ~11% of the bird species richness in South America. This data set is released for non-commercial use only. Credits should be given to this paper (i.e., proper citation), and the products generated with this database should be shared under the same license terms (CC BY-NC-SA).

Strategies to improve the onset of protective immunity induced by vaccination against respiratory pathogens may have a significant impact on health of newly received beef calves. The objective was to determine if the use of injectable trace minerals (ITM; Se, Zn, Cu, and Mn) concurrent with a modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine enhances the immune response and onset of protection in beef calves challenged with BVDV2 five days after vaccination. Forty-five calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups (15/group): VAC + ITM, received MLV-vaccine and ITM (Multimin®90) subcutaneously (SC); VAC + SAL, received the same vaccine and saline SC; or UNVAC, unvaccinated. Five days after vaccination (d.0), calves were challenged with BVDV2 strain 890. Health status was evaluated and blood samples were collected for leukocyte counts, BVDV1 and 2 serum neutralizing antibodies (SNA), BVDV-PCR, and percentage of CD4+, CD8+, WC1+ and CD25+ T-cells. VAC + ITM had lower health scores than UNVAC (d.8 and 9). VAC + ITM had higher BVDV1 & 2 SNA titers than VAC + SAL and UNVAC on d.21 and 28. Lymphocyte counts decreased in UNVAC but not in VAC + ITM or VAC + SAL (d.3 to 11). CD4+ T-cells significantly decreased in UNVAC and VAC + SAL (d.3). VAC + ITM had higher percentage of CD4+ T-cells than UNVAC (d.3 and 7). VAC + ITM had lower percentage of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells than UNVAC (d.7). In summary, vaccination induced a rapid protection against BVDV2 infection. Administration of ITM was associated with increased SNA response to BVDV1 & 2, enhanced health status, mitigation of CD4+ T-cells decrease, and reduction of T-cell activation in calves challenged with BVDV2 five days after immunization. These results support the strategic use of ITM concurrent with vaccination, especially when a rapid protection is needed in newly received beef calves.

Many deforested areas worldwide have been planted with Alnus spp. to protect watersheds and soils. However, the effects of these plantations on biodiversity are little known yet. Contrasting forest types may impose strong environmental filters to some behavioural traits, leading to dissimilar communities. Insectivorous birds are known to be sensitive to changes in habitat structure due to their specialized foraging behaviour. We contrasted species richness, abundance and composition of insectivorous birds, according to functional behaviour groups (foraging strategy and stratum), between secondary forest stands and Andean alder Alnus acuminata plantations, to assess how contrasting forest types affect this bird group in the Colombian Andes. Insectivorous bird species richness and abundance were higher at the Alder plantation rather than at the secondary forest, resulting in dissimilar communities. In this regard, forest plantations act as a positive filter for foliage gleaners and flycatchers, whereas secondary forests act as a positive filter for bark foragers. Secondary forests and alder plantations impose different ecological scenarios to insectivorous birds, related to foraging strategies and foraging stratum, which ultimately leads to a dissimilar species composition.

Esta información no está disponible.

Me propongo en este escrito tematizar tres tópicos de carácter filosófico-moral en el asunto de las drogas y su prohibición. En los dos primeros acápites quisiera exponer mi comprensión de los dos temores, íntimamente ligados entre sí, que a mi modo de ver juegan un papel en la posición prohibicionista: lo que llamo el temor al hombre y el temor a la droga, como temores ambos a lo desconocido. No digo que ésta sea la única razón del prohibicionismo, pero sí que es una muy importante que debe ser atendida con miras a lograr una comprensión de su actitud y sus últimos motivos. En el tercer aparte quiero proponer un argumento contra lo que yo llamo simetría. Se trata de la simetría relativista: una posición que sostiene que la actitud moral liberal es una postura igualmente válida o legítima a la postura coercitiva, sólo que basada en premisas diferentes desde el punto de vista de su procedencia cultural.

El modelo de democracia liberal suele ser asociado con la idea de neutralidad. Según esta posición, el Estado debe abstenerse de fijar como cierta una determinada concepción de vida buena y, en cambio, debe garantizar las condiciones necesarias para efectos de que cada uno de los ciudadanos pueda llevar a cabo su propia visión de vida buena. No obstante, frente a la anterior pretensión, han surgido críticas que afirman que el objetivo mismo de la neutralidad es inalcanzable y que, además, lo que hacen las democracias liberales es hacer pasar por neutras visiones de lo bueno que realmente privilegian alguna forma de individualismo. El objetivo de esta investigación es reivindicar la posibilidad de la neutralidad a partir de una ampliación del concepto de lo justo. Para lograr esto he dividido el texto en cuatro partes. En la primera parte, mediante la exposición de la teoría de Rawls, daré cuenta de dónde se puede hallar la fuente de la neutralidad (capítulo 1). Una vez realizado lo anterior, expongo algunos de los principales problemas presentes en la teoría de Rawls y algunas de las consecuencias de aceptar estos problemas (capítulo 2). En el siguiente capítulo, muestro que el concepto de justicia puede ser ampliado mediante el concepto de equidad y que, como consecuencia de ello, se pueden resolver muchos de los problemas expuestos con anterioridad (capítulo 3). Finalmente, siguiendo el trabajo de Martha Nussbaum, muestro algunas aplicaciones prácticas de afirmar el concepto de equidad. Allí veremos que el concepto de equidad ha hecho posible un concepto de neutralidad abierta que, sin renunciar a los principales postulados del liberalismo, es capaz de responder a las críticas que a éste se le han formulado (capítulo 4). (Texto tomado de la fuente). The model of liberal democracy is often associated with neutrality. According to this position, the state should refrain from setting as certain a particular conception of the good life and, instead, should guarantee the necessary conditions for each citizen to be able to carry out his or her own vision of the good life. However, in response to the above claim, criticism has arisen that the very goal of neutrality is unattainable and that, moreover, what liberal democracies really do is to pass off as neutral visions of the good that actually privilege some form of individualism. The objective of this research is to vindicate the possibility of neutrality based on an extension of the concept of justice. To achieve this I have divided the text into four parts. In the first part, through the exposition of Rawls' theory, I will give an account of where the source of neutrality can be found (chapter 1). Having done so, I expose some of the main problems present in Rawls' theory and some of the consequences of affirming these problems (chapter 2). In the next chapter, I show that the concept of justice can be extended by the concept of equity and that, as a consequence, many of the problems exposed above can be solved (chapter 3). Finally, following Martha Nussbaum's work, I show some practical applications of affirming the concept of equity. There we will see that the concept of equity has made possible a concept of open neutrality which, without renouncing the main postulates of liberalism, is capable of responding to the criticisms that have been made of it (chapter 4). Maestría Magíster en Filosofía Política y ética

El presente trabajo se concentra en la discusión de las diferencias entre verdad y justificación en el contexto específico del logro de una política democrática. Por política democrática entenderemos, junto a Richard Rorty, el intento por lograr comunidades incluyentes a nivel planetario. Defiendo que la noción de verdad tiene muy poco que aportar a la empresa democrática. Pero el interés en la discusión que se enmarca en la distinción de las nociones de verdad y justificación, y su relación con la práctica del diálogo y la inclusión que por medio de él se pueda generar, no agota los propósitos de esta tesis. Como segundo propósito, más general, el trabajo pretende mostrar que tal vez el diálogo y la practica justificatoria que en él se da no sean todo lo que se requiere para generar inclusión. Tal vez no sea siquiera algo determinante en el logro de comunidades incluyentes. Abstract. This writing focuses on the discussion about the differences between truth and justification in the specific context of democratic politics. Endorsing Richard Rorty’s use of the term, we will understand it as the attempt to construe a planet-wide inclusivist community. We will argue that the notion of truth has little to do with this inclusivist project. But the interest on the discussion about truth and justification –as well as the inclusion that dialogue can bring about– does not exhaust the objectives of this thesis. As a second objective, more general, the text intends to demonstrate that maybe the dialogue and our justificatory practices are not all that is needed to bring inclusion about. It is even possible that they are not determinant factors in achieving inclusivist communities. Maestría

El objetivo del presente trabajo es esclarecer de manera general los fundamentos metafísicos y formales de la normatividad moral. Para comenzar, ofrezco varios argumentos a favor de la tesis utilitarista de que las razones morales para actuar se derivan exclusivamente del bienestar de los seres sintientes, y luego intento mostrar que dicha tesis es compatible con varias de las ideas fundacionales de la ética kantiana, entre ellas: (i) la categoricidad moral, (ii) la universalidad de las prescripciones morales, (iii) la máxima de tratar a las personas como fines en sí mismos, (iv) la tesis de que la buena voluntad es el bien moral por excelencia y (v) la tesis de que la corrección moral de las acciones depende exclusivamente del valor moral intrínseco de las intenciones que las producen. La idea reguladora de mi argumento general es que, si uno se toma en serio la distinción entre un «agente moral» y un «paciente moral», entonces uno se ve necesariamente forzado a pensar que la ética utilitarista y la deontología kantiana, si se les depura un poco, son perfectamente compatibles e incluso complementarias. La conclusión a la que llego es que la verdad del utilitarismo no puede ser socavada por la verdad de la deontología kantiana. Abstract. The aim of this dissertation is to elucidate in a general way the metaphysical and formal foundations of morality. To begin, I offer several arguments in favour of the utilitarian thesis that moral reasons for action stem exclusively from the welfare of sentient beings, and then I try to show that such a thesis is compatible with many of the foundational ideas of Kantian ethics, including (i) the categorical nature of morality, (ii) the universal character of moral prescriptions, (iii) the maxim of treating people as ends in themselves, (iv) the thesis that the good will is the moral good par excellence, and (v) the thesis that the moral rightness of actions depends solely on the intrinsic moral value of the intentions that give rise to them. The regulative idea of my general argument is that, if one takes seriously the distinction between a «moral agent» and a «moral patient», then one is necessarily compelled to think that utilitarianism and Kantian deontology, if slightly debugged, are perfectly compatible and even complementary. The conclusion I arrive at is that the truth of utilitarianism cannot be undermined by the truth of Kantian deontology. Keywords: Maestría

This research is part of the area of the philosophy of psychology that perfoms a critical review to psychological theories and approaches. The main objective is to critically evaluate two psychological approaches in particular: Freudian psychoanalysis and Skinnerian behaviorism, based on a theory of subjectivity and action. In the first part of this study, presents some key problems facing theories of subjectivity and action –such as the relationship between subjective, objective and intersubjective; the asymmetry of perspectives; the special character of self-knowledge, and the causal explanation of action– as well as some theses in response to them. The second part explains the particular theories that psychoanalysis and behaviorism develop around these issues, and develop a critical confrontation with philosophical theories defended in the first half. Esta investigación se enmarca dentro del área de la filosofía de la psicología que lleva a cabo una crítica conceptual a las teorías y enfoques psicológicos. El propósito es evaluar críticamente dos enfoques psicológicos en particular: el psicoanálisis freudiano y el conductismo skinneriano, con base en una teoría de la subjetividad y la acción. En la primera parte de este trabajo se presentan algunos problemas cruciales a los que se enfrentan las teorías de la subjetividad y la acción –tales como las relaciones entre lo subjetivo, lo objetivo y lo intersubjetivo; la asimetría de perspectivas; el carácter especial del autoconocimiento; y la explicación causal de la acción–, así como algunas tesis como respuesta a los mismos. En la segunda parte se expondrán las teorías particulares que el psicoanálisis y el conductismo desarrollan en torno a estos temas y se confrontarán críticamente con las teorías filosóficas defendidas en la primera parte Doctorado