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Sinking skin flap syndrome is defined by a series of neurological symptoms with skin depression at the site of cranial defect. We experienced neurological improvement in a patient with markedly sunken craniectomy site after ventriculoperitoneal shunt (V-P shunt) clamping operation. A 17-year old female patient was in vegetative state and spastic quadriplegia after traumatic brain injury. She was suffered from frequent vomiting. To evaluate central nervous system problem we checked brain computed tomography which showed that right frontotemporoparietal craniectomy area was markedly sunken and midline was shifting to the left. After V-P shunt clamping operation, craniectomy site was elevated and midline shifting was improved. Vomiting was disappeared. Coma Recovery Scale-revised (CRS-R) score was improved from 3 to 6.

Stimulus-sensitive, nanomedicine-based photosensitizer delivery has an opportunity to target tumor tissues since oxidative stress and the expression of molecular proteins, such as CD44 receptors, are elevated in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this study is to investigate the CD44 receptor- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive delivery of nanophotosensitizers of chlorin e6 (Ce6)-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA) against HeLa human cervical cancer cells. For the synthesis of nanophotosensitizers, thioketal diamine was conjugated with the carboxyl group in HA and then the amine end group of HA-thioketal amine conjugates was conjugated again with Ce6 (Abbreviated as HAthCe6). The HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers were of small diameter, with sizes less than 200. Their morphology was round-shaped in the observations using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers responded to oxidative stress-induced changes in size distribution when H2O2 was added to the nanophotosensitizer aqueous solution, i.e., their monomodal distribution pattern at 0 mM H2O2 was changed to dual- and/or multi-modal distribution patterns at higher concentrations of H2O2. Furthermore, the oxidative stress induced by the H2O2 addition contributed to the disintegration of HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers in morphology, and this phenomenon accelerated the release rate of Ce6 from nanophotosensitizers. In a cell culture study using HeLa cells, nanophotosensitizers increased Ce6 uptake ratio, ROS generation and PDT efficacy compared to free Ce6. Since HA specifically bonds with the CD44 receptor of cancer cells, the pretreatment of free HA against HeLa cells decreased the Ce6 uptake ratio, ROS generation and PDT efficacy of HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers. These results indicated that intracellular delivery of HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers can be controlled by the CD44 receptor-mediated pathway. Furthermore, these phenomena induced CD44 receptor-controllable ROS generation and PDT efficacy by HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers. During in vivo tumor imaging using HeLa cells, nanophotosensitizer administration showed that the fluorescence intensity of tumor tissues was relatively higher than that of other organs. When free HA was pretreated, the fluorescence intensity of tumor tissue was relatively lower than those of other organs, indicating that HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers have CD44 receptor sensitivity and that they can be delivered by receptor-specific manner. We suggest that HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers are promising candidates for PDT in cervical cancer.

The aim of this study was to fabricate a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive and folate-receptor-targeted nanophotosensitizer for the efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cervical carcinoma cells. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) as a model photosensitizer was conjugated with succinyl β-cyclodextrin via selenocystamine linkages. Folic acid (FA)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (FA-PEG) conjugates were attached to these conjugates and then FA-PEG-succinyl β-cyclodextrin-selenocystamine-Ce6 (FAPEGbCDseseCe6) conjugates were synthesized. Nanophotosensitizers of FaPEGbCDseseCe6 conjugates were fabricated using dialysis membrane. Nanophotosensitizers showed spherical shapes with small particle sizes. They were disintegrated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and particle size distribution changed from monomodal distribution pattern to multimodal pattern. The fluorescence intensity and Ce6 release rate also increased due to the increase in H2O2 concentration, indicating that the nanophotosensitizers displayed ROS sensitivity. The Ce6 uptake ratio, ROS generation and cell cytotoxicity of the nanophotosensitizers were significantly higher than those of the Ce6 itself against HeLa cells in vitro. Furthermore, the nanophotosensitizers showed folate-receptor-specific delivery capacity and phototoxicity. The intracellular delivery of nanophotosensitizers was inhibited by folate receptor blocking, indicating that they have folate-receptor specificity in vitro and in vivo. Nanophotosensitizers showed higher efficiency in inhibition of tumor growth of HeLa cells in vivo compared to Ce6 alone. These results show that nanophotosensitizers of FaPEGbCDseseCe6 conjugates are promising candidates as PDT of cervical cancer.

To examine the rate of occurrence of hearing impairments among the infants who had recovered from viral meningitis under 1 year of age through auditory evoked potential (AEP) test and to investigate the efficacy of the follow-up AEP test in viral meningitis infants. Two hundred twenty infants (440 ears) were examined through AEP test once, and 47 (94 ears) of them went back for a second examination and were diagnosed with viral meningitis. The first AEP tests were compared with the second results in 47 infants. I latency, V latency, I–III interpeak latency (IPL), and III–V IPL were checked. In the first AEP test conducted on 440 ears, the average values of I and V latency and I–III IPL were delayed as compared with normal values. The second AEP results were conducted on 47 infants 92.36 days after the first exam. I latency and V latency of second exam were improved significantly (p

Lentiviral vectors (LV) represent a key tool for gene and cell therapy applications. The production of these vectors in sufficient quantities for clinical applications remains a hurdle, prompting the field towards developing suspension processes that are conducive to large scale production. We describe here a LV production strategy using a stable inducible producer cell line. The HEK293 cell line employed grows in suspension, thus offering direct scalability, and produces a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-expressing lentiviral vector in the 106 Transduction Units (TU)/ml range without optimization. The stable producer cell line, called clone 92, was derived by stable transfection from a packaging cell line with a plasmid encoding the transgene GFP. The packaging cell line expresses all the other necessary components to produce LV upon induction with cumate and doxycycline. First, we demonstrate that LV production using clone 92 is scalable from 20mL shake flasks to 3L bioreactors. Next, we developed two strategies for high yield LV production in perfusion mode using acoustic cell filter technology in 1 to 3L bioreactors. The first approach uses a basal commercial medium and perfusion mode both pre- and post-induction for increasing cell density and LV recovery. The second approach makes use of a fortified medium formulation to achieve target cell density for induction in batch mode, followed by perfusion mode after induction. Using these perfusion-based strategies, the titer was improved to 3.2 x 107 TU/ml. As a result, cumulative functional LV titers were increased by up to 15-fold compared to batch mode, reaching a cumulative total yield of 8 x 1010 TU/L of bioreactor culture. This approach is easily amenable to large-scale production and commercial manufacturing.

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has been reported to be a safe and effective method for decreasing pain and relieving range of motion (ROM) limitations caused by neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO), though there has been no report that it might cause hematoma if applied to NHO. We hereby report a case of massive hematoma after ESWT, specifically the radial shockwave therapy (RSWT) device at both hips in a 49-year-old female patient with NHO. She had developed NHO after extensive subarachnoid hemorrhage. We had applied RSWT according to the previous report. The pain and the ROM limitations were gradually improved. Six weeks later, she reported pain and ROM limitations on the right hip. From a medial aspect, swelling and bruising of the right thigh could be seen. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography suggested a large hematoma between right hip adductor muscles. The symptoms disappeared after conservative treatment for one month, and subsequent follow-up imaging studies demonstrated resolution of the hematoma.

Objective To evaluate the normal thickness of the thyrohyoid muscle, which is one of the key muscles related to swallowing, by ultrasonography. Methods The thickness of the left and right thyrohyoid muscles was measured in normal male and female adults ranging in age from 20 to 79 years by ultrasonography. The groups were classified according to age as follows: subjects ranging in age from 20 to 39 years were classified into group A, subjects ranging in age from 40 to 59 years were classified into group B, and subjects ranging in age from 60 to 79 years were classified into group C. The measurement level was the line that joins the upper tip of the superior thyroid notch and the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. Also, a correlation with the thyrohyoid muscle was investigated by collecting information regarding height, weight, body mass index (BMI), age, and gender of subjects in the healthy group. Results The number of subjects in each group was as follows: group A (n=82), group B (n=62), and group C (n=60). Also, the thicknesses of the left and right muscles were 2.72±0.65 mm and 2.87±0.76 mm in group A, 2.83±0.61 mm and 2.93±0.67 mm in group B, and 2.59±054 mm and 2.73±0.55 mm in group C, respectively. Thyrohyoid muscle had a correlation with height, weight, and BMI. The thickness of the left and right thyrohyoid muscles was greater in male subjects than in female subjects and the right side muscle was thicker than the left side muscle. Conclusion The average thickness of the left and right thyrohyoid muscles was 3.20±0.54 mm in male subjects and 2.34±0.37 mm in female subjects. The thickness of the thyrohyoid muscle was positively correlated with height, weight, and BMI, and the thyrohyoid muscle was thicker in male subjects than in female subjects and the right side muscle was thicker than the left side muscle.

This paper analyzed the capabilities, characteristics and properties for the mobile application that is utilized for content creation in the color field. To achieve this purpose, we extracted from relevant studies and analyzed digital content creation that is supported by the mobile input device from previous researches. Our results show that mobile application interacts to user with following information, the actual color value obtained from the input device, and value added information based on analysis of actual color value and interaction with the digital asset management on the desktop computer to support the user's creativity. Keyword: Mobile application, Color application, Creative assistant, Digital color Received (June 17, 2015), Review Request(June 18, 2015), Review Result(July 04, 2015) Accepted(July 29, 2015), Published(August 31, 2015) 156-756 Dept. Photography, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea email: hyun@colortechlab.com (Corresponding Author) 440-746 Dept. Human ICT Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea email: howard@colortechlab.com A study on the functional attributes of digital color foraging by using applications for mobile device Copyright c 2015 HSST 56 1. 서론 스마트폰, 태블릿 PC(tablet personal computer)와 같은 모바일 장치의 대중화와 더불어 모바일 용 애플리케이션 개발 움직임 또한 활발하다. 최근 집계된 바에 의하면 전 세계 모바일 장치 사용 자 수는 2014년을 기점으로 약 17억 명을 기록하여 데스크톱 사용자 수를 추월했다. [1] 모바일 장 치의 보급은 단순한 무선 통신기기의 보급을 넘어서 새로운 디지털 콘텐츠 제작을 가능케 하는 애 플리케이션 지원 도구로서의 가능성을 포함 할 수 있다. Mark Weiser는 모바일 폰, 태블릿, 디스 플레이의 등장은 단지 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅(ubiquitous computing)의 시작일 뿐이고, 그것의 강력함 은 각각의 기기가 어떻게 상호작용 하는지의 여부에서 발현된다고 주장했다. [2] 모바일 장치 사용 의 보편화에 따라 이를 디지털 콘텐츠 제작 작업에 활용하려는 시도가 다양하게 이루어지고 있다. 모바일 컴퓨팅(mobile-computing)을 통한 콘텐츠 창작은 전통적인 데스크톱 플랫폼(flatform)을 기 반에 비해서 좀 더 직관적이고 자연스러운 사용자 인터렉션(user-interaction) 경험을 가능하게 한 다. [3] 이는 특수한 목적을 위하여 2D 혹은 3D 소프트웨어나 동영상 편집도구를 사용하는 전문가 집단뿐 아니라 일반인들에게도 창의적 개성표현을 가능케 하는 기회를 줄 것으로 예측된다. 본 연 구는 모바일 카메라 입력 장치를 사용하는 애플리케이션이 창의적인 디지털 콘텐츠를 생산하는데 있어서 어떠한 지원을 줄 수 있는지 컬러를 중심으로 탐색했다. 더불어 모바일 장치의 휴대성을 기반으로 한 사용자 인터랙션을 강화하기 위한 애플리케이션 개선방향을 모색했다.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) timing after the nasogastric tube (NGT) removal on swallowing function of the patients with dysphagia. METHODS: This study was conducted on 40 NGT-fed patients with dysphagia. To assess the patients' swallowing function, VFSS was performed twice using a 5-mL 35% diluted barium solution. For the initial examination, VFSS was performed immediately after the NGT removal (VFSS 1). For the second examination, VFSS was performed five hours after the NGT removal (VFSS 2). We used the functional dysphagia scale (FDS) to assess swallowing function. In the FDS, a significant difference in the four items in the oral phase, seven items in the pharyngeal phase, and total scores were assessed (p

White light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are used as a light source in many liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), with blue light generated as a spectral distribution characteristic of white LEDs being potentially harmful to the human retina. We propose a method for reducing the blue light only by calibration and profiling without adjusting. Specifically, this paper attempted to verify the efficacy of colourimetric characterisation for reducing or controlling the blue light. Based on the test results of LCD monitors that use a variety of LED light sources, the white LED exhibited maximal blue light emission at 450 nm, and using colourimetric characterization reduced this emission by ~36%. The proposed method is a novel approach for examining the relationship between display technologies and the human retina.

Traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is highly debilitating, with the clinical need for regenerative therapies apparent. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are promising because they can repopulate lost or damaged cells and tissues. However, the adult CNS does not provide an optimal milieu for exogenous NSPCs to survive, engraft, differentiate, and integrate with host tissues. This review provides an overview of tissue engineering strategies to improve stem cell therapies by providing a defined microenvironment during transplantation. The use of biomaterials for physical support, growth factor delivery, and cellular co-transplantation are discussed. Providing the proper environment for stem cell survival and host tissue integration is crucial in realizing the full potential of these cells in CNS repair strategies.

Biomaterials are becoming increasingly popular for use in spinal cord repair, but few studies have investigated their long-term biocompatibility in central nervous system tissue. In this study, chitosan was compared with two commercial materials, degradable polyglycolide (vicryl and polyglactin 910) and nondegradable expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (Gore-Tex and ePTFE), in terms of host tissue response and biodegradation in the rat spinal cord in two different spinal cord implantation models. In an uninjured model, implants were placed in the spinal cord intrathecal space for up to 6 months. At 1 month, vicryl implants elicited an elevated macrophage/microglia response compared to chitosan and Gore-Tex, which subsided in all groups by 6 months. Fibrous encapsulation was observed for all three materials. At 6 months, the in vivo degradation of vicryl was complete, while Gore-Tex showed no signs of degradation, as assessed by mass loss and SEM. Chitosan implants showed evidence of chain degradation at 6 months as demonstrated by differential hematoxylin and eosin staining; however, this did not result in mass loss. In the second model, implants were placed directly into the spinal cord for up to 12 months. This resulted in increased immune and inflammatory responses but did not alter degradation profiles. The same trends observed for the materials in the intrathecal space were mirrored in the spinal cord tissue. These results demonstrate that chitosan is a relatively inert biomaterial that does not elicit a chronic immune response and is suitable for long-term applications for repair of the spinal cord.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the survival and differentiation capacity of neural stem/ progenitor cells (NSPCs) derived from the adult rat spinal cord and seeded on intramedullary chitosan channels that were implanted in a subacute rat spinal cord injury model. METHODS: We implanted into the injured spinal cord a chitosan channel filled with NSPCs harvested from the spinal cord of adult transgenic rats expressing green fluorescent protein 3 weeks after extradural 35g clip compression injury at T8. The NSPC– chitosan channel group was compared with 2 control groups not receiving channels: 1 receiving a direct intramedullary injection of NSPCs into the lesion cavity and 1 receiving trauma alone. The survival and differentiation of NSPCs were evaluated with immunohistochemical and histopathological techniques, and functional improvement was assessed for 6 weeks with the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor score. RESULTS: The NSPC–chitosan channel group showed enhanced survival of NSPCs compared with NSPCs transplanted directly into the lesion cavity, although there was no significant difference in functional recovery between the treatment and control groups. In addition, the intramedullary implantation of the chitosan channel did not worsen the functional deficit after the 35g clip injury. CONCLUSIONS: Chitosan channels enhanced the survival of transplanted NSPCs in the subacutely injured spinal cord. Functional deficits were not exacerbated by the intramedullary transplantation of chitosan channels into the site of injury.