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Currently, various methods based on magnetic nanoparticles are being considered for the treatment of cancer. Among these, magnetic hyperthermia and magneto-mechanical actuation are the most tested physical methods that have shown promising results when applied both separately and in combination. However, combining them with specific drugs can further improve antitumor efficiency. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis to determine the best combination of hyperthermia, magneto-mechanical actuation of silver-coated magnetite nanoparticles (MNP@Ag) and chemotherapy (mitoxantrone) capable of destroying tumor cells in vitro while maintaining normal cells in their state of increased viability. The results showed that of the nine treatment configurations, the only one that satisfied the safety condition for normal cells (fibroblasts) and the highly cytotoxic condition for tumor cells (HeLa) was the combination of all three triggers. This combination led to the decrease in HeLa viability to about 32%, while the decrease in fibroblast viability reached 80%. It was observed that the cytotoxic effect was not a sum of the separate effects of each trigger involved, but the result of a nonlinear conjugation of the triggers in a dynamic regime imposed by the magneto-mechanical actuation of the nanoparticles. We conclude that by using such a treatment approach, the need for chemotherapeutic drugs can be substantially reduced while maintaining their therapeutic performance.

In this paper, a comparative investigation of the magnetic behavior and its stress dependence in the case of FINEMET glass-coated, glass-removed, and cold-drawn microwires at low and high frequencies, respectively, is presented. The experimental results show major differences between their magnetic properties depending on the preparation method and microwire diameter. The evolution of the magnetic permeability, coercivity, and magnetoimpedance responses with the applied tensile force was investigated and analyzed in correlation with the stresses induced during preparation, their relief following annealing, and the annealing-induced structural transformations. The coercivity dependence on applied force was found to show the highest sensitivity in the glass-removed microwires, while the magnetic permeability and magnetoimpedance sensitivity to force were found to be higher in the cold-drawn samples. The results of this comparative study will enable an enhanced material selection process for various applications in miniaturized magnetic and stress sensors with increased sensitivity.

The aim of this work was to investigate and prove the possibility of the real-time detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) distributed in solid material by using a tunnel magnetoresistance-based (TMR) sensor. Following the detection tests of FeCrNbB magnetic nanoparticles distributed in transparent epoxy resin (EPON 812) and measuring the sensor output voltage changes at different particle concentrations, the detection ability of the sensor was demonstrated. For the proposed TMR sensor, we measured a maximum magnetoresistance ratio of about 53% and a sensitivity of 1.24%/Oe. This type of sensor could facilitate a new path of research in the field of magnetic hyperthermia by locating cancer cells.

High values of saturation magnetization at low magnetic field, along with magnetic anisotropy are the basic elements for increased effects of magnetomechanical actuation on cancer cells. In this paper we present a brief comparison report on the effects of Fe-Cr-Nb-B Magnetic Particles (MPs) and Fe-Co Nanowires (NWs) on human osteosarcoma cells. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the best sites to employ different types of nanomaterials for cancer cell destruction through magnetomechanical actuation.

Preparing biological specimens for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be difficult to implement, as it requires specialized equipment and materials as well as the training of dedicated personnel. Moreover, the procedure often results in damage to the samples to be analyzed. This work presents a protocol for the preparation of biological samples to evaluate the adherence of nanomaterials on the cell surface using SEM. To this end, we used silicon wafers as a substrate to grow cells and replaced difficult steps such as the critical point drying of the samples in order to make the method quicker and easier to perform. The new protocol was tested using two different types of cells, i.e., human osteosarcoma cells and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and it proved that it can grossly preserve cell integrity in order to be used to estimate nanomaterials’ interaction with cell surfaces.

Increasing interest has been given in recent years to alternative physical therapies for cancer, with a special focus on magneto-mechanical actuation of magnetic nanoparticles. The reported findings underline the need for highly biocompatible nanostructures, along with suitable mechanical and magnetic properties for different configurations of alternating magnetic fields. Here, we show how the biocompatibility of magnetic nanowires (MNWs), especially CoFe, can be increased by gold coating, which can be used both in cancer therapy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study provides a new approach in the field of theranostic applications, demonstrating the capabilities of core–shell nanowires to be used both to increase the cancer detection limit (as T2 contrast agents) and for its treatment (through magneto-mechanical actuation). The MNWs were electrodeposited in alumina templates, whereas the gold layer was electroless-plated by galvanic replacement. The gold-coated CoFe nanowires were biocompatible until they induced high cellular death to human osteosarcoma cells via magneto-mechanical actuation. These same MNWs displayed increased relaxivities (r1, r2). Our results show that the gold-coated CoFe nanowires turned out to be highly efficient in tumor cell destruction, and, at the same time, suitable for MRI applications.

“Advanced Materials for Water Remediation” is a Special Issue of Materials, which will take into consideration all the papers discussing the synthesis, characterization and application of advanced materials for water remediation [...]

The fly ash generated from a Romanian power plant was used as a starting material in this study. The aim of the study was to obtain a low cost material based on the treatment of fly ash with Fe3O4 for utilization as an adsorbent for cadmium ion removal. The adsorbent that was synthesized was characterized using different techniques. The adsorption process was investigated by the batch technique at room temperature. The quantity of cadmium ion adsorbed was measured spectrophotometrically. The experimental data showed that the material can remove cadmium ions at all three working concentrations. The adsorption capacity increased with an increase in concentration, respectively contact time. The results were analyzed through two kinetic models: pseudo first order and pseudo second order. The kinetics results of cadmium adsorption onto a magnetic material are in good agreement with a pseudo second order model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.03 mg/g, 6.73 mg/g, and 9.65 mg/g. Additionally, the pseudo second order model was linearized into its four types. The results indicated that the material obtained show the ability to remove cadmium ions from an aqueous solution.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) are intensely scrutinized for biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility and adjustable magnetic field (MF) responsiveness. Three-dimensional spheroid culture of ADSC improves stem cell proliferation and differentiation, increasing their potential for clinical applications. In this study we aimed to detect if MF levitated culture of ADSC loaded with proprietary MNP maintain the properties of ADSC and improve their performances. Levitated ADSC-MNP formed aggregates with increased volume and reduced number compared to nonlevitated ones. ADSC-MNP from levitated spheroid displayed higher viability, proliferation and mobility compared to nonlevitated and 2D culture. Levitated and nonlevitated ADSC-MNP spheroids underwent three lineage differentiation, demonstrating preserved ADSC stemness. Quantitative osteogenesis showed similar values in MNP-loaded levitated and nonlevitated spheroids. Significant increases in adipogenic conversion was observed for all 3D formulation. Chondrogenic conversion in levitated and nonlevitated spheroids produced comparable ratio glucosaminoglycan (GAG)/DNA. Increased chondrogenesis could be observed for ADSC-MNP in both levitated and nonlevitated condition. Taken together, ADSC-MNP levitated spheroids retain stemness and display superior cell viability and migratory capabilities. Furthermore, the method consistently increases spheroid maneuverability, potentially facilitating large scale manufacturing and automation. Levitated spheroid culture of ADSC-MNP can be further tested for various application in regenerative medicine and organ modeling.

In the current work, the preparation of a complex wastewater coagulant based on polymeric sulfates of aluminum/iron from fly ash is presented. The performance of the coagulation�flocculation process is mostly influenced by the coagulant type, which enhances the aggregation of particles and leads to formation of fast-settling flocs by charge neutralization or chain-bridging mechanisms. Within the preparation process, the reaction temperature was controlled at 80�C and 90�C for 4 h, the synthesized materials being characterized through different techniques (SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and XRD) and further used as coagulants for real wastewater treatment. As a novelty of this study, it can be mentioned that there were analyzed the possibilities of capitalization of Romanian fly ash collected from Iasi area and its transformation into complex based on aluminum - iron sulfates. Fly ash containing different concentrations of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 was successfully used in producing complex coagulants by reacting with 10% technical sulfuric acid solution. The produced complex coagulants contain both polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS) and polymeric aluminum sulfate (PAS) (demonstrated by complex characterization) and proved to be effective in wastewater treatment. These sustainable materials exhibited a good performance in coagulation�flocculation process (e.g. it was obtained a TSS removal efficiency of 84% at the coagulant dosage of 60 mg/L).

The aim of this study is modeling of the process of Ni(II) removal onto new materials synthesized by a facile coprecipitation method. The literature presents different surfactants intercalated on MgAl-LDH with applicability for nickel ions removal, but the researches on the use of this material ��as cast�� as adsorbent for Ni(II) ions are limited, it is reason to develop this study. The morphology, chemical composition, and the basic structure of the new material were analyzed by SEM, EDAX, BET, XRD and FT-IR. The kinetic modeling was performed using the pseudo-first-order, four-type linear pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion. The experimental data demonstrated that the adsorption process is very fast in the first 20 minutes and reach equilibrium after 50 min. The maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorbent are in the range of 36.5-68.18 mg/g, for the 200-500 mg/L initial solution concentration.

Submicrometric magnetic amorphous wires are good candidates for future development of miniaturized sensors and magnetic logic applications. Here we report the results of an in-depth investigation of magnetization switching in rapidly solidified nearly zero magnetostrictive (Co0.94Fe0.06)72.5Si12.5B15 amorphous samples with diameters of the actual magnetic wires between 300 and 450 nm. All samples were found to be magnetically bistable, displaying characteristic rectangular hysteresis loops. This shows that magnetization reversal occurs through the depinning and subsequent propagation of a magnetic domain wall, whose velocity depends on the applied field and on the sample dimensions. The results of this study reveal stochastic nonlinear dependencies of both the magnetic switching field and the domain wall velocity on the sample diameter. The analysis of the potential causes, which include nonlinear residual stresses, fluctuations in wire dimensions (metal and glass), and competing magnetic anisotropies of different origins, show that a combination of all three factors could lead to the observed stochastic behavior. Calculated values of the switching field, which consider only changes in the wire dimensions, indicate that such influence alone cannot account for the strong nonlinearities. The results are important for the applications of such ultrathin cylindrical magnetic amorphous wires.

Submicrometric magnetic amorphous wires are good candidates for future development of miniaturized sensors and magnetic logic applications. Here we report the results of an in-depth investigation of magnetization switching in rapidly solidified nearly zero magnetostrictive (Co

A prototype of robust, durable, and reliable force sensor is proposed. The proposed sensor consists of a cylindrical elastic tube, which changes its transversal cross section from circular to elliptical under the influence of the applied force, and a Co–Fe–Si–B ultra-soft magnetic wire-based sensitive element. The sensing element is placed onto the circumference of the elastic tube, being able to detect and measure the deformation produced by an applied force. The impedance of the sensitive element changes when it bends, due to the permeability change when the amorphous wire is subjected to mechanical stress. A voltage proportional to the applied force is picked up at the sensor output by using adapted electronics. The relation between the force and the electrical output signal is determined through calibration. Three different configurations of the sensitive elements distributed around the elastic tube have been analyzed. The developed sensor has an excellent adaptability and an important application potential for medical devices, instrumentation, or other devices which require force feedback.

The recent work is focused on the development of suitable amorphous ferromagnetic microwires (CoFe-based) for use in giant magneto-impedance (GMI) magnetic sensing cores. Rapid solidification route is used for the preparation of microwires via in-rotating water quenching technique. The potential of the CoFeSiBCr soft magnetic microwires for GMI based sensing core is investigated by using the driving frequency of MHz range. The GMI characteristics of the developed materials are carried out via impedance-mode. The performance of the magnetic sensor is studied based on its maximum GMI ratio, magnetic field sensitivity and noise spectrum. The experimental results reveal that the maximum GMI ratio, GMImax of about 650% and field sensitivity of around 802 V/T is achieved at ac driving frequency of 5 MHz with 3 mA driving current when annealed at 750 K for 5 min. The noise level of the optimized microwire can be obtained under 10 nT/√Hz@1 Hz while driven at 5 MHz. By means of its high operating frequency regime, high sensitivity, low noise level and simple methodology for sensing, the GMI microwires working in impedance-mode can be a potential candidate for commercial sensing applications such as microfluxgate sensors.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized with different therapeutics delivered by mesenchymal stem cells represent a promising approach to improve the typical drug delivery methods. This innovative method, based on the “Trojan horse” principle, faces however important challenges related to the viability of the MNPs-loaded cells and drug stability. In the present study we report about an in vitro model of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) loaded with palmitate-coated MNPs (MNPsPA) as antitumor drug carriers targeting a 3D tissue-like osteosarcoma cells. Cell viability, MNPsPA-drug loading capacity, cell speed, drug release rate, magnetization and zeta potential were determined and analysed. The results revealed that ADSCs loaded with MNPsPA-drug complexes retained their viability at relatively high drug concentrations (up to 1.22 pg antitumor drug/cell for 100% cell viability) and displayed higher speed compared to the targeted tumor cells in vitro. The magnetization of the sterilized MNPsPA complexes was 67 emu/g within a magnetic field corresponding to induction values of clinical MRI devices. ADSCs payload was around 9 pg magnetic material/cell, with an uptake rate of 6.25 fg magnetic material/min/cell. The presented model is a proof-of-concept platform for stem cells-mediated MNPs-drug delivery to solid tumors that could be further correlated with MRI tracking and magnetic hyperthermia for theranostic applications.

The initial characteristics of Romanian fly ash from the CET II Holboca power plant show the feasibility of its application for the production of a new material with applicability in environmental decontamination. The material obtained was characterized using standard techniques: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the Brunauer&ndash, Emmett&ndash, Teller (BET) surface area, and thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The adsorption capacity of the obtained material was evaluated in batch systems with different values of the initial Cu(II) ion concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time in order to optimize the adsorption process. According to the experimental data presented in this study, the adsorbent synthesized has a high adsorption capacity for copper ions (qmax = 27.32&ndash, 58.48 mg/g). The alkali treatment of fly ash with NaOH improved the adsorption capacity of the obtained material compared to that of the untreated fly ash. Based on the kinetics results, the adsorption of copper ions onto synthesized material indicated the chemisorption mechanism. Notably, fly ash can be considered an important beginning in obtaining new materials with applicability to wastewater treatment.

International audience; Five adsorbents based on fly ash treated with NaOH for the adsorption of cadmium ion from aqueous solutions were investigated. The materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area methods. The results demonstrated that the specific surface area of fly ash was improved after NaOH treatment, and that the adsorption of cadmium by the new adsorbents reached equilibrium in less than 120 min. The results also confirmed that the materials treated with NaOH solution by direct activation had a higher adsorption capacity than untreated fly ash. The maximum adsorption capacities obtained were in the range of 9.18–48.5 mg/g. Also, SEM/EDS and FT-IR results of Cd(II) loaded adsorbents were performed. The obtained experimental data were used for kinetics determination using three model equations: a pseudo first-order model, a pseudo second-order model, and the intraparticle diffusion model. Was found that the adsorption of cadmium ions onto the adsorbents studied follows the pseudo second-order model. The adsorption isotherms of the adsorbent synthesized by direct activation for 15 h using 5 M NaOH at 90 °C with a ratio of 1:3 fly ash: NaOH (A5) was assessed in terms of the Langmuir (four types of linearization), Freundlich, Temkin, Harkin-Jura, and Halsey models. The effectiveness of the adsorbents was evaluated using the toxicity characteristic leaching (TCLP) procedure. Accordingly, the proposed methods in this study are recommended for advanced capitalization of fly ash, particularly as a potential adsorbent for the removal of cadmium ions from wastewater.

Wastes are the sustainable sources of raw materials for the synthesis of new adsorbent materials. This study has as objectives the advanced capitalization of fly ash, by sulphuric acid activation methods, and testing of synthesized materials for heavy metals removal. Based on the previous studies, the synthesis parameters were 1/3 s/L ratio, 80 &deg, C temperature and 10% diluted sulphuric acid, which permitted the synthesis of an eco-friendly adsorbent. The prepared adsorbent was characterized through SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD and BET methods. Adsorption studies were carried out for the removal of Cd2+ ions, recognized as ions dangerous for the environment. The effects of adsorbent dose, contact time and metal ion concentrations were studied. The data were tested in terms of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm and it was found that the Langmuir isotherm fitted the adsorption with a maximum adsorption capacity of 28.09 mg/g. Kinetic data were evaluated with the pseudo-first-order model, the pseudo-second-order model and the intraparticle diffusion model. The kinetics of cadmium adsorption into eco-friendly material was described with the pseudo-second-order model, which indicated the chemisorption mechanism.

Dumitru-Daniel Herea,1,* Camelia Danceanu,1,2,* Ecaterina Radu,1,2,* Luminita Labusca,1,3,* Nicoleta Lupu,1,* Horia Chiriac1,* 1MDM Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, Iasi, Romania; 2University “Al I Cuza,” University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania; 3Systems Biomedical Informatics and Modeling (SBIM), Frankfurt, Germany *These authors contributed equally to this work Introduction: Hyperthermia (HT) based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represents a promising approach to induce the apoptosis/necrosis of tumor cells through the heat generated by MNPs submitted to alternating magnetic fields. However, the effects of temperature distribution on the cancer cells’ viability as well as heat resistance of various tumor cell types warrant further investigation. Methods: In this work, the effects induced by magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) and conventional water-based hyperthermia (WHT) on the viability of human osteosarcoma cells at different temperatures (37°C–47°C) was comparatively investigated. Fe-Cr-Nb-B magnetic nanoparticles were submitted either to alternating magnetic fields or to infrared radiation generated by a water-heated incubator. Results: In terms of cell viability, significant differences could be observed after applying the two HT treatment methods. At about equal equilibrium temperatures, MHT was on average 16% more efficient in inducing cytotoxicity effects compared to WHT, as assessed by MTT cytotoxicity assay. Conclusion: We propose the phenomena can be explained by the significantly higher cytotoxic effects initiated during MHT treatment in the vicinity of the heat-generating MNPs compared to the effects triggered by the homogeneously distributed temperature during WHT. These in vitro results confirm other previous findings regarding the superior efficiency of MHT over WHT and explain the cytotoxicity differences observed between the two antitumor HT methods. Keywords: magnetic hyperthermia, water-based hyperthermia, magnetic nanoparticles, cancer cells

The use of materials at nanoscale is currently of increasing interest for life sciences and medicine. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are under scrutiny for a large array of applications in nanomedicine as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Proprietary Fe-Cr-Nb-B MNPs display heating properties that recommends them as potent agents for delivery of local hyperthermia for the treatment of solid tumours. Stem cell mediated delivery represents a safe and accurate modality to target remote or metastatic tumour sites. In this study we investigated the interaction of Fe-Cr-Nb-B nanoparticles with human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells and human primary osteoblasts. We found that: (a) bare and chitosan coated Fe-Cr-Nb-B are internalized by both cell types, (b) they can be detected up to 28 days inside the cells without signs of membrane disruption and (c) they do not display in vitro toxicity. MNPs are uploaded by cells in a time dependent manner with maximum uptake after 7-8 days cell-particle incubation. Particle internalization do not interfere with proliferative and differentiation potential (osteogenesis and adipogenesis) demonstrating an unaltered cellular phenotype. Further investigation of the potential effect of MNPs internalization on cytoskeleton dynamics and in inducing oxidative stress will be required as it is of interest for predicting cell migration and survival after transplantation. Present results are encouraging for designing a stemcell mediated delivery of Fe-Cr-Nb-B magnetic nanoparticles to solid tumour sites for hyperthermia applications.

In this paper, magnetic properties of CoPt thin films electrodeposited from an aqueous hexachloroplatinate solution at pH 5.5, in presence of saccharin as an additive, are reported. The electrodeposition was carried out on a sputtered Ru-substrate at controlled potential. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that CoPt thin films prepared in these specific conditions crystallize in the hexagonal close packing ( hcp ) phase. The variations of the magnetic properties of 15–500 nm CoPt thin films are explained by taking into account the changes in the elemental composition, thickness, dynamics of the surface roughening during the early stages of deposition, and under-layer structure of the Ru-substrate. The structure and the width of the magnetic domains of electrodeposited CoPt thin films were examined by MFM and found to be thickness dependent.

The bacterial infection degree of a real biological sample can be determined by using magnetoresistive (MR) cytometry. In this case, it is required to count detection events and to precisely determine the bacterial cells concentration detected by the sensor in each detection event. Here, we are proposing a method to evaluate the bacterial concentration from experimental obtained data. By simulating and analyzing the signals created by clusters with a different number of cells, shapes, and orientations relative to the sensor sensitive direction, clusters that can fit the experimental signals are found. The simulation results are compared with the experimental obtained signals in order to quantify the number of cells that are detected by the MR sensor in different detection events.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are versatile tools for various applications in biotechnology and nanomedicine. MNPs-mediated cell tracking, targeting and imaging are increasingly studied for regenerative medicine applications in cell therapy and tissue engineering. Mechanical stimulation influences mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Here we show that MNPs-mediated magneto-mechanical stimulation of human primary adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) exposed to variable magnetic field (MF) influences their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. ADSCs loaded with biocompatible magnetite nanoparticles of 6.6 nm, and with an average load of 21 picograms iron/cell were exposed to variable low intensity (0.5 mT - LMF) and higher intensity magnetic fields (14.7 and 21.6 mT - HMF). Type, duration, intensity and frequency of MF differently affect differentiation. Short time (2 days) intermittent exposure to LMF increases adipogenesis while longer (7 days) intermittent as well as continuous exposure favors osteogenesis. HMF (21.6 mT) short time intermittent exposure favors osteogenesis. Different exposure protocols can be used to increase differentiation dependently on expected results. Magnetic remotely-actuated MNPs up-taken by ADSCs promotes the shift towards osteoblastic lineage. ADSCs-MNPs under MF exposure could be used for enabling osteoblastic conversion during cell therapy for systemic osteoporosis. Current results enable further in vivo studies investigating the role of remotely-controlled magnetically actuated ADSCs-MNPs for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Novel hybrid inorganic CoFe2O4/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymeric framework nanobeads-type adsorbents with tailored magnetic properties were synthesized by a combination of coprecipitation and flash-cooling technology. Precise self-assembly engineering of their shape and composition combined with deep testing for cadmium removal from wastewater are investigated. The development of a single nanoscale object with controllable composition and spatial arrangement of CoFe2O4 (CF) nanoparticles in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as polymeric matrix, is giving new boosts to treatments of wastewaters containing heavy metals. The magnetic nanobeads were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and vibrational sample magnetometer (VSM). The magnetic properties of CF@CMC sample clearly exhibit ferromagnetic nature. Value of 40.6 emu/g of saturation magnetization would be exploited for magnetic separation from aqueous solution. In the adsorptions experiments the assessment of equilibrium and kinetic parameters were carried out by varying adsorbent dosage, contact time and cadmium ion concentration. The kinetic behavior of adsorption process was best described by pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm was fitted best with maximum capacity uptake of 44.05 mg/g.

Magnetic hyperthermia uses the targeted therapeutic heat from magnetic particles (MPs) in an alternating magnetic field to kill cancer cells. MPs with low Curie temperature (Tc) (in the range 42 °C–45 °C), high magnetization, and magnetic permeability/susceptibility are good candidates for their use in hyperthermia therapy. This paper analyzes the hyperthermic effects determined by the MPs with low Tc within a tumoral configuration from healthy tissue when an alternating magnetic field is applied. The temperature field was determined as a solution of the Pennes bioheat transfer equation. The spatial distribution of the particles after their injection within the tissues was computed by solving the convection–diffusion equation in porous tissues. Results show that the MP injection rate significantly influences the spatial distribution of the particles and the temperature field of the tumor. Higher values of the ferrofluid flow rate push more particles to the tumor center, thus also elevate its central temperature. The temperature field becomes uniform in a percentage of 90% of tumor volume if a blood vessel is localized at the tumor center.