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520 results on '"Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford]"'

1. Recovery of carbon benefits by overharvested baleen whale populations is threatened by climate change

Author: Anaëlle Durfort, Gaël Mariani, Vivitskaia Tulloch, Matthew S. Savoca, Marc Troussellier, David Mouillot, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), University of British Columbia (UBC), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), and Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.)
Subjects: deadfall carbon, General Immunology and Microbiology, whaling, whales fall, Climate Change, Oceans and Seas, Whales, General Medicine, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Carbon, modelling, climate change scenarios, blue carbon, population dynamics, carcasse, Animals, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Ecosystem, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Despite the importance of marine megafauna on ecosystem functioning, their contribution to the oceanic carbon cycle is still poorly known. Here, we explored the role of baleen whales in the biological carbon pump across the southern hemisphere based on the historical and forecasted abundance of five baleen whale species. We modelled whale-mediated carbon sequestration through the sinking of their carcasses after natural death. We provide the first temporal dynamics of this carbon pump from 1890 to 2100, considering both the effects of exploitation and climate change on whale populations. We reveal that at their pre-exploitation abundance, the five species of southern whales could sequester 4.0 × 10 5 tonnes of carbon per year (tC yr −1 ). This estimate dropped to 0.6 × 10 5 tC yr −1 by 1972 following commercial whaling. However, with the projected restoration of whale populations under a RCP8.5 climate scenario, the sequestration would reach 1.7 × 10 5 tC yr −1 by 2100, while without climate change, recovered whale populations could sequester nearly twice as much (3.2 × 10 5 tC yr −1 ) by 2100. This highlights the persistence of whaling damages on whale populations and associated services as well as the predicted harmful impacts of climate change on whale ecosystem services.
Published: 2023

2. An evolution towards scientific consensus for a sustainable ocean future

Author: Françoise Gaill, Tanya Brodie Rudolph, Lara Lebleu, Denis Allemand, Robert Blasiak, William W. L. Cheung, Joachim Claudet, Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, Nadine Le Bris, Lisa Levin, Hans- Otto Pörtner, Martin Visbeck, Anna Zivian, Pierre Bahurel, Laurent Bopp, Chris Bowler, Frédérique Chlous, Philippe Cury, Didier Gascuel, Sylvie Goyet, Nathalie Hilmi, Frédéric Ménard, Fiorenza Micheli, Lauren Mullineaux, Rémi Parmentier, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Sabrina Speich, Olivier Thébaud, Torsten Thiele, Martha Bowler, Philippe Charvis, Raphael Cuvelier, François Houllier, Sarah Palazot, Francis Staub, Olivier Poivre d’Arvor, Plateforme Océan et Climat, Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch University, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences [UTokyo] (GSALS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia (UBC), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institute of Environmental Science and Technology [Barcelona] (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sorbonne Université (SU), Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of California (UC), Climate Sciences Department [Bremerhaven], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Ocean Conservancy, University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Pôle halieutique, Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), The Varda Group, Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer (AMURE), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies [Potsdam] (IASS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Marseille (IRD Marseille), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), International Coral Reef Initiative, Oakland, USA, and Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)
Subjects: Environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Environmental social sciences, Ocean sciences, Scientific community, Ecology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Systems biology, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Climate sciences, Environmental studies, Social sciences
Abstract: The ocean has recently taken centre stage in the global geopolitical landscape. Despite rising challenges to the effectiveness of multilateralism, attention to ocean issues appears as an opportunity to co-create pathways to ocean sustainability at multiple levels. The ocean science community, however, is not sufficiently well organised to advance these pathways and provide policy input. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services demonstrate how knowledge consensus and integration have been instrumental in charting global pathways and eliciting commitments to address, respectively, climate change and biodiversity loss. An equally impactful global platform with a thematic focus on ocean sustainability is needed. Here we introduce the International Panel for Ocean Sustainability (IPOS) as a coordinating mechanism to integrate knowledge systems to forge a bridge across ocean science-policy divides collectively. The IPOS will enrich the global policy debate in the Ocean Decade and support a shift toward ocean sustainability.
Published: 2022

3. Global-Scale Environmental Niche and Habitat of Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) by Size and Sex: A Pivotal Step to Improving Stock Management

Author: Jean-Noël Druon, Steven Campana, Frederic Vandeperre, Fábio H. V. Hazin, Heather Bowlby, Rui Coelho, Nuno Queiroz, Fabrizio Serena, Francisco Abascal, Dimitrios Damalas, Michael Musyl, Jon Lopez, Barbara Block, Pedro Afonso, Heidi Dewar, Philippe S. Sabarros, Brittany Finucci, Antonella Zanzi, Pascal Bach, Inna Senina, Fulvio Garibaldi, David W. Sims, Joan Navarro, Pablo Cermeño, Agostino Leone, Guzmán Diez, María Teresa Carreón Zapiain, Michele Deflorio, Evgeny V. Romanov, Armelle Jung, Matthieu Lapinski, Malcolm P. Francis, Humberto Hazin, Paulo Travassos, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Universidade dos Açores, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas [Horta], Instituto do Mar - Universidade dos Açores (IMAR-UAc), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Druon, JN, Campana, S, Vandeperre, F, Hazin, FHV, Bowlby, H, Coelho, R, Queiroz, N, Serena, F, Abascal, F, Damalas, D, Musyl, M, Lopez, J, Block, B, Afonso, P, Dewar, H, Sabarros, PS, Finucci, B, Zanzi, A, Bach, P, Senina, I, Garibaldi, F, Sims, DW, Navarro, J, Cermeno, P, Leone, A, Diez, G, Zapiain, MTC, Deflorio, M, Romanov, EV, Jung, ARL, Lapinski, M, Francis, MP, Hazin, H, and Travassos, P
Subjects: foraging habitat, habitat niche, chlorophyll-a gradient, marine productivity, mesotrophic, oligotrophic, mesopelagic micronekton, water temperature, Global and Planetary Change, Mesotrophic, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Chlorophyll-a gradient, Marine productivity, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Foraging habitat, Oligotrophic, Habitat niche, Water temperature, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, Mesopelagic micronekton, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: 25 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.828412/full#supplementary-material.-- Data Availability Statement: The blue shark habitat data are available on the JRC Data Catalogue (https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset?q=fish%20habitat) (or upon request) and habitat maps are available online (https://fishreg.jrc.ec.europa.eu/web/fish-habitat/habitatmapping). Chlorophyll-a data are available online (https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/l3). The abiotic environmental and mesopelagic micronekton data are available online (https://marine.copernicus.eu/access-data)., Blue shark (Prionace glauca) is amongst the most abundant shark species in international trade, however this highly migratory species has little effective management and the need for spatio-temporal strategies increases, possibly involving the most vulnerable stage or sex classes. We combined 265,595 blue shark observations (capture or satellite tag) with environmental data to present the first global-scale analysis of species’ habitat preferences for five size and sex classes (small juveniles, large juvenile males and females, adult males and females). We leveraged the understanding of blue shark biotic environmental associations to develop two indicators of foraging location: productivity fronts in mesotrophic areas and mesopelagic micronekton in oligotrophic environments. Temperature (at surface and mixed layer depth plus 100 m) and sea surface height anomaly were used to exclude unsuitable abiotic environments. To capture the horizontal and vertical extent of thermal habitat for the blue shark, we defined the temperature niche relative to both sea surface temperature (SST) and the temperature 100 m below the mixed layer depth (Tmld+100). We show that the lifetime foraging niche incorporates highly diverse biotic and abiotic conditions: the blue shark tends to shift from mesotrophic and temperate surface waters during juvenile stages to more oligotrophic and warm surface waters for adults. However, low productivity limits all classes of blue shark habitat in the tropical western North Atlantic, and both low productivity and warm temperatures limit habitat in most of the equatorial Indian Ocean (except for the adult males) and tropical eastern Pacific. Large females tend to have greater habitat overlap with small juveniles than large males, more defined by temperature than productivity preferences. In particular, large juvenile females tend to extend their range into higher latitudes than large males, likely due to greater tolerance to relatively cold waters. Large juvenile and adult females also seem to avoid areas with intermediate SST (~21.7-24.0°C), resulting in separation from large males mostly in the tropical and temperate latitudes in the cold and warm seasons, respectively. The habitat requirements of sensitive size- and sex-specific stages to blue shark population dynamics are essential in management to improve conservation of this near-threatened species, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)
Published: 2022

4. The Twilight Zone as a Major Foraging Habitat and Mercury Source for the Great White Shark

Author: Jeroen E. Sonke, James T. Ketchum, Gador Muntaner-López, Barbara A. Block, Marc Aquino-Baleytó, Lucien Besnard, Gauthier Schaal, Gaël Le Croizier, David Point, Felipe Galván-Magaña, Omar Santana-Morales, Salvador J. Jorgensen, Armelle Jung, Edgar E. Becerril-García, Anne Lorrain, Aaron B. Carlisle, E. Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pelagios Kakunjá, Instituto Politecnico Nacional [Mexico] (IPN), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment [Newark] (CEOE), University of Delaware [Newark]-University of Delaware [Newark], Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Interdisciplinary Graduate School for the Blue planet, ANR-17-EURE-0015,ISBlue,Interdisciplinary Graduate School for the Blue planet(2017), ANR-17-CE34-0010,MERTOX,Découvrir l'origine de la toxine methylmercure dans les écosystèmes marins(2017), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: food.ingredient, Mesopelagic zone, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Predation, food, biology.animal, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, 14. Life underwater, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Apex predator, Trophic level, Pacific Ocean, biology, Ecology, Mercury, General Chemistry, biology.organism_classification, Carcharias, Carcharodon, Mercury Isotopes, Great white shark, Habitat, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Sharks
Abstract: International audience; The twilight zone contains the largest biomass of the world's ocean. Identifying its role in the trophic supply and contaminant exposure of marine megafauna constitutes a critical challenge in the context of global change. The white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) is a threatened species with some of the highest concentrations of neurotoxin methylmercury (MeHg) among marine top predators. Large white sharks migrate seasonally from coastal habitats, where they primarily forage on pinnipeds, to oceanic offshore habitats. Tagging studies suggest that while offshore, white sharks may forage at depth on mesopelagic species, yet no biochemical evidence exists. Here, we used mercury isotopic composition to assess the dietary origin of MeHg contamination in white sharks from the Northeast Pacific Ocean. We estimated that a minimum of 72% of the MeHg accumulated by white sharks originates from the consumption of mesopelagic prey, while a maximum of 25% derives from pinnipeds. In addition to highlighting the potential of mercury isotopes to decipher the complex ecological cycle of marine predators, our study provides evidence that the twilight zone constitutes a crucial foraging habitat for these large predators, which had been suspected for over a decade. Climate change is predicted to expand the production of mesopelagic MeHg and modify the mesopelagic biomass globally. Considering the pivotal role of the twilight zone is therefore essential to better predict both MeHg exposure and trophic supply to white sharks, and effectively protect these key vulnerable predators.
Published: 2020

5. Ecological dependencies make remote reef fish communities most vulnerable to coral loss

Author: Giovanni Strona, Pieter S. A. Beck, Mar Cabeza, Simone Fattorini, François Guilhaumon, Fiorenza Micheli, Simone Montano, Otso Ovaskainen, Serge Planes, Joseph A. Veech, Valeriano Parravicini, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio (DISAT), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Texas State University, ANR-17-CE32-0006,REEFLUX,Flux d'énergie au sein des récifs coralliens: une perspective basée sur les vertébrés(2017), Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Ecological Data Science, Global Change and Conservation Lab, Mar Cabeza-Jaimejuan / Principal Investigator, Biosciences, Otso Ovaskainen / Principal Investigator, Strona, G, Beck, P, Cabeza, M, Fattorini, S, Guilhaumon, F, Micheli, F, Montano, S, Ovaskainen, O, Planes, S, Veech, J, and Parravicini, V
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Richness, conservation biology, ekologiset verkostot, General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, Conservation of Natural Resource, Anthropogenic Effect, meriekologia, Patterns, 0303 health sciences, Diversity, Multidisciplinary, Conservation biology, Coral Reefs, Anthropogenic Effects, Climate-change ecology, Fishes, Biodiversity, Anthozoa, Habitat, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, Coral Reef, Human, climate-change ecology, Conservation of Natural Resources, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Science, Climate Change, Biotic interactions, 010603 evolutionary biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, koralliriutat, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Coral Bleaching, Humans, Spatial Analysis, Food-web, ecological networks, 14. Life underwater, 030304 developmental biology, Animal, kalakannat, General Chemistry, Disturbance, Spatial Analysi, ilmastonmuutokset, 15. Life on land, biodiversiteetti, 13. Climate action, Ecological networks, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Fishe
Abstract: Ecosystems face both local hazards, such as over-exploitation, and global hazards, such as climate change. Since the impact of local hazards attenuates with distance from humans, local extinction risk should decrease with remoteness, making faraway areas safe havens for biodiversity. However, isolation and reduced anthropogenic disturbance may increase ecological specialization in remote communities, and hence their vulnerability to secondary effects of diversity loss propagating through networks of interacting species. We show this to be true for reef fish communities across the globe. An increase in fish-coral dependency with the distance of coral reefs from human settlements, paired with the far-reaching impacts of global hazards, increases the risk of fish species loss, counteracting the benefits of remoteness. Hotspots of fish risk from fish-coral dependency are distinct from those caused by direct human impacts, increasing the number of risk hotspots by ~30% globally. These findings might apply to other ecosystems on Earth and depict a world where no place, no matter how remote, is safe for biodiversity, calling for a reconsideration of global conservation priorities., Coral reefs face both local and global stressors. Here, the authors show how a positive relationship between distance from human settlements and ecological specialisation makes remote coral reef fish communities more vulnerable to coral loss.
Published: 2021

6. Ecological and socioeconomic factors associated with the human burden of environmentally mediated pathogens: a global analysis

Author: Susanne H Sokolow, Nicole Nova, Isabel J Jones, Chelsea L Wood, Kevin D Lafferty, Andres Garchitorena, Skylar R Hopkins, Andrea J Lund, Andrew J MacDonald, Christopher LeBoa, Alison J Peel, Erin A Mordecai, Meghan E Howard, Julia C Buck, David Lopez-Carr, Michele Barry, Matthew H Bonds, Giulio A De Leo, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences (University of Washington), University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM), North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Department of Biology [Stanford], Centre for planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, University of North Carolina [Wilmington] (UNC), Department of Global Health and Social Medicine [Boston, MA,USA], and Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)
Subjects: Health (social science), Socioeconomic Factors, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Medicine (miscellaneous), Humans, COVID-19, Global Health, Communicable Diseases, United States, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract: Billions of people living in poverty are at risk of environmentally mediated infectious diseases-that is, pathogens with environmental reservoirs that affect disease persistence and control and where environmental control of pathogens can reduce human risk. The complex ecology of these diseases creates a global health problem not easily solved with medical treatment alone.We quantified the current global disease burden caused by environmentally mediated infectious diseases and used a structural equation model to explore environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with the human burden of environmentally mediated pathogens across all countries.We found that around 80% (455 of 560) of WHO-tracked pathogen species known to infect humans are environmentally mediated, causing about 40% (129 488 of 359 341 disability-adjusted life years) of contemporary infectious disease burden (global loss of 130 million years of healthy life annually). The majority of this environmentally mediated disease burden occurs in tropical countries, and the poorest countries carry the highest burdens across all latitudes. We found weak associations between disease burden and biodiversity or agricultural land use at the global scale. In contrast, the proportion of people with rural poor livelihoods in a country was a strong proximate indicator of environmentally mediated infectious disease burden. Political stability and wealth were associated with improved sanitation, better health care, and lower proportions of rural poverty, indirectly resulting in lower burdens of environmentally mediated infections. Rarely, environmentally mediated pathogens can evolve into global pandemics (eg, HIV, COVID-19) affecting even the wealthiest communities.The high and uneven burden of environmentally mediated infections highlights the need for innovative social and ecological interventions to complement biomedical advances in the pursuit of global health and sustainability goals.Billamp; Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, Stanford University, and the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Published: 2021

7. Form, function, and divergence of a generic fin shape in small cetaceans

Author: Vadim Pavlov, Cecile Vincent, Bjarni Mikkelsen, Justine Lebeau, Vincent Ridoux, Ursula Siebert, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), and Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Mitochondrial Diseases, Mitochondrial Myopathy, animal structures, Physiology, Science, Dolphins, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, Aerospace Engineering, Marine Biology, Fluid Mechanics, Continuum Mechanics, Models, Biological, Leading Edges, Medical Conditions, Animal Wings, Medicine and Health Sciences, Animals, Wings, Animal, Animal Anatomy, Marine Mammals, Thrust, Swimming, Mammals, Biological Locomotion, Physics, Organisms, Classical Mechanics, Biology and Life Sciences, Eukaryota, Fluid Dynamics, Extremities, Drag, Biomechanical Phenomena, Physical Sciences, Vertebrates, Amniotes, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Earth Sciences, Hydrodynamics, Medicine, Engineering and Technology, Cetacea, Anatomy, human activities, Zoology, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; Tail flukes as well as the dorsal fin are the apomorphic traits of cetaceans which appeared during the evolutionary process of adaptation to the aquatic life. Both appendages present a wing-like shape associated with lift generation and low drag. We hypothesized that the evolution of fins as lifting structures led to a generic wing design, where the dimensionless parameters of the fin cross-sections are invariant with respect to the body length and taxonomy of small cetaceans (Hypothesis I). We also hypothesized that constraints on variability of a generic fin shape are associated with the primary function of the fin as a fixed or flapping hydrofoil (Hypothesis II). To verify these hypotheses, we examined how the variation in the fin’s morphological traits is linked to the primary function, species and body length. Hydrodynamic characteristics of the fin cross-sections were examined with the CFD software and compared with similar engineered airfoils. Generic wing design of both fins was found in a wing-like planform and a streamlined cross-sectional geometry optimized for lift generation. Divergence in a generic fin shape both on the planform and cross-sectional level was found to be related with the fin specialization in fixed or flapping hydrofoil function. Cross-sections of the dorsal fin were found to be optimized for the narrow range of small angles of attack. Cross-sections of tail flukes were found to be more stable for higher angles of attack and had gradual stall characteristics. The obtained results provide an insight into the divergent evolutionary pathways of a generic wing-like shape of the fins of cetaceans under specific demands of thrust production, swimming stability and turning control.
Published: 2021

8. Mediterranean rocky reefs in the Anthropocene Mediterranean rocky reefs in the Anthropocene: present status and future concerns

Author: Bevilacqua, Stanislao, Airoldi, Laura, Ballesteros, Enric, Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Boero, Ferdinando, Bulleri, Fabio, Cebrian, Emma, Cerrano, Carlo, Claudet, Joachim, Colloca, Francesco, Coppari, Martina, Di Franco, Antonio, Fraschetti, Simonetta, Garrabou, Joaquim, Guarnieri, Giuseppe, Guerranti, Cristiana, Guidetti, Paolo, Halpern, Benjamin, Katsanevakis, Stelios, Mangano, Maria Cristina, Micheli, Fiorenza, Milazzo, Marco, Pusceddu, Antonio, Renzi, Monia, Rilov, Gil, Sarà, Gianluca, Terlizzi, Antonio, Università degli studi di Trieste = University of Trieste, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare [Rome, Italie] (CoNISma), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Polytechnic University of Marche [Ancona, Italy] / Università Politecnica delle Marche [Ancona, Italia], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Salento [Lecce], National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), Department of Marine Sciences [Aegean], University of the Aegean, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), University of Trieste, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita di Pisa, Polytechnic University of Marche [Ancona, Italy], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Universita degli studi di Genova, and Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research - IOLR (ISRAEL)
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

9. Neural anatomy of echinoid early juveniles and comparison of nervous system organization in echinoderms

Author: Laurent Formery, Christopher J. Lowe, Jenifer C. Croce, Antoine Formery, François Orange, Shunsuke Yaguchi, Michael Schubert, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche sur mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA), Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis (UNSA), Université de Tsukuba = University of Tsukuba, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], and Stanford University
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Nervous system, Male, Nervous System, sea urchin, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, evolution, medicine, Animals, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Radial nerve, Appendage, sea star, Deuterostome, biology, Comparative anatomy, General Neuroscience, Age Factors, Nerve plexus, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Body plan, juvenile, [SDV.BDD.EO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology/Embryology and Organogenesis, Echinoderm, Larva, Paracentrotus, Female, sea cucumber, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Echinodermata
Abstract: International audience; The echinoderms are a phylum of marine deuterostomes characterized by the pentaradial (five fold) symmetry of their adult bodies. Due to this unusual body plan, adult echinoderms have long been excluded from comparative analyses aimed at understanding the origin and evolution of deuterostome nervous systems. Here, we investigated the neural anatomy of early juveniles of representatives of three of the five echinoderm classes: the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus, the asteroid Patiria miniata, and the holothuroid Parastichopus parvimensis. Using whole mount immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we found that the nervous system of echinoid early juveniles is composed of three main structures: a basiepidermal nerve plexus, five radial nerve cords connected by a circumoral nerve ring, and peripheral nerves innervating the appendages. Our whole mount preparations further allowed us to obtain thorough descriptions of these structures and of several innervation patterns, in particular at the level of the appendages. Detailed comparisons of the echinoid juvenile nervous system with those of asteroid and holothuroid juveniles moreover supported a general conservation of the main neural structures in all three species, including at the level of the appendages. Our results support the previously proposed hypotheses for the existence of two neural units in echinoderms: one consisting of the basiepidermal nerve plexus to process sensory stimuli locally and one composed of the radial nerve cords and the peripheral nerves constituting a centralized control system. This study provides the basis for more in‐depth comparisons of the echinoderm adult nervous system with those of other animals, in particular hemichordates and chordates, to address the long‐standing controversies about deuterostome nervous system evolution.
Published: 2021

10. MEDLEM database, a data collection on large Elasmobranchs in the Mediterranean and Black seas

Author: Mancusi, Cecilia, Baino, Romano, Fortuna, Caterina, De Sola, Luis Gil, Morey, Gabriel, Bradai, Mohamed Nejmeddine, Kallianotis, Argyrios, Soldo, Alen, Hemida, Farid, Saad, Adib Ali, Dimech, Mark, Peristeraki, Panagiota, Bariche, Michel, Clo, Simona, De Sabata, Eleonora, Castellano, Laura, Garibaldi, Fulvio, Lanteri, Luca, Tinti, Fausto, Pais, Antonio, SPERONE, Emilio, Micarelli, Primo, Poisson, Francois, Sion, Letizia, Carlucci, Roberto, Cebrian-Menchero, Daniel, Seret, Bernard, Ferretti, Francesco, El-Far, Alaa, Saygu, Ismet, Shakman, Esmail A., Bartoli, Alex, Guallart, Javier, Damalas, Dimitrios, Megalofonou, Persefoni, Vacchi, Marino, Colloca, Francesco, Bottaro, Massimiliano, di Sciara, Giuseppe Notarbartolo, Follesa, Maria Cristina, Cannas, Rita, Kabasakal, Hakan, Zava, Bruno, Cavlan, Graziella, Jung, Armelle, Abudaya, Mohammed, Kolitari, Jerina, Barash, Adi, Joksimovic, Aleksandar, Cetkovic, Ilija, Marceta, Bojan, Gonzalez Vilas, Luis, TIRALONGO, Francesco, Giovos, Ioannis, Bargnesi, Filippo, Lelli, Stefano, Barone, Monica, Moro, Stefano, Mazzoldi, Carlotta, Charis, Charilaou, Abella, Alvaro Juan, Serena, Fabrizio, University of Split, Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), American University of Beirut [Beyrouth] (AUB), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences [Arcavacata di Rende] (DiBEST), Università della Calabria [Arcavacata di Rende] (Unical), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Universita degli Studi di Cagliari [Cagliari], Agricultural University of Tirana, Département Aérodynamique Energétique et Propulsion (DAEP), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), University of Catania [Italy], Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Instituto Espagňol de Oceanografia (IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer [Salammbô] (INSTM), National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene = University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), Tishreen University, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Cukurova University, University of Tripoli - University Al Fateh, SUBMON - Marine Environmental Services [SPAIN], Universitat de València (UV), National Technical University of Athens [Athens] (NTUA), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Tethys Research Institute [ITALIE], Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari (UniCa), Nature Trust (Malta), University of Haifa [Haifa], University of Montenegro (UCG), Zavod za ribištvo Slovenije (ZZRS), University of Vigo [ Pontevedra], Marine & Environmental Research Lab Ltd (MER), Università Politecnica delle Marche [Ancona] (UNIVPM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FAO Fisheries Division (FAO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM), Mancusi C., Baino R., Fortuna C., De Sola L.G., Morey G., Bradai M.N., Kallianotis A., Soldo A., Hemida F., Saad A.A., Dimech M., Peristeraki P., Bariche M., Clo S., De Sabata E., Castellano L., Garibaldi F., Lanteri L., Tinti F., Pais A., Sperone E., Micarelli P., Poisson F., Sion L., Carlucci R., Cebrian-Menchero D., Seret B., Ferretti F., El-Far A., Saygu I., Shakman E.A., Bartoli A., Guallart J., Damalas D., Megalofonou P., Vacchi M., Colloca F., Bottaro M., Di Sciara G.N., Follesa M.C., Cannas R., Kabasakal H., Zava B., Cavlan G., Jung A., Abudaya M., Kolitari J., Barash A., Joksimovic A., Cetkovic I., Marceta B., Vilas L.G., Tiralongo F., Giovos I., Bargnesi F., Lelli S., Barone M., Moro S., Mazzoldi C., Charis C., Abella A.J., and Serena F.
Subjects: Bycatch, databases, geographical distribution, large elasinobranchs, Mediterranean and Black seas, sharks, 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, 2417.05 Biología Marina, 2510.01 Oceanografía Biológica, large elasmobranchs, cetorhinus-maximus gunnerus, Oceanography, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Basking shark, Pesquerías, Thresher shark, 1st records, biology, Database, conservation, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, carcharhinidae, Geography, Mediterranean and black sea, coast, basking shark, Large elasmobranch, carcharodon-carcharias linnaeus, Environmental Engineering, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Fishing, Sede Central IEO, Aquatic Science, plumbeus chondrichthyes, biology.animal, [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, by-catch, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, biology.organism_classification, lamniformes cetorhinidae, Great white shark, Butterfly ray, 040102 fisheries, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Conservation status, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, computer
Abstract: The Mediterranean Large Elasmobranchs Monitoring (MEDLEM) database contains more than 3,000 records (with more than 4,000 individuals) of large elasmobranch species from 21 different countries around the Mediterranean and Black seas, observed from 1666 to 2017. The principal species included in the archive are the devil ray (1,868 individuals), the basking shark (935 individuals), the blue shark (622 individuals), and the great white shark (342 individuals). In the last decades, other species such as the thresher shark (187 individuals), the shortfin mako (180 individuals), and the spiny butterfly ray (138) were reported with increasing frequency. This was possibly due to increased public awareness on the conservation status of sharks, and the consequent development of new monitoring programs. MEDLEM does not have homogeneous reporting coverage throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas and it should be considered as a database of observed species presence. Scientific monitoring efforts in the south-eastern Mediterranean and Black seas are generally lower than in the northern sectors and the absence of some species in our database does not imply their actual absence in these regions. However,the available data allowed us to analyse the frequency and spatial distribution of records, the size frequencies for a few selected species, the overall area coverage, and which species are involved as bycatch by different fishing gears., Sí
Published: 2020

11. Collaborative Database to Track Mass Mortality Events in the Mediterranean Sea

Author: Joaquim Garrabou, Daniel Gómez-Gras, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Cristina Linares, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Paula López-Sendino, Hocein Bazairi, Free Espinosa, Mohamed Ramdani, Samir Grimes, Mouloud Benabdi, Jamila Ben Souissi, Emna Soufi, Faten Khamassi, Raouia Ghanem, Oscar Ocaña, Alfonso Ramos-Esplà, Andres Izquierdo, Irene Anton, Esther Rubio-Portillo, Carmen Barbera, Emma Cebrian, Nuria Marbà, Iris E. Hendriks, Carlos M. Duarte, Salud Deudero, David Díaz, Maite Vázquez-Luis, Elvira Alvarez, Bernat Hereu, Diego K. Kersting, Andrea Gori, Núria Viladrich, Stephane Sartoretto, Ivane Pairaud, Sandrine Ruitton, Gérard Pergent, Christine Pergent-Martini, Elodie Rouanet, Nuria Teixidó, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Simonetta Fraschetti, Irene Rivetti, Ernesto Azzurro, Carlo Cerrano, Massimo Ponti, Eva Turicchia, Giorgio Bavestrello, Riccardo Cattaneo-Vietti, Marzia Bo, Marco Bertolino, Monica Montefalcone, Giovanni Chimienti, Daniele Grech, Gil Rilov, Inci Tuney Kizilkaya, Zafer Kizilkaya, Nur Eda Topçu, Vasilis Gerovasileiou, Maria Sini, Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Silvija Kipson, Jean G. Harmelin, Fondation Prince Albert II de Monaco, Foundation for Science and Technology, Ministerio de Educación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Biología Marina, Ecología Microbiana Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España, European Union (UE). H2020, Garrabou, Joaquim, Gómez-Gras, Daniel, Ledoux, Jean-Baptiste, Linares, Cristina, Bensoussan, Nathaniel, López-Sendino, Paula, Bazairi, Hocein, Espinosa, Free, Ramdani, Mohamed, Grimes, Samir, Benabdi, Mouloud, Souissi, Jamila Ben, Soufi, Emna, Khamassi, Faten, Ghanem, Raouia, Ocaña, Oscar, Ramos-Esplà, Alfonso, Izquierdo, Andre, Anton, Irene, Rubio-Portillo, Esther, Barbera, Carmen, Cebrian, Emma, Marbà, Nuria, Hendriks, Iris E., Duarte, Carlos M., Deudero, Salud, Díaz, David, Vázquez-Luis, Maite, Alvarez, Elvira, Hereu, Bernat, Kersting, Diego K., Gori, Andrea, Viladrich, Núria, Sartoretto, Stephane, Pairaud, Ivane, Ruitton, Sandrine, Pergent, Gérard, Pergent-Martini, Christine, Rouanet, Elodie, Teixidó, Nuria, Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Fraschetti, Simonetta, Rivetti, Irene, Azzurro, Ernesto, Cerrano, Carlo, Ponti, Massimo, Turicchia, Eva, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Cattaneo-Vietti, Riccardo, Bo, Marzia, Bertolino, Marco, Montefalcone, Monica, Chimienti, Giovanni, Grech, Daniele, Rilov, Gil, Tuney Kizilkaya, Inci, Kizilkaya, Zafer, Eda Topçu, Nur, Gerovasileiou, Vasili, Sini, Maria, Bakran-Petricioli, Tatjana, Kipson, Silvija, Harmelin, Jean G., Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Departament d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), IPSO FACTO [Marseille], Université Mohammed V de Rabat [Agdal], Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences de la Mer et de l'Aménagement du Littoral (ESSMAL), Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Universitat de Girona [Girona], Universitat de Girona (UdG), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Global Change Department (IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB)), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Department of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d´Estudis Avançats (IMEDEA), Centro Oceanografico de Baleares, IFREMER - Laboratoire Provence Azur Corse, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), GIS Posidonie, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento [Lecce], Italian National Institute of Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche [Ancona] (UNIVPM), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Universita degli studi di Genova, University of Haifa [Haifa], Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), Department of Marine Sciences [Aegean], University of the Aegean, Department of Biology [Zagreb], Faculty of Science [Zagreb], University of Zagreb-University of Zagreb, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Mohammed V de Rabat [Agdal] (UM5), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse (LERPAC), LITTORAL (LITTORAL), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Ege Üniversitesi, Garrabou, J., Gomez-Gras, D., Ledoux, J. -B., Linares, C., Bensoussan, N., Lopez-Sendino, P., Bazairi, H., Espinosa, F., Ramdani, M., Grimes, S., Benabdi, M., Souissi, J. B., Soufi, E., Khamassi, F., Ghanem, R., Ocana, O., Ramos-Espla, A., Izquierdo, A., Anton, I., Rubio-Portillo, E., Barbera, C., Cebrian, E., Marba, N., Hendriks, I. E., Duarte, C. M., Deudero, S., Diaz, D., Vazquez-Luis, M., Alvarez, E., Hereu, B., Kersting, D. K., Gori, A., Viladrich, N., Sartoretto, S., Pairaud, I., Ruitton, S., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., Rouanet, E., Teixido, N., Gattuso, J. -P., Fraschetti, S., Rivetti, I., Azzurro, E., Cerrano, C., Ponti, M., Turicchia, E., Bavestrello, G., Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Bo, M., Bertolino, M., Montefalcone, M., Chimienti, G., Grech, D., Rilov, G., Tuney Kizilkaya, I., Kizilkaya, Z., Eda Topcu, N., Gerovasileiou, V., Sini, M., Bakran-Petricioli, T., Kipson, S., and Harmelin, J. G.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mediterranean-type ecosystems, lcsh:QH1-199.5, climate change, ocean warming, marine heat wave impacts, marine disease, marine conservation and protection, marine disease, Ecosistemes, Oceanography, Microbiología, 01 natural sciences, Ecologia marina, Ocean warming, Canvi climàtic, Climate change, Zoología, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Water Science and Technology, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Mediterrània (Mar), Global warming, Biotic communities, Marine conservation and protection, Marine invertebrates -- Mortality -- Mediterranean Sea, climate change, Christian ministry, marine conservation and protection, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, European Regional Development Fund, Library science, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Algae -- Mortality -- Mediterranean Sea, Marine ecology, ocean warming, Ecosistemes mediterranis, Mediterranean Sea, media_common.cataloged_instance, marine heat wave impact, 14. Life underwater, European union, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Marine heat wave impacts, Escalfament global, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Algues -- Mortalitat -- Mediterrània, Mar, Climatic changes, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Marine disease, Climatic change, Mass mortality, marine heat wave impacts, Invertebrats marins -- Mortalitat -- Mediterrània, Mar, lcsh:Q, Canvis climàtics
Abstract: Bazairi, Hocein/0000-0002-1788-0580; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre/0000-0002-4533-4114; Gerovasileiou, Vasilis/0000-0002-9143-7480; Cerrano, Carlo/0000-0001-9580-5546; Turicchia, Eva/0000-0002-8952-9028; Topcu, Nur Eda/0000-0003-2734-2695; Ponti, Massimo/0000-0002-6521-1330; deudero, salud/0000-0001-5584-2801; Ledoux, Jean-Baptiste/0000-0001-8796-6163; Fraschetti, Simonetta/0000-0002-1780-1651; BERTOLINO, Marco/0000-0003-3233-303X; Duarte, Carlos M./0000-0002-1213-1361, WOS: 000499719400001, [No abstract available], postdoctoral contract Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion [IJCI-2016-29329]; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades [PTA2015-10829-I]; Interreg Med Programme [MPA-Adapt 1MED15_3.2_M2_337]; European Regional Development Fund - Foundation Prince Albert II Monaco; European UnionEuropean Union (EU) [689518, FPU15/05457]; Spanish Ministry of EducationSpanish Government [UID/Multi/04423/2013]; FCT - Foundation for Science and TechnologyPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)European Union (EU), MV-L was supported by a postdoctoral contract Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion (IJCI-2016-29329) of Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades. AI was supported by a Technical staff contract (PTA2015-10829-I) Ayudas Personal Tecnico de Apoyo of Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (2015). Interreg Med Programme (grant number Project MPA-Adapt 1MED15_3.2_M2_337) 85% cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund, the MIMOSA project funded by the Foundation Prince Albert II Monaco and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 689518 (MERCES). DG-G was supported by an FPU grant (FPU15/05457) from the Spanish Ministry of Education. J-BL was partially supported by the Strategic Funding UID/Multi/04423/2013 through national funds provided by FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), in the framework of the programme PT2020.
Published: 2019

12. Proceedings of the Royal Society B - Biological Sciences

Author: Tammy E. Davies, Catherine M. McClellan, Alan F. Rees, Meredith Whitten, Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara, Ben Donnelly, Mark Spalding, Fanny Douvere, Graeme C. Hays, Ward Appeltans, Sofie M. Van Parijs, Barbara A. Block, Susanne Åkesson, Amalia Alberini, Maria P. Dias, Daniel C. Dunn, Francesco Ferretti, Erick Ross Salazar, José Manuel Arcos, Peter J. Corkeron, Autumn-Lynn Harrison, Nuria Varo-Cruz, Michelle Modest, Patrick N. Halpin, Lisa T. Ballance, Guillermo Ortuño Crespo, Carolina Hazin, Jorge Brenner, Andrea Pauly, Melanie Virtue, Fernando Spina, Paolo Luschi, Lucy M. Hawkes, Yuriko Hashimoto, Connie Y. Kot, Vikki Gunn, Ei Fujioka, Angela Formia, Sarah Poulin, David Freestone, Sarah DeLand, Andre M. Boustany, Jesse Cleary, Laurie K. Wilson, Ari S. Friedlaender, Jorge Jimenez, Bryan P. Wallace, Daniel P. Costa, David H. Secor, Ana M. M. Sequeira, Heidrun Frisch-Nwakanma, Christopher R.S. Barrio Froján, David E. Johnson, Paulo Catry, Matt J. Rayner, Daniel Cejudo, Kristina M. Gjerde, José Pedro Granadeiro, Jacob González-Solís, Bill Woodward, Sara M. Maxwell, Corrie Curtice, Hannah Blondin, Brendan J. Godley, Henri Weimerskirch, Daniel M. Palacios, Michael Coyne, Eleanor Heywood, Alejandro Herrero Palacio, Lyle Glowka, Helen Bailey, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], Migratory Bird Center [DC, USA], Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Department of Biology, Center for Animal Movement Research [Sweden], Lund University [Lund], International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Oostende, SEO/BirdLife, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory (CBL), University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Monterrey Bay Aquarium[USA], The Nature Conservancy [Houston, USA], Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre [Portugal] (MARE), Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida (ISPA), Biology Department of the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria [Spain], University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria [Spain] (ULPGC), Protected Species Branch, NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center [USA], NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Santa Cruz, CA, USA], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, University of California, BirdLife International, UNESCO World Heritage Convention [France], Wildlife Conservation Society, Sargasso Sea Commission [USA], Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), University College of London [London] (UCL), Tethys Research Institute [ITALIE], Instituto Nacional de Saùde Dr Ricardo Jorge [Portugal] (INSA), Deptarment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), NOAA Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory [USA], and Duke University [Durham]-Duke University [Durham]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics, migratory species, Biodiversity, DIVERSITY, Distribution (economics), CONVENTION, 01 natural sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, TRACKING, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, General Environmental Science, Ocean policy, education.field_of_study, area-based management, Ecology, Geography, COASTAL, Environmental resource management, General Medicine, Biological Sciences, areas beyond national jurisdiction, Area-based management, Areas beyond national jurisdiction, Marine spatial planning, Migratory species, Environmental Policy, Protecció de la fauna, Fauna marina, Marine fauna, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, marine spatial planning, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Espècies invasores, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecology (disciplines), Oceans and Seas, Population, CONSERVATION, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Marine species, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Animal migration, 07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Animals, 14. Life underwater, education, Biology, Ecosystem, Evolutionary Biology, CONSEQUENCES, MOVEMENTS, General Immunology and Microbiology, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Invasive species, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Evidence Synthesis, 15. Life on land, 06 Biological Sciences, 13. Climate action, Wildlife conservation, PATTERNS, BIODIVERSITY, Animal Migration, business, MARINE
Abstract: International audience; The distributions of migratory species in the ocean span local, national and international jurisdictions. Across these ecologically interconnected regions, migratory marine species interact with anthropogenic stressors throughout their lives. Migratory connectivity, the geographical linking of individuals and populations throughout their migratory cycles, influences how spatial and temporal dynamics of stressors affect migratory animals and scale up to influence population abundance, distribution and species persistence. Population declines of many migratory marine species have led to calls for connectivity knowledge, especially insights from animal tracking studies, to be more systematically and synthetically incorporated into decision-making. Inclusion of migratory connectivity in the design of conservation and management measures is critical to ensure they are appropriate for the level of risk associated with various degrees of connectivity. Three mechanisms exist to incorporate migratory connectivity into international marine policy which guides conservation implementation: site-selection criteria, network design criteria and policy recommendations. Here, we review the concept of migratory connectivity and its use in international policy, and describe the Migratory Connectivity in the Ocean system, a migratory connectivity evidence-base for the ocean. We propose that without such collaboration focused on migratory connectivity, efforts to effectively conserve these critical species across jurisdictions will have limited effect.
Published: 2018

13. Does U=U for breastfeeding mothers and infants? Breastfeeding by mothers on effective treatment for HIV infection in high-income settings

Author: F Lyons, Karoline Aebi-Popp, Philippe Van de Perre, Mona Loutfy, Catriona Waitt, Nicola Low, University of Liverpool, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine [Bern] (ISPM), Universität Bern [Bern], Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Sexual transmission, Epidemiology, Anti-HIV Agents, Immunology, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Breastfeeding, HIV Infections, medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Virology, medicine, Effective treatment, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Milk, Human, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), Developed Countries, Infant, Viral Load, medicine.disease, 030112 virology, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Breast Feeding, Family medicine, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Drug Monitoring, business, Developed country, Viral load, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: Can the campaign phrase, undetectable=untransmissible (U=U), established for the sexual transmission of HIV, be applied to the transmission of HIV through breastfeeding? European AIDS Clinical Society and, to some extent American guidelines, now state that HIV-infected mothers who wish to breastfeed should be supported, with ‘increased clinical and virological monitoring’. This paper summarises existing evidence about transmission of HIV through breastfeeding, differences in HIV dynamics and viral load between breastmilk and plasma, and the effects of antiretrovirals on infants. At present, there is insufficient evidence for clear recommendations about the frequency of clinical and virological monitoring required for mother and infant in a breastfeeding relationship or about the action to be taken in the event of viral rebound. We propose a roadmap for collaborative research to provide the missing evidence required to enable mothers who wish to breastfeed to make a fully informed choice.
Published: 2018

14. Advancing marine conservation in European and contiguous seas with the MarCons Action

Author: Athanasios Evagelopoulos, Vanessa Stelzenmüller, Paolo G. Albano, Stelios Katsanevakis, Ruth Brennan, Draško Holcer, Peter J.S. Jones, Gidon Winters, José Antonio García-Charton, Sylvaine Giakoumi, Thomas Kirk Sørensen, Robert J. Smith, Ioannis N. Vogiatzakis, Fiorenza Micheli, Vesna Mačić, Giovanni D’Anna, Fabio Pranovi, Noam Levin, Marta Coll, Michelle E. Portman, David Goldsborough, Carlo Pipitone, Alan Deidun, E. J. Milner-Gulland, Simonetta Fraschetti, Joachim Claudet, Carlos Jiménez, Georg Martin, Antonios D. Mazaris, Dubravko Culibrk, Fabio Badalamenti, Bojan Lazar, Peter Mackelworth, Salit Kark, Gil Rilov, Department of Marine Sciences [Aegean], University of the Aegean, Blue World Institute of Marine Research and Conservation, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento [Lecce], University of Montenegro (UCG), ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (ARC CEED), The University of Western Australia (UWA)-Australian National University (ANU)-University of Queensland [Brisbane]-Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT University)-School of BioSciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne-Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Science, Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Department of Palaeontology, Universität Wien, Laboratorio di Ecologia (CNR-IAMC), CNRS-IAMC, Department of Mathematics (TECHNION), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology [Haifa], Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Faculty of Technical Sciences [Novi Sad], University of Novi Sad, CNR Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Department of Geosciences, University of Malta [Malta], Departamento Ecologia e Hidrologia, Universidad de Murcia, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Van Hall Larenstein, Aalen University of Applied Sciences, Croatian Natural History Museum, Department of Ecology, Systematics and Evolution. The Institute of Live Sciences, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Institute of Earth Sciences and Moshe Shilo Centre for Biogeochemistry, Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Departement of Life sciences, Imperial College London, Institute of Surveying, Remote Sensing & Land Information (IVFL), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Environmental Sciences Department, University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], CSIR National Institute of Oceanography [India] (NIO), Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent [Canterbury], Thünen-Institute of Sea Fisheries, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Dead Sea-Arava Science Center (DSASC), School of BioSciences [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne-Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT University)-University of Queensland [Brisbane]-Australian National University (ANU)-The University of Western Australia (UWA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université des Antilles (UA), Institute of marine biology, iThemba LABS [National Research Foundation], National Research Foundation [South Africa] (NRF), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), and European Cooperation in Science and Technology
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Marine conservation, marine biodiversity, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Maritime spatial planning, biological invasions, Biodiversity, QH75, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Integrated conservation planning, Marine resources conservation -- Law and legislation -- European Union countries, Biological invasions -- Europe, media_common.cataloged_instance, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Maritime law -- Europe, European union, Biological invasions, Marine biodiversity, lcsh:Science, marine governance, Spatial planning, Cumulative impacts, media_common, maritime spatial planning, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, business.industry, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, Marine biodiversity -- Europe, 13. Climate action, Sustainability, Marine governance, Marine protected area, lcsh:Q, Business, cumulative impacts, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Katsanevakis, Stelios ... et al.-- 16 pages, 2 figures, Cumulative human impacts have led to the degradation of marine ecosystems and the decline of biodiversity in the European and contiguous seas. Effective conservation measures are urgently needed to reverse these trends. Conservation must entail societal choices, underpinned by human values and worldviews that differ between the countries bordering these seas. Social, economic and political heterogeneity adds to the challenge of balancing conservation with sustainable use of the seas. Comprehensive macro-regional coordination is needed to ensure effective conservation of marine ecosystems and biodiversity of this region. Under the European Union Horizon 2020 framework programme, the MarCons COST action aims to promote collaborative research to support marine management, conservation planning and policy development. This will be achieved by developing novel methods and tools to close knowledge gaps and advance marine conservation science. This action will provide support for the development of macro-regional and national policies through six key actions: to develop tools to analyse cumulative human impacts; to identify critical scientific and technical gaps in conservation efforts; to improve the resilience of the marine environment to global change and biological invasions; to develop frameworks for integrated conservation planning across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments; to coordinate marine conservation policy across national boundaries; and to identify effective governance approaches for marine protected area management. Achieving the objectives of these actions will facilitate the integration of marine conservation policy into macro-regional maritime spatial planning agendas for the European and contiguous seas, thereby offsetting the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in this region, This article is based upon work from COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action 15121 ‘Advancing marine conservation in the European and contiguous seas (MarCons) - supported by the Horizon 2020 framework programme for research and innovation
Published: 2017

15. Disease ecology, health and the environment : a framework to account for ecological and socio-economic drivers in the control of neglected tropical diseases

Author: Jason R. Andrews, G. A. De Leo, Merlijn Jocque, Stephen P. Luby, Michele Barry, Erin A. Mordecai, James Holland Jones, Calistus N. Ngonghala, Krish Seetah, Jean-François Guégan, Andres Garchitorena, Susanne H. Sokolow, Gretchen C. Daily, Andrea J. Lund, A. D. LaBeaud, Matthew H. Bonds, Eran Bendavid, Benjamin Roche, Young, H.S. (ed.), Wood, C.L. (ed.), Marm Kilpatrick, A. (ed.), Lafferty, K.D. (ed.), Nunn, C.L. (ed.), Vincent, J.L. (ed.), Department of Global Health and Social Medicine [Boston, MA,USA], Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Health, Emergence, Adaptation and Transmission (MIVEGEC-HEAT), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer (MIVEGEC-CREEC), Unité de modélisation mathématique et informatique des systèmes complexes [Bondy] (UMMISCO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord])-Institut de la francophonie pour l'informatique-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Université Gaston Bergé (Saint-Louis, Sénégal)-Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)-Université de Yaoundé I-Sorbonne Université (SU), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and International programme Future Earth
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Conservation of Natural Resources, 030231 tropical medicine, Psychological intervention, planetary health, Disease, Biology, Environment, Global Health, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Scientific evidence, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Tropical Medicine, 11. Sustainability, Global health, Humans, Poverty, 2. Zero hunger, Sustainable development, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Ecology, environmentally transmitted diseases, 1. No poverty, Neglected Diseases, Articles, 15. Life on land, 3. Good health, sustainable disease control, 030104 developmental biology, coupled ecological-economic systems, 13. Climate action, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Neglected tropical diseases, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: Reducing the burden of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is one of the key strategic targets advanced by the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite the unprecedented effort deployed for NTD elimination in the past decade, their control, mainly through drug administration, remains particularly challenging: persistent poverty and repeated exposure to pathogens embedded in the environment limit the efficacy of strategies focused exclusively on human treatment or medical care. Here, we present a simple modelling framework to illustrate the relative role of ecological and socio-economic drivers of environmentally transmitted parasites and pathogens. Through the analysis of system dynamics, we show that periodic drug treatments that lead to the elimination of directly transmitted diseases may fail to do so in the case of human pathogens with an environmental reservoir. Control of environmentally transmitted diseases can be more effective when human treatment is complemented with interventions targeting the environmental reservoir of the pathogen. We present mechanisms through which the environment can influence the dynamics of poverty via disease feedbacks. For illustration, we present the case studies of Buruli ulcer and schistosomiasis, two devastating waterborne NTDs for which control is particularly challenging. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications’.
Published: 2017

16. Considering reefscape configuration and composition in biophysical models advance seascape genetics

Author: Van Wynsberge, Simon, Andréfouët, Serge, Gaertner-Mazouni, Nabila, Tiavouane, Josina, Grulois, Daphné, Lefèvre, Jérôme, Pinsky, Malin L., Fauvelot, Cécile, Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (UMR 241) (EIO), Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université des Antilles (UA), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
Subjects: Gene Flow, Life Cycles, Aquatic Organisms, Heredity, Coral-reef fish, Oceans and Seas, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, lcsh:Medicine, Marine Biology, Population connectivity, Oceanography, Models, Biological, Landscape genetics, Larvae, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Genetics, Animals, lcsh:Science, Ecosystem, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Demography, Evolutionary Biology, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Population Biology, Coral Reefs, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, lcsh:R, fungi, Clam tridacna-maxima, Biology and Life Sciences, Dispersal, New-Caledonia, Habitats, Bivalvia, Pacific, People and Places, Earth Sciences, Reefs, Giant clam, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Population Genetics, Research Article, Developmental Biology, Self-recruitment, Larval connectivity
Abstract: International audience; Previous seascape genetics studies have emphasized the role of ocean currents and geographic distances to explain the genetic structure of marine species, but the role of benthic habitat has been more rarely considered. Here, we compared the population genetic structure observed in West Pacific giant clam populations against model simulations that accounted habitat composition and configuration, geographical distance, and oceanic currents. Dispersal determined by geographical distance provided a modelled genetic structure in better agreement with the observations than dispersal by oceanic currents, possibly due to insufficient spatial resolution of available oceanographic and coastal circulation models. Considering both habitat composition and configuration significantly improved the match between simulated and observed genetic structures. This study emphasizes the importance of a reefscape genetics approach to population ecology, evolution and conservation in the sea.
Published: 2017

17. Space invaders; biological invasions in marine conservation planning

Author: Joachim Claudet, Carlo Cerrano, Drosos Koutsoubas, Serena Felline, Tessa Mazor, Antonio Terlizzi, Fiorenza Micheli, Simonetta Fraschetti, Roberto Danovaro, Sylvaine Giakoumi, Bastien Mérigot, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Stelios Katsanevakis, François Guilhaumon, Marta Coll, Salit Kark, Faculté de Sciences, EA 4228 ECOMERS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (ARC CEED), School of BioSciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne-Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne-Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT University)-University of Queensland [Brisbane]-Australian National University (ANU)-The University of Western Australia (UWA), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento [Lecce], Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche [Ancona] (UNIVPM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), LMI ICEMASA, University of Cape Town, National Marine Park of Zakynthos, Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (Universidade do Porto) (CIMAR/CIIMAR ), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Department of Marine Sciences [Aegean], University of the Aegean, Giakoumi, Sylvaine, Guilhaumon, Françoi, Kark, Salit, Terlizzi, Antonio, Claudet, Joachim, Felline, Serena, Cerrano, Carlo, Coll, Marta, Danovaro, Roberto, Fraschetti, Simonetta, Koutsoubas, Droso, Ledoux Jean, Batiste, Mazor, Tessa, Mérigot, Bastien, Micheli, Fiorenza, Katsanevakis, Stelios, University of Queensland, Australian Research Council, European Commission, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), The Pew Charitable Trusts, and Ledoux, Jean Batiste
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, alien specie, marine protected area, biological invasions, Biodiversity, Introduced species, biological invasion, alien species, marine biogeographic regions, Mediterranean, 01 natural sciences, invasion ecology, Critical habitat, Marxan, Marine protected areas, marine biogeographic region, management actions, Ecology, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Marine reserve, conservation planning, impacts, marine protected areas, Mediterranean Sea, Habitat, Impacts, Marine biogeographic regions, impact, invasional meltdown, Marine conservation, Management actions, Biotic interactions, Alien species, Biology, functional ecology, 010603 evolutionary biology, alien species, biological invasions, conservation planning, impacts, management actions, marine biogeographic regions, marine protected areas, Mediterranean Sea, 14. Life underwater, Biological invasions, Conservation planning, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, fish, biotic resistance, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 15. Life on land, ecological traits, management action, 13. Climate action, Marine protected area, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, community ecology
Abstract: Giakoumi, Sylvaine ... et al.-- 12 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, supporting information https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12491.-- Data accessibility: Critical habitats GIS layers (distribution of seagrass meadows Posidonia oceanica and coralligenous formations) used in this article are available on MedOBIS database: http://lifewww-00.her.hcmr.gr:8080/medobis/resource.do?r=posidonia, http://life www-00.her.hcmr.gr:8080/medobis/resource.do?r=coralligenous. Endemic fish GIS layers are available on Ecological Archives: http://www.esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E096/203/#data, Aim: Biological invasions are major contributors to global change and native biodiversity decline. However, they are overlooked in marine conservation plans. Here, we examine for the first time the extent to which marine conservation planning research has addressed (or ignored) biological invasions. Furthermore, we explore the change of spatial priorities in conservation plans when different approaches are used to incorporate the presence and impacts of invasive species. Location: Global analysis with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea region. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review consisting of three steps: (1) article selection using a search engine, (2) abstract screening and (3) review of pertinent articles, which were identified in the second step. The information extracted included the scale and geographical location of each case study as well as the approach followed regarding invasive species. We also applied the software Marxan to produce and compare conservation plans for the Mediterranean Sea that either protect, or avoid areas impacted by invasives, or ignore the issue. One case study focused on the protection of critical habitats, and the other on endemic fish species. Results: We found that of 119 papers on marine spatial plans in specific biogeographic regions, only three (2.5%) explicitly took into account invasive species. When comparing the different conservation plans for each case study, we found that the majority of selected sites for protection (ca. 80%) changed in the critical habitat case study, while this proportion was lower but substantial (27%) in the endemic fish species case study. Main conclusions: Biological invasions are being widely disregarded when planning for conservation in the marine environment across local to global scales. More explicit consideration of biological invasions can significantly alter spatial conservation priorities. Future conservation plans should explicitly account for biological invasions to optimize the selection of marine protected areas, G. was supported by ARC CEED (University of Queensland) funding and the ANR project PAVIS; S. Kark by the Australian Research Council; J.C. by ERa-Net BiodivERsA (BUFFER project); R.D. by the programme DEVOTES (7FP); S.F. by the EU Project COCONET (7FP, Grant Agreement No. 287844); M.C. by a Marie Curie Career Integration Grant Fellowship (PCIG10-GA-2011-303534); and J.B.L by a post-doctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/74400/2010) from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. F.M. acknowledges the support of the Pew Charitable Trust
Published: 2016

18. Uptake of Home-Based HIV Testing, Linkage to Care, and Community Attitudes about ART in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Descriptive Results from the First Phase of the ANRS 12249 TasP Cluster-Randomised Trial

Author: Edet B, Bonilla-Escobar Fj, Creanga Aa, François Dabis, Claire Rekacewicz, Uduak Okomo, Collins Iwuji, Tiggelaar Sm, Charlton Bm, Anthony Nardone, Adelufosi A, Aquaisua E, Marie-Louise Newell, Esu E, Joanna Orne-Gliemann, Kuhlmann Aks, Ejemot-Nwadiaro R, Ellie J Ricketts, Frank Tanser, Zhao H, Jones Lf, Joseph Larmarange, Cam McNulty, Rodolphe Thiébaut, Town K, Wu E, Rugman C, Ogugbue M, Msiska Tw, Gullo S, Jiang T, Thomas Hartney, Kate Folkard, Bello S, M Chibuzor, Nonhlanhla Okesola, Ortega-Loubon C, Galavotti C, Donna M. Lecky, Borus J, Wu R, Ortega-Lenis D, Xu F, Rojas-Mirquez Jc, Iwara Arikpo, Martin M Meremikwu, Dachi Arikpo, Okoye I, Vargas G, DARMIGNY, Sandrine, Research Department of Infection and Population Health [London], University College of London [London] (UCL), Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal [Durban, Afrique du Sud] (UKZN)-Medical Research Council of South Africa, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre population et développement (CEPED - UMR_D 196), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of KwaZulu-Natal [Durban, Afrique du Sud] (UKZN), Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS), Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN)-Medical Research Council of South Africa, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Epidémiologie et Biostatistique [Bordeaux], Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales, ANRS France Recherche Nord & sud Sida-hiv hépatites, Global Health Research Institute, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), University of KwaZulu-Natal ( UKZN ) -Medical Research Council of South Africa, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement ( ISPED ), Centre population et développement ( CEPED - UMR_D 196 ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), ANRS, University of Southampton [Southampton], HOPKINS MARINE STATION, Stanford University [Stanford], 12249, The French National Agency for Aids and Viral Hepatitis Research (ANRS), 81151938, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, Merck, Gilead Sciences, and 097410/Z/11/Z, Wellcome Trust
Subjects: RNA viruses, Questionnaires, Male, Rural Population, 0301 basic medicine, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Medicine, HIV Infections, Human sexuality, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Public opinion, Geographical locations, South Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunodeficiency Viruses, Health care, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, education.field_of_study, AIDS Serodiagnosis, virus diseases, HIV diagnosis and management, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Medicine, Continuity of Patient Care, Middle Aged, Vaccination and Immunization, 3. Good health, Abortion law, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Sexual Partners, Medical Microbiology, Research Design, HIV epidemiology, Viral Pathogens, Viruses, Cluster Trials, Female, Health education, Pathogens, Attitude to Health, Research Article, Adult, Drug Research and Development, Anti-HIV Agents, media_common.quotation_subject, Immunology, HIV prevention, Population, Antiretroviral Therapy, Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Antiviral Therapy, Nursing, Retroviruses, Humans, Clinical Trials, education, Microbial Pathogens, Conscience, Pharmacology, Survey Research, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], business.industry, Lentivirus, lcsh:R, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, HIV, 030112 virology, Mental health, Diagnostic medicine, Self Care, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Law, Africa, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Preventive Medicine, Clinical Medicine, People and places, business
Abstract: Background The 2015 WHO recommendation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all immediately following HIV diagnosis is partially based on the anticipated impact on HIV incidence in the surrounding population. We investigated this approach in a cluster-randomised trial in a high HIV prevalence setting in rural KwaZulu-Natal. We present findings from the first phase of the trial and report on uptake of home-based HIV testing, linkage to care, uptake of ART, and community attitudes about ART. Methods and Findings Between 9 March 2012 and 22 May 2014, five clusters in the intervention arm (immediate ART offered to all HIV-positive adults) and five clusters in the control arm (ART offered according to national guidelines, i.e., CD4 count ≤ 350 cells/μl) contributed to the first phase of the trial. Households were visited every 6 mo. Following informed consent and administration of a study questionnaire, each resident adult (≥16 y) was asked for a finger-prick blood sample, which was used to estimate HIV prevalence, and offered a rapid HIV test using a serial HIV testing algorithm. All HIV-positive adults were referred to the trial clinic in their cluster. Those not linked to care 3 mo after identification were contacted by a linkage-to-care team. Study procedures were not blinded. In all, 12,894 adults were registered as eligible for participation (5,790 in intervention arm; 7,104 in control arm), of whom 9,927 (77.0%) were contacted at least once during household visits. HIV status was ever ascertained for a total of 8,233/9,927 (82.9%), including 2,569 ascertained as HIV-positive (942 tested HIV-positive and 1,627 reported a known HIV-positive status). Of the 1,177 HIV-positive individuals not previously in care and followed for at least 6 mo in the trial, 559 (47.5%) visited their cluster trial clinic within 6 mo. In the intervention arm, 89% (194/218) initiated ART within 3 mo of their first clinic visit. In the control arm, 42.3% (83/196) had a CD4 count ≤ 350 cells/μl at first visit, of whom 92.8% initiated ART within 3 mo. Regarding attitudes about ART, 93% (8,802/9,460) of participants agreed with the statement that they would want to start ART as soon as possible if HIV-positive. Estimated baseline HIV prevalence was 30.5% (2,028/6,656) (95% CI 25.0%, 37.0%). HIV prevalence, uptake of home-based HIV testing, linkage to care within 6 mo, and initiation of ART within 3 mo in those with CD4 count ≤ 350 cells/μl did not differ significantly between the intervention and control clusters. Selection bias related to noncontact could not be entirely excluded. Conclusions Home-based HIV testing was well received in this rural population, although men were less easily contactable at home; immediate ART was acceptable, with good viral suppression and retention. However, only about half of HIV-positive people accessed care within 6 mo of being identified, with nearly two-thirds accessing care by 12 mo. The observed delay in linkage to care would limit the individual and public health ART benefits of universal testing and treatment in this population. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01509508, Collins Iwuji and colleagues report implementation indicators and early health outcomes from the first phase of a cluster-randomized trial of immediate antiretroviral therapy to all HIV-positive individuals in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa., Author Summary Why Was This Study Done? A study in stable sexual partners in which one partner was HIV-positive and the other partner was HIV-negative (and both partners had disclosed to each other) showed that if the HIV-positive partner was on antiretroviral therapy, there was a 96% reduction in HIV transmission from the HIV-positive partner to the HIV-negative partner. However, we do not know if antiretroviral therapy prescribed to HIV-positive individuals in the general population—and where individuals might not disclose their HIV status to sexual partners—would have a similar impact on HIV transmission. It is important to determine whether prescribing antiretroviral therapy to all HIV-positive individuals is more effective at decreasing HIV transmission than starting individuals on antiretroviral therapy only once their HIV has progressed to the point at which local HIV treatment guidelines currently recommend that HIV-positive individuals start treatment. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? We designed an experiment to investigate whether antiretroviral therapy can reduce new HIV infections in the general population, and piloted the trial in ten communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to check whether starting HIV-positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy directly after diagnosis is feasible and acceptable. We visited people in their homes, offered HIV rapid tests every six months to all individuals 16 years and older, and referred identified HIV-positive individuals to trial clinics, where they were offered antiretroviral therapy either regardless of their CD4 count (intervention group) or when they were treatment-eligible per current national guidelines (control group). During the two-year study, we contacted 9,927 (77%) of 12,894 eligible individuals and ascertained the HIV status of 80% of contacted women and 75% of contacted men. HIV-positive status was ascertained for 1,339 adults who were not previously in care; 1,177 were followed in the trial at least 6 mo after referral, of whom 559 (47.5%) engaged with care within this period. What Do These Findings Mean? Our findings show good acceptance of home-based HIV testing in rural South Africa but highlight the challenges in reaching adequate numbers of people to offer HIV tests to, especially among men. We also found that linkage to care was slower than expected, but amongst those who reached the clinics, uptake of antiretroviral therapy was high, with the majority of individuals achieving good control of the virus. Our study informs health care professionals, planners, and policy makers about the challenges that need to be addressed to achieve the UNAIDS target of 90% of people living with HIV aware of their HIV diagnosis, 90% on antiretroviral therapy, and 90% achieving good control of the virus, with testing and treatment offered to all.
Published: 2016

19. Spatiotemporal habitat use by breeding sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus

Author: Paul M. Sagar, Henri Weimerskirch, Daniel P. Costa, Graeme A. Taylor, Henrik Moller, David Pinaud, David G. Foley, Yann Tremblay, David R. Thompson, Darren Scott, Scott A. Shaffer, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Zoology, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Christchurch] (NIWA), Department of Conservation, UMR 212 EME 'écosystèmes marins exploités' (EME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], and Stanford University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Polar front, Ecology, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Puffinus, media_common.quotation_subject, Foraging, Aquatic Science, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), Sea surface temperature, Oceanography, Geography, Diving (activity), Habitat, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 14. Life underwater, Sooty shearwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common
Abstract: Breeding sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus cycle between long (11 to 14 d) and short (1 to 2 d) foraging bouts at sea, but no information exists on bird behavior during these trips. We tested the hypothesis that shearwaters use these long trips to travel to distant Antarctic waters com- pared to remaining in local waters. Patterns of habitat use of 28 breeding sooty shearwaters were studied using 6 g archival data loggers that recorded location, environmental temperature, and div- ing behavior. Dive activity was compared to remotely-sensed environmental data to characterize the habitats visited by shearwaters on long and short trips. Sooty shearwaters traveled predominantly (70% of all long trips) to cold oceanic waters along the Polar Front (mean ± SD, 1970 ± 930 km from colony) on long trips or remained within warmer neritic waters of the New Zealand shelf (515 ± 248 km from colony) on short trips. Diving depths (mean depth 15.9 ± 10.8 m, max depth 69.9 m, n = 2007 dives) were not significantly different between excursion types. Activity patterns suggest that shearwaters commuted between distant foraging grounds (e.g. Polar Front) and the breeding colony and that more than 95% of diving activity occurred during daylight hours. Although shearwaters traveled primarily to Antarctic waters on long trips, occasional trips around New Zealand waters were observed; all but 2 birds were from the northern-most study colony. Oceanic habitats in Antarc- tic waters were substantially different from neritic habitats around New Zealand, indicating that shearwaters experience dramatically different environmental conditions associated with each excur- sion type. The ability of sooty shearwaters to use 2 vastly different habitats provides greater flexibil- ity for maximizing resource acquisition during breeding and reduces competition near the colony. Contribution to the Theme Section 'Spatiotemporal dynamics of seabirds in the marine environment' OPENEN
Published: 2009

20. A conserved role of the VEGF pathway in angiogenesis of an ectodermally-derived vasculature

Author: Anthony W. De Tomaso, Ayelet Voskoboynik, Stefano Tiozzo, Federico D. Brown, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Biorobotics Lab (University of Washington), and University of Washington [Seattle]
Subjects: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Ascidians, Pyridines, Angiogenesis, Neovascularization, 0302 clinical medicine, RNA, Small Interfering, Conserved Sequence, In Situ Hybridization, Phylogeny, 0303 health sciences, biology, Cell biology, Vascular endothelial growth factor A, medicine.anatomical_structure, Vascular system, Basal lamina, medicine.symptom, Tubular branching, Vascular Surgical Procedures, DNA, Complementary, Endothelium, Molecular Sequence Data, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Botryllus schlosseri, Germ layer, Article, VEGFR, 03 medical and health sciences, Ectoderm, medicine, Animals, Regeneration, Amino Acid Sequence, RNA, Messenger, Urochordata, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Base Sequence, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Regeneration (biology), [SDV.BDD.MOR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology/Morphogenesis, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Blood Vessels, Phthalazines, Endothelium, Vascular, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Developmental Biology
Abstract: International audience; Angiogenesis, the growth and remodeling of a vascular network, is an essential process during development, growth and disease. Here we studied the role of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) in experimentally-induced angiogenesis in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). The circulatory system of B. schlosseri is composed of two distinct, but interconnected regions: a plot of sinuses and lacunae which line the body, and a transparent, macroscopic extracorporeal vascular network. The vessels of the extracorporeal vasculature are morphologically inverted in comparison to the vasculature in vertebrates: they consist of a single layer of ectodermally-derived cells with the basal lamina lining the lumen of the vessel. We found that when the peripheral circulatory system of a colony is surgically removed, it can completely regenerate within 24 to 48 h and this regeneration is dependent on proper function of the VEGF pathway: siRNA-mediated knockdown of the VEGFR blocked vascular regeneration, and interfered with vascular homeostasis. In addition, a small molecule, the VEGFR kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584, phenocopied the siRNA knockdown in a reversible manner. Despite the disparate germ layer origins and morphology of the vasculature, the developmental program of branching morphogenesis during angiogenesis is controlled by similar molecular mechanisms, suggesting that the function of the VEGF pathway may be co-opted during the regeneration of an ectoderm-derived tubular structure.
Published: 2008
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21. Guidelines for the Nomenclature of Genetic Elements in Tunicate Genomes

Author: Stolfi, Alberto, Sasakura, Yasunori, Chalopin, Domitille, Satou, Yutaka, Christiaen, Lionel, Dantec, Christelle, Endo, Toshinori, Naville, Magali, Nishida, Hiroki, Swalla, Billie J., Volff, Jean-Nicolas, Voskoboynik, Ayelet, Dauga, Delphine, Lemaire, Patrick, Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kyoto University [Kyoto], Department of Molecular & Cell Biology [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Centre de recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (CRBM), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Osaka University [Osaka], Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington [Seattle], HOPKINS MARINE STATION, Stanford University [Stanford], Bioself Communication [Marseille], Université de Tsukuba = University of Tsukuba, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Kyoto University, University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Centre de recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biology NSF-1161835 National Bioresource Project (Japan) NIGMS/NIH R01GM096032 NHLBI/NIH R01HL108643 R01GM100315 1R01AG037968 PIME from CNRS National Science Foundation DBI-0939454, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: EXPRESSION, Transcription, Genetic, genome annotation, DATABASE, tunicates, Guidelines as Topic, SEQUENCE, Article, cis-regulatory sequences, Terminology as Topic, LHX3, Genes, Overlapping, Animals, Urochordata, PLASTICITY, gene, Phylogeny, Genome, Chromosome Mapping, Genomics, transposable element, CHORDATE, ASCIDIAN CIONA-INTESTINALIS, Antisense Elements (Genetics), Genetic Loci, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, SYSTEM
Abstract: International audience; Tunicates are invertebrate members of the chordate phylum, and are considered to be the sister group of vertebrates. Tunicates are composed of ascidians, thaliaceans, and appendicularians. With the advent of inexpensive high-throughput sequencing, the number of sequenced tunicate genomes is expected to rise sharply within the coming years. To facilitate comparative genomics within the tunicates, and between tunicates and vertebrates, standardized rules for the nomenclature of tunicate genetic elements need to be established. Here we propose a set of nomenclature rules, consensual within the community, for predicted genes, pseudogenes, transcripts, operons, transcriptional cis-regulatory regions, transposable elements, and transgenic constructs. In addition, the document proposes guidelines for naming transgenic and mutant lines. genesis 53:65-78, 2015. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Published: 2015

22. The Role of Marine Protected Areas in Providing Ecosystem Services

Author: Nicolas Pascal, Fiorenza Micheli, Joachim Claudet, Pierre Leenhardt, Natalie H. N. Low, Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Andrea Belgrano, Guy Woodward, and Ute Jacob
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Marine conservation, Resource (biology), Marine uses, Functional diversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Marine ecosystem, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Environmental planning, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Natural resource, 13. Climate action, Marine protected areas (MPAs), Sustainability, Ecosystem functioning, Environmental science, Human well-being, Marine protected area, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Functional traits
Abstract: International audience; Marines Protected Areas (MPAs) are commonly used around the world as management tools to promote the sustainable use of marine resources. It is assumed that MPAs secure human livelihoods and well-being by protecting marine ecosystems and ecosystem services. However, the links between ecological effects of MPAs and services have rarely been explored. Here we review the different impacts of MPAs on ecosystem functioning and service provision. Results highlight that empirical evidence for positive effects of MPAs on ecosystem service provision by coastal marine ecosystems is accumulating. Finally, we identified knowledge gaps on which future research efforts could focus and empower marine resource managers to make more informed decisions and maximize the value derived from their natural resource base.
Published: 2015

23. Towards a framework for assessment and management of cumulative human impacts on marine food webs

Author: Pierre Lejeune, Paolo Guidetti, Loïc Michel, Gérard Pergent, Monica Montefalcone, Sylvie Gobert, Salvatrice Vizzini, Maria-Christina Gambi, Charles-François Boudouresque, Marta Coll, Pablo Sanchez-Jerez, Hugh P. Possingham, Christine Pergent-Martini, Arnaud Abadie, Maria Sini, Sylvaine Giakoumi, Fiorenza Micheli, Branko Velimirov, Stelios Katsanevakis, Benjamin S. Halpern, Laboratoire d'Océanologie - Centre MARE, Université de Liège, Department of Marine Sciences [Aegean], University of the Aegean, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Fédération de recherche Environnement et Société (FRES 3041), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes Côtiers Marins et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, The Ecology Centre, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Universita degli studi di Genova, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Biología Marina, Giakoumi, S, Halpern, BS, Michel, LN, Gobert, S, Sini, M, Boudouresque, CF, Gambi, MC, Katsanevakis, S, Lejeune, P, Montefalcone, M, Pergent, G, Pergent-Martini, C, Sanchez-Jerez, P, Velimirov, B, Vizzini, S, Abadie, A, Coll, M, Guidetti, P, Micheli, F, and Possingham, HP
Subjects: seagrass, Biodiversity & Conservation, vulnerability, 05 Environmental Sciences, Vulnerability, THREATS, Expert knowledge elicitation, Food chain, ecosystem-based management, conservation actions, ecosystem-based management, expert knowledge elicitation, multiple threats, seagrass, vulnerability, ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT, Water Pollution, Chemical, Zoología, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Trophic level, elicitation, Alismatales, Acciones de conservación, biology, Ecology, multiple threats, Seagra, Environmental resource management, conservation actions, obtencion de conocimiento de expertos, Ecosystem-based management, Food web, acciones de conservación, Seagrass, obtención de conocimiento de expertos, Biodiversity Conservation, Conservation action, Alismatidae, Know-how, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, acciones de conservacion, Amenazas múltiples, Multiple threat, Settore BIO/07 - Ecologia, Conservation of Natural Resources, Food Chain, Fisheries, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Manejo con base en los ecosistemas, amenazas múltiples, Pastos marinos, expert knowledge, OCEAN, expert knowledge elicitation, Mediterranean Sea, Humans, Ecosystem, Obtención de conocimiento de expertos, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Science & Technology, business.industry, manejo con base en los ecosistemas, vulnerabilidad, pastos marinos, 15. Life on land, 06 Biological Sciences, biology.organism_classification, 13. Climate action, amenazas multiples, 07 Agricultural And Veterinary Sciences, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Vulnerabilidad, Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Effective ecosystem-based management requires understanding ecosystem responses to multiple human threats, rather than focusing on single threats. To understand ecosystem responses to anthropogenic threats holistically, it is necessary to know how threats affect different components within ecosystems and ultimately alter ecosystem functioning. We used a case study of a Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) food web and expert knowledge elicitation in an application of the initial steps of a framework for assessment of cumulative human impacts on food webs. We produced a conceptual seagrass food web model, determined the main trophic relationships, identified the main threats to the food web components, and assessed the components’ vulnerability to those threats. Some threats had high (e.g., coastal infrastructure) or low impacts (e.g., agricultural runoff) on all food web components, whereas others (e.g., introduced carnivores) had very different impacts on each component. Partitioning the ecosystem into its components enabled us to identify threats previously overlooked and to reevaluate the importance of threats commonly perceived as major. By incorporating this understanding of system vulnerability with data on changes in the state of each threat (e.g., decreasing domestic pollution and increasing fishing) into a food web model, managers may be better able to estimate and predict cumulative human impacts on ecosystems and to prioritize conservation actions. El manejo efectivo con base en los ecosistemas requiere entender la respuesta de los ecosistemas a múltiples amenazas humanas en lugar de enfocarse en amenazas individuales. Para entender holísticamente la respuesta de los ecosistemas a las múltiples amenazas antropogénicas es necesario saber cómo estas amenazas afectan a los diferentes componentes dentro de los ecosistemas y cómo alteran finalmente el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas. Usamos el estudio de caso de la red alimenticia del pasto marino del Mediterráneo (Posidonia oceanica) y la obtención de conocimiento de expertos en una aplicación de los pasos iniciales de un método para la evaluación de los impactos humanos acumulativos sobre las redes alimenticias. Produjimos un modelo de red alimenticia de pastos marinos, determinamos las principales relaciones tróficas, identificamos a las principales amenazas para los componentes de la red y evaluamos la vulnerabilidad de los componentes a esas amenazas. Algunas amenazas tuvieron impactos altos (p. ej.: infraestructura costera) o bajos (p. ej.: escorrentía agrícola) sobre todos los componentes de la red, mientras que otros (p. ej.: carnívoros introducidos) tuvieron impactos muy diferentes sobre cada componente. Partir al ecosistema en sus componentes nos permitió identificar amenazas no vistas previamente y reevaluar la importancia de las amenazas percibidas comúnmente como mayores. Al incorporar este entendimiento de la vulnerabilidad del sistema con datos sobre los cambios en el estado de cada amenaza (p. ej.: disminución de la contaminación doméstica e incremento de la pesca) al modelo de red alimenticia, los manejadores pueden ser capaces de estimar y predecir de mejor manera los impactos humanos acumulativos sobre los ecosistemas y priorizar las acciones de conservación. This work is a contribution of the project “NETMED” co-financed by the Greek State and the European Social Fund. Workshop funding was provided by ARC CEED-University of Queensland, the University of Liège, and STARESO. M.C. was supported by EC Marie Curie CIG grant to BIOWEB. This paper contributes to MARE publications (no. 282).
Published: 2014

24. Ontology for the Asexual Development and Anatomy of the Colonial Chordate Botryllus schlosseri

Author: Delphine Dauga, Fabio Gasparini, Ayelet Voskoboynik, Stefano Tiozzo, Lucia Manni, Kohji Hotta, Katherine J. Ishizuka, Lorenzo Ricci, Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche sur mer (LBDV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bioself Communication [Marseille], and Universita degli Studi di Padova
Subjects: Computer and Information Sciences, Zoology, lcsh:Medicine, Chordate, Botryllus schlosseri, Biology, Ontology (information science), Research and Analysis Methods, Open Biomedical Ontologies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Model Organisms, Notochord, Databases, Genetic, medicine, Morphogenesis, Animals, Urochordata, Comparative Anatomy, lcsh:Science, 030304 developmental biology, Data Management, Body Patterning, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, lcsh:R, Biology and Life Sciences, Biological Ontologies, Anatomy, Animal Models, Comparative anatomy, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Body plan, medicine.anatomical_structure, [SDV.BDD.EO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology/Embryology and Organogenesis, lcsh:Q, Ontology and Logic, Organism Development, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Software, Research Article, Developmental Biology
Abstract: International audience; Ontologies provide an important resource to integrate information. For developmental biology and comparative anatomy studies, ontologies of a species are used to formalize and annotate data that are related to anatomical structures, their lineage and timing of development. Here, we have constructed the first ontology for anatomy and asexual development (blastogenesis) of a bilaterian, the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri. Tunicates, like Botryllus schlosseri, are non-vertebrates and the only chordate taxon species that reproduce both sexually and asexually. Their tadpole larval stage possesses structures characteristic of all chordates, i.e. a notochord, a dorsal neural tube, and gill slits. Larvae settle and metamorphose into individuals that are either solitary or colonial. The latter reproduce both sexually and asexually and these two reproductive modes lead to essentially the same adult body plan. The Botryllus schlosseri Ontology of Development and Anatomy (BODA) will facilitate the comparison between both types of development. BODA uses the rules defined by the Open Biomedical Ontologies Foundry. It is based on studies that investigate the anatomy, blastogenesis and regeneration of this organism. BODA features allow the users to easily search and identify anatomical structures in the colony, to define the developmental stage, and to follow the morphogenetic events of a tissue and/or organ of interest throughout asexual development. We invite the scientific community to use this resource as a reference for the anatomy and developmental ontology of B. schlosseri and encourage recommendations for updates and improvements.
Published: 2014

25. Movement patterns for a critically endangered species, the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), linked to foraging success and population status

Author: Barbara A. Block, Sabrina Fossette, James R. Spotila, Graeme C. Hays, Helen Bailey, Alan M. Swithenbank, Philippe Gaspar, George L. Shillinger, Frank V. Paladino, Jean-Yves Georges, Steven J. Bograd, K. H Patrik Strömberg, Chesapeake biological laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Environmental Research Division [Pacific Grove], Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Department of Biology, Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System-Indiana University System, Drexel University, and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Population Dynamics, lcsh:Medicine, Population Modeling, 01 natural sciences, Predation, law.invention, Marine Conservation, Critically endangered, Behavioral Ecology, law, Food Web Structure, Geoinformatics, Environmental Geography, Turtle (robot), lcsh:Science, Conservation Science, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, biology, Behavior, Animal, Ecology, Geography, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Marine Ecology, Turtles, Trophic Interactions, Community Ecology, Biogeography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Research Article, Gelatinous zooplankton, Movement, Foraging, Population, Marine Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Zooplankton, Animals, 14. Life underwater, education, Biology, Population Biology, Herpetology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:R, Pelagic zone, biology.organism_classification, Computer Science, Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q, Population Ecology, Zoology, Environmental Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Foraging success for pelagic vertebrates may be revealed by horizontal and vertical movement patterns. We show markedly different patterns for leatherback turtles in the North Atlantic versus Eastern Pacific, which feed on gelatinous zooplankton that are only occasionally found in high densities. In the Atlantic, travel speed was characterized by two modes, indicative of high foraging success at low speeds (,15 km d21) and transit at high speeds (20-45 km d21). Only a single mode was evident in the Pacific, which occurred at speeds of 21 km d21 indicative of transit. The mean dive depth was more variable in relation to latitude but closer to the mean annual depth of the thermocline and nutricline for North Atlantic than Eastern Pacific turtles. The most parsimonious explanation for these findings is that Eastern Pacific turtles rarely achieve high foraging success. This is the first support for foraging behaviour differences between populations of this critically endangered species and suggests that longer periods searching for prey may be hindering population recovery in the Pacific while aiding population maintenance in the Atlantic.
Published: 2011

26. Regeneration and Stem Cells in Ascidians

Author: Anthony W. De Tomaso, Federico D. Brown, Stefano Tiozzo, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], University of Washington [Seattle], and Friday Harbor Laboratories
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, fungi, Zoology, Chordate, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Regenerative medicine, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Body plan, medicine.anatomical_structure, Notochord, medicine, Lernaean Hydra, 14. Life underwater, Metamorphosis, Stem cell, Developmental biology, [SDV.BDD]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology, media_common
Abstract: Understanding and utilizing the ability of stem cells to expand and differentiate into tissues and organs is a major goal of biomedical science. Ascidians are basal chordates (Tunicata) which offer unique opportunities to investigate the biology of stem cells. These marine organisms begin their life as a larva with a typical chordate body plan, including a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve tube and a striated musculature. After a swimming phase, the larvae settles and undergoes an extensive metamorphosis during which most of the chordate characteristics are resorbed, leaving a filter feeding sessile invertebrate adult. Due to its small size (in many species a larva consists of ca. 2,500 cells) and rapid development (a fertilized egg can complete development in less that 24 h in Ciona species), the study of ascidian larvae has a long history and continues to be an outstanding model for studying specification and differentiation events which occur during chordate embryogenesis. In comparison, the adult body plan is relatively unstudied at a molecular level, but several examples of extensive regeneration following surgical ablation of different tissues have been described. In addition, within this chordate subphylum two distinct adult body plans exist: solitary and colonial. Following larval metamorphosis, solitary species grow into an adult that can range from several millimeters to tens of centimeters in length. In addition, colonial species grow not by increasing in size, but by asexually propagating, eventually creating a colony of genetically identical individuals that can cover areas of several square meters. 1 Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 2 Biology Department, Center for Developmental Biology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 3 Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, 120 Oceanview Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA * Author for correspondence Tel.: 831 655 6206, Fax: 831 3750793 E-mail: tdet@stanford.edu T.C.G. Bosch (ed.), Stem Cells: From Hydra to Man, 95 © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2008
Published: 2008

27. Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic ressources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer

Author: Shaffer, Scott A., Tremblay, Yann, Weimerskirch, Henri, Scott, Darren, Thompson, David R., Sagar, Paul M., Moller, Henrik, Taylor, Graeme A., Foley, David J., Block, Barbara A., Costa, Daniel P., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Zoology, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Christchurch] (NIWA), Department of Conservation, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, and Bonnet, Delphine
Subjects: [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, avian migration, diving behavior, habitat use, [SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, trackings, sooty shearwater
Abstract: International audience; Electronic tracking tags have revolutionized our understanding of broad-scale movements and habitat use of highly mobile marine animals, but a large gap in our knowledge still remains for a widerange of small species. here, we report the extraordinary transequatorial postbreedings migrations of a small seabird, the sooty shearwater, obtained with a miniature archival tags that log data for estimating position, dive depht, and ambient temperature.
Published: 2006

28. Relationships between Antarctic coastal and deep-sea particle fluxes: implications for the deep-sea benthos

Author: Núria Teixidó, Dieter Gerdes, Enrique Isla, Pere Puig, Wolf Arntz, Albert Palanques, Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, and Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI)
Subjects: [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Sediment, Glacier, Biogenic silica, Biology, Deep sea, Ice shelf, Iceberg, Oceanography, Benthos, Benthic zone, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: 8 pages, 3 figures, Downward particle fluxes measured by means of sediment traps to a shallow semi-closed bay (Johnson’s Dock, Livingston Island) and to a deep basin in the western Bransfield Strait (Antarctic Peninsula) showed the important role of glaciers as sediment carriers and suppliers to the ocean in a continent without major rivers such as Antarctica. The trap moored in Johnson’s Dock collected coarse sediment (>1 mm mesh) not observed in the offshore traps, which mainly received fine sediment and faecal pellets. The annual total mass flux (TMF) to the coastal zone (15 m) was 900- and three times that to mid-depth (500 m) and near-bottom (1,000 m) traps, respectively. The fine sediment flux was especially important due to its biogenic particle contents. Despite the differences in TMF to the coastal zone and near the bottom in the deep basin, the organic carbon (OC) flux was similar in both environments (16 and 18 g m−2, respectively), whereas biogenic silica (BSi) flux increased three times with depth (75 and 201 g m−2, respectively). These fluxes imply that an important part of the particulate organic matter deposited in the coastal zone is advected basinward within the fine-particle flux. Thus, benthos in deep areas depends largely on the lateral transport of biogenic material produced in shallow environments near the coast. It is also proposed that the disintegration of Antarctic ice shelves and the consequent increment of ice calving may produce local devastations of ecological importance not only on the shallow but also on the rich Antarctic deep-sea benthic communities due to an increment of iceberg scouring and reduction of the organic matter supply
Published: 2006

29. Changes in the catalytic properties of DNA ligases during early sea urchin development

Author: Claude Prigent, David Epel, Jacques Signoret, Jean-Claude David, Dominique Maniey, Jacques Lefresne, Laboratoire de Biochimie du Développement, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Prigent, Claude, and Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: MESH: DNA Ligases, DNA Ligases, DNA polymerase, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, MESH: Polynucleotide Ligases, Catalysis, Substrate Specificity, MESH: Oocytes, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, biology.animal, medicine, Animals, MESH: Animals, Molecular Biology, Sea urchin, [SDV.BC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Genetics, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, DNA ligase, biology, MESH: Kinetics, MESH: DNA, Cell Biology, DNA, Oocyte, MESH: Catalysis, MESH: Sea Urchins, Cell biology, Kinetics, Polynucleotide Ligases, Enzyme, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Fertilization, Sea Urchins, biology.protein, Oocytes, Exogenous DNA, MESH: Fertilization, MESH: Substrate Specificity, Developmental Biology
Abstract: International audience; Two distinct DNA ligases are expressed during early sea urchin embryogenesis. A light form (50 kDa) is found in unfertilized eggs (oocyte form) and a heavier enzyme (110 kDa) is observed at the two-cell stage (embryonic form). The chronology of the change reveals that the embryonic form is detected 90 min after fertilization. After the two proteins were purified, their catalytic properties were studied using different substrates. The oocyte ligase acts only on deoxypolymers while the embryonic form also ligates heteropolymers. The two enzymes were found to undergo both nick and cohesive-end ligation. With different kinds of restriction sites it was observed that the embryonic enzyme could also ligate blunt-ended DNA. These catalytic properties account for sealing of exogenous DNA and concatenation following DNA injection into eggs. The role of the oocyte form of the enzyme is unclear; one speculation is a role in repair of DNA breaks which might accumulate during long-term sperm and oocyte storage in the gonad.
Published: 1987

30. Functional biodiversity loss along natural CO2 gradients

Author: Enric Ballesteros, Fiorenza Micheli, Maria Cristina Gambi, Núria Teixidó, Sébastien Villéger, Valeriano Parravacini, Kristy J. Kroeker, Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université des Antilles (UA), Université de Montpellier (UM), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Aquatic Organisms, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental change, Range (biology), Science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population Dynamics, Biodiversity, General Physics and Astronomy, Biology, Phaeophyta, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Natural (archaeology), Chlorophyta, Animals, Seawater, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Islands, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Ocean acidification, General Chemistry, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, 15. Life on land, Anthozoa, Italy, 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, Sea Urchins, Rhodophyta, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, lcsh:Q, Species richness, Acids
Abstract: Este artículo contiene 9 páginas, 1 tabla, 4 figuras., The effects of environmental change on biodiversity are still poorly understood. In particular, the consequences of shifts in species composition for marine ecosystem function are largely unknown. Here we assess the loss of functional diversity, i.e. the range of species biological traits, in benthic marine communities exposed to ocean acidification (OA) by using natural CO2 vent systems. We found that functional richness is greatly reduced with acidification, and that functional loss is more pronounced than the corresponding decrease in taxonomic diversity. In acidified conditions, most organisms accounted for a few functional entities (i.e. unique combination of functional traits), resulting in low functional redundancy. These results suggest that functional richness is not buffered by functional redundancy under OA, even in highly diverse assemblages, such as rocky benthic communities., This research was supported by the National Geographic Society (Window to the Future, Grant No. 9771-15) and the Total Foundation (High CO2 Seas project, Grant No. BIO- 2016-081-4). N.T. was supported by a Maire Curie-Cofund (FP7-PEOPLE-Marie Curie Bandiera-Cofund, GA No. 600407) and by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Global Fellowship under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (H2020- MSCA- IF- 2015, GA No. 702628).
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31. Mapping schistosomiasis risk landscapes and implications for disease control: A case study for low endemic areas in the Middle Paranapanema river basin, São Paulo, Brazil.

Author: Ferreira da Silva VA, Kampel M, Silva Dos Anjos R, Gardini Sanches Palasio R, Escada MIS, Tuan R, Singleton A, Glidden CK, Chamberlin A, De Leo GA, Pinter Dos Santos A, and Vieira Monteiro AM
Abstract: Background: Schistosomiasis, a chronic parasitic disease, remains a public health issue in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in low and moderate-income countries lacking assured access to safe water and proper sanitation. A national prevalence survey carried out by the Brazilian Ministry of Health from 2011 to 2015 found a decrease in human infection rates to 1%, with 19 out of 26 states still classified as endemic areas. There is a risk of schistosomiasis reemerging as a public health concern in low-endemic regions. This study proposes an integrated landscape-based approach to aid surveillance and control strategies for schistosomiasis in low-endemic areas., Methodology/principal Findings: In the Middle Paranapanema river basin, specific landscapes linked to schistosomiasis were identified using a comprehensive methodology. This approach merged remote sensing, environmental, socioeconomic, epidemiological, and malacological data. A team of experts identified ten distinct landscape categories associated with varying levels of schistosomiasis transmission potential. These categories were used to train a supervised classification machine learning algorithm, resulting in a 92.5% overall accuracy and a 6.5% classification error. Evaluation revealed that 74.6% of collected snails from water collections in five key municipalities within the basin belonged to landscape types with higher potential for S. mansoni infection. Landscape connectivity metrics were also analysed., Conclusions/significance: This study highlights the role of integrated landscape-based analyses in informing strategies for eliminating schistosomiasis. The methodology has produced new schistosomiasis risk maps covering the entire basin. The region's low endemicity can be partly explained by the limited connectivity among grouped landscape-units more prone to triggering schistosomiasis transmission. Nevertheless, changes in social, economic, and environmental landscapes, especially those linked to the rising pace of incomplete urbanization processes in the region, have the potential to increase risk of schistosomiasis transmission. This study will help target interventions to bring the region closer to schistosomiasis elimination., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Ferreira da Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2024
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32. Candidate stem cell isolation and transplantation in Hexacorallia.

Author: Talice S, Kozlovski I, Barkan SK, Snyder GA, Sharoni T, Levy T, Oisher S, Ottolenghi A, Eliachar S, Ben-Romano R, Berlyne K, Yannai R, Lewandowska M, Sultan E, Goldstein O, Aharoni R, Hadad U, Davis C, Moran Y, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Traylor-Knowles N, and Rosental B
Abstract: Stem cells are the foundation for cell therapy due to their ability to self-renew, differentiate into other cell types, and persist throughout the life of an organism. Stem cell isolation and transplantation have not yet been established in Hexacorallia, a cnidarian subclass containing stony corals and sea anemones. Here, we demonstrate that candidate stem cells in the hexacorallian Nematostella vectensis can be transplanted into adult animals. These cells exhibited the hallmarks of stem cell functional properties; they integrated into recipients' tissues and rescued them from lethal doses of chemotherapy. Additionally, these cells proliferated and survived serial transplantations. Notably, we showed that this cellular subpopulation can be enriched by sorting using species-non-specific cell markers and that similar subpopulations of cells can be isolated from other hexacorallians, including stony corals. This research establishes the basis for studying stem cell biology on a functional level in Hexacorallia., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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33. Sex-specific variation in species interactions matters in ecological communities.

Author: Gissi E, Goodman MC, Elahi R, McDevitt-Irwin JM, Arnoldi NS, Arafeh-Dalmau N, Knight CJ, Olguín-Jacobson C, Palmisciano M, Tillman CM, De Leo GA, and Micheli F
Subjects: Animals, Kelp physiology, Sex Characteristics, Male, Ecosystem
Abstract: Understanding how natural communities and ecosystems are structured and respond to anthropogenic pressures in a rapidly changing world is key to successful management and conservation. A fundamental but often overlooked biological characteristic of organisms is sex. Sex-based responses are often considered when conducting studies at organismal and population levels, but are rarely investigated in community ecology. Focusing on kelp forests as a model system, and through a review of other marine and terrestrial ecosystems, we found evidence of widespread sex-based variation in species interactions. Sex-based variation in species interactions is expected to affect ecosystem structure and functioning via multiple trophic and nontrophic pathways. Understanding the drivers and consequences of sex-based variation in species interactions can inform more effective management and restoration., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors have no interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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34. Maximizing biological insights from instruments attached to animals.

Author: Beltran RS, Kilpatrick AM, Picardi S, Abrahms B, Barrile GM, Oestreich WK, Smith JA, Czapanskiy MF, Favilla AB, Reisinger RR, Kendall-Bar JM, Payne AR, Savoca MS, Palance DG, Andrzejaczek S, Shen DM, Adachi T, Costa DP, Storm NA, Hale CM, and Robinson PW
Abstract: Instruments attached to animals ('biologgers') have facilitated extensive discoveries about the patterns, causes, and consequences of animal behavior. Here, we present examples of how biologging can deepen our fundamental understanding of ecosystems and our applied understanding of global change impacts by enabling tests of ecological theory. Applying the iterative process of science to biologging has enabled a diverse set of insights, including social and experiential learning in long-distance migrants, state-dependent risk aversion in foraging predators, and resource abundance driving movement across taxa. Now, biologging is poised to tackle questions and refine ecological theories at increasing levels of complexity by integrating measurements from numerous individuals, merging datasets from multiple species and their environments, and spanning disciplines, including physiology, behavior and demography., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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35. Behavioural responses of common dolphins to naval sonar.

Author: Southall BL, Durban JW, Calambokidis J, Casey C, Fahlbusch JA, Fearnbach H, Flynn KR, Fregosi S, Friedlaender AS, Leander SGM, and Visser F
Abstract: Despite strong interest in how noise affects marine mammals, little is known for the most abundant and commonly exposed taxa. Social delphinids occur in groups of hundreds of individuals that travel quickly, change behaviour ephemerally and are not amenable to conventional tagging methods, posing challenges in quantifying noise impacts. We integrated drone-based photogrammetry, strategically placed acoustic recorders and broad-scale visual observations to provide complementary measurements of different aspects of behaviour for short- and long-beaked common dolphins. We measured behavioural responses during controlled exposure experiments (CEEs) of military mid-frequency (3-4 kHz) active sonar (MFAS) using simulated and actual Navy sonar sources. We used latent-state Bayesian models to evaluate response probability and persistence in exposure and post-exposure phases. Changes in subgroup movement and aggregation parameters were commonly detected during different phases of MFAS CEEs but not control CEEs. Responses were more evident in short-beaked common dolphins ( n = 14 CEEs), and a direct relationship between response probability and received level was observed. Long-beaked common dolphins ( n = 20) showed less consistent responses, although contextual differences may have limited which movement responses could be detected. These are the first experimental behavioural response data for these abundant dolphins to directly inform impact assessments for military sonars., Competing Interests: We declare we have no competing interests., (© 2024 The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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36. Predicting Increased Incidence of Common Antibiotic-Resistant and Antibiotic-Associated Pathogens Using Ensemble Species Distribution Modeling.

Author: Brough SC, Caddell L, Liou RJ, Patil A, De Leo G, and Forrester JD
Subjects: Humans, Incidence, United States epidemiology, Staphylococcal Infections epidemiology, Staphylococcal Infections microbiology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Machine Learning, Models, Statistical, Clostridioides difficile drug effects, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus drug effects, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolation & purification, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Clostridium Infections epidemiology, Clostridium Infections microbiology
Abstract: The Centers for Disease Control estimates antibiotic-associated pathogens result in 2.8 million infections and 38 000 deaths annually in the United States. This study applies species distribution modeling to elucidate the impact of environmental determinants of human infectious disease in an era of rapid global change. We modeled methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridioides difficile using 31 publicly accessible bioclimatic, health care, and sociodemographic variables. Ensemble models were created from 8 unique statistical and machine learning algorithms. Using International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition codes, we identified 305 528 diagnoses of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 203 001 diagnoses of C. difficile presence. Three environmental factors-average maximum temperature, specific humidity, and agricultural land density-emerged as major predictors of increased methicillin-resistant S. aureus and C. difficile presence; variables representing health care availability were less important. Species distribution modeling may be a powerful tool for identifying areas at increased risk for disease presence and have important implications for disease surveillance systems., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest . All authors: No reported conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2024
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37. VitelloTag: a tool for high-throughput cargo delivery into oocytes.

Author: Clarke DN, Kane A, Perillo M, Lowe CJ, and Swartz SZ
Subjects: Animals, Female, CRISPR-Cas Systems genetics, Endocytosis, Gene Knockout Techniques, Microinjections methods, Zebrafish embryology, Oocytes metabolism, Vitellogenins metabolism, Vitellogenins genetics
Abstract: Delivering molecular tools into oocytes is essential for developmental and reproductive biology. Microinjection, the conventional method, is equipment intensive, often technically challenging and has a low yield, and is impractical in species with delicate oocytes or restricted spawning seasons. To overcome these limitations, we developed VitelloTag, a cost-effective, high-throughput system using vitellogenin-derived fusion proteins to enable efficient cargo delivery via receptor-mediated endocytosis. We demonstrate its utility by delivering Cas9/sgRNA complexes in two distantly related species for gene knockout., Competing Interests: Competing interests D.N.C. and S.Z.S. have filed a provisional patent application on VitelloTag technology (MBHB Ref. No. 24-0178-US-PRO)., (© 2024. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)
Published: 2024
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38. Atlantic bluefin tuna tagged off Norway show extensive annual migrations, high site-fidelity and dynamic behaviour in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

Author: Ferter K, Pagniello CMLS, Block BA, Bjelland O, Castleton MR, Tracey SR, Reimer TEJ, Sundelöf A, Onandia I, Wiech M, Alemany F, and Nøttestad L
Subjects: Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Norway, Seasons, Animal Identification Systems, Animal Migration, Tuna physiology
Abstract: Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT; Thunnus thynnus ) is a highly migratory species. To investigate the migrations and vertical behaviours of ABFT migrating to Nordic waters, we deployed pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags on 25 ABFT off Norway (curved fork length: 228-292 cm). We obtained 16 full-year migrations, which differed between individuals, and physically recovered 13 tags, which provided 4699 days of archival depth and temperature data. ABFT occupied waters from the Arctic Circle to as far south as Cabo Verde, Africa, and occupied depths down to 1190 m and temperatures from 0.5 to 27.8°C. During their annual migrations, ABFT spent, on average, 68 days in Norwegian waters, 65 days in the Newfoundland Basin, 35 days around the Canary Islands and 33 days in the West European Basin. Most ABFT entered the Mediterranean Sea with a mean entry date of 13 May and visited known spawning grounds, staying, on average, 44 days. All ABFT with full-year deployments returned to Norwegian waters. ABFT displayed high site-fidelity and dynamic vertical diving behaviours that varied between hotspots and seasons. These spatiotemporal data provide important ecological knowledge for sustainable management and the conservation of the recently recovered eastern ABFT stock.
Published: 2024
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39. Ocean Planning and Conservation in the Age of Climate Change: A Roundtable Discussion.

Author: Frazão Santos C, Agardy T, Crowder LB, Day JC, Himes-Cornell A, Pinsky ML, Reimer JM, and Gissi E
Abstract: Over recent years, recognition of the need to develop climate-smart marine spatial planning (MSP) has gained momentum globally. In this roundtable discussion, we use a question-and-answer format to leverage diverse perspectives and voices involved in the study of sustainable MSP and marine conservation under global environmental and social change. We intend this dialogue to serve as a stepping stone toward developing ocean planning initiatives that are sustainable, equitable, and climate-resilient around the globe., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology.)
Published: 2024
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40. Numerical modelling of radionuclide uptake by bluefin tuna along its migration routes in the Mediterranean Sea after a nuclear accident.

Author: Cortés C, Periáñez R, Block BA, Castleton MR, Cermeño P, and Dedman S
Abstract: A numerical model which simulates the adsorption of radionuclides by migrating bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean Sea is described, in order to determine the level of contamination of these fish after a hypothetical nuclear accident and thus be able to assess the possible impact on human consumption. A 4-species foodweb model is incorporated into a Lagrangian model describing physical transport (advection, mixing, radioactive decay and interactions of radionuclides with sediments). Tuna is the last trophic level in the foodweb model and the equation providing the temporal evolution of radionuclide concentration in its flesh is solved along the fish trajectories, which were obtained through electronic tagging of fishes. The model was applied to the western Mediterranean, where several worst-case hypothetical accidents were simulated, both from a coastal nuclear power plant and from a vessel. Resulting 137 Cs concentrations in migrating tuna were similar, or slightly higher, than reported background concentrations in these fishes and well below established safety levels. Maximum calculated concentrations in tuna flesh is in the order of 1 Bq/kg (wet weight). This is due to the rapid movement of the fishes, which spend only limited time over the most contaminated spots., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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41. Whale recovery and the emerging human-wildlife conflict over Antarctic krill.

Author: Savoca MS, Kumar M, Sylvester Z, Czapanskiy MF, Meyer B, Goldbogen JA, and Brooks CM
Subjects: Animals, Antarctic Regions, Humans, Climate Change, Biomass, Oceans and Seas, Euphausiacea, Fisheries, Whales physiology, Ecosystem, Conservation of Natural Resources
Abstract: The Southern Ocean ecosystem has undergone extensive changes in the past two centuries driven by industrial sealing and whaling, climate change and commercial fishing. However, following the end of commercial whaling, some populations of whales in this region are recovering. Baleen whales are reliant on Antarctic krill, which is also the largest Southern Ocean fishery. Since 1993, krill catch has increased fourfold, buoyed by nutritional supplement and aquaculture industries. In this Perspective, we approximate baleen whale consumption of Antarctic krill before and after whaling to examine if the ecosystem can support both humans and whales as krill predators. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that current krill biomass cannot support both an expanding krill fishery and the recovery of whale populations to pre-whaling sizes, highlighting an emerging human-wildlife conflict. We then provide recommendations for enhancing sustainability in this region by reducing encounters with whales and bolstering the krill population., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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42. Environmental stress reduces shark residency to coral reefs.

Author: Williamson MJ, Tebbs EJ, Curnick DJ, Ferretti F, Carlisle AB, Chapple TK, Schallert RJ, Tickler DM, Block BA, and Jacoby DMP
Subjects: Animals, Indian Ocean, Ecosystem, Conservation of Natural Resources, Coral Reefs, Sharks physiology, Stress, Physiological, Climate Change
Abstract: Coral reef ecosystems are highly threatened and can be extremely sensitive to the effects of climate change. Multiple shark species rely on coral reefs as important habitat and, as such, play a number of significant ecological roles in these ecosystems. How environmental stress impacts routine, site-attached reef shark behavior, remains relatively unexplored. Here, we combine 8 years of acoustic tracking data (2013-2020) from grey reef sharks resident to the remote coral reefs of the Chagos Archipelago in the Central Indian Ocean, with a satellite-based index of coral reef environmental stress exposure. We show that on average across the region, increased stress on the reefs significantly reduces grey reef shark residency, promoting more diffuse space use and increasing time away from shallow forereefs. Importantly, this impact has a lagged effect for up to 16 months. This may have important physiological and conservation consequences for reef sharks, as well as broader implications for reef ecosystem functioning. As climate change is predicted to increase environmental stress on coral reef ecosystems, understanding how site-attached predators respond to stress will be crucial for forecasting the functional significance of altering predator behavior and the potential impacts on conservation for both reef sharks and coral reefs themselves., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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43. Shark shuffle: segregated co-occurrence of multiple dusky and sandbar lineages at a human-altered habitat in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

Author: Bigal E, Livne L, Zemah-Shamir Z, Levy T, Shemesh E, Tchernov D, and Scheinin A
Subjects: Mediterranean Sea, Animals, Female, Male, Humans, Israel, Genetic Variation, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, Sharks genetics, Sharks classification, Ecosystem, Haplotypes, Electron Transport Complex IV genetics
Abstract: Requiem sharks (genus Carcharhinus) have previously been reported to form large aggregations around marine infrastructures in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. While this behaviour may offer fitness advantages at the individual level, the implications of extended residency at human-altered habitats for population persistence have yet to be assessed. In this work, we investigated the phylogeographic and demographic composition of sharks near a coal-fired power and desalination station in Israel. Our aim was to infer habitat use and the mechanisms underlying the aggregation behaviour, and to highlight potential conservation impacts. We sampled, measured, and released 70 individuals between 2016 and 2022 to assess genetic variability within the cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) region and to analyse the aggregation's structure based on the sharks' size and sex distribution. In addition, we performed meristic counts on a reference specimen collected dead at another power station in Israel to supplement species identification using the abovementioned techniques. Our findings indicate size-based sex segregation of adult female dusky and male sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus obscurus and Carcharhinus plumbeus, respectively), with each species comprising two COI haplotypes. In the dusky shark, one haplotype corresponded to an Indo-Pacific lineage, and the other matched an Atlantic lineage. In the sandbar shark, we observed a haplotype previously sampled in the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Northwest Indian Ocean, and South Africa, and another haplotype that was unique to our study site and genetically closer to the former than to sequences sampled in other ocean basins. This study provides the first indication of sympatric aggregation amongst phylogeographically distinct dusky and sandbar shark lineages, suggesting that human-altered habitats in the eastern Mediterranean Sea may influence the distribution of these species. Based on the observed segregation pattern, we conclude that the site does not function as a nursery, parturition, or mating area, and discuss other plausible explanations that warrant further research. Finally, we highlight important directions for future research and the implications of our findings for management and conservation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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44. Solitary humpback whales manufacture bubble-nets as tools to increase prey intake.

Author: Szabo A, Bejder L, Warick H, van Aswegen M, Friedlaender AS, Goldbogen J, Kendall-Bar JM, Leunissen EM, Angot M, and Gough WT
Abstract: Several animal species use tools for foraging; however, very few manufacture and/or modify those tools. Humpback whales, which manufacture bubble-net tools while foraging, are among these rare species. Using animal-borne tag and unoccupied aerial system technologies, we examine bubble-nets manufactured by solitary humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) in Southeast Alaska while feeding on krill. We demonstrate that the nets consist of internally tangential rings and suggest that whales actively control the number of rings in a net, net size and depth and the horizontal spacing between neighbouring bubbles. We argue that whales regulate these net structural elements to increase per-lunge prey intake by, on average, sevenfold. We measured breath rate and swimming and lunge kinematics to show that the resulting increase in prey density does not increase energetic expenditure. Our results provide a novel insight into how bubble-net tools manufactured by solitary foraging humpback whales act to increase foraging efficiency., Competing Interests: We declare we have no competing interests., (© 2024 The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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45. Species distribution modeling for disease ecology: A multi-scale case study for schistosomiasis host snails in Brazil.

Author: Singleton AL, Glidden CK, Chamberlin AJ, Tuan R, Palasio RGS, Pinter A, Caldeira RL, Mendonça CLF, Carvalho OS, Monteiro MV, Athni TS, Sokolow SH, Mordecai EA, and De Leo GA
Abstract: Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly popular tools for profiling disease risk in ecology, particularly for infectious diseases of public health importance that include an obligate non-human host in their transmission cycle. SDMs can create high-resolution maps of host distribution across geographical scales, reflecting baseline risk of disease. However, as SDM computational methods have rapidly expanded, there are many outstanding methodological questions. Here we address key questions about SDM application, using schistosomiasis risk in Brazil as a case study. Schistosomiasis is transmitted to humans through contact with the free-living infectious stage of Schistosoma spp. parasites released from freshwater snails, the parasite's obligate intermediate hosts. In this study, we compared snail SDM performance across machine learning (ML) approaches (MaxEnt, Random Forest, and Boosted Regression Trees), geographic extents (national, regional, and state), types of presence data (expert-collected and publicly-available), and snail species (Biomphalaria glabrata, B. straminea, and B. tenagophila). We used high-resolution (1km) climate, hydrology, land-use/land-cover (LULC), and soil property data to describe the snails' ecological niche and evaluated models on multiple criteria. Although all ML approaches produced comparable spatially cross-validated performance metrics, their suitability maps showed major qualitative differences that required validation based on local expert knowledge. Additionally, our findings revealed varying importance of LULC and bioclimatic variables for different snail species at different spatial scales. Finally, we found that models using publicly-available data predicted snail distribution with comparable AUC values to models using expert-collected data. This work serves as an instructional guide to SDM methods that can be applied to a range of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. In addition, it advances our understanding of the relevant environment and bioclimatic determinants of schistosomiasis risk in Brazil., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Singleton et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2024
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46. See-Star: a versatile hydrogel-based protocol for clearing large, opaque and calcified marine invertebrates.

Author: Clarke DN, Formery L, and Lowe CJ
Abstract: Studies of morphology and developmental patterning in adult stages of many invertebrates are hindered by opaque structures, such as shells, skeletal elements, and pigment granules that block or refract light and necessitate sectioning for observation of internal features. An inherent challenge in studies relying on surgical approaches is that cutting tissue is semi-destructive, and delicate structures, such as axonal processes within neural networks, are computationally challenging to reconstruct once disrupted. To address this problem, we developed See-Star, a hydrogel-based tissue clearing protocol to render the bodies of opaque and calcified invertebrates optically transparent while preserving their anatomy in an unperturbed state, facilitating molecular labeling and observation of intact organ systems. The resulting protocol can clear large (> 1 cm 3 ) specimens to enable deep-tissue imaging, and is compatible with molecular techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to visualize protein and mRNA localization. To test the utility of this method, we performed a whole-mount imaging study of intact nervous systems in juvenile echinoderms and molluscs and demonstrate that See-Star allows for comparative studies to be extended far into development, facilitating insights into the anatomy of juveniles and adults that are usually not amenable to whole-mount imaging., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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47. Sex-based differences affect conservation.

Author: Gissi E, Bowyer RT, and Bleich VC
Subjects: Animals, Female, Male, Sex Factors, Conservation of Natural Resources, Sex Ratio
Published: 2024
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48. Re-assessing thermal response of schistosomiasis transmission risk: Evidence for a higher thermal optimum than previously predicted.

Author: Aslan IH, Pourtois JD, Chamberlin AJ, Mitchell KR, Mari L, Lwiza KM, Wood CL, Mordecai EA, Yu A, Tuan R, Palasio RGS, Monteiro AMV, Kirk D, Athni TS, Sokolow SH, N'Goran EK, Diakite NR, Ouattara M, Gatto M, Casagrandi R, Little DC, Ozretich RW, Norman R, Allan F, Brierley AS, Liu P, Pereira TA, and De Leo GA
Subjects: Animals, Humans, Africa South of the Sahara epidemiology, Biomphalaria parasitology, Schistosomiasis transmission, Schistosomiasis epidemiology, Schistosomiasis mansoni transmission, Schistosomiasis mansoni epidemiology, Bulinus parasitology, Schistosomiasis haematobia transmission, Schistosomiasis haematobia epidemiology, Prevalence, Temperature, Schistosoma haematobium physiology, Schistosoma mansoni physiology
Abstract: The geographical range of schistosomiasis is affected by the ecology of schistosome parasites and their obligate host snails, including their response to temperature. Previous models predicted schistosomiasis' thermal optimum at 21.7°C, which is not compatible with the temperature in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regions where schistosomiasis is hyperendemic. We performed an extensive literature search for empirical data on the effect of temperature on physiological and epidemiological parameters regulating the free-living stages of S. mansoni and S. haematobium and their obligate host snails, i.e., Biomphalaria spp. and Bulinus spp., respectively. We derived nonlinear thermal responses fitted on these data to parameterize a mechanistic, process-based model of schistosomiasis. We then re-cast the basic reproduction number and the prevalence of schistosome infection as functions of temperature. We found that the thermal optima for transmission of S. mansoni and S. haematobium range between 23.1-27.3°C and 23.6-27.9°C (95% CI) respectively. We also found that the thermal optimum shifts toward higher temperatures as the human water contact rate increases with temperature. Our findings align with an extensive dataset of schistosomiasis prevalence in SSA. The refined nonlinear thermal-response model developed here suggests a more suitable current climate and a greater risk of increased transmission with future warming for more than half of the schistosomiasis suitable regions with mean annual temperature below the thermal optimum., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Aslan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2024
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49. From molecules to morphology: How food supply influences the larvae of sea urchins across all levels of biological organization.

Author: Somero GN
Subjects: Animals, Sea Urchins growth & development, Food Supply, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genetics, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus growth & development, Larva growth & development
Abstract: An important goal of many studies in molecular ecology is to utilize molecular tools to elucidate how critical traits like metabolism and growth are affected by environmental stressors and how organisms offset these stresses by adaptive molecular-level responses. Stress from food deprivation may be critical for early developmental stages that require a continued supply of substrates for energy metabolism and growth if development is to be completed. In a 'From the Cover' article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Li et al. (2023) examined the effects of withholding food (unicellular algae) on 10 traits of larvae of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), ranging from the molecular level (gene expression) to morphology. Overall, this study sheds new light on the plasticity of larval development and the tight linkages that exist among traits as they respond to changes in food availability. Importantly, shifts in the sources of food utilized under different dietary treatments show the plasticity of these larvae to alter reliance on endogenous energy stores and dissolved organic matter (DOM) as algae deprivation continues. The effects of global change on the amounts and phenology of productivity in the seas make this type of integrated, multi-level analysis an important tool for predicting the future states of marine ecosystems., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Published: 2024
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50. Taking climate-smart governance to the high seas.

Author: Santos CF, Agardy T, Brooks C, Gjerde KM, Payne C, Wedding LM, Xavier JC, and Crowder LB
Subjects: Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources, Oceans and Seas
Abstract: Comprehensive spatial planning in international waters is key to achieving ocean sustainability.
Published: 2024
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