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The purpose of this essay is to review one of Frazad Qaemi’s papers: “Why Does Ferīdōn mean the "Third"? Decoding the Mystery of Ferīdōn’s Name According to Function Analysis of Myth: A Study in Historical Linguistics (Diachronic Etymology)”. The paper shows the writer was not specialist in the subject matter he discussed. Due to his unfamiliarity with the concepts, initial knowledge and the resources of this area, made his analysis and conclusions were flawed. Nevertheless, the way he refers to other works is too unaccustomed, they mostly show that the writer, Qaemi, trying to refer his incorrect thoughts and analysis to reliable sources, and with this technique, he was trying to prove the audience that his incorrect analysis and ideas are correct. Aside from that, Qaemi, used the analysis and accomplishment of other writers, but unfortunately, he did not refer to them in his paper, implying that they were his own, which is clearly plagiarism. The paper contains many errors, making it a good example for methodology courses as it shows students what they should avoid in a journal paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article is committed to diachronic text linguistics. It aims to discuss the transformation processes of (media) text genres using the example of the weather forecast. The focus is on the development of a specific programme over the last 40 years on the German television channel ARD. The study examines the changes of the TV weather forecast over the course of the period under investigation and as a consequence how widely its programme has varied and to what extent it has been standardized. Based on the standard features of the weather forecast, I attempt to clarify the differences in its text-genre-specific and stylistic design using the selected corpus. The processes of change are thus described from a text-linguistic point of view, whereby the changes at the level of the communication situation, text function, text structure, topic or sub-topics, as well as the multimodal constitution of the text are analysed. The aim of the study is to determine which features can be observed over the years in the established text genre of the selected television weather forecast, and how they can be explained. In this way, understanding of the processes of change in media texts will hopefully be furthered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschicht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay reviews two recent publications in historical Greek linguistics. While many in university and seminary education learn to read Greek texts, little attention is given to pronunciation and even less to how the language may have been pronounced historically. The volumes reviewed in this essay reconstruct changes in the pronunciation of Greek in Judeo‐Palestine by examining discrepancies in spelling and transliteration. The books also have implications for sociological studies in addition to pedagogical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic genres are not static, but they may change according to the values and demands of the particular discourse communities that shape them. This paper explores the research article (RA) abstract, a relevant informative and promotional genre that exhibits the prevalent rhetorical practices of a specific disciplinary community. From a diachronic perspective, our purpose is to examine how these practices have evolved over time. To this end, using a genre-based approach, we have analysed the rhetorical moves and steps of 180 RA abstracts published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, over a period of nine decades (1940–2022). The findings revealed that the abstracts have increasingly become more promotional in terms of the persuasive rhetorical strategies that the authors use to enhance the contribution of their research. This is seen in the fact that the texts of more recent decades present a growing number of promotional communicative functions, mainly the moves/steps that claim the importance of the research topic and state the implications or significance of research. This study can have pedagogical implications for English for research publication purposes (ERPP) practitioners and early career researchers who seek to publish in international medical journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to advance our theoretical understanding of diversifying and homogenizing processes in human societies by exploring the sources of and threats to ethnolinguistic or cultural diversity. Invoking concepts such as ethnogenesis, schismogenesis, and structural transformations, it discusses the parallels as well as the divergences between biological and cultural theory. Models in historical linguistics risk importing unwarranted assumptions about diversification from biological models of speciation. A more pertinent theorization of ethnolinguistic diversity might build on anthropological perspectives such as those of Fredrik Barth, Gregory Bateson, and Claude Lévi-Strauss, all of whom recognized that such diversity reflects interaction rather than isolation. The empirical test of these considerations is the ethnography and history of language use among Indigenous peoples in Amazonia and the Andes. The conclusion is that premodern expansions of language families, in tolerating local cultural autonomy, multilingualism, and diglossia, did not threaten ethnolinguistic identities as has modern globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical markers offer important insights into the portrayal of place, social dynamics, and untold narratives within various landscapes. The vast collection of over 195,000 historical markers scattered throughout the United States provide a wealth of data that can shed light on distinctive representation patterns and narratives associated with different individuals and events. Yet, only a few studies examined historical markers as a valuable data source. The goal of this study is to investigate how Texas women are commemorated through historical markers and to uncover the spatial and temporal patterns and contexts associated with these commemorations. We utilize qualitative GIS method and a suite of corpus linguistics techniques to analyze the spatial, temporal, and thematic patterns of the historical markers in Texas that are dedicated to women. Our findings address the existing gender imbalance and shed light on the underrepresentation of women in Texas' historical narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpreting the myth of the Tower of Babel enables us to capture the general mechanism of language development: an event / experiences / history > cultural changes > linguistic changes, i.e., an extra-linguistic phenomenon > external language changes > internal language changes. Among the most common extralinguistic phenomena are migrations, political events, supernatural and civilization-driven events. External factors affecting language change form an array of four divergent processes along two separate lines: democratization eliticization; ethnicization globalization. These factors also influence the emergence of language patterns, the repertoire of which boils down to five types of oppositions: conservatism - modernism, cosmopolitanism - nationalism, purism - liberalism, normativism - volitionalism, rationalism - emotionalism. The impact of extralinguistic and language-external factors overlaps with the internal linguistic mechanisms that balance the components of a linguistic system: completion, economization, unification, repartition, and nobilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This summary is about a collection of articles that examine the concept of discursive democratisation from different angles. The articles explore various aspects of democratisation, including colloquialisation, power dynamics in language use, and how political figures are represented in discourse. The studies use corpus-based methods to analyze linguistic changes over time and shed light on the connection between language and historical events. The authors stress the significance of considering sub-registers and conducting contextual analyses in corpus-pragmatic research. They also emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the establishment of best practices in this field. [Extracted from the article]

There is a well-known phenomenon of Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s- shifting to /th-/ in several languages and groups of Northeast India and Western Myanmar, most strikingly in the Baric or Bodo-Garo and South Central or Kuk-Chin languages. The distribution of the shift does not follow any likely genealogical lines, and so must be interpreted as areal. In this paper we see that the shift must have occurred in Proto-Baricand Proto-Kuki-Chin, and thus dates to 1,000-1,500 years ago. It is suggested that the original areally spread of the shift involved contact between the Kamarupan state of the Brahmaputra Valley and the urbanized states of the Chindwin Valley.

This article applies the notion of redeployment in second language acquisition to contact-induced diachronic changes. Of special interest are cases where a marked phonological contrast has spread across neighboring languages. Such cases suggest that listeners can re-weight and re-map phonetic cues onto novel phonological structures. On the redeployment view, cues can indeed be reweighted, but phonological structures which underlie a new contrast are not expected to be fully novel; rather, they must be assembled from preexisting phonological structures. Emphatics are an instructive case. These are (mostly) coronal consonants articulated with tongue-root retraction. Phonological emphasis is rare among the world's languages but it is famously endogenous in Arabic and in Interior Salish and it has spread from these to not a few neighboring languages. The present study describes and analyzes the genesis of phonological emphasis and its exogenous spread to a dozen mostly unrelated languages--from Arabic to Iranian and Caucasian languages, among others, and from Interior Salish to Athabaskan and Wakashan languages. This research shows that most languages acquire emphatics by redeploying the phonological feature [RTR] (retracted tongue root) from preexisting uvulars. On the other hand, some languages acquire imitations of emphatics by redeploying the consonantal use of [low] from preexisting pharyngeals. Phonological emphasis is apparently not borrowed by neighboring languages where consonants lack a phonological feature fit for redeployment. The overall impression is that a language in contact with emphatics may newly adopt these sounds as [RTR] or [low] only if the relevant feature is already in use in its consonant system. This pattern of adoption in language contact supports the redeployment construct in second language acquisition theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The study investigates the effects of L2 proficiency and L2 exposure on L2-to-L1 cross-language activation (CLA) in L1-dominant bilinguals. In so doing, it tests the predictions made by prominent models of the bilingual lexicon regarding how language experience modulates CLA. Design: The participants (27 L1-dominant L1 English–L2 Afrikaans speakers) completed a visual world eye-tracking task, conducted entirely in English, in which they saw four objects on a screen: a target object, which they were instructed to click on; a competitor object, whose Afrikaans label overlapped phonetically at onset with the English target object label; and two unrelated distractors. Language background data were collected using the Language History Questionnaire 3.0. Analysis: A growth curve analysis was performed to investigate the extent to which the background variables modulated looks to the Afrikaans competitor item versus to the two unrelated distractor items. Findings: Increased L2 exposure was associated with greater CLA, which is consistent with models suggesting that exposure modulates the likelihood and speed with which a linguistic item becomes activated. Moreover, CLA was reduced at higher levels of L2 proficiency, which aligns with accounts of the bilingual lexicon positing that parasitism of the L2 on the L1 is reduced at higher proficiency levels, leading to reduced CLA. Originality: L2 activation during L1 processing and the variables that modulate it are not well documented, particularly among L1 speakers with limited proficiency in and exposure to the L2. Significance: The findings contribute to the evaluation of competing accounts of bilingual lexical organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the linguistic journey of polite communication in the last two centuries. For this purpose, the article scrutinises German and Romanian professional correspondence and identifies the transformations letter writing has undergone by defining the most relevant patterns of politeness: semantic typology, idiosyncratic language, epistemic and deontic modalities. We conclude that polite interactions unfold in a multitude of eloquent and expressive formulations in earlier letters, whereas modern writings orientate themselves towards the mundane, seek simplicity and are stripped off from ornaments and redundant formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The island of Sumatra and the Barrier Islands lying off its west coast are home to a diverse array of Austronesian languages. For at least a century and a half, a close genetic relationship between many of the non-Malayo-Chamic languages of the region—namely the Batak languages, Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, and Enggano—has been proposed. Evidence in support of such a group was first thoroughly detailed by Nothofer, who outlined sound correspondences and phonological innovations for a Barrier Island–Batak subgroup. Building upon Nothofer's proposal and recent observations about the languages of Sumatra, this paper proposes a far-reaching language group we call Sumatran, comprising Nothofer's Barrier Island–Batak group as well as Gayo, spoken in northern Sumatra, and Nasal, spoken in southwestern Sumatra. We also provide stronger evidence for the inclusion of Enggano, spoken on the southernmost Barrier Island, which Nothofer only tentatively included. To support this proposal, we outline shared innovations that establish the foundation of what constitutes the Sumatran language subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ende is a Central Flores (Austronesian) language of eastern Indonesia which features a contrast between vowel-initial words and words that begin with an underlying glottal stop. The contrast is realized by the insertion of an epenthetic [ɦ-] before vowel-initial words in phrase-initial position. Comparison with the other Central Flores languages shows that the epenthetic Ende [ɦ-] is the regular outcome of what was once a *kl- consonant cluster in Proto-Central Flores. I propose that *kl- clusters underwent a series of sound changes resulting in a segment pronounced [ɦ-], which was reanalyzed as an epenthetic phrase boundary marker instead of a fricative phoneme. The presence and development of epenthetic breathiness in nearby languages such as Keo, Ngadha, Palu'e, Sika, and Kedang will be discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosodic aspects of cross-linguistic contact are under-researched, especially past contact that has subsequently ceased. In this paper, we investigate declarative and polar question tunes of contemporary Cretan Greek, a regional variety of Greek whose speakers were in contact with Venetian speakers during the four and half centuries of Venetian rule on the island, from 1204 to 1669. The F0 contours of the Cretan tunes and alignment of peaks and troughs of interest with the nuclear vowel are compared to the corresponding tunes in Venetian dialect and Venetian Italian and to those in Athenian (Standard) Greek, which are used as control. The data (1610 declarative utterances and 698 polar questions) were drawn from natural speech corpora based on pragmatic criteria: broad focus for declaratives, broad focus, and information-seeking interpretation for polar questions. The pitch contour shapes of the tunes are modeled using polynomial basis functions, and the F0 alignment points are determined analytically. The results show the robustness of contact effects almost three and a half centuries after regular contact ceased and indicate that the shapes of the F0 contours of Cretan and Venetian declarative and polar question tunes are similar. In addition, Cretan alignment patterns are similar to Venetian and significantly different from Athenian. Insights are gained from research into how long prosodic characteristics may persist in a recipient language—decades or even centuries after the cessation of contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the salient morphosyntactic features of the hypothesised Central European convergence area is allegedly a simple three-tense verb system (i. e. past, present, and future) without any formal and semantic distinction between the different past tense forms. The simplification of the originally more complex past tense system has been claimed to be contact-induced, which is mirrored in the loss of synthetic past tense forms in the linguistic history of German and Slavic. The article verifies the hypothesis according to which the loss of the preterit (i. e. a synthetic past tense form) in Upper German caused the disappearance of synthetic past tense forms, i. e. the aorist and the imperfect, in Slavic, more specifically Slovene. First, the process of the loss of the aorist and the imperfect in three medieval Slovene texts is presented, viz. the Freising Fragments (c. 972–1039), the Klagenfurt/Celovec or Rateče Manuscript (2nd half of the 14th century), and the Castelmonte/Stara Gora Manuscript (end of the 15th century). Second, the use of the preterit and the perfect in the Early New High German text Ain newes lied von den kraynneriſchen bauren (c. 1515) from the South Bavarian-Austrian speech territory, more precisely Lower Styria, is analysed. The historical linguistic analysis of the cited Slovene and German linguistic material (the latter originating from the Slovene linguistic area as well) shows that in medieval Slovene the aorist (and most probably the imperfect, too) was lost no later than by the end of the 15th century, while the formal and semantic distinction between the preterit on one hand and the perfect on the other is still preserved in Early New High German documented in the "Slovene-speaking lands" in the second decade of the 16th century. From these facts one cannot but conclude that the loss of synthetic past tense forms in Slovene could not have been influenced by (the demonstrably later) loss of the preterit in South Bavarian-Austrian German dialects, which were historically (and in some regions still are) in geographical and, consequently, sociolinguistic contact with Slovene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore changes to settlement and mobility in the northern Raja Ampat Islands (Waigeo, Gam, and Batanta) over the past five centuries, a time when speakers of several Austronesian languages were moving throughout the archipelago. The evidence shows: (1) some settlement relocations were rapid, occurring within a generation, while other settlements remained fixed for hundreds of years; and (2) there were numerous clan and family scale movements that led to high levels of intermarriage between language groups and settlements. The results demonstrate that far from being a place of stasis caught between the worlds of Maluku and New Guinea, Raja Ampat settlement and mobility were highly dynamic. This dynamism prompts us to rethink the relationship between today’s settlement locations, their language affiliations, and the meta-narratives about their recent population histories. We propose that the deeper past of Raja Ampat may have also been characterized by dynamic movement and social flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music is a universal yet diverse cultural trait transmitted between generations. The extent to which global musical diversity traces cultural and demographic history, however, is unresolved. Using a global musical dataset of 5242 songs from 719 societies, we identify five axes of musical diversity and show that music contains geographical and historical structures analogous to linguistic and genetic diversity. After creating a matched dataset of musical, genetic, and linguistic data spanning 121 societies containing 981 songs, 1296 individual genetic profiles, and 121 languages, we show that global musical similarities are only weakly and inconsistently related to linguistic or genetic histories, with some regional exceptions such as within Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Our results suggest that global musical traditions are largely distinct from some non-musical aspects of human history. Human groups preserve cultural history in songs passed between generations. Here the authors show that musical histories are largely independent of the history preserved in genes and languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between theory and observation in scientific research, specifically in the field of linguistics. It discusses different perspectives on the role of observation and data in linguistic research, with a focus on generative syntax. The article emphasizes the importance of intuitive judgments and introspective data in this field, while also acknowledging the value of linguistic corpora and experimental methods. It concludes by presenting two papers that offer new perspectives on existing data in linguistics. The article is part of a collection of papers written to honor the 90th birthday of Mary A. Kato, a respected linguist. These papers cover various topics in linguistics, including language acquisition, syntax, semantics, and the use of judgment data in research. The authors present their findings based on extensive research and analysis of data from different sources, such as corpora and experimental studies. The papers provide valuable insights into the field of linguistics and highlight the significance of judgment data in linguistic research. [Extracted from the article]

Some grammatical phenomena are more resistant to diachronic change than others. The syntactic core is particularly resilient, raising the question why this is the case and what causes the least vulnerable properties to change. Since fundamental alterations of grammars do not occur across the lifespan of adults, first language acquisition is commonly considered to be the main locus of syntactic change. Under the assumption that language contact leads to cross-linguistic interaction, early bilinguals have been claimed to be the main agents of change. I revisit this debate, focusing on head directionality and V2. Summaries of studies of various acquisition types lead to the conclusion that reanalysis in core syntax does not happen in the course of neither monolingual nor bilingual L1 acquisition. Contrary to hypotheses entertained in diachronic linguistics, neither language contact nor structural ambiguity/complexity has this effect. For core properties to change in L1, the triggering information must be contained in the input. Insufficient exposure, as in heritage language acquisition, can cause morphosyntactic change, though not in the syntactic core. Only second language acquisition exhibits such effects. L2 learners are thus the most likely agents of fundamental syntactic change. I conclude that explanations of the resilience of syntactic phenomena cannot rely exclusively on structural aspects. It results from an interaction of syntactic and developmental factors, defined by grammatical constraint, acquisition principles, and processing demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalisation poses a challenge for businesses with linguistically diverse staff, prompting the choice of English as the default corporate language. Although many studies extensively explored the role of corporate language policy in large corporations, employees' perceptions of such policy has not been explored adequately. Fewer studies investigate the trends in such perceptions in social media texts. This study fills this gap; it examines the barriers in multinational companies that have adopted a foreign language and analyses employees' attitudes. The study uses computer-assisted text analysis to investigate changes in employees' perceptions of an English-only policy in Rakuten, a Japanese company. It analyses a corpus of 704 social media posts on OpenWork from 2010 to 2018. The study finds some trends in employees' attitudes such as the inconsistency between expectation and reality in terms of 'Englishnization' and the popularity of the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC). The findings suggest that Rakuten is not global in the true sense; the value of the TOEIC score is overestimated and the neoliberal employment system affects employees in complex ways. This study contributes to international business language with a bottom-up, employee-centred, and diachronic perspective on language management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports on generalisations drawn from the author's historical analysis of a sample of some five thousand words, which reflect more than two hundred lexical items from up to sixty-six Central Chadic languages and language varieties. The paper provides illustrative examples from present-day languages with explicit diachronic analyses of the evolution of their synchronic segmental and 'prosodic' suprasegmental structures. Four typologically characteristic prosodies (i.e., palatalisation, labialisation, nasalisation, glottalisation) operate across words, which are – in synchronic perspective – mostly monomorphemic, while in diachronic perspective they are mostly polymorphemic. The paper shows that, and how the four reconstructed prosodies lead to the diachronic emergence of innovative phonemes in the modern languages, which were not part of the segmental phonological inventories of the common proto-language. This empirical fact poses considerable challenges to the application of the well-established 'comparative method' as originally developed by the Neogrammarian school of historical linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along the lines of the analyses about secondary genres derived from news texts, this study focuses on the discursive shaping of the nineteenth century printed advertisements. The interest in such texts arises from the need to analyze the historical shaping of advertising discourse, which from the very beginning has allowed for the coexistence not only of an informative purpose but also, jointly, of a persuasive aim which favors the appearance of linguistic features and discursive strategies. We use a corpus made up of printed advertisements published (1389 examples in total) in La Correspondencia de España (2/1/1860-27/6/1925), one of the first newspapers to initiate business journalism in Spain. We trace, within the discourse tradition’s paradigm, different typologies of printed advertisements configured discursively in a different way depending on their profile (communicative distance vs. communicative immediacy) and pragmatic accommodation to the communicative purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plngawan Atayal can be subdivided into two varieties: Sami'uɹ and Macagis. This subdialectal distinction went mostly unnoticed in linguistic publications barring a short mention by Chen (2012). Despite living in the same village since 1938, elderly speakers of both varieties have retained a number of unique phonological features. These features not only allow us to distinguish contemporary varieties, but also let us identify data from older publications. An examination of works by Ferrell (1969) and Li (1981, 1985) has revealed a prevalence of Sami'uɹ data, with a small number of Macagis lexemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A grammatical construction resembling Present-Day English locative inversion has already been found in Old English, with a fronted prepositional phrase prompting V2 word order, both in main and subordinate clauses. It has been demonstrated that several discourse-related factors influence the positioning of objects, fronted locatives, finite verbs and subjects in subordinate clauses. One of the main aims of the present paper is to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the locative inversion construction in Old English subordinate clauses. The Old English data for this study were obtained from the York–Toronto–Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose, and they were analysed using Corpus Studio. The results were compared with those for main clauses, and discourse-related factors such as PP anaphoricity or subject type were analysed in order to find the motivation for the existence of this alternation of word orders. PP anaphoricity proved not to be a determining factor in triggering finite verb inversion, while other factors such as subject weight and subject type do seem to motivate finite verb inversion, thus yielding an embedded PP-V-S word order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Love letters provide insights into the cultural significance of relationships and show how personal expressions of love are influenced by media change. As handwritten expressions, they represent an intangible outstanding cultural asset. Their preservation promotes traditions, while digitisation offers protection and accessibility, particularly for research, education, and society. The love letter archive contributes to the preservation of endangered language practices and unique forms of private communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "100 Century Words" by Hans Jürgen Heringer deals with a selection of 100 words that shape the 20th century. The author chooses the words according to certain criteria and writes language-critical essays about them. The words are arranged chronologically in eight chapters and cover various historical and cultural aspects. The book provides an insight into the history of the German language and is suitable for German language teaching. [Extracted from the article]

When can a shift from a prior to a posterior be represented by conditionalization? A well-known result, known as "superconditioning" and going back to work by Diaconis and Zabell, gives a sharp answer. This paper extends the result and connects it to the reflection principle and common priors. I show that a shift from a prior to a set of posteriors can be represented within a conditioning model if and only if the prior and the posteriors are connected via a general form of the reflection principle. Common priors can be characterized by principles that require a certain kind of coherence between distinct sets of posteriors. I discuss the implications these results have for diachronic and synchronic modes of updating, learning experiences, the common prior assumption of game theory, and time-slice epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Broadening the Spectrum of Corpus Linguistics: New Approaches to Variability and Change" edited by Susanne Flach and Martin Hilpert is a collection of papers from the 40th International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English (ICAME40) conference. The book explores the diverse applications of corpus linguistics as a methodology, including its use in English as a second or foreign language, historical linguistics, discourse analysis, and variationist sociolinguistics. The book is divided into three sections: new perspectives, revisiting old debates, and refinements and innovations. It introduces methodological innovations in corpus creation and analysis, and provides insights into corpus design and construction. The book is aimed at researchers familiar with the field of corpus linguistics, particularly those interested in ESL/EFL, second language acquisition, learner English, and variation and language change. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a review of the book "Generative Linguistics: A Historical Perspective" by Frederick J. Newmeyer. The reviewer praises the book's comprehensive coverage of the history of generative linguistics, specifically the transition from post-Bloomfieldian structuralism to transformational-generative grammar (TGG). The book examines the impact of Noam Chomsky's work on linguistics, the reception of TGG in Europe, and the contested elections within the Linguistic Society of America (LSA). The reviewer commends Newmeyer's use of personal correspondence and archival material to provide a nuanced understanding of the field's development, and suggests that the book may inspire further research on the history of linguistics. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mamluk Turkish constitutes a significant period of Turkish language in terms of having bilingual dictionary-grammar works and reflecting the limited existence of early Kipchak. Kitābu Bulġatu'l- Muştāķ fi Lugāti't-Türk we'l-Ķifçāķ is the only Turkish work with the phrase "Kipchak" in its title and is one of the significant dictionarygrammar works of the Mamluk field. Until recently, this work was known only in one copy, the Paris copy, however with the publication of Karagozlu and Salan's work in 2022, another and more extensive copy of the work was presented to the reader of Turkology. According to the authors, 759 words that are not found in the Paris copy are identified in this copy, which they call the Kastamonu copy. The vocabulary of the Paris copy was previously subjected to historical comparison by Ananiasz Zajaczkowski and Gulhan Al-Turk, and the vocabulary of the work was confirmed. Moreover, there is no systematic historical comparison in Karagozlu and Salan's study. In this study, 46 words which are not found in the Paris copy and are in the group of hapax legomenon and different variations of 22 words in the Kastamonu copy which are hapaxes before this work are discussed and etymological and lexicological interpretations of these words are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a list of contributors to the International Journal of Humanities & Arts Computing. The contributors come from various backgrounds and areas of expertise, including lexicography, digital humanities, computational linguistics, literature, translation studies, and more. The list includes researchers and educators from different countries, such as Portugal, Italy, Hungary, France, and China. Their research interests cover a wide range of topics, including language processing, historical linguistics, art education, Holocaust education, and digital culture. [Extracted from the article]

The omnipresence of multiple crisis diagnoses in contemporary public discourse deeply affects religious education (RE). At first sight, this does not seem to be surprising, insofar as it corresponds to the pedagogical ambition to meaningfully respond to challenges in the lifeworld of learners. Yet, what happens when current phenomena are framed as crisis? Prior to asking the question how RE responds to a particular crisis, one might consider the way in which the perception of reality as crisis emerges and works. Against this background, the paper investigates the use of 'crisis' in RE discourse since 1975. We consider developments up to 2019 using an evenly distributed, diachronic random sample of 485 papers from English RE journals, and then compare this with a synchronic corpus of 31 papers around the emergence of the Covid pandemic. With reference to critical political theory, crises are interpreted as part of normative orders that structure the perception of the respective present. Methodologically, we follow the approach of a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis. Results show how RE discourse frames its perception of the present by means of diagnosing crises. A critical examination of corresponding attributions and implications opens spaces for alternative ways of thinking and acting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Place Names: Approaches and Perspectives in Toponymy and Toponomastics" by Francesco Perono Cacciafo and Francesco Cavallaro is a book that aims to serve as both a textbook for onomastics courses and a scholarly work. However, the book falls short in terms of structure and analysis. The authors divide the field of toponomastics into three subfields, but historical toponomastics and diachronic toponymy essentially cover the same field. This division between European and indigenous languages is seen as colonialist and overlooks the complexity of ancient cultures. The book also lacks clear explanations of the research process and relies on unfounded assumptions. However, the chapters on synchronic toponymy are well-organized and provide valuable insights into the socio-onomastic study of place names. Overall, the book is not recommended as a textbook or resource for active onomastics researchers. [Extracted from the article]

This article is a review of the book "English historical linguistics: Historical English in contact," which is a collection of papers presented at a conference on English historical linguistics. The book covers various topics in the field, including Old English, American English, Cornish English, and Older Scots. The review highlights specific chapters that explore the contact between Middle English and Anglo-Norman, as well as the use of fronting and clefting in Cornish English. The book offers diverse discussions on English's major contact languages and provides new insights into the history of the English language. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a book review of "Sociolinguistic variation in Old English: Records of communities and people" by Olga Timofeeva. The review discusses the challenges faced by historical sociolinguistics in studying Old English due to the limited and biased available material. The book aims to fill this gap by examining different genres and registers of Old English in relation to the communities that used them. It utilizes corpus linguistics and databases to gather information and explores social networks and communities of practice to understand linguistic variation in Old English. The book also focuses on the sociolinguistic analysis of different types of charters in Old English, exploring factors such as region, gender, and social networks that influence language and structure. It also discusses the multilingual practice after the Norman Conquest and the borrowing of loan terminology. The author emphasizes the importance of social networks and discourse communities in understanding sociolinguistic changes in Old English variation. [Extracted from the article]

The text discusses a book titled "Construction Grammar across Borders," which explores the field of Construction Grammar and its impact on various areas of linguistic study. The book includes chapters that examine the theoretical compatibility of Construction Grammar with related approaches, the role of semantics in grammatical description, and the application of Construction Grammar in historical linguistics. The authors present different perspectives and propose new ideas within the framework of Construction Grammar. The book aims to contribute to the ongoing progress and evolution of Construction Grammar as a field of study. [Extracted from the article]

In the history of written Estonian, three patterns were used for number words ranging from 21 to 99. As a result, complex numerals varied considerably, e.g., the word 21 exhibited unit-before-ten order (üks peale kakskümmend 'one upon twenty'), tenbefore-unit order (kakskümmend peale üks 'twenty upon one' - kakskümmend ja üks 'twenty and one' - kakskümmend üks 'twenty one'), and overcounting (üks kolmatkümmend 'one from the third decade' - üks kolmat 'one from the third'). This variation has been studied through analysis of the earliest extant Estonian texts from the 16th to 19th centuries, as evidenced by the corpus of old written Estonian, the historical concordance of the Estonian Bible translation, and the database of digitized Estonian newspapers. The first two preserved instances of Estonian complex number words, dating back to 1589 and 1601, followed the unit-before-ten order. This pattern was used throughout the 17th century and discarded at the end of the century, possibly due to puristic concerns, as several other German traits were also abandoned during this period. Only sporadic instances of this pattern were found in the 18th century. Overcounting was prevalent in the Bible translations of certain 17th century authors (e.g., J. Gutslaff, A. Virginius, and J. Hornung), while others, including translators who mentioned it in their own grammars (H. Stahl and H. Göseken), did not use the pattern at all. In texts published during the first half of the 18th century, overcounting prevailed. Thereafter, overcounting ceased to be the dominant pattern in books and gradually disappeared. The final instances of overcounted 21-99 appeared in newspapers in the 1820s. In oral usage, however, this pattern persisted well into the 20th century, particularly for counting yarn, fish, years of life, etc. The ten-before-unit order was used in almost all writings from the 1630s until the end of the 19th century. By the mid-19th century, it had become the exclusive pattern in written Estonian. The decline of overcounting and the prevalence of the ten-before-unit order coincided with a period during which the literacy of Estonians increased immensely. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the proliferation of literacy influenced the usage of complex numerals. While the logic of overcounting stemmed from oral traditions and finger-counting, the ten-before-unit order was more straightforward in written texts. This shift in number words was facilitated by the transition from Roman to Arabic numerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptual history offers a method for writing the intellectual history of African societies that did not leave a documentary record accessible in archives. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, in this case drawing on the methods of comparative historical linguistics, it is possible to rethink the limitations of the traditional archive and privilege the intellectual work of people even when their names and the details of their individual lives have been lost to us. Through the case study of the concept of wealth in eastern Uganda over the past 2,000 years, the complexity and dynamism of people's economic ideas becomes apparent. Also apparent is the longevity of their engagement with these concepts over at least the past two millennia. Scholars working in other contexts, including modern ones, can draw on these comparative and interdisciplinary approaches to move beyond the limitations of the archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction to our special issue surveys some of the current work undertaken by scholars on the island of Puerto Rico and abroad that document the language forms, uses, and ideologies of language in the U.S. territory. We provide the "total linguistic fact" (Silverstein 1985) of what it means to speak English and Spanish in Puerto Rico, Census projections of language use, self-reported data and actual documented work on the form and social uses of languages. We provide the sociohistorical context of the history of both Spanish and English on the Island, language policies across time, and how these have played out and been contested in real time. Setting the scene for our special issue, we ask our readers to think critically on the status of contact languages in globalized times, ideological shifts of language practices, and the intimate ties between language and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]