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Introduction. Interleukins have promising prospects in the clinical treatment of cancer. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an anti- inflammatory cytokine with an immunosuppressive effect on antitumor activity by immune cells, but the mechanical action of IL-4 in thyroid cancer is unknown. Aim: to investigate the effect of IL-4 expression in thyroid cancer patients. Furthermore, to clarify the association between obesity and thyroid cancer. Material and methods. The present study was conducted on 115 subjects with thyroid nodules (36 with thyroid cancer and 79 with benign lesions) in Basrah, Iraq, from November 2019 to April 2022. To conduct a histophysiology study of IL-4. Results. There was a significant difference in serum IL-4 between the thyroid cancer and control subjects. A higher level of serum IL-4 was observed in the Hashimoto thyroiditis group. There was no significant difference in body mass index (BMI) between thyroid cancer and control subjects. The expression of tissue IL-4 in thyroid cancer patients was strong in 8 (22.22%) slides, moderate in 7 slides (19.44%), weak in 8 slides (22.22%), and negative in 13 slides (36.11%), while in the control group, it was strong in 7 (30.44%) slides, moderate in 8 slides (34.79%), weak in 5 slides (21.74%) and negative in 3 slides (13.03%). Conclusions. These findings indicate that serum levels of IL-4 may help diagnose thyroid cancer and identify patients with active disease who deserve closer medical attention. Furthermore, the secretion of IL-4 was systematic and not localized in thyroid cancer tissues. Obesity was not associated with a prevalence of thyroid cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of subchronic exposure to NaMBS (90 days), on the quantitative hemogram and the thymus histology spleen and stomach in Wistar rats. The study involved 24 female Wistar rats, receiving increasing concentrations of 0.25%, 1% and 4% of NaMBS in drinking water, for 90 days compared to the control group receiving drinking water without NaMBS. At the end of the experiment, the control and experimental rats were sacrificed, the blood and organs were removed and the hematological parameters were assayed. The thymus, spleen and stomach were used for histological study. In all cases a value p

The issue of cancer became a research topic for the humanities and social sciences. Its goal is primarily to establish an inventory of research on the cancer history. Far from confining reflection to the medical and biological realms, it includes the political, social and cultural dimensions. This collaboration made it possible to study cancer under very different aspects: representations of the disease from the mid-eighteenth century to the 1950s. The fight against cancer in Algeria is imperative with the same imperative need as in the Metropolis and the other French territories of North Africa. The ravages caused by cancer in Algeria are in fact of the same order as those of which it overwhelms the other Mediterranean countries.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of subchronic exposure to NaMBS (90 days), on the quantitative hemogram and the thymus histology spleen and stomach in Wistar rats. The study involved 24 female Wistar rats, receiving increasing concentrations of 0.25%, 1% and 4% of NaMBS in drinking water, for 90 days compared to the control group receiving drinking water without NaMBS. At the end of the experiment, the control and experimental rats were sacrificed, the blood and organs were removed and the hematological parameters were assayed. The thymus, spleen and stomach were used for histological study. In all cases a value p <0.05 was considered significant. The results obtained show that, the group receiving 4% of NaMBS showed a significant decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin (p< 0.05), an increase in the number of white blood cells (p< 0.01) and the number of platelets were observed. The doses of 1% and 4% cause statistically significant changes of the erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCHC, MCHC); and of the leukocyte formula (lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes), in comparison with the control group. Hyperplasia of the spleen and stomach in animals treated with 1% and 4% of NaMBS, was observed in comparison with those of control animals. In addition, histological examination revealed hyperplasia of the white pulp and inflammation of the spleen, in rats treated with 4% of NaMBS and inflammation of the gastric mucosa, in the groups receiving 1% and 4% of NaMBS dose. The results obtained indicate that, the subchronic ingestion of NaMBS above the ADI, seems to cause alterations in some hematological parameters such as splenic and gastric histo-alterations in Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the biological activity of the essential oil of Origanum glandulosum on adults of Schistocerca gregaria revealed a very high acridicidal effect. The test substance was administered by gavage or oral forcing. The total mortality of the treated individuals was obtained after 2 days. Observation of the external appearance of the digestive tract of the individuals tested did not reveal any alteration. Histological examination of the intestinal wall of the species studied revealed the very intense effect of the essential oil of Origanum glandulosum on the digestive tract compared to controls. This acts effectively on the stomodeum causing ulcerations, ruptures in the epithelium, which causes muscle strictures. At the level of the mesenteron, the essential oil of Oregano induces a modification of the epithelial appearance which becomes granular and lysis of the peritrophic membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific gain after treating about 100lab rats with heroin of several doses to examine the quantitative physical, clinical chemistry and histopathological tests. Accompanied bymodern statistical analysis, the results explain an obvious differentiation (p<0.05) for urine creatinine, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, 24-hour proteinuria, protein/creatinine ratio and urea; at the same time as other parameters showed slight and concealed splendour achievements results recorded ups or downs reported below for Weight, food intake, water intake and urine volume. Judgment based on reasoning were proving the negative effects of heroin on the kidneys of the lab rats successes an acute damages on the histopathological levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils are a promising alternative to insecticides. We investigated the LD50 of oils extracted from Piper corcovadensis, P. marginatum, and P. arboreum after 48 h topical contact with Spodoptera frugiperda larvae using morphometry, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry of the midgut and fat body. Chromatography revealed that E-caryophyllene was the principal compound common to the Piper species. The essential oils of P. corcovadensis, P. marginatum and P. arboreum caused deleterious changes in the midgut of S. frugiperda larvae. P. corcovadensis oil produced the lowest LD50 and significant histopathological alterations including elongation of the columnar cells, formation of cytoplasmic protrusions, reduction in carbohydrate, increased apoptotic index and decreased cell proliferation. P. arboreum oil caused histopathological alterations similar to P. corcovadensis, but caused the highest rate of cell proliferation and increased regenerative cells, which indicated rapid regeneration of the epithelium. Our findings demonstrated the insecticidal potential of P. corcovadensis for control of S. frugiperda owing to the significant damage it inflicted on S. frugiperda midgut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Maternal consumption of high-fat diets promotes liver changes in the offspring. • These diets trigger biochemical and histopathological changes in the liver of the offspring. • Among the alterations we have: steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning and lobular inflammation, fibrosis and elevated transaminases. • Melatonin associated with a diet rich in yeast prevents the offspring of structural and physiological changes in the liver. In the present study, we set out to determine whether melatonin combined with a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation can prevent liver disorders in offspring. Forty rats were divided into four groups: DC - pregnant rats submitted to the standard diet; DC + Mel - pregnant rats submitted to the standard diet combined with melatonin; HFD - pregnant rats submitted to a high-fat diet; HFD + Mel - pregnant rats submitted to a high-fat diet combined with melatonin. Morphophysiological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Melatonin (5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. The HFD group offspring showed an increase in AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and glucose levels, and a reduction in HDL and lipase levels. In the liver obseved steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, increased lobular parenchyma and reduced non-lobular parenchyma, beside reduced liver glycogen and fibrosis. These changes were not observed in the HFD + Mel group. In conclusion, melatonin combined with a high-fat diet preserves the liver architecture and function in the offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aim to identify the main phases of the construction of Portuguese Endocrinology in the first half of the 20th century. The Portuguese endocrinology has its roots in the laboratory studies of Marck Athias histophysiology school and his disciples, evolving into to clinical applications. During that period, many scientific and academical studies were made, the first doctor's appointments were created, the first specialized journal were edited and the Portuguese Society of Endocrinology was finally created, what catapulted Endocrinology for the category of medical speciality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A programmable Laboras apparatus, consisting of an automated behavioral reaction recording system, was used to record movement activity in male rats aged one, eight, and 16 months studied in groups of 12, with subsequent determination of the numbers of neuron bodies in layer V of the motor cortex in preparations stained by the Nissl method. Different age groups were found to have different numbers of neurons in the motor cortex. The greatest number was seen in animals aged eight months. Movement activity correlated with the number of neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper described the architecture of the dog aortic arterial wall focused in the ascendant; thoracic descendent, and abdominal parts of the aorta. Furthermore, in this study we analyzed the wall structure of the right external iliac artery and the left vertebral artery of dog aiming to compare their architectural patterns with the aortic wall mainly in abdominal aortic part, which was structured by a mixed muscular and connective matrix equilibrated elements. The variables analyzed were the thickness of each mural layer; the number of elastic lamellae, mainly localized into the medial layer structure, and the diameters of each aortic segment. The aortic structure showed a typical elastic pattern in the ascendant and descendant thoracic parts, but in its abdominal segment a lesser presence of elastic lamellae permitted to classify it with a mixed mural composition. The aortic segments mainly presented variable amounts of smooth muscle cells and connective matrix assuming a meshwork pattern. Furthermore, smooth muscle cells were seen intermingled with connective lamellae and fibers forming the complex meshwork related, which certainly helped to guarantee the aortic mural integrity during the aortic blood flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basal cells are present in the columnar pseudostratified epithelium covering the epididymis of all mammalian species, which regulates the microenvironment where the functionally incompetent germ cells produced by the testis are matured and stored. Striking novelties have come from investigations on epididymal basal cells in the past 30-40 years. In addition to an earlier hypothesised scavenger role for basal cells, linked to their proven extratubular origin and the expression of macrophage antigens, basal cells have been shown to be involved in cell-cell cross-talk, as well as functioning as luminal sensors to regulate the activity of principal and clear cells. Involvement of basal cells in the regulation of electrolyte and water transport by principal cells was hypothesised. This control is suggested to be mediated by the local formation of prostaglandins. Members of the aquaporin (AQP) and/or aquaglyceroporin family (AQP3, AQP7 and AQP8) are also specifically expressed in the rat epididymal basal cells. Transport of glycerol and glycerylphosphorylcholine from the epithelium of the epididymis to the lumen in relation to sperm maturation may be mediated by AQP. Most probably basal cells collaborate to the building up of the blood-epididymis barrier through cell adhesion molecules, implying an involvement in immune control exerted towards sperm cells, which are foreigners in the environment in which they were produced. This review summarises the striking novelties obtained from morphophysiological investigations after David W. Hamilton stated 'epididymal basal cells are an enigma' in the 1970s. In addition to an earlier hypothesised scavenger role linked to the expression of macrophage antigens, basal cells have been shown to be involved in cell-cell cross-talk and to function as luminal sensors regulating epithelial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface epithelium of the vas deferens of Agouti paca, a wild and large South American rodent, was basically formed by principal and basal cells being only the principal cells related to endocytosis processes and also secretion taking base on their cytoplasmic ultrastructural features. Principal cell of vas deferens epithelium were characterized mainly by presence of vesicles with several shapes, sizes and internalized content at their apical cytoplasm occurring smaller pits and pale small vesicles seen next to the apical brush border of microvillus. Moreover, coated vesicles, smooth surface vesicles and great vesicles; multivesicular bodies, endosomes and lysosomes were seen. Presence of an apocrine secretory apparatus was also viewed, showing apical cytoplasmic expansions protruding into the vas deferens luminal compartment. The basal flattened cells, without luminal surface contact, occurred next to the basement membrane of the ductus, and did no exhibit special ultrastructural features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The French neurohistologist Louis-Antoine Ranvier (1835-1922), somewhat neglected in classical histories of nineteenth-century studies on the nervous system, developed a personal style, traditionally referred to as a synthesis between histology and physiology. Ranvier's research was not centered on the brain. Rather, he remained attached to the intimate nature of minute structures, with a style marked by the concept of generality. Ranvier's original style and role in the development of French histology and anatomie générale are analyzed, and their significance evaluated. Ranvier is reassessed as a prominent figure and as the leader in the renewal of the French anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Steps in the physiological construction of the neurone concept are described. Early ideas on the function of the nerve cell led to later polemics on the neurone doctrine and the speculative attitude of histophysiology. Researches of Sherrington and Adrian emerged from a specific British context, and confronted American oscillography and Berger rhythm. At the end of various polemics, the neurone was constructed by the intracellular technique and the use of concepts borrowed from other sub-disciplines. Analysis of these paths demonstrates underlying disciplinary interactions as essential factors. To cite this article: J.-G. Barbara, C. R. Biologies 329 (2006). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ethology, a fast developing field of animal sciences has considerable relevance in animal husbandry, agriculture, control of animal populations, pest control, medicine, wildlife biology, etc. It has made vast strides of progress during the past few decades and some of these trends are reviewed. Communication signals play a salient role in sociobiology of animal groups. Animals deploy visual, acoustic, tactile and olfactory signals during their social interactions. Among these, olfactory cues have certain specific advantages over the other modes concerned. Recently considerable attention has been focussed on chemical signals in animals, especially those of economically important forms such as insects, fishes and mammals. Regarding insects, sex pheromones, aphrodisiacs, trail markers, aggregating and alerting pheromones have been isolated in various insectan orders. The factors controlling sex pheromone behaviour and impact of pheromones on control of insect population have been elaborated. Investigations on chemical cues of lower vertebrates indicate that fishes, amphibians and reptiles deploy them in their social interactions. Pheromones modulate the schooling, reproductive and alarm response behaviour in fishes. Among mammals, urine, fecal pellets, saliva and secretions of specialised skin glands function as sources of olfactory cues. Data on histophysiology, and ultrastructure of specialised skin glands, biochemistry of their secretions have been collected. Osmetrichia, scent marking patterns and fiehmen responses and their hormonal control have been elucidated. The neuroendocrinological basis of scent marking has been made explicit. Relatively only very few of the mammalian pheromones have been isolated. The role of Primer pheromones in modulation of reproductive processes in some of the rodents and signalling pheromones in social interactions of some mammals have been elaborated. Data on olfactory cues in human social interactions indicate the presence of social pheromones. Visual signals of some insects and their role in reproductive activities have been investigated. Social postures in some rodent pests and their behavioural relevance have been studied. Acoustic signals in insects facilitate congregation, sexual attraction, aggregation and alarm responses. Further various aspects of vocalisations in birds and mammals have been investigated. Reproductive investment patterns and sex ratios in insects and parental investment in birds have been elucidated. Play behaviour and their role in behavioural development has been investigated. Etiological analysis of drug action in aggressive behaviour in certain mammals has been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specialized integumentary glands have been observed at certain specific body regions of the common house rat, Rattus rattus. Diverse zones such as eyelid, oral angle, prepuce and circum anal possess hypertrophied skin glands. The histophysiological aspects of these integumentary glands are reported. These specialized sebaceous glands have specific behavioural relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B-cell reactivity, as expressed in a plasma cell reaction may be part of a graft-versus-host or host-versus-graft reaction. Cell transfer experiments were able to prove this. Histological evidence is presented for the occurrence of the so-called 'allogeneic effect' during a graft-versus-host or host-versus-graft reaction in the rabbit spleen. Cell suspensions containing both T-and B-cells give rise to a cellular and a humoral immunity reaction component upon transfer to histoincompatible recipients. This can also occur during a graft-versus-host reaction. This B-cell response is T-cell dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two times sublethal total body-X-irradiation with weekly local thymus irradiation established a T-cell deprived experimental model in rabbits. Humoral immunity reactions in draining lymph nodes have been analyzed histologically and at the submicroscopical level after challenge with Salmonella Java vaccine, horse spleen ferritin, horse-γ-globulin, a chemical sensitizer oxazolone (2 phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone) and after skin allografting respectively. The time sequence studies in these animals with an 'isolated B-cell system' are compared with similar experiments in normal non-irradiated rabbits. The site of initiation of the thymus-independent and thymus-dependent plasma cell response is established in the lymph node. The (ultra)structural features of the antibody forming (-B-)cell precursors, the marginal zone cells, are described and discussed. The differentiating off-spring of two (sub)microscopically recognizable plasma cell lines is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human rete testis was examined with regard to 1) the number and distribution of entrances of seminiferous tubules, 2) the light microscopic topography and 3) details of the passages as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In a newborn 1474 entrances were counted, approximately 50 % entering from the right and 50 % from the left of the central long axis. Three major subdivisions of the rete were distinguished and described: a septal (or interlobular) part represented by tubuli recti, a tunical (or mediastinal) part which is a true network of channels, and an extratesticular part characterized by dilatations (up to 3 mm wide) which we have called bullae retis. In SEM, cylindrical strands running from wall to wall in the tunical and extratesticular rete spaces are a prominent feature. We have called these chordae retis. They are covered by epithelium and are 5-40 μm wide and 15 to more than 100 μm long. They contain a peculiar tissue consisting of central myoid cells in a fibroelastic matrix. The smaller chordae are avascular. In the light of these findings the rete is interpreted as a highly complex myoelastic sponge. Its function is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultrastructure of the normal human rete testis was analyzed. The rete testis cavities are irregularly shaped and contain virtually no spermatozoa. Smooth muscle cells often surround the cavities. In the epithelial lining, two cell types are distinguishable. Flat, dark cells exhibit numerous slender microvilli, and numerous apical and basal microvesicles. Prismatic, lighter cells have more cell organelles, mostly polarized towards a supranuclear position. Both cell types contain variable amounts of glycogen and fat, and an occasional cilium. All cells display intricate lateral cell surfaces that possess different cell-to-cell attachment devices. Intermediate cell types are frequently found. On a morphological basis, the epithelial cells seem to be involved in the release of substances into the lumen and probably also in transport towards the base. Connective tissue elements are found subjacent to the epithelium. Scattered among the fibrocytes are typical smooth muscle cells. Expansions of some smooth muscle cells are connected to the epithelial basement membrane by a network of microfibrillar material. The smooth muscle cells may be involved in changing the shape of the rete testis channels, thus promoting the flux of the rete testis fluid. Different types of nerve fibre bundles are distinguished in the connective tissue of the rete testis which may correspond to autonomic and sensory nerves or sensory receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Over time, much knowledge has been accumulated about the active role of the urothelium, principally in rodents and human. Far from being a mere passive barrier, this specialized epithelium can alter the ion and protein composition of the urine, is able to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, and react to mechanical stimuli by epithelial cell communication with the nervous system. Most of the specialized functions of the urothelium are linked to a number of morpho-physiologic properties exhibited by the superficial umbrella cells, including specialized membrane lipids, asymmetric unit membrane particles and a plasmalemma with stiff plaques which function as a barrier to most substances found in urine, thus protecting the underlying tissues. Moreover, the entire mucosa lining the low urinary tract, composed of urothelium and sub-urothelium, forms a functional transduction unit, able to respond to eso- and endogenous physical and chemical stimuli in a manner assuring an adequate functional response. This review will summarize the available information on each area of inquiry from a morpho-functional point of view. Possible considerations pertaining to species of veterinary interest are reviewed as well. The review was prepared consulting the electronic databases PubMed and Cab Abstracts and retrieving all pertinent reports and the relative reference lists, in order to identify any potential additional studies that could be included. Full-length research articles and thematic reviews were considered. Information on the urothelium of some domestic animal species was also included., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Recent advances in the histophysiology of the normal thymus have revealed its complex architecture, showing distinct microenvironments atthe light and electron microscopic level. The epithelium comprising the major component of the thymic stroma is not only involved in the positive selection of thymocytes, but also in their negative selection. Dendritic cells, however, are more efficient than epithelial cellsin mediating negative selection. Thymocytes are dependent on the epithelium for normal development. Conversely, epithelial cells need thepresence of thymocytes to maintain their integrity. The thymus rapidly responds to immunotoxic injury. Both the thymocytes and the nonlymphoid compartment of the organ can be targets of exposure. Disturbance of positive and negative thymocyte selection may have a major impact on the immunological function of the thymus. Suppression of peripheral T-cell-dependent immunity as a consequence of thymus toxicity isprimarily seen after perinatal exposure when the thymus is most active. Autoimmunity may be another manifestation of chemically mediated thymus toxicity. Although the regenerative capacity of thymus structure is remarkable, it remains to be clarified whether this also applies to thymus function. In-depth mechanistic studies on chemical-induced dysfunction of the thymus have been conducted with the environmental contaminants 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) and bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) as well as the pharmaceutical immunosuppressant cyclosporine (CsA). Each of these compounds exerts a differential effect on the morphology of the thymus, depending on the cellular targets for toxicity. TCDD and TBTO exposure results in cortical lymphodepletion, albeit by different mechanisms. An important feature of TCDD-mediated thymus toxicity is the disruption of epithelial cells inthe cortex. TBTO primarily induces cortical thymocyte cell death. Incontrast, CsA administration results in major alterations in the medulla, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]