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We have suceeded in measuring the velocity of cerebrospinal fluid in shunt system using the laser-two-focus velocimeter. This is accomplished by inserting air lumps in the shunt tube which move together with the fluid.

We used ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to investigate the relationship between residual dizziness and utricular function following the canalith repositioning procedure for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were measured in 44 patients (40 included in analyses, four excluded) with successful results from the canalith repositioning procedure. The patients were examined before treatment and again one week after treatment. We analyzed how various general factors and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials related to residual dizziness.Residual dizziness was not related to gender, affected side, age, duration of symptoms, recurrence, or the results of the initial ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential test (p .05). However, residual dizziness was significantly associated with the results of the second ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential test (p = .007).Residual dizziness after a successful canalith repositioning procedure may be caused by persistent utricular dysfunction.

Current waveforms can effectively be measured using a Rogowski coil. To accurately measure a current waveform, the wide-band frequency characteristics of a current sensor composed of a Rogowski coil and an integration circuit are required. Wide-band current sensors are usually expensive. Therefore, a low-cost and wide-band sensor with high accuracy is needed. The developed wide-band current sensor using a small-diameter Rogowski coil is connected to an oscilloscope, and the current waveform can be measured. The design and manufacturing methods and the evaluation results of the frequency characteristic are introduced in this paper.

Direct scandium- and lanthanum-catalyzed etherifications of propargyl alcohols 1 and 6 in MeNO₂-H₂O provided propargyl ethers 3, 4 and 7 in high yields. In addition, reactions of 1 and 6 with thiols exclusively yielded the corresponding propargyl sulfides.

The synaptic protein interaction (synprint) site of the voltage-gated Ca2+channel (VGCC) α1 subunit can interact with proteins involved in exocytosis, and it is therefore thought to be essential for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Here we report that the synprint site can also directly bind the μ subunit of AP-2, an adaptor protein for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, in competition with the synaptotagmin 1 (Syt 1) C2B domain. In brain lysates, the AP-2–synprint interaction occurred over a wide range of Ca2+concentrations but was inhibited at high Ca2+concentrations, in which Syt 1 interacted with synprint site. At the calyx of Held synapse in rat brainstem slices, direct presynaptic loading of the synprint fragment peptide blocked endocytic, but not exocytic, membrane capacitance changes. We propose that the VGCC synprint site is involved in synaptic vesicle endocytosis, rather than exocytosis, in the nerve terminal, via Ca2+-dependent interactions with AP-2 and Syt.

The transport of tubulin and microtubules in a growing axon is essential for axonal growth and maintenance. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the linkage of tubulin and microtubules to motor proteins is not yet clear. Collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) is enriched at the distal part of growing axons in primary hippocampal neurons and plays a critical role in axon differentiation through its interaction with tubulin dimer and Numb. In this study, we show that CRMP-2 regulates tubulin transport by linking tubulin and Kinesin-1. The C-terminal region of CRMP-2 directly binds to the tetratricopeptide repeat domain of kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1). Soluble tubulin binds to the middle of CRMP-2 and forms a trimeric complex with CRMP-2/KLC1. Furthermore, the movement of GFP–tubulin in the photobleached area is weakened by knockdown of KLCs or CRMP-2. These results indicate that the CRMP-2/Kinesin-1 complex regulates soluble tubulin transport to the distal part of the growing axon.

Regulated increase in the formation of microtubule arrays is thought to be important for axonal growth. Collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) is a mammalian homologue of UNC-33, mutations in which result in abnormal axon termination. We recently demonstrated that CRMP-2 is critical for axonal differentiation. Here, we identify two activities of CRMP-2: tubulin-heterodimer binding and the promotion of microtubule assembly. CRMP-2 bound tubulin dimers with higher affinity than it bound microtubules. Association of CRMP-2 with microtubules was enhanced by tubulin polymerization in the presence of CRMP-2. The binding property of CRMP-2 with tubulin was apparently distinct from that of Tau, which preferentially bound microtubules. In neurons, overexpression of CRMP-2 promoted axonal growth and branching. A mutant of CRMP-2, lacking the region responsible for microtubule assembly, inhibited axonal growth and branching in a dominant-negative manner. Taken together, our results suggest that CRMP-2 regulates axonal growth and branching as a partner of the tubulin heterodimer, in a different fashion from traditional MAPs.

Chiral di- or triamines, ( S )-2-( N , N -disubstituted aminomethyl)indoline 1a – d , derived from ( S )-indoline-2-carboxylic acid were efficient chiral catalysts for the enantioselective addition of dialkylzincs to aldehydes. The best results were obtained by employing 15 mol% of ( S )-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)indoline 1c , and chiral secondary alcohols were obtained in up to 97% ee.

Direct scandium- and lanthanum-catalyzed etherifications of propargyl alcohols 1 and 6 in MeNO₂-H₂O provided propargyl ethers 3, 4 and 7 in high yields. In addition, reactions of 1 and 6 with thiols exclusively yielded the corresponding propargyl sulfides.

Direct scandium- and lanthanum-catalyzed etherifications of propargyl alcohols 1 and 6 in MeNO₂-H₂O provided propargyl ethers 3, 4 and 7 in high yields. In addition, reactions of 1 and 6 with thiols exclusively yielded the corresponding propargyl sulfides.

A variety of 1-sulfanyl and 1-selanyl derivatives are reacted with sodium alkoxides or thiolates to afford the corresponding trisubstituted furan derivatives with high yields [cf.

Chiral di- or triamines, ( S )-2-( N , N -disubstituted aminomethyl)indoline 1a – d , derived from ( S )-indoline-2-carboxylic acid were efficient chiral catalysts for the enantioselective addition of dialkylzincs to aldehydes. The best results were obtained by employing 15 mol% of ( S )-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)indoline 1c , and chiral secondary alcohols were obtained in up to 97% ee.

In order to derive the specific properties of polymer nanocomposites, we investigated the influence of the dispersibility of nanoparticles on dielectric property. Experiments were carried out for epoxy/alumina nanocomposites with the particle dispersion techniques using ultrasonic wave (USW) and centrifugal force (CF). In this paper, by controlling the application duration of ultrasonic wave, we investigated its influence on particle dispersion and dielectric permittivity. As the result, we verified quantitatively that the extension of the application duration of ultrasonic wave could improve dispersibility of nanoparticles and reduce relative permittivity of nanocomposites.

For the application of nanocomposite materials to solid insulator in electric power apparatus, we investigated the influence of the dispersibility of nanoparticles on dielectric property. Experiments were carried out in epoxy/alumina nanocomposites with the particle dispersion techniques using ultrasonic wave and centrifugal force. As the result, we verified the specific characteristics of dielectric permittivity in nanocomposites with good dispersibility.

For applications of nanocomposite materials to solid insulator for electric power apparatus, we have to consider various characteristics from mechanical, thermal and electrical points of view. In particular, the agglomerate of nanoparticles would decline the excellent properties of nanocomposite. In this paper, we investigated the influence of dispersibility of nanoparticles on electrical properties. Firstly, we fabricated epoxy/alumina nanocomposites with application of ultrasonic wave and centrifugal force. Secondly, we evaluated the dispersibility of nanoparticles by image analysis of agglomerate diameter from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the measurement of filler contents. Then, we examined the dielectric properties such as permittivity and dielectric loss of the nanocomposite. Finally, we verified the influence of the dispersibility of nanoparticles on the dielectric characteristics.

The catalytic asymmetric borane reduction of prochiral ketones was examined in the presence of chiral diazaborolidine catalysts prepared in situ from chiral β-diamines and borane. Chiral secondary alcohols were obtained with modest to high enantiomeric excesses (up to 92% ee) using ( S )-2-[(4-trifluoromethyl)anilinomethyl]indoline 2f .

The catalytic asymmetric borane reduction of prochiral ketones was examined in the presence of chiral β-diamines. Chiral secondary alcohols were obtained with modest to high enantiomeric excesses (up to 92% ee) using (S)-2-[(p-trifluoromethyl)anilinomethyl]indoline.

The catalytic asymmetric borane reduction of prochiral ketones was examined in the presence of chiral β-diamines. Chiral secondary alcohols were obtained with modest to high enantiomeric excesses (up to 92% ee) using (S)-2-[(p-trifluoromethyl)anilinomethyl]indoline.

Di-, tri-, and tetrahydroxytropolones were prepared in good yields by the acetolysis of corresponding halotropones or polyhalotropolones with acetyl trifluoroacetate followed by acetic acid hydrolysis. However, using the same treatment to obtain hexaacetoxytropone with fully substituted acetoxyhalotropones predominantly yielded fewer substituted acetoxytropones than expected; the mechanism of formation was shown to involve an acetic acid-mediated reduction of intermediary formed acetoxy-p-tropoquinone equivalents. A couple of 2,7-unsubstituted 3,4-diacetoxytropones were deduced to have cyclized 1,3-dioxole structures, 2-acetoxy-2-methyl-5H-cyclohepta-1,3-dioxol-5-ones. An acetolysis of the brominated 5-isopropyltropolones furnished an acetylated by-product, 2,3,7-triacetoxy-5-(1,1-dimethyl-2-oxopropyl)tropone, which might be formed by the acylation of an intermediate, 3,4,5,6-tetraacetoxy-8,8-dimethylheptafulvene.

4-Substituted cis-3-ethyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-quinoline was formed as a major product, by irradiation of quinoline N-oxide and 2(1H)-quinolinone substituted with an electron-withdrawing group at the C-4 position in propionic acid. Also, the products were confirmed by direct comparison with synthesized compounds.

Reductive dehalogenated compounds of 2, 3-dichloro-l, 4-naphthoquinone (Dichlone), such as 2-chloro-l, 4-naphthoquinone, 1, 4-naphthoquinone and 1, 4-naphthalenediol, were produced during the initial stage of photochemically reacting Dichlone in various solvents either in the presence or absence of oxygen. On longer photoreaction in the presence of oxygen, phthalic acid and phthalic anhydride (phthalic acid mono ester instead of the anhydride in an alcoholic solvent) were isolated as the main products. Minor products of reacting Dichlone in a mixture of benzene and 2-propanol were salicylic acid, 2-chloro-3-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone, 2-chloro-3-phenoxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone and 2, 3-dichloro-4-hydroxy-l-keto-2-phenyl-1, 2-dihydronaphthalene, and isopropyl 1-chloro-2, 3-dioxo-l-indanecarboxylate.

The relationship of the β-myrcene content with the susceptibility and/or resistance of Pinus species against the pine wood nematode was investigated. For this purpose, the β-myrcene content of the wood of one-year-old shoots was determined. The resistant trees were found to contain a very small amount of β-myrcene. On the other hand, the β-myrcene content of susceptible trees was comparatively high. This relationship was observed in both inter- and intraspecies and also between young and older trees of the same species, i.e., Pinus densiflora or P. thunbergii. The β-myrcene content can feasibly be used as an indicator for screening resistant Japanese red and black pine trees.

The stimulating effects of monoterpenes in pine trees on the molting and the multiplication of the pine wood nematode were investigated. The results indicated that the molting of the dispersal 4th stage larva (LIV) to the adult nematode was stimulated by these monoterpenes, especially β- myrcene. The population of the nematode cultured on fungal mats of B. cinerea, A. kikuchiana and C. miyabeanus increased considerably in the presence of a small amount of p-myrcene. This compound seemed to play a hormone-like role for both the molting of LIV and the multiplication of the nematode.

“The acetotropy” of 2-acetoxytropones was shown to be a concerted [1,9] sigmatropic process on the basis of a kinetic analysis. A little substituent effect for the activation free energy of the acetyl migration was recognized. Preferred tautomers of polyacetoxytropones were those having the carbonyl group at inner positions. As an extreme case, a “Merry-Go-Round”-type rearrangement was operative in hexaacetoxytropone.

A new convenient assay method for nematode attractants was developed. Using this method, the attracting activity of volatile components in a pine, Pinus densiflora, was examined for the pine wood nematode, Bur saphelenchus xylophilus, which causes serious damage to pine trees in Japan. Among the volatile components, β-myrcene showed the strongest attracting potency. This compound was assumed to play an important role in the transmigration of the nematode from the sawyer to the pine tree and for the movement of the nematode inside the pine wood.

Hormone-like substances corresponding to β-myrcene from pine trees were found from Botrytis cinerea, on which the pine wood nematode multiplied very rapidly. The hormone-like substances of B. cinerea were identified as 3-octanol and l-octen-3-ol. The racemates and optically active compounds of these alcohols exhibited attracting, molting and multiplication activities similar to β-myrcene. These compounds may play an important role in the growth of the pine wood nematode.

(−)-Epicatechin was administered orally to rabbits and vanillic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, and three kinds of neutral substances were found to be excreted in the urine. The three kinds of neutral substances were identified as 1-δ-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-, 1-δ-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-, and 1-δ-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactones, which are optical isomers of the three kinds of neutral substances excreted after administration of (+)-catechin. From the presence of these intermediate metabolites, it was verified that (−)-epicatechin is metabolized by the same mechanism as (+)-catechin described earlier.

Examinations were made on two intermediate metabolites excreted after administration of (+)-catechin to the rabbit. From the infrared and ultraviolet spectra of these two substances (C11H12O3 and C11H12O4) and chemical properties of their various derivatives, they were identified as 3-hydroxyphenyl lactone and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl lactone. However, it still remains unknown whether they are δ- or γ-lactone.

2-あるいは4-キノリンカルボニトリルおよび1-あるいは3-イソキノリンカルボニトリルとは異なり, 3-キノリンカルボニトリルおよび4-イソキノリンカルボニトリルは, Grignard試薬などの求核試薬との反応でシアン基の炭素よりもむしろ縮合複素環上の炭素に対して優先的に反応する事実を説明するためにHMOの計算を行ない,また,最適パラメーターも検討した。パラメーターとしてCoulomb積分には縮合複素環中の窒素原子に対しα+0.5β,シアン基の窒素原子に対しα+1.1β, 共鳴積分にはシアン基の炭素-窒素原子間を1.4βにとった場合に反応性指数と化合物の反応実験結果との間によい対応を見いだすことができ,また, IR吸収ならびにプロトンのNMRの化学シフトもよく説明し得ることが判明した。

1. 体重60～70gの白鼠に黒斑病甘藷精油を1日0.01g宛11日間与えた後, 0.02g宛9日間継続経口投与しても成長に著しい悪影響を与えなかつたが,それ以上0.02～0.03gを与えた時は著しく成長を限害した. 2. 体重120～150gの白鼠に精油0.1～02gを1騒経口投与した結果,何れも27～42時間で死んだ. 3. 体重20g前後の廿日鼠に精油0.0075～0.010gを腹腔注射した結果,多くは24～48時間で死んだ. 4. 本精油投与に依つて死んだ鼠を解剖して病理学的に観察した結果,肝臓の脂肪変成,肺臓の出血,心臓の退行変成等の著変を認め,その他小腸,腎臓,胃にも害作用のあることを認めた. 5. 鶏に対しては体重1kg当0.1gでは害作用は現れないが0.2g以上になると食慾が少くなつた.この際駆虫の効果が認められた. 6. 成人では1日0.3gまでは何ら毒作用を認めなかつた. 7. 体重2kg余の2頭の家兎を正常飼料で飼育した場合と,精油を与えた場含の尿成分を比較した結果,クレアチニンは約30%増加し,クレアチンは投与後2～3日は著しく増加し,その後徐々に減ることを認めた.アセトン体は1.5～3倍に増加し,グリクロン酸は僅かに増加した.尿素には殆んど変化がなかつた.蛋白質及びインヂカンは排泄されなかつた.

HMO calculation estimated a tendency of photochemical reaction of quinolinecarbo-nitriles and isoquinolinecarbonitriles in presence of organic acid. The tendency was proved by irradiation on these compounds in the presence of propionic acid and by identification of the reaction products. 2-Ethylquinoline, 2, 4-diethylquinoline, 2-phenylquinoline and 4-ethyl-2-quinolinecarbonitrile were given by the reaction of 2-quinolinecarbonitrile. 3-Quinolinecarbonitrile gave 2-ethyl-3-quinolinecarbonitrile, 4-ethyl-3-quinolinecarbonitrile, 3-cyano-4-ethyl-1, 4-dihydroquinoline and 2, 4-diethyl-3-quinolinecarbonitrile and 4- quinolinecarbonitrile gave 4-ethylquinoline, 2, 4-diethylquinoline and 2-ethyl-4-quinolinecarbonitrile as the reaction products. In isoquinoline series, 1-isoquinolinecarbonitrile gave 1-ethylisoquinoline, 1-phenylisoquinoline, 1, 4-diethylisoquinoline and 4-ethyl-1-isoquinolinecarbonitrile and 4-isoquinolinecarbonitrile gave 1-ethyl- 4-isoquinolinecarbonitrile and 4-cyano-l-ethyl-1, 2-dihydroisoquinoline.

Examinations were made on two intermediate metabolites excreted after administration of (+)-catechin to the rabbit. From the infrared and ultraviolet spectra of these two substances (C11H12O3 and C11H12O4) and chemical properties of their various derivatives, they were identified as 3-hydroxyphenyl lactone and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl lactone. However, it still remains unknown whether they are δ- or γ-lactone.

The catalytic asymmetric borane reduction of prochiral ketones was examined in the presence of chiral diazaborolidine catalysts prepared in situ from chiral β-diamines and borane. Chiral secondary alcohols were obtained with modest to high enantiomeric excesses (up to 92% ee) using ( S )-2-[(4-trifluoromethyl)anilinomethyl]indoline 2f .

Mise au point d'un essai biologique du taux d'eclosion de B.x. Il permet de tester ensuite differentes substances inhibitrices de l'eclosion