Search

Dynamic power management (DPM) reduces the power consumption of a computing system when it idles, by switching the system into a low power state for hibernation. When all processors in the system share the same component, e.g., a shared memory, powering off this component during hibernation is only possible when all processors idle at the same time. For a real-time system, the schedulability property has to be guaranteed on every processor, especially if idle intervals are considered to be actively introduced. In this work, we consider real-time systems with hybrid shared-memory architectures, which consist of shared volatile memory (VM) and non-volatile memory (NVM). Energy-efficient execution is achieved by applying DPM to turn off all memories during the hibernation mode. Towards this, we first explore the hybrid memory architectures and suggest a task model, which features configurable hibernation overheads. We propose a multi-processor procrastination algorithm (HEART), based on partitioned earliest-deadline-first (pEDF) scheduling. Our algorithm facilitates reducing the energy consumption by actively enlarging the hibernation time. It enforces all processors to idle simultaneously without violating the schedulability condition, such that the system can enter the hibernation state, where shared memories are turned off. Throughout extensive evaluation of HEART, we demonstrate (1) the increase in potential hibernation time, respectively the decrease in energy consumption, and (2) that our algorithm is not only more general but also has better performance than the state of the art with respect to energy efficiency in most cases.

Mobile phones contain valuable and rare earth minerals. At the end of their useful life, these phones are little reused or recycled since most of them are stored at home, a phenomenon also known as hibernation. Accurate hibernation rates per country or region do not exist but are assumed to be low, making end-of-life mobile phones an interesting waste stream to improve on waste recovery. This paper presents the results of a survey on the end-of-life mobile phone behavior in the Netherlands taken place in June 2019 amongst 296 participants. In so doing, it considers earlier addressed empirical concerns regarding the drivers of hibernation behavior, recycling and replacement. The hibernation rate turned out to be 61%. In line with earlier studies on mobile phone hibernation, technical and functional obsolescence are confirmed to be the main drivers of mobile phone replacement. Moreover, study results confirmed that the majority of mobile phones are replaced within three years and that using the old phone as a spare is the major reason for hibernation. This article advances several novel insights. First, the willingness to recycle appears to be inversely proportional to the perceived value of the discarded phone and proportional to the age of the mobile phone owner. Secondly, the perceived duration of ownership, a characteristic also reported in many previous studies, is incorrectly remembered by many respondents when gauging their responses against the actual mobile phone release date. Thirdly, financial incentives are shown to be the best driver to increase the intention to recycle.

PurposeThe ongoing pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus has severely influenced lives and livelihoods. As service organizations either face hibernation or continuity of their business operations, the impact of social distancing measures raises major concerns for the well-being of service employees. In this paper, the authors develop a conceptual framework to examine how different social distancing practices impact an organization's service continuity or service hibernation, which in turn affects different dimensions of their employee subjective well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw on macroeconomic data and industrial reports, linking them to theoretical concepts to develop a conceptual framework and a research agenda to serve as a starting point to fully understand the impact of this pandemic on employee well-being.FindingsThis article develops an overarching framework and research agenda to investigate the impact of social distancing practices on employee well-being.Originality/valueThe authors propose two opposing business concepts – service continuity and service hibernation – as possible responses to social distancing measures. By bridging different theoretical domains, the authors suggeste that there is a need to holistically examine macro-, meso- and micro-level factors to fully understand the impact of social distancing–related measures on employee well-being.

The purpose of Hibernate is to allow you to treat your database as if it stores Java objects. However, in practice, relational databases do not store objects – they store data in tables and columns. Unfortunately, there is no simple way to correlate the data stored in a relational database with the data represented by Java objects.

Slowing and closing loop strategies have the ultimate goal of avoiding materials’ losses, hibernation, and emissions, therefore all kind of actions that hamper useful applications. Consequently, there is a need to develop indicators that can deal with mass and time. A way to indicate circularity is by measuring the in-use occupation of resources, that is, keeping materials in a useful state, avoiding dissipation, and adverse effects, such as burden transfer. The objective of this work is to advance in-use occupation as an indicator for the circularity of products; therefore, we schematically present a framework and parameters for such indicators.

Wireless sensor networks are powered by batteries and hence there is a need to prolong their lifetime by low power consumption. This paper proposes a modified approach to Sleep Scheduling Mechanism with Particle Swarm Optimization (MSSM-PSO) in wireless sensor networks. The redundant nodes, determined by computing the network coverage, are scheduled into hibernation state. Simulation results show that this approach reduces the energy consumption of the nodes while ensuring sufficient coverage.

Unconventional computing platforms have spread widely and rapidly following smart phones and tablets: consumer electronics such as smart TVs and digital cameras. For such devices, fast booting is a critical requirement; waiting tens of seconds for a TV or a camera to boot up is not acceptable, unlike a PC or smart phone. Moreover, the software platforms of these devices have become as rich as conventional computing devices to provide comparable services. As a result, the booting procedure to start every required OS service, hardware component, and application, the quantity of which is ever increasing, may take unbearable time for most consumers. To accelerate booting, this paper introduces \textit{Booting Booster} (BB), which is used in all 2015 Samsung Smart TV models, and which runs the Linux-based Tizen OS. BB addresses the init scheme of Linux, which launches initial user-space OS services and applications and manages the life cycles of all user processes, by identifying and isolating booting-critical tasks, deferring non-critical tasks, and enabling execution of more tasks in parallel. BB has been successfully deployed in Samsung Smart TV 2015 models achieving a cold boot in 3.5 s (compared to 8.1 s with full commercial-grade optimizations without BB) without the need for suspend-to-RAM or hibernation. After this successful deployment, we have released the source code via http://opensource.samsung.com, and BB will be included in the open-source OS, Tizen (http://tizen.org).

Due to the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 since the first quarter of the year 2020, Nigerian education has not remained the same. Different stakeholders in the education sector have invested their idea in ensuring compliance with the paradigm shift brought about by the new normal. However, the mode of ICT infrastructures and other amenities in almost all the States in Nigeria that can support virtual academic activities is in hibernation. Critically examined in this paper are the roles played by the virtual methods as teaching and learning methodologies in Nigerian schools since the COVID-19 outbreak. The paper thoroughly scanned the new normal global trends in virtual education and the important roles played by ICT. Responsive academic website design and adoption, adoption of blended teaching/learning model, and use of social networks among others were identified as best practices to adopt to secure a place for education in Nigeria in the face of the imminent change in teaching methodologies post COVID-19. Furthermore, the study considered perceived challenges both teachers and learners may be confronted with in deploying relevant ICT infrastructures geared towards transitioning from traditional to online provision of services in support of teaching and learning. The paper recommended dynamism in the method of teaching delivery, urgency in the acquisition of new skill sets by academics in Nigeria, while also calling on relevant stakeholders to provide adequate funding for academic institutions to be able to deploy relevant ICT infrastructures needed to adequately support teaching and learning in a virtual environment.

Long-duration space missions to Mars will impose extreme stresses of physical and psychological nature on the crew, as well as significant logistical and technical challenges for life support and transportation. Main challenges include optimising overall mass and maintaining crew physical and mental health. These key scopes have been taken up as the baseline for a study by the European Space Agency (ESA) using its Concurrent Design Facility (CDF). It focussed on the biology of hibernation in reducing metabolism and hence stress, and its links to the infrastructure and life support. We concluded that torpor of crew members can reduce the payload with respect to oxygen, food and water but will require monitoring and artificial intelligence (AI) assisted monitoring of the crew. These studies additionally offer new potential applications for patient care on Earth. Keywords: Space flight, concurrent design facility, metabolic reduction.

The use of monitoring sensors is increasingly present in the context of precision agriculture. Usually, these sensor nodes (SNs) alternate their states between periods of activation and hibernation to reduce battery usage. When employing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to collect data from SNs distributed over a large agricultural area, we must synchronize the UAV route with the activation period of each SN. In this article, we address the problem of optimizing the UAV path through all the SNs to reduce its flight time, while also maximizing the SNs&rsquo, lifetime. Using the concept of timeslots for time base management combined with the idea of flight prohibition list, we propose an efficient algorithm for discovering and reconfiguring the activation time of the SNs. Experimental results were obtained through the development of our own simulator&mdash, UAV Simulator. These results demonstrate a considerable reduction in the distance traveled by the UAV and also in its flight time. In addition, the model provides a reduction in transmission time by SNs after reconfiguration, thus ensuring a longer lifetime for the SNs in the monitoring environment, as well as improving the freshness and continuity of the gathered data, which support the decision-making process.

For mass spectrometry-based peptide and protein quantification, label-free quantification (LFQ) based on precursor mass peak (MS1) intensities is considered reliable due to its dynamic range, reproducibility, and accuracy. In LFQ workflows, protein abundance changes are inferred from peptide-level information, including microbial peptides (for metaproteomics) and peptides carrying post-translational modifications (for proteomics) and/or variant sequences (for proteogenomics). Multi-omics studies (such as proteogenomics and metaproteomics) rely on peptide detection and quantification to identify and quantify peptides that map to unique proteoforms and metaproteins. The Galaxy for proteomics (Galaxy-P) platform has proven useful for the development of accessible workflows to identify proteins in these complex multi-omic studies. However, proteomics workflows within the Galaxy platform have lacked well-tested label-free quantification tools. In this study, our main goals were to evaluate two recently published open-source LFQ tools and to implement them within the Galaxy platform, enabling their easy integration with established workflows. These two tools, moFF and FlashLFQ, were selected based on their described peptide quantification capabilities and amenability to Galaxy implementation. Through rigorous testing and communication with the tool developers, we gained insights into the software features necessary for maximizing the performance of each tool. Software features evaluated included: a) match-between-runs (MBR); b) using both Thermo .raw and HUPO standards .mzML file formats as input for improved quantification; c) use of containers and/or conda packages; d) parameters needed for analyzing large input datasets; and e) compatibility with a variety of mass spectrometry peaklist file formats , leading to optimized and validated software performance. This work 1) establishes a process for software implementation, optimization and validation within Galaxy; and 2) makes powerful new tools for LFQ available which should prove highly useful for a variety of proteomics and multi-omics applications employing the Galaxy platform.

The international Rosetta mission was launched on 2nd March 2004 for a ten year journey to its target destination, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Following the January 2014 exit from a 31 month hibernation period, Rosetta approached and rendezvoused with the comet in August 2014. On 12th November 2014, the Philae lander was deployed from Rosetta onto the comet's surface after which the Orbiter continued its comet escort phase. The Rosetta Science Ground Segment supports the Project Scientist and the Science Working Team, in order to ensure the coordination, development, validation and delivery of the desired science operations plans and their associated operational products throughout the mission, and to ensure the preservation of adequate data to the Planetary Science Archive. Within the Science Ground Segment, the Operations and Planning Group is responsible for the medium, short and very short term cycles, a stepped sequential process that implements the higher level science long term plan into the final science pointing requests and the command sequences to be executed on board the spacecraft. In this paper we will present the Operations and Planning group and its science planning activities, focusing on the evolution of the Science Operations implementation through the Rosetta mission phases. We will describe the day-to-day work needed to achieve science operations around the challenging and previously unknown cometary environment, and the software tools that support the planning process. We will finally outline several conclusions after the experience gained in the ∼2 years of operations at the comet.

Many species of tortoises do not hibernate but brumate. They may be too sick to undergo the process or awaken with illnesses. As nurses we need to care for these critical patients with species spec...

A strategy to materialize the environmental sustainability of supply chains is the Circular Economy (CE), considering the thermodynamic limitations. This research encompasses perspectives on circular economy in the context of chemical engineering and sustainable development. Chemical engineering (ChemE) deals with the transformation of raw materials into final useful products, supported by sustainability science as a knowledge domain for a more responsible practice of ChemE. The CE aim is to make production processes more sustainable: to maintaining materials in a useful state in products for as long as possible, avoiding material losses, dissipation or hibernation, and emissions to the environment or technosphere. Principal strategies to reach CE aim are use of efficient technologies, efficient use of resources, and minimization and valorization of waste/emissions.

This paper presents the first analysis of the new hibernation file format that is used in Windows versions 8, 8.1, and 10. We also discuss several changes in the hibernation and shutdown behavior of Windows that will have a direct impact on digital forensic practitioners who use hibernation files as sources of evidence.

Purpose The methods for assessing the impact of using abiotic resources in life cycle assessment (LCA) have always been heavily debated. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of a common understanding of the problem related to resource use. This article reports the results of an effort to reach such common understanding between different stakeholder groups and the LCA community. For this, a top-down approach was applied. Methods To guide the process, a four-level top-down framework was used to (1) demarcate the problem that needs to be assessed, (2) translate this into a modeling concept, (3) derive mathematical equations and fill these with data necessary to calculate the characterization factors, and (4) align the system boundaries and assumptions that are made in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) model and the life cycle inventory (LCI) model. Results We started from the following definition of the problem of using resources: the decrease of accessibility on a global level of primary and/or secondary elements over the very long term or short term due to the net result of compromising actions. The system model distinguishes accessible and inaccessible stocks in both the environment and the technosphere. Human actions can compromise the accessible stock through environmental dissipation, technosphere hibernation, and occupation in use or through exploration. As a basis for impact assessment, we propose two parameters: the global change in accessible stock as a net result of the compromising actions and the global amount of the accessible stock. We propose three impact categories for the use of elements: environmental dissipation, technosphere hibernation, and occupation in use, with associated characterization equations for two different time horizons. Finally, preliminary characterization factors are derived and applied in a simple illustrative case study for environmental dissipation. Conclusions Due to data constraints, at this moment, only characterization factors for “dissipation to the environment” over a very-long-term time horizon could be elaborated. The case study shows that the calculation of impact scores might be hampered by insufficient LCI data. Most presently available LCI databases are far from complete in registering the flows necessary to assess the impacts on the accessibility of elements. While applying the framework, various choices are made that could plausibly be made differently. We invite our peers to also use this top-down framework when challenging our choices and elaborate that into a consistent set of choices and assumptions when developing LCIA methods.

So which life support technologies can we look forward to in the near future? Well, those science fiction aficionados among you will have an idea. Think of all those movies that feature hibernation. As we’ll see in this chapter, hibernation isn’t science fiction and hasn’t been so for years. Therapeutic hypothermia is a standard medical procedure that, with a few tweaks, can be adopted by interplanetary astronauts. Then there is nanotechnology. Think about the problems of muscle atrophy and bone demineralization. Well, nanotechnology may be the solution. And finally, there is artificial gravity. This is a popular science fiction tool that will probably be the toughest life support nut to crack, so let’s begin with this.

Memory forensics is an essential part of any computer forensics investigation. Main memory provides valuable evidences, which may otherwise not be retrievable from hard drive. In cases when capturing main memory image is not possible, hibernation files are good source of information. The aim of this research is to show the importance of hibernation file forensics in a computer forensics investigation. Specifically, we focus on retrieving evidential information related to the use of Facebook and Instagram. Firstly, we develop a process that can simplify the task of hibernation file forensics. The proposed process explores concepts, tools, techniques and methodologies most suitable for Windows 10 hibernation file acquisition and analysis. Subsequently, we use the proposed process to experimentally demonstrate the extraction of critical personal and confidential information related to Facebook and Instagram activities, from hibernation file. The extracted data can be used to establish a link between the suspect and the evidences.

Aging in most animals is an inevitable process that causes or is a result of physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in the body, and has a strong influence on an organism's lifespan. Although advancement in medicine has allowed humans to live longer, the prevalence of age-associated medical complications is continuously burdening older adults worldwide. Current animal models used in research to study aging have provided novel information that has helped investigators understand the aging process; however, these models are limiting. Aging is a complex process that is regulated at multiple biological levels, and while a single manipulation in these models can provide information on a process, it is not enough to understand the global regulation of aging. Some mammalian hibernators live up to 9.8-times higher than their expected average lifespan, and new research attributes this increase to their ability to hibernate. A common theme amongst these mammalian hibernators is their ability to greatly reduce their metabolic rate to a fraction of their normal rate and initiate cytoprotective responses that enable their survival. Metabolic rate depression is strictly regulated at different biological levels in order to enable the animal to not only survive, but to also do so by relying mainly on their limited internal fuels. As such, understanding both the global and specific regulatory mechanisms used to promote survival during hibernation could, in theory, allow investigators to have a better understanding of the aging process. This can also allow pharmaceutical industries to find therapeutics that could delay or reverse age-associated medical complications and promote healthy aging and longevity in humans.

Noncontact methods to measure animal activity and physiology are necessary to monitor undisturbed states such as hibernation. Although some noncontact measurement systems are commercially available, they are often incompatible with realistic habitats, which feature freely moving animals in small, cluttered environments. A growing market of single-board computers, microcontrollers, and inexpensive sensors has made it possible to assemble bespoke integrated sensor systems at significantly lower price points. Herein, we describe a custom-built nesting box imager (NBI) that uses a single-board computer (Raspberry Pi) with a passive infrared (IR) motion sensor, silicon charge-coupled device (CCD), and IR camera CCD to monitor the activity, surface body temperature, and respiratory rate of the meadow jumping mouse during hibernation cycles. The data are logged up to 12 samples per minute and postprocessed using custom Matlab scripts. The entire unit can be built at a price point below US$400, which will be drastically reduced as IR (thermal) arrays are integrated into more consumer electronics and become less expensive., By coupling single-board computers with increasingly available, inexpensive sensors and cameras, it is possible to construct custom, low-cost animal habitats that monitor undisturbed activity and physiological parameters with real-time resolution.

In this paper, a new method for gaining the control of standalone underwater sensor nodes based on sensing the power supply evolution is presented. Underwater sensor networks are designed to support multiple extreme scenarios such as network disconnections. In those cases, the sensor nodes involved should go into standalone, and its wired and wireless communications should be disabled. This paper presents how to exit from the standalone status and enter into debugging mode following a practical ultra-low power design methodology. In addition, the discharge and regeneration effects are analyzed and modeled to minimize the error using the sensor node self measurements. Once the method is presented, its implementation details are discussed including other solutions like wake up wireless modules or a pin interruption solution. Its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The method proposed is evaluated with several simulations and laboratory experiments using a real aquaculture sensor node. Finally, all the results obtained demonstrate the usefulness of our new method to gain the control of a standalone sensor node. The proposal is better than other approaches when the hibernation time is longer than 167.45 μs. Finally, our approach requires two orders of magnitude less energy than the best practical solution.

Circularity can help to prevent depletion of the earth’s limited material resources, which are vital for human’s modern society. Circular economy strategies of slowing and closing loops of resources have the ultimate goal of keeping materials useful (i.e. in-use) while avoiding losses (dissipation) and hibernation of materials; therefore, appropriate indicators that can measure these aspects are necessary. We propose a measurement of the circularity of materials by quantifying their in-use occupation, that is, the maintenance of materials in a useful state in products for as long as possible, avoiding dissipation or hibernation. Specifically, two indicators were developed: in-use occupation ratio (UOR) and final retention in society (FRS). These indicators were applied in two case studies (materials in a laptop and wood products) with three scenarios each (linear, reuse, and recycling). The reuse scenarios generally presented a higher UOR (41–48% for laptop materials and 53% for wood) compared to recycling scenarios (29–45% for laptop materials and 52% for wood). Only two scenarios of wood products resulted in retaining materials for the next generation (FRS > 0%). We argue that the differentiation between supply, in-use, and hibernation phases is essential for a circular economy. The occupation of materials is shown in charts to facilitate understanding by non-experts and can provide a scientific basis for policies supporting technologies or products with increased in-use occupation and retention of materials.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of huge amount of battery powered sensor nodes, which usually adopt sleep strategy to save energy and prolong network lifetime. Although appealing, such network faces the problem of data availability when nodes switch to the sleep mode. One alternative is to replicate data from the sleep sensor to other active nodes before hibernation. We explore reliable data replication over Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture and propose DSGC, an efficient Data Synchronization protocol for duty-cycled WSNs by integrating node Grouping knowledge and in-network Caching capabilities. In particular, sensors are organized into different groups according to their respective regions, through name-based data synchronization mechanism, we ensure that the newly updated shared data are always accessible within each group and can be retrieved through the active nodes. We also consider packet loss and node failures that happen frequently in WSNs. Simulation results verify that DSGC can guarantee data availability nearly 100% under different network conditions with negligible overhead.

IoT systems, which are connected with irregular links between heterogeneous things, are vulnerable to fast error propagation caused by unwanted abnormal statuses. We often add system monitoring circuits to protect against unresolved freezing due to this problem. However, practical approaches in the field result in the over-specification of designs to cover all unknown problems, so that a large amount of additional power is consumed. In this paper, we adopt two ways to solve this problem efficiently: the effective reconfiguration of power state parameters for the low-power operations of embedded hardware and software in a communication-centric system-on-chip (SoC), and a design-space-exploration framework under the large-scale construction of irregular links between the processors. Given the large-scale connection of SoCs for the experiment, the system can be safely operated with a very wide monitoring active cycle, and power consumption can also be reduced.

To meet the needs of the Internet of Things (IoTs) devices, energy harvesting systems are proposed to power the systems instead of battery. Addressing the problem that harvested energy is unstable, nonvolatile processors (NVPs) have been proposed to hold intermediate data and avoid frequent program restarting from the beginning. However, NVPs often suffer a lot of waste on energy and system sources that can not be used for program execution owing to the frequent backup and recovery operations. To further improve the performance of NVPs, the paper proposes a dual-threshold method to maximize execution progress by enabling a system to hibernate to wait for power resumption instead of backing up data directly upon power interruptions. In particular, the optimal high and low thresholds, and the switches of system hibernation and backup, are discussed in details in order to achieve the goal of maximizing computation progress. The evaluation results show an average of up to 82.3% reduction on power failures and 1.5x speedup for forwarding progress by the proposed dual-threshold method compared to the conventional single threshold scheme.

The swap-before-hibernate (SBH) swaps out all swappable pages before the system enters hibernation mode, thus reducing the memory used by the system and the size of hibernation file. However, when the system resumes, the program must be reloaded into the main memory by swap-in; hence, the response time of program depends on the swap-in speed. This study experimentally proved that the present swap-in/swap-out mechanism of Linux is not acceptable to the SBH algorithm. Moreover, it proposed the method of reordering all the requests to be written out to the swap space. The proposed method was proven to increase the efficiency of swap space by 1/2 to 1/3.

The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) completed a pilot project within its Central Office spaces to test the utilization of computer power management (CPM) technologies to implement power saving settings on state-owned, network-connected computer equipment. Currently, the State of Tennessee has no clear protocol regarding energy-conserving power settings on state-owned machines. Activation of monitor sleep modes and system standby and hibernation modes on 615 Central Office computers over an 18-month period reduced energy consumption by an estimated 8093 kWh and $526 per month, amounting to approximately $6312 in cost savings for Tennessee annually. If implemented throughout State of Tennessee executive agencies across the state, energy cost savings could amount to an estimated $323,341 annually. The research endeavored to understand both positive and negative impacts that strategic power management approaches can have on energy consumption, worker productivity, network security, and state budgets. Nearly all impacts discussed were positive. Based on successful results within TDEC Central Office spaces in Tennessee Tower, and considering the potential cost savings that could be achieved, expansion of the implementation of computer power management policies to machines in offices across the state was recommended.

Efforts to decouple environmental impacts and resource consumption have been confounded by interactions and feedback between technical-economic, environmental and social aspects not considered prior to implementing improvement actions. This paper presents a planning framework that connects material flows and the socio-economic drivers that result in changes in these flows, in order to reduce conflicts between localized gains and global losses. The framework emphasizes the need for (i) having different settings of system boundaries (broader and narrower), (ii) explicitly accounting for causal relationships and feedback loops and (iii) identifying responsibilities between stakeholders (e.g. producers, consumers, collectors, recyclers, policy makers). Application of the framework is exemplified using the case of the global mobile phone product system. 'Product design and development' and 'Retailers and users as part of a collection system' were identified as central intervention points for implementing improvement strategies that included designing for longer life, designing for recycling and improving collection, designing for limiting phone hibernation time and internalizing external costs.

With the rapid growth of embedded computing system markets, e.g., intelligent home appliances and smart TVs, vendors and researchers are developing more user-friendly interfaces and seeking to provide more sophisticated applications with better functionalities. Such a developing trend would prolong the initialization time of these embedded computing systems. Hibernation (or suspend-to-disk) that retains a computing system's state after power recycling is regarded as a solution to reduce the booting time of systems and applications to meet the requirement of user experiences. In contrast to the existing hibernation techniques that dump most of the memory pages to the secondary storage, we propose a classification-based prefetching scheme to improve the system performance on both of the hibernation and resuming with minimized I/O overheads by jointly considering the system/application behaviors and the usage patterns of memory pages. The proposed scheme was also implemented in Linux kernel with an evaluation board to show the capability of the proposed scheme.

The last chapter introduced how Scala can use JDBC to access a database. However, there are a number of different Scala-based approaches being developed to explore more Scala-like ways of interacting with a database than JDBC. Although JDBC works very well it is far more Java like than Scala like and actually provides a very low level of abstraction (witness the many Object Relational Mapping, or ORM, tools within the Java world such as Hibernate).

In 'Heart of the Forest' a forest in hibernation is getting awaken by light and sound. A squirrel is waking up by the sound and follows the light into the forest. During his journey through the forest it meets different animals, that are curious about the peculiar event. Together they arrive at a clearing, where they witness the magic of spring. 'Heart of the Forest - Light up your Soul' is a VR-Experience which is going with the same named Trailer. By the usage of the Game Engine 'Unreal Engine' it was possible to work realtime in the program and to get the 3D object a 2D look. The project was produced in cooperation with students from the Stuttgart Media University.

Energy harvesters are widely used to power wireless sensor systems, but the produced power is generally low, and can vary abruptly due to changes in the environment or the device's location. Energy buffers (batteries or supercapacitors) are normally incorporated into systems to smooth out these variations. However, they have a limited lifetime and increase system size and cost. Transient computing aims to address these issues by removing the energy buffer, and powering the system directly from the energy harvester. Approaches such as Hibernus++ deal with the resultant power intermittency by 'hibernating', i.e. saving a snapshot of the system state to non-volatile memory before a power failure, and restoring it after the power recovers. The overheads of this can be particularly costly with a low-current harvester, as the system may wake up and hibernate at a high frequency, doing little useful work in each power cycle.This paper proposes an enhancement to these approaches, providing an efficient method to avoid repeated hibernation. The introduction of a 'sleep' state, which is entered when the power supply is detected to be failing, allows the system's supply voltage to recover without taking a snapshot. Thus, the application can spend more time on useful work rather than checkpointing. If the supply voltage continues to decline, a snapshot will then be taken. The approach has been simulated and experimentally validated, with results demonstrating that the proposed scheme provides up to a 65% improvement in system active run-time with low-current harvesters vs. conventional Hibernus++.

Hibernation is the key mechanism for enabling normally-off and transient computing. The speed and energy dissipation of hibernation directly impacts the efficiency of the systems employing such computing paradigms. CMOS-compatible emerging memory technologies such as ReRAM provide non-volatile flip-flops (NvFFs) that realize fast and energy efficient hibernation using in-place store/restore. This paper presents memristive voltage divider (MVD), a non-volatile unit for NvFFs. Compared to conventional dual ReRAM units, MVD enables 67% reduction in energy dissipation and 36% reduction in store time, which translates into 79% reduction in the energy-delay product. MVD also remedies the endurance and variability concerns of ReRAM by providing read-while-write capability that enables low-overhead, fast, and energy efficient write verification mechanisms for NvFFs. As proof of concept, we also demonstrate an exemplar NvFF architecture using MVD for which energy dissipation trend in store and restore operations are reported.

The concept of quality of life is used as a measure of the welfare of a society, highlighting the relationship between the environment and health, mainly associated with pollution. Hence the importance of monitoring and communicating its results, in a timely manner, to the community. But often the last part of the process fail, there is a lack of communication between data, information and community. Using open hardware and open source tools, and based on the Internet of things concept, a low-cost citizen monitoring network, that cost less than US $ 150 was implemented. This network measures Carbon Monoxide (CO), Temperature, Relative Humidity, Particulate Matter 2.5, Noise and UV radiation, with a reading frequency of every 40 s and a hibernation period of 15 min. The environmental monitoring network gather information from the environment, through sensors, and then store it in a MySQL database, to finally be deployed in a web site hosted on a local web server Apache, implemented ex professo. In effect, the system is able to deliver geotagged information and the state of environmental pollution to the citizens.

Wireless instrumentation has long been sought for spaceflight applications, but practical implementations capable of providing the utility of wired sensors have proven elusive. The power needed to drive transmitters/receivers in traditional “active” wireless sensor radios requires either frequent battery replacement or prohibitive duty cycling. This prevents installing such sensors early in a vehicle's integration and treating them as always-on throughout its operation. “Passive” solutions such as radio frequency identification (RFID) techniques provide an appealing alternative, though most common RFID sensing approaches such as surface acoustic wave (SAW) RFID do not lend themselves easily to integrating arbitrary suites of sensors and sensor processors. In this paper we detail the design, fabrication, and evaluation of the Internal Radio-frequency Instrumentation System (IRIS), an RFID-enabled instrumentation solution that integrates an EPC Global Class 1 Generation 2 interface with processor-based wireless sensors. IRIS thermocouple sensors can operate in a low-power hibernation state with instantaneous over-the-air wakeup for nearly a decade on a small (255 mAh) coin cell battery. In their active state, they can acquire and stream 10 Hz data for more than 200 days. This allows wireless sensors to be installed and powered on early in vehicle integration and continue to operate after launch through a lengthy mission, opening the vehicle design trade space to wireless sensing in a meaningful and unprecedented way.

Winter hibernation constitutes an effective strategy of animals in order to correspond survive cold environments and limited availability of food, it plays an important role in biological evolution. In this work, we construct periodic switched systems describing a single population system with impulsive input toxins in polluted environment. All solutions of system (2.1) are proved to be uniformly ultimately bounded. We prove that the population-extinction solution of system (2.1) is globally asymptotically stable. The permanent condition of system (2.1) is obtained. Finally, numerical analysis is inserted to illustrate the results. Our results provide reliable tactic basis for the practical biological economics management and the protection of biodiversity.

Nearly every company has an intranet nowadays – whether it is an archaic document storage structure with network drive directories resembling a tree with many branches and roots, or a large-scale, web-based employee portal in a multinational corporation. The present issue of the i-com usability professionals forum focuses on intranets, featuring six short articles on opportunities and challenges in this area.

Our societies are reliant on metals to such an extent that the total amounts of some of them in the built environment are comparable in size to the remaining amounts in known mountain ores. Because of concerns about mineral scarcity, the United Nations has assessed alternative sources for metal extraction and targeted urban areas in general and infrastructure systems in particular, since these are large, spatially concentrated and rich in metals. Referring to the possibility of recovering these metal stocks, infrastructure systems constitute what material flow researchers has conceptually termed “urban mines.” While most urban infrastructure is in use, significant amounts of cables and pipes have been disconnected and remain in their subsurface locations; they are “hibernating.” In this article, we analyze the occurrence of such hibernation in the Swedish city of Norrköping's urban infrastructure mine where, we know from a previous study, that every fourth kilo of infrastructure is discarded. Our applied perspective is different from the logic of system expansion as a way to meet increased demand often found in the field of infrastructure studies since we are interested in how systems are disconnected and left behind. This enables us to offer a refined understanding of the concepts of infrastructure “decline” and infrastructure “cold spots.” We argue that to prevent the increase of dormant infrastructures and to engage in the urban mining of already dormant infrastructures, we must develop a sensibility to the materiality of derelict infrastructure components and the underlying causes for why they form different kinds of spatial patterns.

As the world’s population is growing exponentially, more and more resources are needed to meet the demand. The earth does not have an infinite amount of resources and natural reserves are on a trend towards depletion. In fact, about half of the world’s copper and other metal stocks have been mined. A solution that would help to slow the mining of virgin materials is urban mining. This is the concept of extracting valuable materials from existing infrastructure, landfills, and the dissipation of them into the environment. This would allow an increased demand for metals to be met without having to mine additional virgin materials. There are many different types and processes that can be used to collect materials, especially metals. These types include secondary mining, landfill mining, hibernation mining, dissipation mining, and in-use mining. Although there are challenges associated with urban mining, there are many benefits to continue to expand. Future research will help to improve these processes.

Bats hibernate and migrate as a way of dealing with declining food sources, regardless of which part of the world they inhabit. Most use both strategies in one way or another.

Existing studies on evolution of social network largely focus on addition of new nodes and links in the network. However, as network evolves, existing relationships degrade and break down, and some nodes go to hibernation or decide not to participate in any kind of activities in the network where it belongs. Such nodes and links, which we refer as "dull", may affect analysis and prediction tasks in networks. This paper formally defines the problem of predicting dull nodes and links at an early stage, and proposes a novel time aware method to solve it. Pruning of such nodes and links is framed as "network data cleaning" task. As the definitions of dull node and link are non-trivial and subjective, a novel scheme to label such nodes and links is also proposed here. Experimental results on two real network datasets demonstrate that the proposed method accurately predicts potential dull nodes and links. This paper further experimentally validates the need for data cleaning by investigating its effect on the well-known "link prediction" problem.

In late 2010, the DLR Space Administration invited the German industry to submit a proposal for a study about a Mobile Payload Element (MPE), which could be a German national contribution to the ESA Lunar Lander Mission. Several spots in the south polar region of the moon come into consideration as landing site for this mission. All possible spots provide sustained periods of solar illumination, interrupted by darkness periods of several 10 h. The MPE is outlined to be a small, autonomous, innovative vehicle in the 10 kg class for scouting and sampling the environment in the vicinity of the lunar landing site. The novel capabilities of the MPE will be to acquire samples of lunar regolith from surface, subsurface as well as shadowed locations, define their geological context and bring them back to the lander. This will enable access to samples that are not contaminated by the lander descent propulsion system plumes to increase the chances of detecting any indigenous lunar volatiles contained within the samples. Kayser-Threde, as prime industrial contractor for Phase 0/A, has assembled for this study a team of German partners with relevant industrial and institutional competence in space robotics and lunar science. The primary scientific objective of the MPE is to acquire clearly documented samples and to bring them to the lander for analysis with the onboard Lunar Dust Analysis Package (L-DAP) and Lunar Volatile Resources Analysis Package (L-VRAP). Due to the unstable nature of volatiles, which are of particular scientific interest, the MPE design needs to provide a safe storage and transportation of the samples to the lander. The proposed MPE rover concept has a four-wheeled chassis configuration with active suspension, being a compromise between innovation and mass efficiency. The suspension chosen allows a compact stowage of the MPE on the lander as well as precise alignment of the solar generators and instruments. Since therefore no further complex mechanics are necessary, the active suspension significantly contributes to the lightweight MPE design. The thermal control system enables the MPE to operate in shaded areas for about 2 h and hibernate darkness periods of about 14 h. Increasing the hibernation capability requires additional battery capacity and thus increases the MPE mass. As operational modes teleoperations from earth and autonomous navigation are foreseen. The MPE payload includes navigation cameras, a close-up imager and a mole as sampling device. The MPE phase 0/A study finished in early 2012. This article describes the resulting MPE rover concept with focus on its scientific benefit for the Lunar Lander Mission.

With the recent developments, Technology is making one independent and providing various options and varieties. As multiple options are provided, there arises a need of working in different computing environments. Though Virtualization is available but the efficient way for the process execution is not achieved as there is a limit to number of OS. In this paper, we are designing a mechanism to improve the existing multi-OS system for switching to different computing environments. To accomplish this task, we are using a register (R/W) that uses mode bit (binary values) for mapping (in boot configuration file) of different OS environments. The user is providing a choice for OS selection in GUI of the running environment via some specific software which in turn sets the mode bit value. Then it hibernates the current system and context data that is necessary to resume is saved preferably to non-volatile storage. Further, it restarts (RESET mechanism) and corresponding to mode bit value; other environment is loaded from its previous state. Data integrity is maintained between computing environments such that data from current mode cannot contaminate data in the next computing mode. Overall, these improvements will reduce time required for swapping of OS in multi-environment systems and also retains data by saving the current state. In addition, this mechanism frees user from waiting for graphical interaction for OS selection.

Proceedings of the 11th Digital Forensics Conference (DFRWS 2011), pp. 78-89 New Orleans, LA, August 2011 The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2011.05.010. Refereed Article Using validated carving techniques, we show that popular operating systems (\eg Windows, Linux, and OSX) frequently have residual IP packets, Ethernet frames, and associated data structures present in system memory from long-terminated network traffic. Such information is useful for many forensic purposes including establishment of prior connection activity and services used; identification of other systems present on the system's LAN or WLAN; geolocation of the host computer system; and cross-drive analysis. We show that network structure recovered from memory that is persisted onto a mass storage medium during the course of system swapping or hibernation. We present our network carving techniques, algorithms and tools, and validate these against both purpose-built memory images and a readily available forensic corpora. These techniques are valuable to both forensics tasks, particularly in analyzing mobile devices, and to cyber-security objectives such as malware analysis.

We have developed a tool to extract the contents of volatile memory of Apple Macs running recent versions of OS X, which has not been possible since OS X 10.4. This paper recounts our efforts to test the tool and introduces two visualization techniques for that purpose. We also introduce four metrics for evaluating physical memory imagers: correctness, completeness, speed, and the amount of ''interference'' an imager makes to the state of the machine. We evaluate our tool by these metrics and then show visualization using dotplots, a technique borrowed from bioinformatics, can be used to reveal bugs in the implementation and to evaluate correctness, completeness, and the amount of interference an imager has. We also introduce a visualization we call the density plot which shows the density of repeated pages at various addresses within an image. We use these techniques to evaluate our own tool, Apple's earlier tools, and compare physical memory images to the hibernation file.

—With the growth of cloud computing, large scale data centers have become common in the computing industry, and there has been a significant increase in energy consumption at these data centers, which thus becomes a key issue to address. As most of the time a data center remains underutilized, a significant amount of energy can be conserved by migrating virtual machines (VM) running on underutilized machines to other machines and hibernating such underutilized machines. This paper aims to design such a strategy for energy-efficient cloud data centers. It makes use of historical traffic data from data centers and uses a service request prediction model which enables the identification of the number of active servers required at a given moment, thus making possible the hibernation of underutilized servers. The simulation results indicate that this approach brings about a significant amount of energy conservation.

Improving system boot time has become one of the most important issues in the system software arena. As Linux is widely used in the embedded system environment, extensive research has been conducted in order to mitigate Linux boot time delay. In this respect, this paper mainly focuses on the Hibernation-based boot mechanism, which is the boot mechanism based on Hibernation, as an alternative to the conventional boot sequence. The contributions of this work are as follows. First, we implement the Hibernation-based boot mechanism on a real embedded Linux system and describe the implementation details. Second, we observe the Hibernation-based boot procedures so that we can investigate the possibility whether the boot mechanism has room for improvement in terms of the boot time. Through the in-depth observation and analysis based on the real implementation, we anticipate that the Hibernation-based boot mechanism which adopts various optimization methods can provide maximum of 3.1 times faster booting performance compared to the conventional way.