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Abstract Background Premenstrual syndrome affects many women in their reproductive years and often disrupts their social connections and work. This study aimed to compare the effects of positive psychology and physical activity on depression, anxiety, and stress among students with premenstrual syndrome. Methods In this four-group parallel clinical trial with blinded data analysis, 120 eligible students who experienced premenstrual syndrome were recruited based on inclusion/exclusion criteria and randomly allocated to four groups (n = 30) including three experiment groups as positive psychology, physical activity, and positive psychology, physical activity, and control group, using a simple randomization method. All four groups completed premenstrual syndrome screening and the DASS-21 questionnaire before the intervention. Then, the positive psychology intervention group received eight sessions of 70–90 min weekly intervention, the second group received eight weeks of aerobic physical activity intervention, and the third group received positive psychology and physical activity intervention for eight weeks. The control group did not receive any interventions. The DASS-21 was completed immediately after the intervention and two months later by all four groups. In this study, the participants and investigators were not blinded; however, the analysts were. The recruitment process took place from September 2018 to March 2019. One hundred twenty participants fulfilled the study. The Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS (v18). Results Before and immediately after the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in depression, anxiety, and stress mean scores among the positive psychology, physical activity, positive psychology, and physical activity and control groups (p ≥ 0.05). However, two months after the intervention, a significant difference was observed between the four groups so there was a difference between the scores of the three intervention groups and the control group (p

Objectives: Nitric oxide is the most important mediator of penile erection after the onset of sexual excitement. It activates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), increasing penile blood flow. Most pharmaceutical medications prevent enzyme phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) from breaking down cGMP, thus keeping its level high. However, due to the adverse effects of pharmacological therapies, herbal drugs that improve sexual function have gained attention recently. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of ginseng, Tribulus terrestris, and L-arginine amino acid on the sexual performance of individuals with erectile dysfunction (ED) using the 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Methods: Over three months, 98 men with erectile dysfunction were randomly assigned to receive either 500 mg of herbal supplements or placebo pills. Each herbal tablet contained 100 mg of protodioscin, 35 mg of ginsenosides, and 250 mg of L-arginine. Results: The results showed that the changes in the average scores of ILEF-5 within each group before and after the intervention indicated that all parameters related to the improvement of sexual function in patients with erectile dysfunction improved in the herbal treatment group (p < 0.001). The herbal group significantly improved IIEF-5 scores in non-diabetics (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the changes of IIEF-5 scores between the two intervention and control groups in diabetic patients. Conclusion: In conclusion, ginseng, Tribulus terrestris, and L-arginine have properties that increase energy and strengthen sexual function, making them suitable for patients with sexual disorders.

Abstract Objective Mitral valve failure is one of the most common valvular heart diseases worldwide. Valve replacement and repair have an impact on the quality of life of patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the quality of life in patients with mitral valve replacement and those who underwent mitral valve repair. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we considered all cardiac patients with ischemic mitral insufficiency who underwent mitral valve repair and patients with a history of valve replacement in Imam Ali Hospital of Kermanshah between 2014 and 2020. Two Minnesota and general quality of life questionnaires along with a checklist for demographic variables were used for data collection. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21 software. Results The mean quality of life score based on the general quality of life scale in the valve repair group was 32.33 (SD = 2.29) and in the valve replacement group 32.89(SD = 2.60), (p = 0.917). Also, mean quality of life, as measured by the Minnesota MLHFQ was 60.89(SD = 17.67) in the valve repair group and 63.42 (SD = 12.13) in the valve replacement group (p = 0.308). The results showed that the average general quality of life was different in study groups regarding education. Tukey’s post hoc test showed that the average general quality of life in illiterate people is significantly lower than in people with academic degrees (P-value = 0.001). Conclusion The quality of life of the patients in both the valve repair and replacement groups was at an average level. There was no significant difference between the general quality of life and the Minnesota scales, suggesting that both tools can be effectively used to measure patients’ quality of life. The study’s findings can be valuable for monitoring patients, screening for conditions, and enhancing communication between doctors and patients.

Abstract Background and aims Postpartum pain poses a significant challenge for new mothers. Various nonpharmacological methods are employed to manage postpartum pain. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of acupressure on Spleen 6 and Hugo points on the severity of postpartum pain. Methods In this parallel randomized trial study, 68 eligible primiparous women who had vaginal deliveries and experienced postpartum pain at Farabi Hospital in Malekan (a city in East Azarbaijan Province in Iran) were selected according to inclusion/exclusion criteria and then allocated to the Hugo (n = 34) and Spleen 6 (n = 34) acupressure groups using a randomized block design (six blocks). The data collection process took place from November 2022 to April 2023. The participants were blinded; however, the analysts and investigators were not blinded. Acupressure interventions were applied bilaterally for 20 min, consisting of 10 s of pressure followed by 2 s of rest. Pain intensity was assessed using a visual pain scale before, immediately after, and 1 h after the intervention. In total, 68 participants fulfilled the study. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25 with chi‐square, Mann–Whitney, and Friedman tests. Results Both groups exhibited a statistically significant reduction in postpartum pain intensity across all periods (p

Abstract Background Today, raw vegetarianism is considered one of the most important socio-cultural developments in contemporary societies. In this regard, the present study was conducted to describe the perceived experience of people adhering to a vegan diet through a phenomenological perspective. Methods This qualitative study explores the perceived experiences of individuals who follow a vegan diet and are part of the self-care campaign in Kermanshah, Iran. sampling was purposeful and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 individuals who follow a vegan lifestyle. The data were analyzed after being collected using the seven steps of Collizi. MAXQUDA software (version 12) was used for data management. Results After qualitative data analysis, we identified 567 codes, which were categorized into 15 sub-themes. From these sub-themes, we derived 4 main themes. The main themes include: In pursuit of redemption (Meaningful framework, In awareness path, Unequaled Disappointment, Chronic and complex conditions), Seeking the New World (Starting with doubt and hesitation, The temptation to return, Constant criticism, Unfamiliar appearance), On the path of overcoming difficulties (Associate problems, Matching the new way, Perceived recommendations), and attaining the expected outcomes (Healthy lifestyle, Therapeutic feedback, Enhancing emotional wellbeing, Feeling of youth). Conclusion Based on the participants’ experience, despite the challenging journey, the people with a vegetarian diet experienced partial and complete improvement of all the symptoms of the diseases. They had a healthy lifestyle and felt young and energetic. Likewise, this method had a positive effect on people’s mental state and mood.

Abstract The current study aimed to investigate the effects of human placental mesenchymal stromal cell‐derived small extracellular vesicles (hPMSC‐sEVs) as a treatment for COVID‐19. This double‐blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on two groups of patients with COVID‐19‐associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. After randomization, the control group received standard treatment and placebo, and the intervention arm received standard treatment plus hPMSC‐sEVs. The number of hospital deaths was considered the primary outcome. After meeting the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 21 and 24 patients were allocated to intervention and control arms, respectively. Besides admission SpO2 levels, which were significantly lower in the intervention arm (p = 0.008), all the baseline demo‐biographic and laboratory variables were similar between the groups. It was shown that hPMSC‐sEVs could significantly (p = 0.015) decrease the mortality ratio in the intervention group (4/21 [19.04%]) compared to the controls (13/24 [54.16%]). The mean time to death in the intervention and control groups was 28.06 and 11.10 days, respectively (p

Due to the higher production cost of the monolithic carbide tools as well as their brittle nature, cemented carbides such as WC-Co are frequently joined to tool steel. To overcome the joining complications that arise due to notable differences in thermal expansions between the components and the poor wettability, various investigators have used copper-based and silver-based filler metals to dissimilarly braze the cemented carbides to steels. However, researchers do not agree about the selection of filler material. This research investigates the use of pure copper, brass, and silver-based filler metals to join the WC-Co cemented carbide to AISI 1045 steel. In this regard, microstructural features and mechanical properties including microhardness and shear strength were studied. The results indicate the formation of Cu(Fe,Co) solid solution and η carbides at the joint interfaces as well as the development of various precipitated phases in the joint area comprising Fe-Zn and Co-Zn intermetallic compounds. The reaction layers at both sides of the joints accompanied by cobalt-depleted zone on the hard metal side were observed. While using the α−β brass interlayer, the increase in hardness of the joint area through the presence of (Cu,Zn) solid solution compared to pure copper, the joint shear strength was enhanced from 161 to 173 MPa. On the other hand, the utilization of silver-based filler alloy with a distribution of hard copper-rich solid solution phase (182 HV) embedded in a silver-rich ductile matrix (88 HV), presenting a dispersion hardening effect, improved the shear strength of the joint to 203 MPa.

Abstract Introduction Sexual function is one of the important aspects of quality of life which is often impaired after menopause. Given the side effects of hormone therapy on postmenopausal women, alternative treatments such as aromatherapy have won popularity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy using Salvia officinalis on the sexual function and satisfaction of postmenopausal women. Methods This was a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted on postmenopausal women referring to health centers in Kermanshah, Iran, in 2018. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: Salvia officinalis (n = 32) and control (n = 32). Women in the intervention group received 2 drops of Salvia officinalis essential oil by inhalation twice a day for 5 consecutive days of a week continued for 6 weeks. The control group received almond oil in the same dosage and frequency. Sexual function and satisfaction were evaluated using the Lindberg sexual satisfaction questionnaire and the female sexual function index, respectively before the intervention and 6 weeks after it. Results After 6 weeks of intervention, the total mean scores of sexual function (28.8 ± 2.13 vs.17.9 ± 1.59 P

Introduction[1]: Over the years, animals have been exposed to various factors such as natural selection, genetic drift, and multiple mutations, so such factors have caused changes between and within species. The genetic mutations that occur in the populations of domestic animals, will be added to the merits of animals who contain these genetic mutations and they will have more breeds. These mutations are also repeated in their breeds. If a new SNP in a population increases the competence of its carriers compared to other members of society, this choice will make the more deserving individual more involved in shaping the next generation. The most important statistical tests based on demographic differentiation are the FST statistics, which identify distinct positions under positive selection, which are of particular importance for economic characteristics. One of the best ways to understand physiological processes is to analyze gene regulation networks. Identification of genes involved in economic traits as molecular markers in breeding is of special importance. Gene regulation networks enable the researcher to study all of the genes together. The aim of this study was to identify selection signature regions and candidate genes related to economic traits.Materials and Methods: The necessary data for this research were acquired from two sources, namely NEXTGEN and HAPMAP. The dataset encompassed breeds such as Afshari (41 individuals), Ghezel (35 individuals), Moghani (35 individuals), and eight wild sheep. The initial objective was to assess data quality and perform filtration on raw data. For the remaining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), those not conforming to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were considered indicative of genotyping errors. A stringent probability level of 10⁻⁶, determined through Bonferroni correction, was applied. Various stages of quality control were meticulously executed using PLINK v1.9. Additionally, the study involved identifying animals positioned outside their respective groups, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the population structure within the two groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) were done in R software. The FST index was proposed to study the distinction between subpopulations and identification of selection signature. the population structure of wild and domestic sheep breeds was analyzed. PCA analysis was performed using genotype information of the samples to investigate how the animals were grouped Investigation of identified genes using SNPs in the upper 1% range of FST were identified by Plink v1.9 software. In addition, the DAVID database (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov) was used to determine biological routes. At this stage, it is assumed that genes that belong to a functional class can be considered as a group of genes that have some specific and common characteristics. GeneCards (http://www.genecards.org) and UniProtKB (http://www.uniprot.org) databases were also used to interpret the function of the obtained genes.Results and Discussion: The results showed that adjacent SNPs are highly dispersed in several genomic regions. From 34556 SNPs after filtration above 1%, SNPs with higher FST stabilization index (340 SNP) with FST range from 0.304 to 0.472 were selected. Selected SNPs consisted of 95 genomic regions on 23 chromosomes between domestic and wild sheep. Most regions were located on chromosomes 13 and 7 had 14 and 9 gene regions, respectively. Examination of the relationship between QTLs and important genes in selected areas showed that 95 genes related to economic traits were identified. QTLs with important economic characteristics including quality and quantity of meat, milk, fat, bone, immune system and parasite resistance were reported. Most QTLs were located on chromosomes 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7, indicating that the most positive mutations occurred on these chromosomes. Most of the identified biological pathways related to ion channels through cell membranes are neuromuscular processes, Brain and cerebellum growth, metencephalon growth, membrane ion membrane transport, and pathways involved in regulating ion transport in cell membranes. Genes identified in different genomic regions can be considered as selective candidates. A number of genes studied as selection signatures reported were consistent with previous studies. Important genes were included: GABRB1, GRM3, HERC1, HERC3 and KCND2.Conclusion: The study of genomic regions showed that these regions are directly and indirectly related to the quality and quantity of meat, milk, fat, bone, immune system and parasite resistance. Identifying important economic traits and locating parts of the genome that have changed as a result of selection could be used in sheep breeding programs. However, in this research we had limitations such as the incompleteness of information related to functional annotation of genes in sheep species and also the small sample size of this study. Therefore, in subsequent studies with more samples and more breeds of domestic and wild sheep in Iran, a better understanding of candidate genes for important economic traits in domestic and wild species would be achieved.

Background: The similar efficacy of rivaroxaban and warfarin in thromboembolic events was recognized in clinical trials. But there are a few studies about the comparison of these medications in real world. This study was designed with the aim of comparing the efficacy and safety of the rivaroxaban and warfarin. Materials and Methods: All patients who received rivaroxaban or warfarin during April 2019 and October 2020 were recruited in the study. The major bleeding and thromboembolic events were considered as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were all cause mortality and minor bleeding. All of patients were followed for six months after recruitment and the end of study. Results: Of 242 patients recruited during the 18 months, 116 patients received rivaroxaban and 126 received warfarin. There were no significant differences between warfarin and rivaroxaban regarding major bleeding (p=0.24) and thromboembolic events (p=0.38). The minor bleeding was significantly higher in warfarin group. (29.36% versus 12.93%, p=0.002). The all-cause mortality rate was similar between two groups (p=0.67). More than 12% of patients were discontinued rivaroxaban, due to high cost. In warfarin group, 14.28% patients did not have compliance due to laboratory fluctuations and inappropriate access to medication. Conclusion: In the present study, warfarin and rivaroxaban had similar efficacy and safety. In addition, suitable compliance was observed in both groups.

Background: Pregnant women have poor knowledge of oral hygiene during pregnancy. One problem with the follow-up of dental caries in this group is zero accumulation in the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, for which some models must be used to achieve valid results. The studied population may be heterogeneous in longitudinal studies, leading to biased estimates. We aimed to assess the impact of oral health education on dental caries in pregnant women using a suitable model in a longitudinal experimental study with heterogeneous random effects. Materials and Methods: This longitudinal, experimental research was carried out on pregnant women who visited medical centers in Tehran. The educational group (236 cases) received education for three sessions. The control group (200 cases) received only standard training. The DMFT index assessed oral and dental health at baseline, 6 months, and 24 months after delivery. The Chi-square test was used for comparing nominal variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for ordinal variables. The zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) model was applied under heterogeneous and homogeneous random effects using R 4.2.1, SPSS 26, and SAS 9.4. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Data from 436 women aged 15 years and older were analyzed. Zero accumulation in the DMFT was mainly related to the filled teeth (51%). The heterogeneous ZIP model fitted better to the data. On average, the intervention group exhibited a higher rate of change in filled teeth over time than the control group (P = 0.021). Conclusion: The proposed ZIP model is a suitable model for predicting filled teeth in pregnant women. An educational intervention during pregnancy can improve oral health in the long-term follow-up.

Fractures are one of the most important geological features that affect production from most carbonate reservoirs. A large amount of the world’s hydrocarbon resources are located in fractured reservoirs and the identification of fractures is one of the important steps in reservoir development. Due to the high cost of tools that are used in the petroleum industry to identify fractures such as image logs, and their inaccessibility in most of the studied areas, it is often tried to use other available data to identify fractures. Due to the ever-increasing progress of data-driven methods such as neural networks and machine learning, this study has tried to apply a 1D-Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN) which is one of the deep learning algorithms on well-logging data and seismic attributes in a carbonate reservoir to identify the existing fractures in the investigating area. The approach used in this research is a binary classification which is applied first in the well location. To validate the method, results are compared with the reports obtained from image logs. Finally, the fracture density map is drawn in the entire reservoir area.

Linguistic reordering is one of the most significant issues in translation studies, especially in translating linguistic concepts. The study shows well the new rearrangement and reordering of words and complicated linguistic structures to understand better their main meaning. Reordering, introduced by Joseph Malone for the first time, is a strategy for filling the gaps of target audience’s knowledge because of narrative and stylistic differences. It is segmenting complex linguistic structures that consist of such issues as cultural, political, and social issues and are formed as matching, zigzagging, recrescence, repackaging. This study used a descriptive-analytical method to assess the reordering approach used in linguistic processes of Al-Nowm Fi Haql Al-Karz (The Sleep in Cherry Garden), as the basis of this novel consists of the cultural norms and cultural and social issues related to the characters of the novel in addition to the myths and historical issues. The writer’s attention to such context needs to be assessed by the reordering approach. The translation of this novel written by Mohammad Hezbaie zadeh – Khuzesani translator and journalist- in Persian language. in this work, the translator has paid attention to the linguistic salient features and specific cultural idioms of this novel. The translator has been reorded of the proverbs and the folk tales compared with destination culture in translation. The examination of the approach in this novel showed that the adjustment in any of the linguistic processes in the examples extracted from the novel, the cultural, political, and social representatives has been reflected in the performance of characters and their linguistic norms.

Background: Coronary endarterectomy is an adjunctive treatment to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with multiple coronary involvements. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy and safety of the rivaroxaban versus warfarin in patients undergoing CABG endarterectomy in a prospective observational study. Methods: All the patients who had undergone CABG endarterectomy and had received rivaroxaban or warfarin during the period from January2019 until August 2020 were included in the study. Need for salvage CABG, major bleeding, and thromboembolic events were considered as primary outcomes. The secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality and minor bleeding. The patients all were followed for at least six months after their hospital discharge. Results: Out of the 73 patients recruited during the 18 months, 45 received rivaroxaban and the remaining people received warfarin along with at least one antiplatelet. During the follow-up, no salvage CABG was performed. The minor bleeding was comparable between the two groups (31.96 versus 13.27; p=0.21). There was no significant difference between warfarin and rivaroxaban in terms of major bleeding and thromboembolic events (p=0.38 and >0.99, respectively). The all-cause mortality rate was similar between the two groups (p>0.99). Conclusion: In this preliminary real-word study, rivaroxaban was comparable to warfarin in terms of efficacy and safety in the patients undergoing CABG endarterectomy. Further larger studies are needed to clarify safety and efficacy of such approach.

ObjectivesIt is uncertain whether concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement for moderate or greater secondary mitral regurgitation at the time of coronary artery bypass graft or aortic valve replacement surgery improves long-term survival.MethodsPatients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft and/or aortic valve replacement surgery with moderate or greater secondary mitral regurgitation were reviewed. The effect of concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement upon long-term mortality was assessed while accounting for patient and operative characteristics and mitral regurgitation severity.ResultsOf 1,515 patients, 938 underwent coronary artery bypass graft or aortic valve replacement surgery alone and 577 underwent concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement. Concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement did not alter the risk of postoperative mortality for patients with moderate mitral regurgitation (hazard ratio = 0.93; 0.75–1.17) or more-than-moderate mitral regurgitation (hazard ratio = 1.09; 0.74–1.60) in multivariable regression. Patients with more-than-moderate mitral regurgitation undergoing coronary artery bypass graft-only surgery had a survival advantage from concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement in the first two postoperative years (P = 0.028) that did not persist beyond that time. Patients who underwent concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement had a higher rate of later mitral valve operation or reoperation over the five subsequent years (1.9% vs. 0.2%; P = 0.0014) than those who did not.ConclusionsThese observations suggest that mitral valve repair or replacement for more-than-moderate mitral regurgitation at the time of coronary artery bypass grafting may be reasonable in a suitably selected coronary artery bypass graft population but not for aortic valve replacement, with or without coronary artery bypass grafting. Our findings are supportive of 2021 European guidelines that severe secondary mitral regurgitation “should” or be “reasonabl[y]” intervened upon at the time of coronary artery bypass grafting but do not support 2020 American guidelines for performing mitral valve repair or replacement concurrent with aortic valve replacement, with or without coronary artery bypass grafting.

Language communities must be conversant with the vocabulary and word combinations used by speakers in order to build communication amongst languages of the world. Understanding grammar and syntax norms may greatly aid in expressing the idea and bolster the message's accuracy. Noam Chomsky established grammatical rules in 1957. According to these rules, the internal workings of languages are the same, and the only differences are in the form, phonetic structures, and commands. This means that the sentences and concepts that exist in mind about various topics have the same concepts and only differ in the quality of their expression in the form of syntax. A disadvantage of translation occurs when various equivalents are used for the same term in the same language since different words affect how concepts are presented, in addition to differences in linguistic structure. Knowing the terms, when to use them, and how to deal with the association issue can help you use words correctly, grasp the text clearly, and prevent translation errors. As a result, the researchers in this work used the descriptive-analytical technique to assess the word equivalency while focusing on the accuracy of the translation using the genealogical method. The findings demonstrate that there are two aspects to translating astrology into Arabic and Persian: the infrastructure and superstructure. The infrastructure demonstrates the action of gesturing by applying elements (deletion, insertion, replacement, and transposition) of the example sentence in the target language, which by using different equivalents, causes both semantic multiplicity and vocabulary diversity in the text.

Introduction and Objective: Sleep disorder leads to several mental, physical, and behavioral complications. Through continuous care model, it is possible to achieve an efficient recognition of the problems of these patients and allow them to participate in solving their health issues. The effects of continuous care model on sleep quality in postmenopausal women were examined. Material and Methods: Totally, 110 postmenopausal women visiting health center in Kermanshah, Iran took part in this clinical trial. The participants were selected between May 2017 and September 2017. The participants were allocated to control and experimental groups randomly each with 55 members. The normal cares were provided to the control group, while the experimental groups took part in group consultation sessions (once every week, four session each 60-90min). Quality of sleep was examined based on Pittsburg sleep quality index before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and a month flowing the completion of the intervention. For data analyzing, Friedman’s test, Mann-Whitney test, and chi-square test were used in SPSS. Results: A significant difference was found in the mean scores of the quality of sleep in the experimental group in three measurements occasions in the study (p=0.001). Despite lack of any significant difference before the intervention between the two groups, there was a significant decrease in the sleep quality score in the experimental group one month after the completion of the intervention compared to the control group (p

Abstract Background This study was evaluated the association between obesity phenotypes and risk of lower torso musculoskeletal disorders including low back pain (LBP), low back stiffness (LBS), arthralgia, and joint stiffness in Ravansar non-communicable diseases (RaNCD) cohort study. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 6940 adults were examined for the presence of lower torso musculoskeletal disorders by a physician. Obesity phenotypes including metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) were defined based on the International Diabetes Federation, as well as, body mass index > 30 kg/m2. Metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO) phenotype was considered as unhealthy metabolic without obesity. Results The prevalence of LBP, LBS, arthralgia, and joint stiffness in MHO, MUO, and MUNO were significantly higher than in healthy participants compared to obesity phenotypes. Logistic regression showed that MHO phenotype was significantly increased with risk of LBP (OR: 1.19, CI 95%: 1.01–1.41), LBS (OR: 1.44, CI 95%: 1.12–1.86), arthralgia (OR: 1.54, CI 95%: 1.33–1.78), and joint stiffness (OR: 1.84, CI 95%: 1.35–2.52). Moreover, MUO phenotype was positively associated with risk of LBS (OR: 1.46, CI 95%: 1.09–1.94) and arthralgia (OR: 1.66, CI 95%: 1.41–1.96). In addition, MUNO phenotype was associated with a higher risk of arthralgia (OR: 1.21, CI 95%: 1.06–1.37). Conclusion All three phenotypes, MHO, MUO and MUNO were significantly increased the risk of arthralgia. However, MHO phenotype was significantly associated with a higher risk of all examined lower torso musculoskeletal disorders in the current study.

One of the most famous equations that are widely used in various branches of physics, mathematics, financial markets, etc. is the Langevin equation. In this work, we investigate the existence of the solution for two generalized fractional hybrid Langevin equations under different boundary conditions. For this purpose, the problem of the existence of a solution will become the problem of finding a fixed point for an operator defined in the Banach space. To achieve the result, one of the recent fixed point techniques, namely the α-ψ-contraction technique, will be used. We provide sufficient conditions to use this type of contraction in our main theorems. In the calculations of the auxiliary lemmas that we present, the Mittag-Leffler function plays a fundamental role. The fractional derivative operators used are of the Caputo type. Two examples are provided to demonstrate the validity of the obtained theorems. Also, some figures and a table are presented to illustrate the results.

Background: The world today is fraught with numerous perils, particularly due to frequent epidemics that inordinately impact people’s lives. Given such ongoing global crises, universities need to take into account the challenges that their research activities may encounter. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a thorough and rapid study of the causes and consequences of emergencies to overcome the methodological challenges that such crises impose. Methods: A literature review. Results: The effects of these social and epidemiological complications on academic and research practices have made scholars adapt their research approaches to the challenging and restrictive conditions of emerging societies in the postmodern epidemic and risk society. This has accentuated the importance of innovative approaches like team-based qualitative research. Conclusion: This research introduces a team-based, rapid qualitative approach to deliver timely, useful, and pertinent findings. It accentuates the feasibility of employing swift and urgent methods in challenging epidemic settings.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) commonly occurs in critically ill patients. Estimation of renal function and antibiotics dose adjustment in patients with AKI is a challenging issue. Methods Urinary creatinine clearance was measured in a 6-hour urine collection from patients with acute kidney injuries. The correlations between different formulas including the modified Cockcroft-Gault, modification of diet in renal disease, chronic kidney disease-epidemiology collaboration, Jelliffe, kinetic-glomerular filtration rate (GFR), Brater, and Chiou formulas were considered. The pattern of the prescribed antimicrobial agents was also compared with the patterns in the available resources. Results Ninety-five patients with acute kidney injuries were included in the research. The mean age of the participants was 63.11±17.58 years old. The most patients (77.89%) were in stage 1 of AKI according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria, followed by stage 2 (14.73%) and stage 3 (7.36), respectively. None of the formulations had a high or very high correlation with the measured creatinine clearance. In stage 1, Chiou (r=0.26), and in stage 2 and 3, kinetic-GFR (r=0.76 and r=0.37) had the highest correlation coefficient. Antibiotic over- and under-dosing were frequently observed in the study. Conclusions The results showed that none of the static methods can predict the measured creatinine clearance in the critically ill patients. The dynamic methods such as kinetic-GFR can be helpful for patients who do not receive diuretics and vasopressors. Further studies are needed to confirm our results.

One of the challenges that translators of literacy and non-literary texts face is rendering and finding equivalents for figures of speech. In this regard, translating simile and compound adjectives are of great importance. Most of the challenges in translating such figures of speech are due to cognitive and cultural differences between the source and target languages. By paying attention to the differences, translators can overcome the challenges. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study dealt with the nature, function, and criteria of categorizing similes and compound adjectives in Bahrampour’s translations of Sermons and Letters of Nahj al-Balagha. Applying Pierini’s (2007) model, the study then explored the strategies used for dealing with problems in translating the figures of speech. Pierini uses domestication strategy for translation in such cases. Considering the strategy, he introduces two strategies for compound adjectives and six strategies for translating similes. The results show that when translating all compound adjectives and similes, the used translation methods that are based on domestication of language and culture, are appropriate and applicable; since in this translation, Bahrampour has used a literary method and the correspondence shows the closeness between source and target languages.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Prosthetic valve dysfunction is a potentially critical complication of heart valve replacement. An easy and quickly applicable diagnostic procedure is required for recognizing the prosthetic valve dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to prospectively define the diagnostic value of D-dimer and INR level in predicting prosthetic valve dysfunction. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 70 patients suspected to have prosthetic valve dysfunction admitted to Imam Ali Hospital, affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah Province, Iran. Cinefluoroscopy, as the gold standard diagnostic test, was used for the diagnosis of prosthetic valve dysfunction in enrolled patients. Two milliliters of blood from each patient were taken into a tube containing sodium citrate anticoagulant. To evaluate D-dimer, the cutoff value was set at 500 ng/ml. Also, to evaluate international normalized ratio (INR), the cutoff value was set at 2. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of the serum markers were used to describe predictive properties. Results: Of 70 patients, 27 (38.6%) were male and 43 (61.4%) were female, and the mean age was 54.67±15.11 years (range, 18 to 80 years). Of 70 patients, 27 (38.6%) had prosthetic heart valve malfunction demonstrable by fluoroscopy, and 19 patients (27.1%) had D-dimer levels >500 ng/ml. Elevated D-dimer levels (>500 ng/ml) have been indicated to have sensitivity of 70.4%, and hence an NPV of 84.3%, specificity of 100%, PPV of 100%, NLR of 0.3, and the infinity value of PLR for predicting prosthetic valve dysfunction. There was a significant relationship between fluoroscopy and D-dimer test (P=0.001). A kappa coefficient value of 0.745 indicated a substantial agreement between D-dimer and fluoroscopy testing. Mixing test (combination of D-dimer and INR) showed to have 100% sensitivity, and hence a NPV of 69.8%, specificity of 69.8%, PPV of 51.8%, NLR of 1.41, and PLR of 1.44 for predicting prosthetic valve dysfunction. Conclusion: D-dimer with moderate sensitivity and high specificity is an ideal marker for the diagnosis of prosthetic valve dysfunction in suspected patients. Enhanced plasma D-dimer level is not by itself diagnostic of a prosthetic valve dysfunction but may alert physicians to refer the patient for more detailed examination, preferably by fluoroscopy. Mixing test with 100% sensitivity can apply as a rule-out test.

Bernard Williams in his “Internal and External Reasons” argues for internalism about reasons. He holds that according to internalism of reasons, agent A has reason to Φ if and only if he has a desire ψ which will be satisfied by Φ-ing and he also believes that it is so. Williams maintains that if one does not have a preceding desire and cannot form any desires through deliberation then it will be rational to claim that he does not have reason to Φ. Clearly desires play a crucial role here because if an agent does not have such desires, then he does not have reasons for action. Williams goes beyond this claim and says only internal reasons are reasons for action. In this article, we argue against his claim. After explaining descriptive and normative senses of rationality and alternative views regarding the rationality of beliefs and desires, in virtue of the idea of blameworthiness, responsibility, and having practical reason, we show that there are a set of actions for which moral agents are blameworthy and they, therefore, have reasons at least for certain actions which are not dependent upon their desires. This idea would be supported by the facts that most people consider a person who violates hedonic, prudential, and moral norms as much as possible to be irrational, that they consider the act of counting him as rational to be counterintuitive, and finally that societies have founded institutions for restraining such a person.Our argument from blameworthiness can be formulated as follows:(1) If a moral agent performs an action X for which he can justly be blamed, then he will be responsible and he ought not to perform X (the concept of blameworthiness entails responsibility).(2) If a moral agent is responsible and he ought not to perform X, then there is a reason for him not to perform X (responsibility entails having reason).(3) There are a set of actions, S, that moral agents can be justly blamed for performing.(4) So moral agents are responsible for performing an action in S (from 1 and 3).(5) So there are reasons for moral agents not to perform an action in S (from 2 and 4).By falsifying the negation of premise (3), we show that (3) is true. To falsify that it is not the case that there are actions for which moral agents can be justly blamed, we presented an example of an extremely immoral, imprudent, and pain-seeking agent who forms abnormal desires and acts against moral, prudent, and hedonic norms as much as possible. Since there are not any desires for such norms in his psychology, and his actions are based on these desires, he is not regarded as rational by most people and social institutions such as psychiatric clinics and courts. In addition, it would be irrational to hold that he is rational in his having immoral, imprudent, and pain-seeking desires and acting accordingly because it is a rational, prevalent, conventional practice to believe so and any theory which denies its rationality should provide convincing reasons.

Glucocorticoid use is the most common cause of secondary osteoporosis. Poor skeletal health related to glucocorticoid use is thought to involve inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, a key pathway in osteoblastogenesis. Sclerostin, a peptide produced primarily by osteocytes, is an antagonist of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, raising the possibility that sclerostin is involved in glucocorticoids’ adverse effects on bone. The aim of this study was to determine whether an acute infusion of cosyntropin (i.e. ACTH(1–24)), which increases endogenous cortisol, increases serum sclerostin levels as compared to a placebo infusion. This study was performed using blood samples obtained from a previously published, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over study among healthy men and women who received infusions of placebo or cosyntropin after being supine and fasted overnight (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02339506). A total of 17 participants were analyzed. There was a strong correlation (R2 = 0.65, P < 0.0001) between the two baseline sclerostin measurements measured at the start of each visit, and men had a significantly higher average baseline sclerostin compared to women. As anticipated, cosyntropin significantly increased serum cortisol levels, whereas cortisol levels fell during placebo infusion, consistent with the diurnal variation in cort isol. There was no significant effect of cosyntropin as compared to placebo infusions on serum sclerostin over 6–24 h (P = 0.10). In conclusion, this randomized, placebo-controlled study was unable to detect a significant effect of a cosyntropin infusion on serum sclerostin levels in healthy men and women.

Altered cytokine profile and weakened immunity along with clinical or subclinical ketosis (SCK) are among the remarkable challenges around parturition. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare some inflammatory cytokines and immunologic factors between two groups of healthy and SCK cows. Serum specimens were collected from 30 clinically healthy dairy cows on the early dry period (EDP), one week before expected calving (-1w), and one week postpartum (+1W). The animals were divided into the two groups of healthy (N = 20) and SCK (N = 10) based on serum β-hydroxybutyrate cut-off of 1.2 mmol/L on +1W. The concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and haptoglobin (Hp) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were statistically analyzed by mixed analysis of variance and independent samples t-test using the SPSS software. The findings demonstrated that the overall levels of IL-4 (p = 0.033), IL-10 (p = 0.049), TNF-α (p = 0.028), and Hp (p = 0.018) were significantly higher in the SCK group than the control group. Furthermore, the interaction of time × SCK had a significant influence on IL-4 (p = 0.028) and Hp (p = 0.022) levels. It was revealed that IL-4 (p = 0.008), IL-10 (p = 0.009), TNF-α (p = 0.01), and Hp (p = 0.002) were all significantly higher in the SCK group than the control group on +1W. In conclusion, SCK in dairy cattle might have a relationship with immunologic and inflammatory changes around calving.

With regard to the importance of prescribing medicinal plants in the traditional veterinary medicine and the anti-inflammatory role of ginger, the current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the oral administration of the ginger rhizome powder following ovariohysterectomy in puppies. Ten healthy young female puppies were randomly assigned to two equal groups, including a control and an experimental group. Two hours before surgical neutering by ovariohysterectomy, a Zintoma Capsule (Zingiber officinale) was administered orally in the experimental group and continued daily for 10 days after surgery. Several inflammatory markers were measured to evaluate the postsurgical status of the animals in the different times. Although there was no difference in the albumin and glucose level between the experimental and control groups at the different times, a statistically significant reduction in the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) was observed in the experimental group compared to the control group. These preliminary findings suggest the usefulness of ginger rhizome powder, a traditional herbal dietary supplement, in the reduction of postoperative inflammatory reactions in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Background: Fixed orthodontic treatment may cause discomfort four to six weeks after the initiation of the treatment as it may change the type and amount of food consumed by children. This temporary change may have a long-term effect on the growth status of such children. This study aimed to detect the longitudinal relationship between fixed orthodontic treatment and developmental indicators in children and adolescents. Methods: The study population encompassed adolescents undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment as the exposure group (n = 30) and adolescents with no orthodontic treatment as the control group (n = 90). The patients' dental age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and wrist circumference were assessed at the baseline, as well as 1, 3, and 6 months after the orthodontic treatment. The significance level was set to be p = 0.05. Results: One-hundred twenty participants were included in this study. In the two groups, all growth parameters revealed an increasing trend. In the exposure group, weight-related indices (i.e., weight, BMI, and wrist circumference) decreased in the first month and then increased during the next five months. All indices in the control group and height in the exposure group exhibited a continuous increase. Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic treatment affects childhood growth indices. However, these effects are probably short-term, and the catchup growth mechanism can offset these effects and modify the changes in growth indices. A longer follow-up period is recommended to be considered by future researchers.

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important parasitic infections in subgroup seven common neglected diseases of humans and animals. It is in the list of 18 neglected tropical diseases of the WHO. We aimed to analyze the situation of the disease in Iran using Geographical Information System (GIS) and satellite data analysis. Methods: The data obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran and other related centers from 2009 to 2018 were analyzed using GIS. Then, the spatial distribution maps of the disease were generated, and the hot spots of the disease in Iran were determined using spatial analysis of ArcGIS10.5 software. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis in ArcGIS10.5 was used to correlate the variables affecting the disease including temperature, relative humidity, normalized different vegetation index (NDVI) and incidence of hydatidosis. Data analysis was performed by Linear regression analysis and SPSS 21 software using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Results: Zanjan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Hamedan, Semnan, and Ardabil provinces were the hot spots of CE. The results of geographical weighted regression analysis showed that in Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Hamedan, Semnan, Ardabil, Zanjan, Qazvin, and Ilam provinces, the highest correlation between temperature, humidity, vegetation density and the incidence of hydatidosis was observed (P

ObjectiveInvestigating the trends of child diarrhea-related mortality (DRM) is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of its prevention and control efforts worldwide. This study explores the spatial patterns of diarrhea-related mortality in children under five for monitoring and designing effective intervention programs.MethodsThe data used in this study was obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO) public dataset that contained data from 195 countries from the year 2000 to 2017. This dataset contained 13,541,989 DRM cases. The worldwide spatial pattern of DRM was analyzed at the country level utilizing geographic information system (GIS) software. Moran's I, Getis-Ord Gi, Mean center, and Standard Deviational Ellipse (SDE) techniques were used to conduct the spatial analysis.ResultsThe spatial pattern of DRM was clustered all across the world during the study period from 2000 to 2017. The results revealed that Asian and African countries had the highest incidence of DRM worldwide. The findings from the spatial modeling also revealed that the focal point of death from diarrhea was mainly in Asian countries until 2010, and this focus shifted to Africa in 2011.ConclusionDRM is common among children who live in Asia and Africa. These concentrations may also be due to differences in knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding diarrhea. Through GIS analysis, the study was able to map the distribution of DRM in temporal and spatial dimensions and identify the hotspots of DRM across the globe.

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease in 2019 (COVID-19) is globally a major factor in the mortality of patients. Hence, there is an immediate requirement to recognise the mortality predictors in the COVID-19 patients. Aim: To identify the clinical features and risk factors for the mortality of adult patients suffering from COVID-19 in Sirjan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, all demographic, clinical, laboratory data of COVID-19 patients who were admitted to hospitals of Sirjan city was collected from July to October 2020 and data was analysed in November 2020. In this period, 269 patients with COVID-19 were admitted. The findings based on the considered parameters of patients in the hospital was recorded; Univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods were applied to find the risk factors due to in hospital death. Results: Out of 269 patients, 39 patients (14.5%) died in the hospital and the rest were discharged. A total of 152 (56.5%) patients had co-morbidities. Hypertension (HTN) was the most common underlying disease 71 (26.4%), followed by Diabetes Mellitus (DM) 55 (20.4%), cardiac disease, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD). The most common symptom was dyspnoea 207 (77%), followed by cough, 192 (71.4%) and fever, 127 (47.2%). The most common findings in the chest Computed Tomography (CT) scan of patients was ground-glass opacity with a frequency of 150 among 188 patients (79.8%) in patients with the abnormal CT scan. Multivariable regression indicated the increased odds of in-hospital death associated with COPD (OR=3.20, 95% CI 1.02-10.04; p=0.046), arterial saturation of oxygen ≤93% (OR=5.70, 95% CL 2.42-13.40; p

Cancer is an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in any tissue of the body. Many researchers have focused on machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) based on approaches for cancer treatment. Dissimilar to traditional methods, these approaches are efficient and are able to find the optimal solutions of cancer chemotherapy problems. In this paper, a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the state variables of immune cells, tumor cells, healthy cells and drug concentration is proposed to anticipate the tumor growth and to show their interactions in the body. Then, an artificial neural network (ANN) is applied to solve the ODEs system through minimizing the error function and modifying the parameters consisting of weights and biases. The mean square errors (MSEs) between the analytical and ANN results corresponding to four state variables are 1.54e-06, 6.43e-07, 6.61e-06, and 3.99e-07, respectively. These results show the good performance and efficiency of the proposed method. Moreover, the optimal dose of chemotherapy drug and the amount of drug needed to continue the treatment process are achieved.