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A container terminal can be defined as a mass service system in which a multiphase service processes takes place. The terminal consists of three subsystems: quayside, yard and gate. In this paper, queuing theory as one of the operational research method is been used, to determine indicators of functioning the service system on the example of the container terminal of the port of Rijeka. Applying the queueing theory, the service phases that represent a bottleneck can be determined, as well as the phases in which the largest capacity surpluses are located. Finally, based on the current capacities the optimal turnover of the terminal was provided, without congestions and with the highest degree of terminal utilization. The basic conclusion is that the capacity of the system is limited by the capacity of the subsystem that has the smallest capacity, and in this case it is gate/truck and train operation area.

Svaki veliki sustav trebao bi prepoznati i znati upravljati svojim rizicima. Problem istraživanja u ovom radu su kvarovi na kontejnerskim dizalicama, jer je za obalne dizalice u procesu prekrcaja na kontejnerskom terminalu izuzetno važno prepoznati kritične kvarove i pridati im pozornost prilikom redovnog odnosno preventivnog održavanja. Da bi se operativni proces prekrcaja na terminalu odvijao bez zastoja uz osiguranje sigurnosti osoblja te na vrijeme prepoznali kvarovi koji predstavljaju najveći rizik može poslužiti metoda analize oblika i efekata kvarova, koja je odabrana za rješenje problema procjene rizika u ovom radu. Provedeno je anketno ispitivanje osoba koji rade na kontejnerskom terminalu riječke luke o vrsti i učestalosti pojedinih kvarova na obalnim dizalicama. Potom je za svaki kvar ocijenjena razina ozbiljnosti, učestalosti i otkrivanja, na temelju čega su izračunom veličine prioriteta rizika isti rangirani. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da najveći rizik ima fizičko oštećenje sajli dok je najmanji rizik predstavljaju neispravne nauglice kontejnera. Ovakav način istraživanja može doprinijeti budućem pravovremenom planiranju održavanja i preventivnog otklanjanja kvarova u svrhu neometanog odvijanja prekrcajnog procesa., Every large system should recognize and know how to manage its risks. The research problem in this paper is failures on container cranes, since it is extremely important, for quay cranes in the process of transhipment at the container terminal, to recognize critical failures and pay attention to them during regular or preventive maintenance. In order that the operational transhipment process at the terminal run efficiently, while ensuring the safety of staff and to identify failures that pose the greatest risk in a timely manner, the method of analyzing the forms and effects of failures can be used. This method is recognized as appropriate for solving the problem of risk assessment in this paper and also contributes to their controlling. A survey of operators working at the container terminal of the Port of Rijeka was conducted, on the type and frequency of individual failures on shore cranes. The level of severity, frequency and detection was then assessed for each failure, on the basis of which they were ranked by calculating the size of the risk priorities. This method of research can contribute to the future timely planning of maintenance and preventive troubleshooting for the purpose of uninterrupted transhipment process.

The major cause of under-capacity or overcapacity at smaller airports is seasonality. Such airports are finding it difficult to determine the capacity to meet the demand and adequately handle passengers in both high and low season. If the capacity is not optimally defined, excessive congestions and waiting times occur, resulting in lower service quality. Airports greatly benefit from capacity utilization analysis in terms of more accurate planning, designing, and adjusting capacity to the current demand in order to encourage further development as well as to reduce additional costs. Using queuing theory, this paper aims to answer the following question: is the passenger capacity at Rijeka International Airport (Croatia) optimally determined to meet the demand promptly, both in high and low season, without causing excessive congestions and waiting times. The results obtained indicate the occurrence of overcapacity since high season demand can be well served, even with reduced capacity used in the low season when demand is significantly lower.

Today, coastal areas are among the most densely populated and busiest places in the world, with an extremely important economic and social value. With those areas being very intensely exploited, there is a strong possibility of different accidents and catastrophes occurring. Therefore, it is a matter of great importance to implement timely and quality measures to minimize the risk of negative consequences. This research explores the theories of coastal area management and risk management, while focusing on the synthesis of both of them on FSRU terminals. Given the fact that this special type of LNG terminals is becoming more and more present in the coastal areas of the world, this paper implements analysed theories and proposes risk minimising and safety measures for reducing the catastrophe risk with FSFRU terminals and thus contributing to the preservation of the coastal area.

The paper analyses and addresses various tanker ship survey regimes, determining a certain amount of overlapping between specific survey regimes. The results of the study indicate that there are inconsistencies in the frequency of surveys and over inspections of some ships. These uncoordinated surveys affect the costs as well as the mental and physical condition of the crew. The mentioned indicates the necessity of the overall tanker survey rationalization, having in mind that the rationalization must not have the negative impact on the safety of the ship. In this paper, the authors proposes the implementation of the unified tanker survey model that would integrate components of all survey regimes. The comprehensive analysis of the risks arising from non compliance, oversights or absence of surveys, have resulted in setting up the optimal time needed to conduct surveys with respect to the technical, technological and economic specifications of the ship. The implementation of the unified survey would eliminate the negative effects found during present surveys and enhance the safety of the ship as well as the quality of the management.

Navigacija je vještina u kojoj se spajaju znanost i umjetnost. Ona može biti kopnena, zračna, svemirska, osobna... Može biti elektronička, astronomska, satelitska, inercijalna... Navigacija je više od čina vođenja osobe ili objekta s jednog mjesta na drugo, ili od procesa točnog utvrđivanja položaja i praćenja kretanja. Danas je navigacija postala neizostavan dio svih nas i s njom se susrećemo i koristimo ju cijelo vrijeme. Članovi tima 'Navigation and beyond' s Pomorskog fakulteta u Rijeci – David Brčić, Mirano Hess i Serđo Kos pripremili su za Noć istraživača teorijski i praktični pregled navigacijskih znanosti i vođenja pomorske površinske navigacije tradicionalnim načinima, onim modernima, kao i onima koji tek dolaze. Za cilj smo si zadali da svim uzrastima, na slikovite načine prikažemo kako možemo voditi navigaciju: kako se možemo orijentirati u prostoru, pomoću kojih uređaja znamo gdje smo, kojim metodama možemo to isto saznati, i kako znamo kuda moramo poći. I kako možemo biti sigurni da smo baš gdje jesmo. I što je najvažnije, da smo svi navigatori.

Sea transport has always been the primary mode for both, passengers and cargo transport between the mainland and the islands along the Adriatic coast. The Liner shipping have had the central role in ensuring regular and affordable transport services in the region. Demand for a regular transport services is primarily derived from the need of goods' delivery and passengers traveling to/from islands. The demand is particularly intensive during the peak summertime season, due to a high level of tourists' mobility. Due to the affordable costs, taken from the users' perspective, the transport is of no commercial value for the transporter unless the state subsidizes part of the transport costs at the level of the concessions announced. This paper focuses on the analysis of transport costs and restructuring of the existing shipping lines in mid-insular Croatia, with the aim of developing a model that would reduce transportation costs and shrink total loses, thus lowering the burden on the state budget. The research points out that the specific reformation of the coastal shipping network would indeed lead to cost savings without compromising passengers/goods mobility among mainland and islands in Central Dalmatia.

For the transport sector units to stay competitive, they are expected to develop constantly, therefore it is of the utmost importance for their managers to continually research the market and invest in infrastructure. In addition, the market competitiveness of the units will also depend on their efficiency. In the recent studies, the efficiency of transport sector is often defined in terms of inputs and outputs. After a review of port competitiveness studies and the theoretical modelling, this paper aims at assessing the current efficiency and competitive positioning of the container terminals of the northern Adriatic ports, Koper, Trieste and Rijeka. The methodology used is based on Data Envelopment Analysis technique and the study was conducted using ports' operational data for 11 years. The approach indicates a realistic evaluation of terminals' efficiency by means of comparative analysis. The results demonstrated in this paper can be used for improving port's operations and making key decisions regarding further development of a port.

In this paper the proposal of liquefied natural gas terminal as a mobile offshore base is given. This idea has recently joined the existing land and offshore terminal's performances. But in that case a problem with the material and crew delivery appears. The supply vessel planning problem is a maritime transportation problem faced by the energy companies. The mobile offshore base is supplied from the coastal warehouse with supply vessels. If the delivery is performed for only one base, this problem can easily be solved applying the integer linear programming method. Here, an illustrative model has been presented, which can provide the total minimum costs and the number of trips from two locations, including some constraints.

Operativno upravljanje velikim flotama brodova i odnosnim investicijskim ulaganjima, pokazalo se jako zahtjevnim prvenstveno zbog brzog priliva novih tehnologija, primjene sve više ograničavajuće međunarodne legislative i jake konkurencije na tržištu brodskog prostora. U ovom su radu predstavljene osnovne značajke kontinuiranog istraživačkog programa usmjerenog na razvoj računalno podržanog sustava za potporu rukovodstvu (Executive Support System - ESS) za velike brodare, kao pomoć u izvedbi i kontroli operacija upravljanja. Razvijen je heuristički model koji odgovara veličini i obliku organizacije brodara te im omogućava provedbu politike učinkovite razmjene znanja u svrhu ostvarivanja maksimalnog profita. Sustavna podrška, komponente poslužitelja, operativni korisnički moduli i alati pretraživanja odluka osmišljeni su, razvijeni i demonstrirani ekspertima u domeni brodarstva.

The aim of this paper is to explore the public line transport in Croatia, determine its intensity and structure and to explore which factors have the greatest impact on the demand for public road transport. The existence and strength of dependence between the selected factors, for which are assumed to have an impact, and public road transport will be examined by multiple regression analysis. Results of the analysis should indicate which multiple regression model best meets the requirements of regression diagnostics. Furthermore, according to the selected model, the amount of demand for this type of transportation in the future will be evaluated.

The European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) has been established for the purpose of ensuring a high, uniform and effective level of maritime safety, maritime security, prevention of, and response to, pollution caused by ships as well as response to marine pollution caused by oil and gas installations. SafeSeaNet (SSN), a European Platform for Maritime Data Exchange between Member States' maritime authorities, is a network/Internet solution based on the concept of a distributed database. In this paper mission, origin and tasks of the EMSA are emphasized. The focus of research is given to the presentation of SSN background, its architecture, mode of operation, management and the participants. For illustration of its operations, SSN in action is presented as well as its key performance indicators. In the last part an assessment on the application of SSN in Croatia is given.

Large ships' fleet operational and investment projects involve many inter-related activities mostly distributed worldwide. The management of large fleets containing several different vessel types is usually rather complicated and therefore challenging for many ship operators. This paper presents highlights of an on-going research programme that aims to develop a computer based Management Support System (MSS) for large ship operators. A multi-objective approach has been taken in determiming critical MSS requirements and specifications, along with information and communication technologies (ICT) in designing subsystems and their integration into the framework. Some prototype modules are described in the paper. The presented frameworkis intended to simplify and automate information handling, support multidimensional communication, and facilitate decision making process in ship operation companies.

Studije i izvještaji koji sadrže predviđanja i istraživanja kretanja pomorskog tržišta ili njegovih određenih segmenata su veoma tražena, posebice od strane investitora i operatera u pomorstvu te se mnoga izvode svake godine unatoč općem shvaćanju da se predviđanja rijetko obistine. U ovom radu istražuje se metodologija predviđanja i istraživanja pomorskog tržišta te analizira učinkovitost i primjenjivost ovih metoda u donošenju poslovnih odluka subjekata prisutnih na tržištu. Prikazan je pojednostavljen model za procjenu i istraživanje kretanja pomorskog tržišta iz kojeg se može uočiti da je prijevozni kapacitet flote elastičan bez obzira na trenutnu fizičku ponudu brodova koja je u određenom trenutku fiksna. Model kao ulazne tehnološko-tržišne parametre uzima realne podatke te se temelji na uvjetu ravnoteže ponude i potražnje na pomorskom tržištu. Preciznost i pouzdanost rezultata ovisit će o ulaznim podacima i pravilnom tumačenju izlaznih vrijednosti modela.

Over the last forty years, one of the most difficult transportation policy questions has been the issue of the price of oil and its associated impact on transportation systems. Oil drives a large part of the costs of the production of agricultural, manufacturing, and service industries. Furthermore, as industries have globalized over the last thirty years the low price of oil has been critical in allowing logistics chains to become more and more elongated. The main characteristic of world oil flow lies down in a fact that the line directions for these types of flows are conditioned by formation of oil sources in the world, with reference to the largest producers, exporters and importers of oil. In other words, the most important flows of oil are formed on a direction from a large producer or exporter states, to the major consumer countries. In geographical analysis of world oil flows, data on the largest exporters and importers countries of oil are representing the important indicators of the intensity and the main directions of these types of flows.

The paper presents the optimization possibilities of port terminal operations in order to generate maximum gain. Planning these processes is a demanding daily task taken on before dealing with port management, since transhipment operations, cargo loading and dispatching, maintenance and control of transhipment and transportation means are subject to hardly predictable and unexpectable stochastic conditions under which planning optimal terminal operations will include the examination of stochastic processes on the terminal. A model of states and transitions with gain and a model of optimal strategies in terminal management are set up. Furthermore, a model for determining the structure of transhipment equipment is developed. The devised models were adapted to the specificities of a port terminal and tested using the sample of a general cargo terminal. First Published Online: 07 Jul 2011

An integrated monitoring and control system become a "must have onboard" today to ensure that the right actions are taken or initiated every time. Automation can be beneficial to operators of complex systems in terms of a reduction in workload or the release of resources to perform other onboard duties. Nevertheless, they have also been identified as a potentially significant contributory factor in accidents and incidents at sea. This paper underlined particular issues in design, selection, installation, use, maintenance, and updating or modification of automated systems which can present problems. A range of guidance points were raised for those involved in selecting or using automated systems onboard ships, in particular shore-based company management and seafarers using automated systems.

U ovom radu utvrđeni su poslovi koji određuju upravljanje flotom brodova za prijevoz rasutih tereta morem, te čimbenici koji imaju izravni ili neizravni utjecaj na obavljanje ovih poslova. Predložen je adaptivni model upravljanja koji doprinosi razumijevanju procesa upravljanja analitičkim pristupom definiranja sastavnih dijelova procesa upravljanja. Primjena predloženog modela neupitno bi rezultirala u izmjenama procesa upravljanja flotom u smjeru djelotvornijeg korištenja odgovarajućih resursa i optimizaciji procesa upravljanja flotom. Povrh toga, rezultati ovog istraživanja čine dobar temelj i daju smjernice za daljnja istraživanja u smjeru upravljanja flotom brodova.

Povezanost prometa i gospodarskog sustava izražava se kretanjem osnovnih ekonomskih indikatora kao što su društveni proizvod, zaposlenost, investicije ili osobna potrošnja s jedne strane, te količinom prevezene robe i putnika, veličinom prometne mreže, brojem i sastavom prijevoznih sredstava, s druge strane. Nesporno je da prometna infrastruktura izravno pridonosi aktiviranju gospodarskih potencijala, a prihodi prometnog sektora imaju znatan udio u strukturi BDP-a zemlje. Razvitak prometa, posebice prometne infrastrukture trebao bi prethoditi razvitku proizvodnih djelatnosti čime bi promet stvorio temeljne preduvjete za brži i kvalitetniji rast. U radu je provedena analiza vanjskotrgovinske razmjene Hrvatske, istaknute su značajke prometnog sektora i struktura prometnih grana, te dani prijedlozi za ulaganja u prometni sektor u cilju valorizacije gospodarskog razvitka Hrvatske.

The paper presents a mathematical model addressing an intermodal optimization problem of cargo transport by container ship. Ship cargo broker or an owner's agent, in line with the latest container ship rotation and scheduling trends, has to make a preliminary cargo loading and distribution plan taking into account available number, masses and types of containers in order to achieve maximum transport profitability, provided maximum payload and transport capacity of container ship. Since the profitability is an indicator of efficiency expressed as a fractional value, respective mathematical model can be solved using linear fractional programming. The model was tested on a real-life example of the typical container ship, operating on a medium distance route.

U razdoblju intenzivnih aktivnosti povezanih s pristupnim pregovorima za ulazak Republike Hrvatske u Europsku uniju, usklađivanje u carinskim pitanjima i priprema carinske službe je obveza i imperativ, a poglavlje 29 – Carinska unija je jedno od više dosad uspješno otvorenih. Kako bi se uspješno pripremili za ulazak u Uniju i preuzimanje obveza članstva, veliku važnost ima financijska i tehnička pomoć koju EU daje Hrvatskoj iz fondova CARDS i PHARE. Usporedno sa usklađivanjem carinskog sustava, radi se i na pojednostavljenju i modernizaciji carinskih postupaka, što uključuje obuku hrvatskih carinika, te uspostavu modernog carinskog informacijskog sustava. U radu su istaknute značajke unosa robe u carinsko područje RH, dan je uvid u poslovanje slobodnih i carinskih skladišta, kao i rezultati dosadašnjeg usklađivanja carinskog sustava Republike Hrvatske s Europskom Unijom.

Osnovna svrha i cilj istraživanja disertacije s naslovom "Prilog istraživanju tehnoloških i tržišnih utjecaja na način poslovanja u slobodnom brodarstvu" je znanstveno utemeljeno utvrditi i odrediti načine i mogućnosti te obrazložiti opravdanost primjene stohastičkih modela u donošenju poslovnih odluka brodara u slobodnom brodarstvu. Da bi se ta svha i cilj ostvarili definirani su različiti čimbenici koji utječu na kretanje otvorenog pomorskog tržišta i određeni specifični tehnološki čimbenici tipičnog broda koji se pojavljuje u slobodnom brodarstvu.Obrazložena je važnost i način upravljanja brodarskom firmom u kojem je poslovanje podređeno određenim slučajnim čimbenicima.Postavljeni su stohastički modeli za uspješno donošenje poslovnih odluka u uredu brodara , modeli za donošenje operativnih odluka , te modeli za ocjenu uspješnosti poslovanja i ispitivanje konkurentnosti brodara na tržištu. Testiranje modela koje je obavljeno sa stvarnim podacima s otvorenog pomorskog tržišta uzimajući u obzir specifične tehnološke čimbenike reprezentativnog broda za prijevoz rasutog tereta, na odabranim i dobro definiranim pomorskim rutama potvrdilo je postavljenu znanstvenu hipotezu. Vrijednost predloženih modela je u mogućnosti njihove primjene za uspješno upravljanje brodom ili flotom brodova u slobodnom brodarstvu.

The paper demonstrates application of the queuing theory in modelling a port's bulk cargo unloading terminal. A bulk cargo terminal can be observed as a queuing system defined with basic parameters: the rate of bulk cargo ship arrivals or quantity of bulk cargo and the rate of ship servicing i.e. quantity of bulk cargo, in an observed time unit. Appropriate indices of bulk cargo terminal operations are computed on the basis of these parameters. The unloading terminal is determined as queueing system marked with M/M/1 by Kendall notation, System is characterized with Poisson distribution of entity arrivals and exponentially distributed service time. Subsequently, the model set up will be tested on the real example of the unloading terminal of the bulk cargo port in Bakar. Through application of the proposed model it should be possible to make decision on how to make optimization of the transhipment processes on a bulk discharging terminal to increase its efficiency. Obtained parameters and calculated indices point to solid capacity employment rate in 2005 and the probability that the berth is unoccupied is relatively low. Indices show that the terminal traffic rate has dramatically improved taking into consideration previous years.

Though the structure and fleet of the shipping companies may differ considerably, they have one main objective in common. This is to utilize their fleets optimally. Consequently, shipping companies have many similar complex, extensive planning problems, ranging from the strategic to the tactical/operational levels. Typical examples at these different planning levels are problems like deciding the optimal size of the fleet, finding the optimal route and schedule for each ship in a given fleet or even selecting the best course for a ship between two ports, when weather and ocean currents are considered. Consequently, there is a considerable need for and potential benefits from decision support systems in ship planning processes. Optimization-based decision support systems for transportation routing and scheduling have been widely discussed in the literature ; however, relatively few contributions exist for ship routing and scheduling problems. There has been little or no use of advanced optimisation software in planning of fleet schedules in maritime transportation. Optimisation software implemented on a computer can be of assistance in decision support but tend to have restricted ability to handle all practical constraints that occur in real life. The objective of this paper is to present some of the trends that may influence future developments and the use of optimization-based decision support systems for ship routing and scheduling. Several of the trends indicate both accelerating needs and benefits from such systems.

Shipping companies face a wide range of risks, many of which arise from legally mandated activities. It is difficult for an company of any size to identify the full spectrum of risks. The expanded view of risk that takes into account a full range of exposures goes by many names (enterprise, holistic, integrated, or strategic) and fundamental goal – the broadest possible view of the risks that the company faces – should be realized. A company that adopts this broader perspective can better assess, evaluate, and assign priorities to risks, and then select the best short- and long-term approaches for managing those risks. Managed properly, some risks may actually present opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to provide shipping companies with a user-friendly approach to identifying risks and developing an action plan to address them. Because every shipping company has different needs and circumstances, all the approaches described in this paper should be modified as necessary.

U dosadašnjim istraživanjima u domaćoj i stranoj znanstvenoj i stručnoj literaturi, koja se bave općenito upravljanjem, prometnim sustavima te upravljanjem prometnim sustavima prisutni su različiti stavovi i koriste se brojne definicije upravljanja. Stoga u ovom radu proizlazi potreba opredjeljenja za definicijom upravljanja ako je objekt upravljanja prometni sustav. Istražene su definicije upravljanja sa različitih stajališta te njihova uloga i značaj, navedene najvažnije vrste sustava, da bi se potom definirao i poslovno upravljanje u prometnom sustavu. Pojam upravljanja prometnim sustavom autori izjednačavaju s pojmom odlučivanja jer se upravljanje u svakom svom segmentu jedino i može ostvariti kroz proces donošenja odluka odnosno kroz odlučivanje. Upravljanje prometnim sustavom polazi u prvom koraku od postavljanja modela odlučivanja za prometni sustav namijenjen da se pomoću njega utvrde sve značajke i njihove veze, a koristi se u svrhu predviđanja i kontrole praćenja ponašanja sustava. Donošenjem odluka na temelju rezultata postavljenih modela omogućeno je uspješno i učinkovito upravljanje.

Last decade represents important change in ship management systems. Increasing amount of data and strong development of technology force objective need for faster information streams and more sophisticated processes management aids. The objective of this paper is to present developments in fusion of onboard processes organization and supervision through Integrated Ship Management Systems (ISMS). The system comprises various digitized functionalities of onboard systems such as Digital Bridge System, Cargo and Ballast Operation System, Integrated Machinery Control and Monitoring, etc., integrated through multi functional workstations. Faster access of information will lead to improved quality management of shipboard systems and resources, also to faster response to the occurring accidents. A faster response will eventually avoid accidents and save lives.

While a considerable amount of research effort has been devoted to modeling sea port systems, models capable of producing results that match the data are proving elusive. In this paper, we contribute to the literature which models port systems as the queuing processes and build a general equilibrium model which is suitable both for analyzing a number of potential determinants of the systems' behavior, and also for carrying out a numerical analysis of the port system operation indices. Furthermore, we seek to establish the potential role played by various elements that impact operational behavior of the system. The proposed model is tested with real data of bulk cargo port Bakar. Using several years data set, we synthesize variance in terminals' operation indices. Following assumption that discharging terminal for bulk cargo presents the queuing system type M/M/1, while loading terminal shows behavior of queuing system type M/D/1, the goal is to create the simulation model that will result in functional explanation of behavior indices and assist in decision making procedure to improve effectiveness of the sea port system.

Necessity for studying the processes in bulk cargo ports, which are the objects of research in this paper, follows from the fact that many real processes, which are characterized with unpredictability and changeability, are called stochastic because the parameters that determine these processes are the stochastic ones. In this paper the theoretical features of the Poisson process and a non-Poisson process, related to the queue will be given. This type of the queue, marked with M/D/1 by the Kendall notation, characterizes Poisson distribution of entity arrivals and deterministic distribution of service time. The main goal of this paper is to define port's bulk cargo terminal as the queuing system and then set up the appropriate model in which the loading terminal is determined as queuing system of type M/D/1. Subsequently, the model set up will be tested on the real example of the port's bulk cargo loading terminal in Bakar. On the basis of this model, the operating of the port can be determined with the purpose of making decisions for further running of the business.

Ideja objedinjavanja tereta pojavila se ponajprije kao posljedica razmišljanja o smanjenju troškova pakiranja i vremena ukrcaja i iskrcaja u primarna sredstva transporta u lancu integralnog i multimodalnog prijevoza. Promatrano s komercijalnog stajališta, kontejner je, za sada, najuspješnija jedinica za objedinjavanje tereta. Stoga su kontejnerska flota i kontejnerski brod, kao najvažnije prijevozno sredstvo u međunarodnom prometu roba, posebno zanimljivi za proučavanje i usporedbu s ostalim trgovačkim flotama. U ovom radu dan je kratak pregled razvoja svjetske kontejnerske flote od njezinih početaka do 2001. godine. Zbog nagla razvoja u posljednjem desetljeću, naglasak je stavljen na analizu svjetske kontejnerske flote u razdoblju od 1992. do 2001. godine, za što je korištena deskriptivna statistika.

Glavni cilj modeliranja prometnog sustava je uspješno poslovanje i kontinuirano istraživanje mogućnosti za njegovo poboljšanje. Primjenom modela predloženog u ovom radu mogu se dobiti korisni rezultati potrebni za uspješno upravljanje lučkim sustavom. Ovi bi rezultati trebali usmjeriti menadžere u luci na donošenje odgovarajućih odluka u cilju poboljšanja poslovne efikasnosti i povećanja konkurentnosti luke. Model se temelji na teoriji općih sustava. Lučki sustav može se predstaviti kao fizički sustav koji tijekom vremena mijenja stanja na slučajan način, tj. prelazi iz jednog stanja u drugo pod utjecajem slučajnih čimbenika koji se ne mogu unaprijed predvidjeti. Ovdje je sustav "usluživanje broda na pristanu" definiran sa skupom elemenata i veza između njih, odnosno UC-strukturom. Nadalje, identificirana su stanja i prijelazi između stanja, zajedno sa shemom ST-dijagrama. Na temelju ST-dijagrama, postavljen je sustav diferencijalnih jednadžbi i preporučen računalni program za njihovo rješavanje., The main goal of the traffic system modelling is successful running a business and continuously searching the possibilities for its improvement. With the application of the model set in this paper one can get the valuable results for managing the port system. These results should route the port managers to bring appropriate decisions in order to enhance the business efficiency and enlarge the port competitiveness. The model presented is based on the general systems theory. The port system can be presented as a physical system which over time changes its status to a random manner i.e., exceed from one state to another under the influence of random factors that cannot be predicted in advance. Here, the system "serving ship at quay" is defined with the universe of discourse and couplings (UC-structure), dividing it on elements and links between them. Next, the states and the transitions between the states are identified, along with the scheme (ST-diagram). From the ST-diagram the system of differential equations is set and the computer program for solving is recommended.

The paper demonstrates the application of the queuing theOIYin modelling the port's bulk cargo unloading terminal. Abulk cargo terminal can be obsetved as a queuing system definedby basic parameters: the rate of bulk cargo ship arrivals orquantity of bulk cargo and the rate of ship servicing i. e. quantityof bulk cwgo, in an observed time unit. Appropriate indices ofbulk cmgo terminal operations are computed on the basis ofthese parameters. The unloading terminal is detennined as aqueuing system marked with MIMI I by Kendall notation. Thesystem is characterized by Poisson distribution of entity arrivalsand exponentially distributed service time. Subsequently, themodel set up will be tested on the real example of the unloadingterminal of the bulk cmgo port in Bakar. Through applicationof the proposed model it should be possible to make a decisionon how to optimize the transhipment processes on the bulk dischmgingtemzinal to increase its efficiency. The obtained parametersand the calculated indices point to solid capacity employmentrate in 2005 and the probability that the berth is unoccupiedis relatively low. Indices show that the tenninaltrafficrate has dramatically improved taking into consideration theprevious years.

This paper focuses on a bulk terminal short term operations planning problem faced by the port management in tactical decision making. Loading and discharging of ship cargo, cargo stocking, maintenance and service of facility equipment are regular operations of a sea port's bulk terminal. Their organization is subject to difficult-to-predict or unforeseen influences. The challenge that port management faces in day to day operations is in making the best possible plan with scheduled duration of operations/states and transition instants, considering various internal and external factors influencing terminal performance. A states and transitions model is used to derive effective solutions for obtaining states order and states transition time of a bulk terminal, with the objective of minimizing operational costs. Behavior of the terminal is tested with stochastic and deterministic methods.

Za uspješno poslovanje prometnog sustava neophodno je kvalitetno upravljanje. U tu svrhu treba proučiti čimbenike koji utječu na uspješnost poslovanja te istražiti pokazatelje uspješnosti poslovanja i načine za njihovo poboljšanje. Da bi se s prometnim sustavom moglo uspješno upravljati treba postaviti odgovarajući model/modele koji će predstavljati njegovu pojednostavljenu sliku. Cilj rada je istraživanje mogućih problema i poteškoća koje se javljaju pri modeliranju prometnog sustava, te nalaženje rješenja ili mogućnosti za njihovo izbjegavanje. Radi lakšeg i razumljivijeg tumačenja u radu je za ilustraciju odabran primjer lučkog sustava, a navedeni rezultati istraživanja mogu se vrlo lako prepoznati i primijeniti pri modeliranju drugih prometnih sustava., A high-quality management is essential for a successful business of the traffic system. Therefore, the factors affecting on business performance need to be researched, as well as business efficacy indicators and the ways for their improvement need to be explored. In order to manage the traffic system successfully, the setting up of the appropriate model/models representing a simplified real traffic system is required. The aim of this paper is to research into possible problems and difficulties that occur when modelling the traffic system and to find solutions or options for their avoidance. For a better and easier interpretation of the research work done, the example of the port system is selected for illustration. The listed research results can be very easily identified and applied in modelling other traffic systems.

U ovom radu istražuje se utjecaj rezultata problema dodjele veza ovisno o različitim varijantama projekta riječne luke. Uspoređujući postavu višenamjenskih i specijaliziranih vezova na temelju optimalnog pridruživanja vezova plovilima, sa zahtjevima u pogledu efikasnosti luke, moguće je odabrati najbolju varijantu projekta. Cilj je postići optimalni raspored plovila uzduž pristana uz minimalno zadržavanje plovila u luci i minimalni utrošak prekrcajnih resursa. Model osmišljen u ovom radu testiran je na primjeru luke unutarnjih voda. Za rješavanje problema korištena je metoda linearnog programiranja u sklopu koje je posebno razrađen i prilagođen problem asignacije na takav način da se dobiju praktični rezultati u što manje matematičkih iteracija uz prihvatljivu točnost rezultata., This paper explores the impact of berth allocation problem (BAP) solving depending on different options for river port design. Comparing multipurpose and specialized berths layout with port efficiency requirements, based on berth allocation, an optimal design option may be selected. The aim is to achieve an optimal distribution of vessels alongside quay with minimum vessels' time in port and port operator workload. The model set up in this paper is tested on the example of the inland waterway port. The problem solution is attained using the linear mixed integer programming method. Standard assignment problem is adjusted in such a way to achieve the practical results in as low as possible mathematical iterations while not compromising results' precision.