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An amount of 40 male broilers, fed Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook fruit meal in the ration, were used to determine morphometric indicators of their gastrointestinal tract. A completely randomized design was applied with four treatments, which consisted in the inclusion of 0, 5, 10 and 15% of palm kernel meal in the diet. At 42 days, animals were weighed and sacrificed. Gizzard, caeca and accessory organs (liver and pancreas) were weighed. There was an increase of gizzard size (23.28, 26.55, 25.68 g.kg-1) and of the empty caeca (4.42, 4.31, 5.38 g.kg-1) with respect to control (P <0.05). It is concluded that the inclusion of palm kernel meal in diets for broilers increased the weight of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, related to mechanical and fermentative digestion, which improves the use of the fibrous fraction by the animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the replacement of soybean by Mucuna pruriens (mucuna) grain meal, germinated and non- germinated, in physiological indicators of broilers, a total of 30 male broilers of 21 d of age were used, distributed according to completely randomized design with three treatments. These consisted of an equal number of experimental diets for grower and finisher, respectively: control (maize-soybean paste) and the inclusion of soybean paste by 10% of grain meal of the raw and germinated legume of the ration. Caecal, health and morphometric indicators of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were studied. To the latter, Pearson correlation was performed and, later, multivariate analysis using the principal components method. There was a correlation between the 27 variables studied in the morphometric indicators. The production of total short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in cecum was lower with the inclusion of grain meal of the non-germinated legume compared with the rest of treatments that did not differ between each other (176.44 vs 208.30 and 211.20 meq/L). No differences were observed for the immunological organs, blood indicators and main components of carcass and live weight. It is concluded that when supplying diets to birds with mucuna grains, germinated and non-germinating, the GIT weight was modified to make a more efficient use of the food and did not affect the health or the body composition of the broiler which intake the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se utilizaron harinas de morera (Morus alba vc Tigreada), pulpa de cítrico deshidratada (Citrus sinensis vc Valencia) y harina de caña (Saccharum officinarum vc Jaronú-62) para determinar sus características físico-químicas. Las muestras se analizaron por triplicado. Como indicadores químicos se determinaron la materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), energía bruta (EB), ceniza, fibra neutro detergente (FND), fibra ácido detergente (FAD), lignina, celulosa y hemicelulosa. La capacidad de adsorción de agua (CAA), el volumen de empacado, la solubilidad y la capacidad amortiguadora ácida (CAAc) y básica (CAB) fueron los indicadores físicos. Todos mostraron diferencias altamente significativas (P < 0.001) para su composición química y física, con los valores más altos (P < 0.001) para la PB en la morera (19.01 %) y un alto contenido en FND (40.05 %) menor solubilidad y mayor CAAc. La harina de caña fue el alimento con mayor contenido en FND (59.60 %) y energía (16.16 MJ/kg de MS), menor solubilidad, mayor CAA y volumen de empacado. La harina de cítrico tuvo menor contenido en MO, debido al uso de la zeolita durante el proceso de secado. Esto influyó (P < 0.001) en su alto contenido en ceniza (39.04 %). Fue además el alimento con mayor solubilidad de fibra, menor volumen y menor CAA. Los resultados indican una alta potencialidad digestiva para la harina de pulpa de cítrico deshidratada y su fracción fibrosa, constituida por compuestos estructurales de tipo soluble. Le siguió morera, con gran aporte de elementos nitrogenados. La harina de caña fue el alimento con menor calidad nutricional, debido a su alto contenido en fibra, su mayor volumen y alta insolubilidad Se recomiendan estudios de comportamiento biológico y de digestibilidad para corroborar estos resultados. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry (Morus alba cv Tigreada) meal, citrus (Citrus sinensis cv Valencia), dehydrated pulp, and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum cv Jaronú-62) meal were used to determine their physicochemical characteristics. The samples were analyzed in threefold manner. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses were determined as chemical indicators. Water absorption capacity (WAC), packing volume, solubility, and acid and basic buffering capacity were the physical indicators. There were highly significant (P < 0.001) differences in chemical and physical composition, with the highest (P < 0.001) values for CP in mulberry (19.01 %) and high NDF (40.05 %), lower solubility, and higher acid buffering capacity. Sugarcane meal was the feed with the highest NDF content (59.60 %) and energy (16.16 MJ/kg DM), lower solubility, higher WAC and packing volume. The citrus meal had lower OM content, due to the use of zeolite during the drying process. This had influence (P < 0.001) on the high ash content (39.04 %). It was also the feed with higher solubility of fiber, lower volume, and lower WAC. The results show high digestive potentiality for the dehydrated citrus pulp and its fibrous fraction, composed of structural complexes of soluble type. It was followed by mulberry, with large supply of nitrogenous elements. Sugarcane meal was the feed with lower nutritional quality, due to its high fiber content, volume, and solubility. Further studies on the biological and digestibility performance are recommended to corroborate these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amount of 40 male broilers was used for determining the activity of pancreatic lipase enzyme from broilers that consume Roystonea regia fruit (royal palm nut meal) meal in the ration. A completely randomized design was applied with four treatments, which consisted of replacing 0, 5, 10 and 15 % for royal palm nut meal. At 42 d, they were sacrificed to obtain the pancreas and enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase was determined. Diet effect was observed in this indicator, which was higher in broilers consuming royal palm nut meal, compared to control diet (1983 vs. 2500, 2566, and 3283 mL of NaOH/min/mg of protein, respectively) (P <0.05). It is concluded that royal palm nut meal inclusion in diets for broilers increases the activity of pancreatic lipase enzyme to digest lipids in the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to estimate the in vitro biological effect of tannins within moringa (Moringa oleifeira cv. Super Genius), mulberry (Morus alba Linn cv. Cubana), trichanthera (Trichanthera gigantea) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Perú) foliage meals on ruminal fermentation indicators, the in vitro gas production was measured and the kinetics parameters were estimated according to Gompertz model, the in vitro degradability of the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the nitrogen. The biological effect was estimated as the quotient between the value of each indicator when the tannins are inactive and active, expressed as increase percent. A random block design was applied, with four incubations as repelicates and the biological effect of tannins as treatment. At the beginning of fermentation (4h), the trichanthera tannins had little effect on gas production (P < 0.05). At 12h, the mulberry and moringa tannins showed the lowest biological effects, while those of leucaena and trichanthera the highest (P < 0.01). After 24 h of incubation, the moringa and leucaena tannins had similar effects and lower to the trichanthera tannins (P <0.001). From 48 h, the performance of the biological effect of tannins was trichanthera> leucaena> moringa> mulberry (P <0.001). There was only moderate biological effect on the kinetic parameters for leucaena and trichanthera tannins (P <0.001). Only the trichanthera tannins showed effect on the organic matter degradability (12%) and NDF (17.3%, P <0.01).The leucaena tannins had moderate biological effect in the NH3 concentration (11.3 %). The highest effects were observed for trichanthera tannins (29.4%, P <0.001). It is concluded that trichanthera tannins showed higher biological effect on the analyzed ruminal fermentation indicators, while in leucaena tannins were more moderate; those of moringa and mulberry did not influence on the nutritional value of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of the physical properties and the fiber fractioning of the meal of integral forage of Lablab purpureus, innoculated with M5-2 and 137 MCX-1 strains of the lignocellulitic fugus Trichoderma viride, was studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of the fibrous fraction of the meals submitted to a solid state fermentation (SSF). Fifty grams of the substratum were used to determine the indicators of fiber fractioning (neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose), as well as the physical properties: volume, solubility, and water adsorption ability (WAC) at 0, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after the inoculation. A split plot was carried out in order to study the measuring. There was a significant interaction treatment x time of sampling (P < 0.001) for NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, solubility and volume. There was a decrease of the NDF (P < 0.001) from the integral meal inoculated at 24 and 48 h with the 137MCX-1 and M5-2 strains, respectively. The highest decrease of NDF (8.3 percentage units), inoculated with the M5-2 strain, was obtained at 72h. This coincided with the highest increase (P < 0.001) of cellulose and the decrease of hemicellulose, from 23.37 to 19.15 %. There was low content of lignin (P < 0.001), regardless of the strains, at 72 h. The results indicated an increase of the nutritional quality of the fibrous fraction for the meal of dolicho integral forage, inoculated with both strains. This makes possible the consideration of its inclusion as an alternative food for monogastric species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se estudió la dinámica de las propiedades físicas y el fraccionamiento de la fibra de la harina de forraje integral de Lablab purpureus, inoculada con las cepas M5-2 y 137 MCX-1 del hongo lignocelulolítico Trichoderma viride. El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad nutritiva de la fracción fibrosa de las harinas sometidas a una fermentación en estado sólido (FES). Se utilizaron 50 g del sustrato para determinar los indicadores del fraccionamiento fibroso (fibra neutro detergente (FND), fibra ácido detergente (FAD) lignina, hemicelulosa y celulosa), así como las propiedades físicas: volumen, solubilidad y capacidad de adsorción de agua (CAA) a las 0, 48, 72, 96 y 120 h después de la inoculación. Para el estudio de las mediciones, se utilizó un diseño de parcelas divididas. Se obtuvo interacción significativa tratamiento x horario de muestreo (P < 0.001) para FND, FAD, celulosa, hemicelulosa, solubilidad y volumen. Se obtuvo disminución de la FND (P < 0.001) de la harina integral inoculada a partir de las 24 h y de las 48 h con las cepas 137MCX-1 y M5-2, respectivamente. La mayor disminución de la FND (8.3 unidades porcentuales), con la inoculación de la cepa M5-2, se obtuvo a las 72 h. Esto coincidió con el mayor incremento (P < 0.001) de celulosa y con la disminución de hemicelulosa, de 23.37 a 19.15 %. A las 72 h, se encontró menor contenido de lignina (P < 0.001), independientemente de las cepas. Esto coincidió con mayor solubilidad para ambas. Los resultados indicaron incremento de la calidad nutritiva de la fracción fibrosa para la harina de forraje integral de dolicho, inoculada con ambas cepas. Esto posibilita considerar su inclusión como alimento alternativo para especies monogástricas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was performed according to complete random design to determine the effect of including the meal of the Mucuna deeringiana forage on some physiological microbial groups and on the fermentative indicators of the cecum of broiler chickens. Sixteen male chickens (hybrid HE21) were used at a rate of four chickens per treatment. The treatments were: the control, 5, 10, and 15 % of meal of mucuna forage to substitute the corn meal. At 42 d, the microbial groups (total bacteria, proteolytic bacteria, celullolytic bacteria, and fungi) and the fermentative indicators (SCFAt, ammonia, and pH) were determined. The total bacteria were reduced with 10 % of mucuna, and with 5 %, counts superior to 10-10 ufc mL-1 were attained. The counts of cellulolytic fungi were not affected, as compared with the control, but they differed between 5 and 10 %, being inferior in the latter (P < 0.05), whereas the celullolytic bacteria did not show differences between treatments. The proteolytic bacteria were superior (P < 0.05) with 10 %, but there were not differences in respect to the control (2.91 vs 2.33 x 10-6 cfu mL-1). The pH did not vary between treatments, the concentration of SCFAt was increased with the inclusion of mucuna, and a peak (82.32 meq L-1) was reached with 10 %, whereas the NH3, with 10 and 15 % of mucuna, showed lower concentrations, as compared with the rest of the treatments (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the inclusion of the meal of M. deeringiana forage increases the production of total SCFA; and, with the highest levels, it diminishes the ammonia in the ceca. In the microbial concentrations, there was not a defined performance being in correspondence with the fermentative indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para determinar el efecto de la inclusión de harina de forraje de Mucuna deeringiana en algunos grupos fisiológicos microbianos e indicadores fermentativos cecales de pollos de ceba, se realizó un experimento según diseño completamente aleatorizado. Se utilizaron 16 pollos machos (híbrido HE21), a razón de cuatro por tratamiento. Los tratamientos fueron: control, 5, 10 y 15 % de harina de forraje de mucuna en sustitución de la harina de maíz. A los 42 d se determinaron los grupos microbianos (bacterias totales, proteolíticas, bacterias y hongos celulolíticos) y los indicadores fermentativos (AGCCt, amoníaco y pH). Las bacterias totales disminuyeron con 10 % de inclusión de mucuna, con 5 % se lograron conteos superiores a 10-10 ufc mL-1. Los conteos de hongos celulolíticos no se afectaron con respecto al control, pero difirieron entre 5 y 10 %, y fueron inferiores para este último (P < 0.05), mientras que las bacterias celulolíticas no mostraron diferencias entre tratamientos. Las proteolíticas fueron superiores (P < 0.05) con 10 %, aunque no hubo diferencias con respecto al control (2.91 vs 2.33 × 10-6 ufc mL-1). El pH no varió entre tratamientos, la concentración de AGCCt aumentó con la inclusión de la mucuna, y alcanzó un máximo (82.32 meq L-1) con 10 %, mientras que el NH3, con 10 y 15 % de mucuna, mostró concentraciones inferiores con respecto al resto de los tratamientos (P < 0.05). Se concluye que la inclusión de harina de forraje de M. deeringiana provoca incremento en la producción de AGCC totales y, con los niveles más altos, ocasiona disminución del amoníaco en los ciegos. En las concentraciones microbianas no hubo comportamiento definido que se corresponda con los indicadores fermentativos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para estudiar los indicadores fermentativos cecales y sanguíneos, mediante la sustitución de la ración del maíz por harina de follaje de Morus alba (morera), se utilizaron 32 pollos de ceba machos de 21 d (HE21). Las aves se distribuyeron según diseño completamente aleatorizado en cuatro tratamientos y ocho repeticiones respecto a un control (maíz-soya), en tres niveles de inclusión de follaje de morera: 5, 10 y 15 %. Se midió el peso de los ciegos llenos y vacíos así como su longitud. Además, se determinó la concentración de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) totales y amoníaco y así como los valores de pH. En sangre se determinó la hemoglobina, el hematocrito y la concentración de colesterol total. Se observó aumento (P < 0.05) de los pesos relativos de los ciegos (llenos y vacíos) con las dietas que contienen harina de follaje de morera respecto al grupo control (12.86, 13.93 y 13.96 vs 7.68 g/kg, respectivamente). Las longitudes de los ciegos derecho e izquierdo difirieron (P < 0.05) entre el control y el 10 % de sustitución de harina de follaje de morera (17.88 vs 22.00 y 19.00 vs 23.25 cm, respectivamente), siendo superior en este último. Un comportamiento similar (P < 0.05) tuvo la concentración de AGCC totales (49.60 vs 81.00 mmol/L). En la concentración de NH3 y los valores de pH, el control fue superior (P < 0.05) con respecto al resto de los tratamientos (2.43 vs 1.16, 1.32 y 1.05 mmol/L y 6.74 vs 5.54, 5.58 y 5.70, respectivamente). Los indicadores sanguíneos no mostraron diferencias para la hemoglobina y el hematocrito. Sin embargo, el colesterol disminuyó con la inclusión de harina de follaje de morera en la ración. Se concluye que con la inclusión de harina de follaje de morera en la ración de pollos de ceba hasta 15 %, aumenta la capacidad fermentativa de los ciegos, y se demuestra la disminución en la absorción del colesterol que provoca esta fuente fibrosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the cecal and blood fermentative indicators through the substitution of the corn ration by foliage of Morus alba (mulberry), 32 male broiler chickens of 21 d of age (HE21) were used. The birds were distributed according to complete random design into four treatments 21 and eight repetitions, being a control (corn-soybean) and three levels of inclusion of mulberry foliage: 5, 10, and 15 %. The weight of the empty and full ceca and their length were measured. Besides, the concentration of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia was determined, as well as the values of pH. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and total cholesterol concentration were determined in blood. There was increase (P < 0.05) in the relative weights of the ceca (empty and full) using diets with mulberry foliage meal, compared with the control group (12.86, 13.93, and 13.96 vs 7.68 g/kg, respectively). The lengths of the right and left ceca differed (P < 0.05) between the control and the 10 % of substitution of mulberry foliage meal (17.88 vs 22.00 and 19.00 vs 23.25 cm, respectively, being superior in the latter. A similar performance (P < 0.05) had the concentration of total SCFA (49.60 vs 81.00 mmol/L). In the concentration of NH3 and the pH values, the control was superior (P < 0.05) compared with the rest of the treatments (2.43 vs 1.16, 1.32 vs 1.05 mmol/L and 6.74 vs 5.54, 5.58 and 5.70, respectively). The blood indicators did not show differences for hemoglobin and hematocrit. However, the cholesterol diminished with the inclusion of the mulberry foliage meal in the ration. It was concluded that with the inclusion of mulberry foliage meal up to 15 % in the ration of broiler chickens, the fermentative capacity of the ceca is increased, and it is proved the decrease in the cholesterol absorption provoked by this fibrous source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se utilizaron 18 pollos de ceba machos (Híbrido HE21) para evaluar los indicadores morfométricos del tracto gastrointestinal y sus órganos accesorios, con la inclusión de harina de follaje de Lablab purpureus en la ración. Los animales se distribuyeron según un diseño completamente aleatorizado en tres tratamientos y seis repeticiones, que consistieron en un control (soya-maíz) y dos niveles de sustitución del maíz por follaje de dolicho (5 y 10 %). Se determinó además, el peso vivo y el peso metabólico. No se encontraron diferencias para estos indicadores, que oscilaron entre 1.93 - 2.0 y 1.65 - 1.70 kg, respectivamente. En el tracto gastrointestinal sólo hubo modificación en el peso de la molleja. Este difirió entre el control y la inclusión de 10 %, para el peso relativo al peso vivo (34.07 y 40.25 g/kg) y entre el control y las otras dos dietas experimentales, para el peso relativo al peso metabólico (40.40, 46.17, 47.28 g/kg) (P < 0.05). Los resultados sugieren la posibilidad de incluir hasta 10 % de harina de follaje de Lablab purpureus en las raciones para pollos de ceba, sin que se afecte macroscópicamente la morfometría del tracto gastrointestinal y de sus órganos accesorios. Se recomiendan investigaciones futuras que complementen esta información. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-two male broilers of the hybrid HE21 were used to determine the body composition of broilers consuming forage meal of Mucuna deeringiana (velvet bean) in the diet. The animals were distributed into four treatments (experimental diets) and eight repetitions, according to completely randomized design. The control was based don maize-soybean. In the rest of the treatments, the cereal was substituted by 5, 10 and 15 % of velvet bean forage meal. After 42 d, the animals were weighed, slaughtered and removed their viscera to determine the carcasses weight. Later, they were sectioned in legs and chest. The content of excessive fat was determined. There were no differences between treatments for the body composition, except, for the abdominal fat that decreased, compared to the control, 5.57 units (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of 15 % of velvet bean. It is concluded that with the substitution of 15 % of Mucuna deeringiana forage meal in the broilers' diet, the carcass fat diminished without affecting the different edible portions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para determinar la composición corporal de pollos de ceba que consumen harina de forraje de Mucuna deeringiana (mucuna) en la dieta, se utilizaron 32 pollos de ceba machos del híbrido HE21. Los animales se distribuyeron en cuatro tratamientos (dietas experimentales) y ocho repeticiones, según diseño completamente aleatorizado. El control se basó en maíz-soya. En el resto de los tratamientos se sustituyó el cereal por 5, 10 y 15 % de harina de forraje de mucuna. A los 42 d, los animales se pesaron, sacrificaron y evisceraron para determinar los pesos de las canales. Posteriormente se seccionaron en piernas y pechuga. Se determinó el contenido de grasa excesiva. No hubo diferencias entre tratamientos para la composición corporal, excepto para la grasa abdominal que disminuyó con respecto al control 5.57 unidades (P < 0.05) con la inclusión de 15 % de mucuna. Se concluye que con la sustitución de 15 % de harina de forraje de Mucuna deeringiana en la dieta de pollos de ceba disminuyó la grasa en la canal, sin afectar las diferentes porciones comestibles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]