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Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) (Figure 2A) Cancer pudibundus Herbst, 1785: 199–200. Material examined. Brazil, São Paulo: 2 ♂, 2 ♀, CCDB 311, Ubatuba, offshore, coll. F. Mantelatto, 20.xi.2002; 1 ♂, CCDB 1100, Ubatuba, Enseada de Ubatuba, colls. D. Rosa & F. Mantelatto, iii.2003; 1 ♂, CCDB 3705, Ubatuba, offshore, coll. D. Rosa, 15.xi.2011; 2 ♂, CCDB 3624, Ubatuba, offshore, coll. D. Rosa, ix.2011; 1 ♂, CCDB 1386, Ubatuba, Ilha Anchieta, colls. F. Mantelatto et al., vii.2002; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, CCDB 4282, Ilhabela, coll. J. Gomes, 25.ii.2002; 6 ♂, 9 ♀ (1 ♀ ov), CCDB 13, Bertioga, Canal de Bertioga, 10.ix.1989; 3 ♂, 36 ♀ (4 ♀ ov), CCDB 1445, São Vicente, colls. A. Castilho et al., 24.x.2011; 4 ♂, 8 ♀ (2 ♀ ov), CCDB 3238, Cananéia, colls. T. Davanso et al., 18.iv.2011; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, CCDB 5210, Cananéia, colls. R. Costa et al., 11.iii.2012; 1 ♂, CCDB 5088, Cananéia, colls. R. Costa et al., 22.vii.2012. Distribution. Western Atlantic—USA (Georgia, Florida), Gulf of Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Antilles, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, Guianas, and Brazil (Maranhão, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul). Eastern Atlantic—Guinea to South Africa (Holthuis 1959; Williams 1965, 1984; Fausto-Filho 1966, 1967; Coelho & Ramos 1972; Powers 1977; Lemaitre 1981; Taissoun 1984; Abele & Kim 1986; Bordin 1987; Moran & Dittel 1993; Souza 1997; Melo et al. 1998; Viana et al. 2003; Almeida et al. 2007a, b; Felder et al. 2009; Melo 2010; Diez & Jover 2015; Mendonça et al. 2019). Remarks. Previous records on the coast of São Paulo include Ubatuba (Mantelatto & Fransozo 2000; Bertini et al. 2004, 2010; Bertini & Fransozo 2004; Braga et al. 2005; Fransozo et al. 2012; Mantelatto et al. 2016a; Camargo et al. 2020); Caraguatatuba (Braga et al. 2005); and Ilhabela (Ilha de São Sebastião, Rathbun 1937 as Hepatus princeps). Sequences accession number (GenBank): CCDB 1445—16S (MF490141), COI (MF490086) (Mantelatto et al. 2018a)., Published as part of Mantelatto, Fernando L., Tamburus, Ana Francisca, Magalhães, Tatiana, Buranelli, Raquel C., Terossi, Mariana, Negri, Mariana, Castilho, Antonio L., Costa, Rogério C. & Zara, Fernando J., 2020, Checklist of decapod crustaceans from the coast of the São Paulo state (Brazil) supported by integrative molecular and morphological data: III. Infraorder Brachyura Latreille, 1802, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 4872 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4872.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4423421, {"references":["Holthuis, L. B. (1959) The Crustacea Decapoda of Suriname (Dutch Guiana). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 44, 187 - 190.","Williams, A. B. (1965) Marine decapod crustaceans of the Carolinas. Fishery Bulletin, 65 (1), 1 - 298.","Williams, A. B. (1984) Shrimps, lobsters, and crabs of the Altantic Coast of the Eastern United States, Maine to Florida. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 550 pp.","Fausto-Filho, J. (1966) Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos crustaceos decapodos marinhos do nordeste brasileiro. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 6 (1), 31 - 37.","Fausto-Filho, J. (1967) Sobre os calapideos do Norte Nordeste do Brasil. Arquivos de Estudos em Biologia Marinha, 7 (1), 41 - 62.","Coelho, P. A. & Ramos, M. (1972) A constituicao e a distribuicao da fauna de decapodos do litoral leste da America do Sul entre as latitudes 5 ° N e 39 ° S. Trabalhos Oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 13, 133 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.5914 / tropocean. v 13 i 1.2555","Powers, L. W. (1977) A catalogue and bibliography to the crabs (Brachyura) of the Gulf of Mexico. Contributions in Marine Science, 20, 1 - 190.","Lemaitre, R. (1981) Shallow-water crabs (Decapoda, Brachyura) collected in the Southern Caribbean near Cartagena, Colombia. Bulletin of Marine Science, 31 (2), 234 - 266.","Taissoun, E. (1984) Los cangrejos, dapodos Brachyura, de las costas de Venezuela II. Familia Calappidae Dana 1896. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, 16, 125 - 161.","Abele, L. G. & Kim, W. (1986) An illustrated guide to the marine decapod crustaceans of Florida. Technical Series, 8, 1 - 760.","Bordin, G. (1987) Brachyura da plataforma continental do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil e areas adjacentes (Crustacea, Decapoda). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 66, 3 - 32.","Moran, D. & Dittel, A. (1993) Anomuran and Brachyura crabs of Costa Rica: annotated list of species. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 41, 599 - 617.","Souza, J. (1997) Brachyura da plataforma meridional do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (Crustacea, Decapoda). Nauplius, 5, 33 - 58.","Melo, G. A. S., Torres, M. F. & Campos, O. Jr. (1998) Malacostraca-Eucarida. Brachyura. Dromiacea and Oxystomata. In: Young, P. S. (Ed.), Catalogue of Crustacea of Brazil, 6, pp. 439 - 454.","Viana, G. F. S., Ramos-Porto, M., Santos, M. C. F., Silva, K. C. A., Cintra, I. H. A., Cabral, E., Torres, M. F. A. & Acioli, F. D. (2003) Caranguejos coletados no Norte e Nordeste do Brasil durante o programa Revizee (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura). Boletim Tecnico Cientifico CEPENE, 11 (1), 117 - 144.","Almeida, A. O., Coelho, P. A., Santos, J. & Ferraz, N. (2007 a) Crustaceos estomatopodos e decapodos da costa de Ilheus, Bahia, Brasil. Atlantica, 29 (1), 5 - 20.","Felder, D. L., Alvarez, F., Goy, J. W. & Lemaitre, R. (2009) Decapoda (Crustacea) of the Gulf of Mexico, with comments on the Amphionidacea. Gulf of Mexico Waters and Biota, 1019 - 1104.","Melo, G. A. S. (2010) The Brachyura collected by the Gedip project between Torres, Rio Grande Do Sul (Brazil) and Maldonado (Uruguay). Atlantica, 32, 39 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5088 / atl. 2010.32.1.39","Diez, Y. L. G. & Jover, A. C. (2015) List of marine crabs (Decapoda: Anomura and Brachyura) of shallow littoral of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Check List, 11 (2), 1601. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.2.1601","Mendonca, L. M. C., Guimaraes, C. R. P., Santos, R. C., Alves, D. F. R., Barros-Alves, S. P., Silva, S. L. R. & Hirose, G. L. (2019) Decapod crustaceans from the continental shelf of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4712 (3), 301 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4712.3.1","Mantelatto, F. L. & Fransozo, A. (2000) Brachyuran community in Ubatuba Bay, Northern coast of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Journal of Shellfish Research, 19, 701 - 709.","Braga, A. A., Fransozo, A., Bertini, G. & Fumis, P. B. (2005) Composition and abundance of the crabs (Decapoda, Brachyura) off Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba, northern coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 5 (2), 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032005000300004","Fransozo, A., Furlan, M., Fransozo, V., Bertini, G., Costa, R. C. & Fernandes-Goes, L. (2012) Diversity of decapod crustaceans at the interface of unconsolidated seabed areas and rocky shores in tropical / subtropical Brazil. African Journal of Marine Science, 34 (3), 361 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2012.725514","Mantelatto, F. L., Bernardo, C. H., Silva, T. E., Bernardes, V. P., Cobo, V. J. & Fransozo, A. (2016 a) Composicao e distribuicao de crustaceos decapodes associados a pesca do camarao-sete-barbas Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (heller, 1862) no litoral norte do estado de Sao Paulo. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 42, 307 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.20950 / 1678 - 2305.2016 v 42 n 2 p 307","Camargo, T. R., Wolf, M. R., Mantelatto F. L., Tudge C. & Zara F. J. (2020) Ultrastructure of spermatozoa of members of Calappidae, Aethridae and Menippidae and discussion of their phylogenetic placement. Acta Zoologica, 101, 89 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / azo. 12273","Rathbun, M. J. (1937) The Oxystomatous and allied crabs of America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 166, 1 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.166. i","Mantelatto, F. L., Terossi, M., Negri, M., Buranelli, R. C., Robles, R., Magalhaes, T., Tamburus, A. F., Rossi, N. & Miyazaki, M. J. (2018 a) DNA sequence database as a tool to identify decapod crustaceans on the Sao Paulo coastline. Mitochondrial DNA Part A: DNA Mapping, Sequencing, and Analysis, 29, 805 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 24701394.2017.1365848"]}

Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) (Figure 4A) Material examined. Petro-UFS—64 (9 M, 3 F, 1 OF); size range: 41.72 ≤ CW ≤ 71.12 mm; average: CW = 54.35 ± 8.73 mm; CZUFS CRU- 00018. Penaeid—7 (3 M, 4 F); size range: 30.67 ≤ CW ≤ 51.22 mm; average: CW = 41.71 ± 7.43 mm; CZUFS CRU- 00226. Stations. Petro-UFS—1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17; Penaeid—2, 3, 8, and 9. Distribution. Western Atlantic—USA (Georgia, Gulf of Mexico), Antilles, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, and Brazil (from Amapá to Rio Grande do Sul). Eastern Atlantic—From Guinea to South Africa (Melo 1996). Ecological notes. From shallow waters to 160 m, on mud, sand, and shell bottoms (Melo 1996). Sometimes carries anemones and barnacles on its carapace (Melo 2008, 2010). Previous records in Sergipe. Coelho et al. (2004)., Published as part of Mendonça, Luana M. C., Guimarães, Carmen R. P., Santos, Rafael C., Alves, Douglas F. R., Barros-Alves, Samara P., Silva, Sonja L. R. & Hirose, Gustavo L., 2019, Decapod crustaceans from the continental shelf of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil, pp. 301-344 in Zootaxa 4712 (3) on page 311, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4712.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3586316, {"references":["Melo, G. A. S. (1996) Manual de identificacao dos Brachyura (caranguejos e siris) do litoral brasileiro. Editora Pleiade, Sao Paulo, 603 pp.","Melo, G. A. S. (2008) The Brachyura (Decapoda) of Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Nauplius, 16 (1), 1 - 22.","Melo, G. A. S. (2010) The brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) collected by the gedip project between torres, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and Maldonado (Uruguay). Atlantica, 32 (1), 39 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5088 / atl. 2010.32.1.39","Coelho, P. A., Santos, M. C. F., Freitas, A. E. T. S., Silva, A. C. C. D. & Santos, S. M. (2004) Crustaceos decapodos coletados no Estado de Sergipe - Brasil. Boletim Tecnico-Cientifico do CEPENE, 12 (1), 81 - 90."]}

This study aimed to document the seasonal cycle of steroid levels in the plasma and ovary, including testosterone (T), estradiol-17&beta, (E2) and 17&alpha, 20&beta, dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) in relation to ovarian development in wild populations of female blue tang fish. The gonadosomatic index (GSI%) maintained high values from April to July and increased from the II to IV ovarian stages and dropped in the V stage. Levels of plasma, ovary T and E2 and DHP were high from March to July. Plasma T and E2 levels were low in the II stage when most oocytes were previtellogenic, reaching a peak during spawning, and decreased in the V stages when fish were going to late spawning and termination. DHP was detected in all stages of the ovary with a higher level in spawning fish but decreased after spawning. These results revealed that T, E2 and DHP could be involved in ovarian development and DHP may play a significant role as a maturational inducing hormone in blue tang fish.

In the present study, the relationships between sagittal otoliths (otolith length (OL), height (OH) and weight (OW)), fish size (fish length (TL) and weight (W)) in brown comber (Serranus hepatus, Linnaeus, 1758) were analysed. Fish specimens (N=504, 41–133 mm in TL and 1.05–31.98 g) were captured by bottom trawl vessels from off the Güllük Bay (Southern Aegean Sea) between January and December 2013. Left otolith pairs were used for calculations since there was no statistical differences between left and right otoliths (P>0.05). Regression formulas were used as follows: TL= 16.94*OL+10.14, TL= 26.77*OH+24.88, TL= 375.7*OW0.315, W= 0.251*OL2.431, W= 2.009*OH1.917, W= 854.0*OW+1.552, OH= 0.600*OL–0.394, OW= 0.00025*OL2.555 and OW= 0.001*OH2.007. Calculated regressions were revealed a high coefficient of determinations ranging from 0.865 to 0.960. It is found that otolith sizes and weight are good indicators of the total length and weight of S. hepatus.

Spatial management of discards has attracted increasing interest as a potential mitigation measure. However, most studies are restricted to commercial species. The aim of the present work was to fill this gap by identifying and mapping the spatial distribution of five non-commercial species with high frequency of occurrence in the discarded catch of bottom trawl fishery in the Aegean Sea, i.e., Brown comber Serranus hepatus, Mediterranean scaldfish Arnoglossus laterna, Red bandfish Cepola macrophthalma, Argentine Argentina sphyraena, and Boarfish Capros aper. For this purpose, Generalized Additive Models were used to account for catch dependency on environmental parameters in order to explore the spatial distribution of species. Modeling results revealed that the spatial distribution of species was driven by environmental variables. Depth was the most informative variable explaining most catch variation in all species. For A. laterna, C. macrophthalma, and S. hepatus the highest estimated values of catch were located over the continental shelf and at shallower waters inside gulfs, whereas C. aper and A. sphyraena catch were more broadly distributed across the study area and at greater depths. Seasonal variations in species catch were also observed, probably related in most cases to species reproduction period. Mapping species distribution is essential for the identification of priority areas of protection in future marine spatial plans.

The Pacific blue tang, Paracanthurus hepatus, is consistently among the top 20 marine ornamental species imported into the USA, with all specimens presently sourced from wild stocks. Captive culture of this species through metamorphosis has not been previously documented and fundamental information regarding reproduction, larval culture, and production techniques is scarce. This study aimed to elucidate methods that would advance our understanding and success with captive propagation of this species. A total of 50,000 eggs were collected from a single broodstock population and stocked in a 1000-L tank. Beginning at 3 d posthatch (DPH), larvae were fed three times daily a diet comprised exclusively of copepod nauplii. At 12 DPH, enriched rotifers were first fed followed by powdered feed (20 DPH) and first instar Artemia (21 DPH). Large mortality events were observed at 7 and 20 DPH, corresponding with starvation and flexion, respectively. By 41 DPH, the majority of the remaining larvae began associating with the bottom of the culture tank. On Day 50, the first signs of blue pigmentation marked the beginning of metamorphosis. A total of 27 juvenile blue tangs were cultured during this trial. This effort represents the first successful culture of this species in captivity.

This study describes the length-weight relationship (LWR) for Serranus hepatus from Iskenderun Bay, Northeastern Mediterranean, Turkey. A total of 202 individuals were caught from Iskenderun Bay, during the 2015-2016 fishing season. The total length ranged from 5.7-9.5 cm and body weight 2.23-12.19 g. Length-weight relationship was found as the W = 0.0172L2.9664 (R2=0.84, F1,200=21.221, P < 0.001) and SEb= 0.091 (t-test: 32.706 p < 0.01). The types of growth were found isometric growth for all indivuduals of S. hepatus.

El acceso a datos actualizados, sobre los nombres y distribución de las especies de crustáceos presentes en un área en particular, es un primer paso para evaluar cambios debidos a factores locales, regionales o globales, como la sobrepesca, la contaminación y el cambio climático. Los datos en este estudio están basados en las expediciones de los buques de investigación Skimmer (20 estaciones, 1978-1980) y Victor Hensen (1992-1994, 12 estaciones) en el estuario del Golfo de Nicoya. Los crustáceos fueron recolectados mediante redes de arrastre tipo Otter (Skimmer, malla 3.5 cm) y por tipos Otter y Beam (V. Hensen, mallas de 2.5 cm y 1.9 cm) a profundidades entre 10 y 228 m. Datos en dos estudios posteriores aportaron información para una zona de entre-mareas en la región superior del Golfo y para estaciones en la boca del estuario, lo que incrementa el ámbito de profundidad de 0 a 350 m. Se revisaron las publicaciones originales y se hicieron 32 actualizaciones de los nombres de las especies con base en la literatura reciente y en la página de red World Register of Marine Species (WORMS). El total de especies para ambas expediciones fue de 131, del que 119 fueron decápodos y 12 fueron estomatópodos. Los datos en los otros dos estudios, así como la revisión de las colecciones en el Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de Costa Rica, incrementó en 43 el número de registros, para un total de 174 especies en los sedimentos del estuario. Para el Skimmer el número mínimo de especies en una estación fue de cuatro (tres estaciones) y el máximo de 27, con un promedio de 12.3 especies / estación. Para el V. Hensen el mínimo de especies en una estación fue de ocho, con un máximo de 27 y un promedio de 17 especies / estación. Las especies presentes en 50 % o más de las 20 estaciones de la expedición del Skimmer, fueron: Callinectes arcuatus, Rimapenaeus faoea, Penaeus brevirostris, Achelous asper y Hepatus kossmanni. Para la expedición del V. Hensen las especies presentes en más del 50 % de las 12 estaciones, fueron: A. asper, Sicyonia disdorsalis, S. picta y Persephona subovata. Durante el estudio del Skimmer, un total de 15 especies fueron encontradas en solo una estación, mientras que para el V. Hensen el número fue de 26. Se digitalizaron dos matrices de datos de presencia-ausencia de las especies en las estaciones y con base en los nombres actualizados de las especies recolectadas por el Skimmer (57 especies x 20 estaciones) y V. Hensen (82 especies x 12 estaciones) se les aplicó un Análisis No Métrico Dimensional de Escala (NMDS) para obtener una distribución de las estaciones en un espacio bi-dimensional. Los resultados revelaron unos grupos heterogéneos de estaciones. Algunos sub-grupos de tres o cuatro estaciones concuerdan con su proximidad geográfica. Las cuatro estaciones del V. Hensen en la boca del estuario a profundidades mayores a los 100 m fueron separadas más claramente de las otras, y podrían indicar una transición, desde aguas estuarinas hacia aguas profundas, en la composición de la fauna de crustáceos. Evaluaciones futuras de la diversidad de crustáceos del Golfo de Nicoya deben de considerar la amplia distribución espacial de algunas especies y la restringida de otras. La variabilidad temporal es también importante en el estuario, tal como lo evidenció la oscilación de la población de Pinnixulala valerii en un periodo de tres años.

A single individual of the palette surgeonfish, Paracanthurus hepatus, is reported for Bat Yam, Israel. This is the first report of this species for the Mediterranean Sea. Since this Indo-Pacific species does not occur in the Red Sea, and is one of the most popular marine aquarium fish, its introduction is referred to as aquarium release. The impact of aquarium trade on biological invasions in the Mediterranean Sea is briefly revised and discussed.

We report several new crab specimens, representing new taxa and new occurrences from the Miocene of Veracruz and Chiapas, SE Mexico. Most of the specimens were collected by the late Emily H. Vokes, in 1963 from outcrops of the Agueguexquite Formation, Veracruz, Mexico. The age range of the studied material support an upper Miocene age for the Agueguexquite Formation, as previously suggested. Ranina sp. and Portunus sp. cf. P. atecuicitlus Vega et al.1999 from the middle Miocene, Tuxpan Formation, are also reported. We also illustrate an incomplete portunoid specimen from the lower Miocene Tulija Formation of Chiapas, similar to Necronectes A. Milne Edwards, 1881. The presence of Hepatus Latreille, 1802, Persephona Leach, 1817, and Euphylax Stimpson, 1862a, in the Agueguexquite Formation represent the first record of these genera in the fossil record of Mexico. The occurrence of Eupilumnus? vokesae Luque, sp. nov. would represent the first fossil record of the genus known to date, extending its stratigraphic record into the Miocene. Eurytium granulosus Schweitzer, Velez-Juarbe, Martinez, Collmar-Hull, Feldmann and Santos, 2008, first reported from the Miocene of Puerto Rico is also identified among the specimens here studied.

Limitations in our understanding of aquaculture strategies necessary for cultivating many desirable species of marine ornamental fishes have impeded examining their commercial production. Currently, only a small fraction of species have been captive bred. Recent research efforts have focused on evaluating the rearing potential of marine fish eggs and larvae collected at public aquariums. However, as exhibits contain multiple species, accurate identification is crucial for determining species-specific larval rearing protocols. In this study, marine fish eggs and larvae were collected at four public display aquariums and were preserved for genetic identification prior to and during larviculture trials. During the project, numerous marine fish species were identified (n = 14) and three desirable species displayed traits conducive to captive breeding. Pomacanthus semicirculatus was identified using molecular techniques prior to metamorphosis and verified morphologically once grown. This species was also reared through the larval phase and into the juvenile (or nursery) phase. However, two species (Paracanthurus hepatus and Heniochus sp.) did not reach metamorphosis and observations made during larviculture would not have been attributed to those particular species without the use of molecular identification techniques.

New records of Brachyura crustaceans and range extension of some species from the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Three species of Brachyura crabs, Tyche emarginata White, 1847; Piloslambrus g uerini (Brito Capello, 1871), and Hepatus scaber Holthuis, 1959, are recorded for first time in Colombian Caribbean Sea. Also, the distribution range of 20 previously recorded species is widened towards the north of the country. Samples were collected during INVEMAR-CORPOGUAJIRA cruise between March and April 2005 at the continental shelf (10 and 50 m depth) in La Guajira.

A new Miocene decapod fauna is described from the Navidad Formation of coastal Chile. The fauna includes five callianassoid taxa, none of which is preserved sufficiently to identify to species level. New species include Calappilia? chilensis, Hepatus spinimarginatus, Proterocarcinus navidad, Pilumnus cucaoensis, and Pinnixa navidadensis. A possible rhizopine member of the Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819, is described. Trichopeltarion levis Casadio et al., 2004, previously known from the late Oligocene of western Argentina, was also recovered from these rocks. Calappa circularis Beurlen, from the lower Miocene Pirabas Formation in Brazil, is herein referred to Calappilia. This report greatly increases the known number of fossil decapods from Chile and sets the stage for paleobiogeographic comparison of the decapod faunas of Chile and Argentina.

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of the palette surgeonfish, Paracanthurus hepatus (Perciformes: Acanthuridae), has been sequenced by next-generation sequencing method. The assembled mitogenome was 16 498 bp in length, consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs genes. The overall base composition of palette surgeonfish was 28.6% for A, 28.6% for C, 16.3% for G, 26.4% for T and showed 87% identities to somber surgeonfish Zebrasoma flavescens. The complete mitogenome of the palette surgeonfish provides essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogeography and evolutionary analysis for surgeonfish's phylogeny.

The spatio-temporal structure of large carnivorous decapod assemblages (minimum adult carapace width 60 mm) in the southern part of Bahia Tongoy, Chile (30°16′S 71°30′W) was analysed to understand coexistence and to investigate differential habitat use of eight species of Brachyura and one of the Stomatopoda, which occur sympatrically along the South American coast in the shallow subtidal above 25 m water depth. They form the main benthic predatory group in the sheltered areas and play a central role in the functioning of the benthic system of Bahia Tongoy, which is an important centre of the artesanal diving fishery. Crab density may be limited by the carrying capacity of the system for predatory species, thus competition for space and food may be shaping differential habitat use. A seasonal survey was carried out to describe the structure of the crab assemblage in four habitat types, including abundance and biomass distribution, species composition, and zonation. Samples were taken by SCUBA diving along transects of 100 m 2 each. Although some degree of differential spatial or temporal distribution is observed, that is between major groups, not at the species level. Paraxanthus barbiger , Gaudichaudia gaudichaudii , Homalaspis plana and the stomatopod Pseudosquillopsis lessonii form a permanent group on cobble-gravel grounds. These smaller xanthid species are clearly segregated from the larger Cancer porteri , Cancer coronatus , Hepatus chiliensis , and Platymera gaudichaudii , which co-occur all year round on soft sediments. Besides these two major groups, Cancer polyodon , the most abundant crab species, revealed a pattern of its own, being a habitat generalist. Lowest crab biomass was found in seagrass meadows and on sandy bottom, although both habitats serve as important refuge areas for ovigerous C. polyodon . Cobble-gravel, seagrass, and nearshore sandy areas constitute the principal nursery grounds for several crab species. Seasonal crab biomass and density variation followed different patterns in the four habitats and was driven by species-specific dynamics such as migration and recruitment. In der Studie wurden die raumlich-zeitliche Struktur der Lebensgemeinschaft grosser rauberischer Dekapoden (Mindestgrosse: 60 mm adulte Carapaxbreite) im Suden der Tongoy Bucht an der chilenischen Pazifikkuste (30°16′S 71°30′W) untersucht, um deren Koexistenz und die Mikrohabitatnutzung der acht brachyuren Dekapoden und einer Stomatopodenart zu verstehen. Diese Arten zeigen ein sympatrisches Vorkommen im Flachwasserbereich oberhalb von 25 m Wassertiefe entlang der sudamerikanischen Kuste. In geschutzten Bereichen stellen sie die grosste benthische Raubergruppe dar und spielen eine zentrale Rolle in der Funktionsweise des benthischen Systems der Tongoy Bucht, die einen bedeutenden Mittelpunkt der artesanalen Tauchfischerei in der Region darstellt. Die Krebsdichte wird vermutlich durch die Tragfahigkeit des Systems fur rauberische Arten begrenzt, so dass Raum- und Nahrungskonkurrenz die unterschiedliche kleinraumige Nutzung des Lebensraumes zu bestimmen scheinen. Zur Beschreibung der Struktur der Artengemeinschaft wurde eine jahreszeitliche Probennahme in vier verschiedenen Habitattypen durchgefuhrt und die Abundanz- und Biomasseverteilung, die Artenzusammensetzung und-zonierung untersucht. Die Probennahme erfolgte taucherisch entlang von 100 m 2 Transekten. Unterschiede im raumlichen oder zeitlichen Verteilungsgrad liessen sich vornehmlich zwischen grosseren Artengruppen und weniger auf dem Artenniveau beobachten. Paraxanthus barbiger , Gaudichaudia gaudichaudii , Homalaspis plana und der Stomatopode Pseudosquillopsis lessonii bilden eine dauerhafte, auf sandig-kiesigem Untergrund lebende Gruppe. Diese kleineren xanthiden Arten trennten sich deutlich von den grosseren Cancer porteri , Cancer coronatus , Hepatus chiliensis und Platymera gaudichaudii , die ganzjahrig auf weichem Substrat anzutreffen waren. Unabhangig von diesen beiden Gruppen zeigte die haufigste Art Cancer polyodon ein eigenes Verteilungsmuster und erwies sich hinsichtlich der Habitatnutzung als Generalist. Die geringste Krebsdichte wurde in den Seegraswiesen und auf offenen Sandflachen beobachtet, wenn auch beide Habitattypen den eiertragenden Weibchen von C. polyodon als wichtige Ruckzugsgebiete dienten. Die sandig-kieseligen Areale, Seegraswiesen und die ufernahen Sandflachen bilden die wesentlichen Aufwuchsgebiete fur mehrere der untersuchten Krebsarten. Die jahreszeitlichen Biomasse- und Abundanzschwankungen folgten in den vier Habitattypen unterschiedlichen Mustern und wurden durch die Dynamik artenspezifischer Prozesse wie Wanderungsbewegungen und Rekrutierung bestimmt.

The contribution of ciliates as a food source to survival of first-feeding surgeonfish larvae, Paracanthurus hepatus, was examined in rearing experiments. The larvae were exposed to eight treatments; i.e. a tintinnid, Amphorellopsis acuta (1.0 × 104, 5.1 × 103 and 2.2 × 103 cells l−1) and a naked ciliate, Euplotes sp. (1.3 × 104, 8.0 × 103 and 5.0 × 103 cells l−1), plus two controls without ciliates. Highest survival of the larvae over the first 4–8 days was observed in the highest density of A. acuta. Rearing experiments also showed that the survivals of larvae fed with A. acuta were higher than those fed with Euplotes sp. Gut content analyses revealed loricae of A. acuta in the larvae. Although Euplotes sp. (lacking loricae) was never recognized in those larval guts, feeding on Euplotes sp. by larvae was confirmed using the ciliate labeled with fluorescent microspheres, implying that the feeding on naked ciliates by fish larvae has been overlooked. The results strongly suggested that both tintinnid and naked ciliates play important roles as alternative food sources to copepod nauplii by enhancing the survivability of fish larvae, especially those with a smaller mouth.

Forty-five samples of the brown comber Serranus hepatus were collected during experimental surveys carried out on a monthly basis (August 1990 to August 1992) along the Cretan continental shelf. A total of 1268 specimens 31–140 mm in total length were analysed. Growth was well described by both standard and seasonalized forms of the von Bertalanffy growth model and the computed parameters were L ∞;=152 mm, k =0·36, t 0 =−0·57. Feeding intensity was high throughout the study period and varied significantly among the age classes of fish examined. Stomach content analysis revealed that S. hepatus is carnivorous, feeding mainly on decapods. Diets did not vary seasonally; decapods were the most important prey throughout the year. However, the composition of the prey consumed varied considerably with predator age coupled with differences in mean prey sizes utilized by each age class. The mean weight of stomach contents increased significantly for older specimens, while the mean number of prey items decreased. Age-specific dietary selection was primarily a function of body size of the predator and appears to reduce intra-specific competition among the members of the different age classes. The results suggest that S. hepatus plays an important trophic role as a macrophagic carnivorous species on the Cretan continental shelf.

The feeding habits of two sympatric species pairs of demersal fish (Mullus barbatus-Mullus surmuletus, Serranus cabrilla-Serranus hepatus) which occupy the shallow coastal area (25–30 m) in Iraklion Bay were investigated from samples collected on a monthly basis (August 1990 to August 1992). Stomach content analyses revealed that all of them were carnivores, feeding mainly on benthic invertebrates, and that each species consumed a narrow range of prey species with no significant dietary overlap. The morphology of their feeding apparatus was compared to examine the effect of any morphological differences on food selection and resource partitioning between the fish species. The species could be distinguished on the basis of the size of their mouth gape, the number of gill rakers and the length of their intestine. This study shows that each species pair follows a different strategy segregating along food niche dimensions. In particular, M. barbatus and M. surmuletus segregate their feeding niche consuming different prey taxa with similar sizes whereas S. cabrilla and S. hepatus differ considerably with respect to the degree to which prey species contribute to their diets coupled with differences in mean prey sizes.

The identity of Cancer epheliticus Linnaeus, 1763, is clarified. The original name could be applied to either of two species currently known as Hepatus epheliticus (Linnaeus, 1763) (as a senior synonym of Cancer decorus Herbst, 1794) or Atergatis floridus (Linnaeus, 1758) (as a junior synonym). To conserve the usage of the species name epheliticus for the American Hepatus, a neotype for Cancer epheliticus Linnaeus, 1763, is here designated.

1. 1. The aim of this study was to analyse seasonal fluctuations in the respiration rate of pre-adults of Penaeus aztecus, P. setiferus, Scycionia brevirostris and Caltinectes similis, and juveniles of Portunus spinicarpus, Hepatus ephelyticus and Calappa sulcata. 2. 2. A flow respirometer was used to determine the oxygen consumption of these decapods, which was measured every 2hr during a 24 hr cycle in September (27 ± 1C) and in April (22 ± 1C). 3. 3. The respiration rates of seven species revealed uni-, bi- and trimodal patterns during the 24 hr cycle during both seasons. Metabolic amplitude of the shrimp species was reduced by 42% during the coldest months of the year. In winter, when H. ephelyticus was absent, the metabolic amplitude of C. sulcata in that community was two-fold the value recorded in the summer. The metabolic amplitude of portunids and calappid species in summer proved to be significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by 0.72 and 0.91 % in relation to values recorded for P. aztecus and S. brevirostris, respectively. 4. 4. These results suggest a coupling of the respiration rate of seven species with their nictimeral activity rhythms and the seasonal temperature variations that enhance their chances of resource exploitation in avoiding predation and reducing the competitive interactions with co-occurring shelf-faunal components.

1. 1. Daily variations of oxygen consumption and glucose hemolymph level of seven crustacean species from the continental shelf of the NW Gulf of Mexico were related to the morphophysiological (exoskeleton thickness) and ecological (activity rhythms) adaptations. 2. 2. Metabolic rate and the hemolymph glucose changed with the daily activity patterns observed in the shrimps (Penaeus aztecus: nocturnal; Sicyonia brevirostris: diurnal), the portunid crabs (Callinectes similis, Portunus spinicarpus and P. gibbesii: nocturnal) and the calappids (Calappa sulcata: diurnal; Hepatus ephelyticus: non-selective activity pattern). 3. 3. Rates of oxygen consumption versus glucose concentration were greater in shrimps than in portunids and calappids, and were related to exoskeleton thickness and activity rate. The glucose concentration was considered as the main energy source for the crustacean muscle. 4. 4. Proportion of glucose concentration in relation to oxygen consumption (100%) varies among species, with lowest values for shrimps (55%), against the values recorded in portunid (126%) and calappid crabs (235–423%), indicating the amount of glucose required for chitin synthesis of species with different morphophysiological designs and activity patterns.

Hepatus scaber Holthuis, 1959 Western Atlantic: Venezuela to Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) (Melo 1996). Occurrence in northern and northeastern Brazil: AP, PA: Coelho (1969); MA: Viana et al. (2003a)., Published as part of Coelho, Petrônio Alves, Almeida, Alexandre Oliveira De & Bezerra, Luis Ernesto Arruda, 2008, Checklist of the marine and estuarine Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) of northern and northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-58 in Zootaxa 1956 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1956.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5241063, {"references":["Melo, G. A. S. (1996) Manual de identificacao dos Brachyura (caranguejos e siris) do litoral brasileiro. Editora Pleiade, Sao Paulo, 603 pp.","Coelho, P. A. (1969) A distribuicao dos crustaceos decapodos reptantes do Norte do Brasil. Trabalhos Oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 9 / 11 [1967 / 69], 223 - 238.","Viana, G. F. S., Ramos-Porto, M., Santos, M. C. F., Silva, K. C. A., Cintra, I. H. A., Cabral, E., Torres, M. F. A. & Acioli, F. D. (2003 a) Caranguejos coletados no norte e nordeste do Brasil durante o programa REVIZEE (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura). Boletim Tecnico-Cientifico do CEPENE, Tamandare, 11 (1), 117 - 144."]}

Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) Western Atlantic: Georgia, Gulf of Mexico, West Indies, Venezuela, Guyanas to Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) (Melo 1996). Occurrence in northern and northeastern Brazil: AP: Silva et al. (2001); MA: Ramos-Porto et al. (1978); CE: Fausto Filho (1966); RN: Coelho (1969); PE, AL: Coelho & Ramos (1972); BA: Rathbun (1937), as H. princeps (Herbst, 1794)., Published as part of Coelho, Petrônio Alves, Almeida, Alexandre Oliveira De & Bezerra, Luis Ernesto Arruda, 2008, Checklist of the marine and estuarine Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) of northern and northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-58 in Zootaxa 1956 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1956.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5241063, {"references":["Melo, G. A. S. (1996) Manual de identificacao dos Brachyura (caranguejos e siris) do litoral brasileiro. Editora Pleiade, Sao Paulo, 603 pp.","Silva, K. C. A., Ramos-Porto, M. & Cintra, I. H. A. (2001) Caranguejos capturados durante pescarias experimentais para o Programa REVIZEE / Norte (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Boletim T e cnico-Cientifico do CEPNOR, Belem, 1 (1), 77 - 102.","Ramos-Porto, M., Ferreira-Correia, M. M. & Sousa, N. R. (1978) Levantamento da fauna aquatica da ilha de Sao Luis (Estado do Maranhao, Brasil). II. Crustacea. Boletim do Laboratorio de Hidrobiologia, 2 (1), 77 - 88.","Fausto Filho, J. (1966) Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos crustaceos decapodos marinhos do Nordeste Brasileiro. Arquivos da Estacao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, 6 (1), 31 - 37.","Coelho, P. A. (1969) A distribuicao dos crustaceos decapodos reptantes do Norte do Brasil. Trabalhos Oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 9 / 11 [1967 / 69], 223 - 238.","Coelho, P. A. & Ramos, M. (1972) A constituicao e a distribuicao da fauna de decapodos do litoral leste da America do Sul entre as latitudes 5 o N e 39 o S. Trabalhos Oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 13, 133 - 236.","Rathbun, M. J. (1937) The oxystomatous and allied crabs of America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 166, 1 - 278."]}

Hepatus gronovii Holthuis, 1959 Western Atlantic: Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas to Brazil (Santa Catarina) (Melo 1996). Occurrence in northern and northeastern Brazil: AP: Coelho & Ramos (1972); PA: Coelho (1969); MA: Barreto et al. (1993a); AL: Coelho et al. (1990)., Published as part of Coelho, Petrônio Alves, Almeida, Alexandre Oliveira De & Bezerra, Luis Ernesto Arruda, 2008, Checklist of the marine and estuarine Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) of northern and northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-58 in Zootaxa 1956 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1956.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5241063, {"references":["Melo, G. A. S. (1996) Manual de identificacao dos Brachyura (caranguejos e siris) do litoral brasileiro. Editora Pleiade, Sao Paulo, 603 pp.","Coelho, P. A. & Ramos, M. (1972) A constituicao e a distribuicao da fauna de decapodos do litoral leste da America do Sul entre as latitudes 5 o N e 39 o S. Trabalhos Oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 13, 133 - 236.","Coelho, P. A. (1969) A distribuicao dos crustaceos decapodos reptantes do Norte do Brasil. Trabalhos Oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 9 / 11 [1967 / 69], 223 - 238.","Barreto, A. V., Coelho, P. A. & Ramos-Porto, M. (1993 a) Distribuicao geografica dos Brachyura (Crustacea, Decapoda) coletados na plataforma continental do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 10 (4), 641 - 656."]}

Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) Material examined (N= 2). 1 f, 06/VIII/ 2005, St. 0 4 (MZUESC # 676). Distribution. Western Atlantic ��� Georgia, Gulf of Mexico, Antilles, Venezuela, Guyanas, and Brazil (from Amap�� to Rio Grande do Sul) (Melo 1996). Ecological notes. Mud, sand, and shell bottoms. From shallow waters to 160 m (Melo 1996). Previous records in Bahia. Rathbun (1937) [as H. princeps (Herbst, 1794)], Coelho & Ramos (1972), Melo (1985), Gouv��a (1986 b), Almeida et al. (2007)., Published as part of Almeida, Alexandre Oliveira De, Guerrazzi, Maria Cec Lia & Coelho, Petr �� Nio Alves, 2007, Stomatopod and decapod crustaceans from Camamu Bay, state of Bahia, Brazil, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1553 on page 25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.178168, {"references":["Melo, G. A. S. (1996) Manual de identificacao dos Brachyura (caranguejos e siris) do litoral Brasileiro. Editora Pleiade, Sao Paulo, 603 pp.","Rathbun, M. J. (1937) The oxystomatous and allied crabs of America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 166, 1 - 278.","Coelho, P. A. & Ramos, M. A. (1972) A constituicao e a distribuicao da fauna de decapodos do litoral leste da America do Sul entre as latitudes 5 o N e 39 o S. Trabalhos Oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 13, 133 - 236.","Melo, G. A. S. (1985) Taxonomia e padroes distribucionais e ecologicos dos Brachyura (Crustacea, Decapoda) do litoral sudeste do Brasil. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 216 pp.","Gouvea, E. P. (1986 b) A carcinofauna do litoral arenoso e areno-lodoso de Salvador, BA e areas adjacentes. Ciencia e Cultura, 38 (5), 875 - 883.","Almeida, A. O., Coelho, P. A., Santos, J. T. A. & Ferraz, N. R. (2007) Crustaceos estomatopodos e decapodos da costa de Ilheus, Bahia, Brasil. Atlantica, 29 (1)."]}

Samples of the family Calappidae were collected from soft bottoms on the continental shelf off the coast of Jalisco and Colima, Mexico. The examined material (2300 specimens) comes from five cruises, conducted during 1995 and 1996. The samples were obtained with shrimp trawls, at seven collection stations along the coast and four depths: 20, 40, 60 and 80 m. Five genera and six species were identified: Calappa convexa, C. saussurei, Cycloes bairdii, Hepatus kossmanni, Osachila lata and Platymera gaudichaudi. The most abundant species was C. bairdii (1269 specimens) followed by H. kossmanni (551) and P. gaudichaudi (387). The highest abundance (892 specimens) was registered during the June-July 1996 cruise, capturing a higher number of specimens at 60 m and the lowest number (112) was collected during the November-December 1996 cruise at 20 m depth. Despite the significant variation in abundance, as well as in the number of species found from one cruise to the other, members of the family Calappidae are widely distributed from Cuitzmala, Jalisco to Cuyutlan, Colima.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:57:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0034-71082000000300013.pdf: 76295 bytes, checksum: 113124749ed0c4dbf5af9a0e41e91afc (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:57:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0034-71082000000300013.pdf: 76295 bytes, checksum: 113124749ed0c4dbf5af9a0e41e91afc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0034-71082000000300013.pdf: 76295 bytes, checksum: 113124749ed0c4dbf5af9a0e41e91afc (MD5) S0034-71082000000300013.pdf.txt: 21199 bytes, checksum: 6cdd3eebcd6a79109520988a7b549ced (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:13:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0034-71082000000300013.pdf: 76295 bytes, checksum: 113124749ed0c4dbf5af9a0e41e91afc (MD5) S0034-71082000000300013.pdf.txt: 21199 bytes, checksum: 6cdd3eebcd6a79109520988a7b549ced (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:13:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0034-71082000000300013.pdf: 76295 bytes, checksum: 113124749ed0c4dbf5af9a0e41e91afc (MD5) S0034-71082000000300013.pdf.txt: 21199 bytes, checksum: 6cdd3eebcd6a79109520988a7b549ced (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-08-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Este estudo visou a análise do ciclo reprodutivo do caranguejo Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785). Os caranguejos foram coletados na região de Ubatuba, SP (23°26'S e 45°02'W), mensalmente no período de junho de 1992 a julho de 1993. As coletas foram realizadas com o auxílio de um barco de pesca equipado com rede do tipo otter trawl. em laboratório, os animais foram contados, sexados, mensurados (maior largura da carapaça) e tiveram seu estágio gonad e o de muda macroscopicamente determinados. Além da ocorrência de fêmeas ovígeras em todos os meses de coleta, foi também observada a presença de animais com as gônadas desenvolvidas em ambos os sexos. em todas as classes de tamanho, para ambos os sexos, foram encontrados caranguejos em processo de muda, isso indica que H. pudibundus não apresenta muda terminal e os indivíduos adultos continuam a sofrer ecdise após a maturidade. Não se verificou relação direta entre a porcentagem de fêmeas ovígeras e a temperatura da água. Os fatores ecológicos devem oscilar dentro dos limites de tolerância da espécie, o que favorece a continuidade dos processos fisiológicos, possibilitando a reprodução contínua. This study aimed to analyze the reproductive cycle of the crab Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785). The crabs were collected in Ubatuba, SP (23°26'S and 45°02'W) monthly from the July, 1992 to June, 1993. Samplings were performed with an otter trawl. In the laboratory the crabs were numbered, sexed and measured for their maximum carapace width. The gonad developmental stage and the moult stage were also macroscopically registered. In all sampled months ovigerous females and crabs in both sexes with developed gonad were observed. Moult activity in all size classes was verified. Such fact indicates that this species can suffer moult process after their maturity. In despite of temperature being pointed a one of the most important ecological factor in the reproductive biology of aquatic animals, it was verified any relation between water temperature and ovigerous ratio. The oscillations of the environmental factors in the Ubatuba region sea probably were not enough to alter the continuity of the physiological processes related to H. pudibundus reproduction. Universidade Estadual Paulista Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa do Litoral Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa do Litoral Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Zoologia

Measurements of spectral reflectance from the sky-blue portion of skin from the common surgeonfish, Paracanthurus hepatus, showed a relatively steep peak at around 490 nm. We consider that a multilayer thin-film interference phenomenon of the non-ideal type, which occurs in stacks of very thin light-reflecting platelets in iridophores of that region, is primarily responsible for the revelation of that hue. The structural organization of the iridophore closely resembles that of bluish damselfish species, although one difference is the presence of iridophores in a monolayer in the damselfish compared to the double layer of iridophores in the uppermost part of the dermis of surgeonfish. If compared with the vivid cobalt blue tone of the damselfish, the purity of the blue hue of the surgeonfish is rather low. This may be ascribable mainly to the double layer of iridophores in the latter since incident lightrays are complicatedly reflected and scattered in the strata. The dark-blue hue of the characteristic scissors-shaped pattern on the trunk of surgeonfish is mainly due to the dense population of melanophores, because iridophores are only present there in a scattered fashion. Photographic and spectral reflectance studies in vivo, as well as photomicrographic, photo-electric, and spectrometric examinations of the state of chromatophores in skin specimens in vitro, indicate that both melanophores and iridophores are motile. Physiological analyses disclosed that melanophores are under the control of the sympathetic nervous and the endocrine systems, while iridophores are regulated mainly by nerves. The body color of surgeonfish shows circadian changes, and becomes paler at night; this effect may be mediated by the pineal hormone, melatonin, which aggregates pigment in melanophores.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:02:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0373-55241995000100005.pdf: 2509075 bytes, checksum: 3df84aacd628e151fb36925f8c9d665c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:02:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0373-55241995000100005.pdf: 2509075 bytes, checksum: 3df84aacd628e151fb36925f8c9d665c (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:04:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0373-55241995000100005.pdf: 2509075 bytes, checksum: 3df84aacd628e151fb36925f8c9d665c (MD5) S0373-55241995000100005.pdf.txt: 36460 bytes, checksum: afb3b7d9a1a728aea174e1ce8223256c (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:16:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0373-55241995000100005.pdf: 2509075 bytes, checksum: 3df84aacd628e151fb36925f8c9d665c (MD5) S0373-55241995000100005.pdf.txt: 36460 bytes, checksum: afb3b7d9a1a728aea174e1ce8223256c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0373-55241995000100005.pdf: 2509075 bytes, checksum: 3df84aacd628e151fb36925f8c9d665c (MD5) S0373-55241995000100005.pdf.txt: 36460 bytes, checksum: afb3b7d9a1a728aea174e1ce8223256c (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP (FUNDUNESP) Estudos acurados sobre a fauna macrobêntica e sua relação com o ambiente são importantes para a análise da função e estrutura de áreas litorâneas. A ñnalidade deste trabalho é caracterizar uma população do caranguejo Hepatus pudibundus na Enseada de Fortaleza, Ubatuba (SP), enfocando sua distribuição espacial, relacionado-a aos fatores físico-químicos (profundidade, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, salinidade, textura e teor de matéria orgânica do sedimento). Com um barco de pesca, equipado com duas redes de arrasto para camarão (tipo otter- trawl), procedeu-se a coleta dos caranguejos, efetuada mensalmente, no período de novembro/1988 a outubro/1989, em sete radiais de 1 Km cada. Foram obtidos 405 espécimes, mostrando uma abundância heterogênea. A radial IV apresentou o menor número de indivíduos, o que pode ser explicado pelas condições físicas do sedimento (bastante compactado devido a porcentagem de silte + argila) e da água (baixa salinidade). em função dos resultados obtidos, ha fortes indícios para concluir que a Enseada da Fortaleza reúne condições favoráveis à procriação e desenvolvimento de H. pudibundus. Tais condições levam a crer que pequenas variações nos fatores bióticos e abióticos não são suficientes para alterar o padrão de distribuição desta espécie, intimamente relacionada à textura e teor de matéria orgânica do sedimento. The goal of this work is to characterize the distribution of the calico crab Hepatiis pudibundus (HERBST, 1785) in Fortaleza Bay, Ubatuba (SP), analised as a function of several environmental factors. Total of 405 specimens were collected in seven radiais in the bay. Hepatus pudibundus occurred in all radiais with heterogeneous abundance and its distribution was associated to several factors, mainly the texture and organic of sediment. Universidade de São Paulo FFCLRP Departamento de Biologia UNESP Instituto de Biociencias Departamento de Zoologia UNESP Instituto de Biociencias Departamento de Zoologia

Trata-se aqui de um estágio post-larvar de Acanthurus hepatus (L), obtido na Ilha da Trindade (praia das Tartarugas). O autor compara esse exemplar com o que foi descrito por Breder Jr., em 1925 e proveniente de Glover Reef, ao largo do Yucatan. This note deals with a post-larval stage of the Surgeon-fish, Acanthurus hepatus (L), from Trindade Island (praia das Tartarugas), Brazil, located at 20º 30' 00" S. and long. 29º 22' 00" W., 600 miles off the brazilian coast. The author compares this stage with an identical one described by Breder (1925), from Glover Reef specimens, off Yucatan.

Cercaria caribbea LII is described and evidence presented that it is the larva of a haploporid, probably Hapladena varia. The cercaria develops in simple rediae in Zebina browniana and encysts in the open. It is biocellate, the tail is slender and unadorned, and the excretory system is stenostomate with a nonepithelial bladder and primary pores at the sides of the tail in the embryo. Affinity of the Haploporidae to the Haplosplanchnidae is indicated and the Megasolenidae and Waretrematidae are considered synonyms of Haploporidae. Of the digenetic trematode families represented by parasites of marine fishes in the Gulf-Caribbean region, the Haploporidae is one of the few for which no life history has been demonstrated or at least convincingly suggested by morphological similarities of cercariae and adults. La Rue (1957) did not include that family in his scheme based on the embryology of the excretory system and on larval as well as adult stages. Because those features are essential to the interpretation of affinities between families and more inclusive taxa, information concerning the life cycle in the Haploporidae was a particular objective of studies in the Caribbean region during the first 7 months of 1961. This paper reports more fully results published in an abstract (Cable, 1961). At the laboratory in Curacao, Mr. Gerrit Klay called my attention to minute white snails crawling at night up the glass of an exhibit aquarium to which he had added fresh sand from shallow water nearby. In daytime, most of them remained hidden in the sand. Several snails were crushed and nearly all of them were infected with a minute hemiurid cercaria, but one contained a large, biocellate gymnocephalous species. On subsequent nights, further lots of snails were collected and isolated. Before morning about 5 per cent shed the large Received for publication 20 November 1961. *This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant G-14691. The author is indebted to Dr. H. E. Coomans, American Museum of Natural History, for identification of the molluscan host, and to the Director, Dr. Ingvar Kristensen, and staff of the Caraibisch MarienBiologisch Instituut for laboratory facilities and assistance. species, one or two cercariae per snail. The larvae rarely failed to encyst before 8:00 AM when their detached tails were still moving about actively. The cercaria has a combination of features not found in any other marine larval trematode reported from the Gulf-Caribbean region. Its morphology and ecology indicate that the adult is a species of Hapladena, probably H. varia, which is a common parasite of surgeonfishes in that region. In both the cercaria and adult, the cuticle is spinose anteriorly, the body contains yellow pigment and eyespots or remnants thereof, the digestive system is the same, and there is complete agreement in essential features of the excretory system (cf. figs. 1 and 6). Encystment of the cercaria in the open and the absence of penetration glands indicate that the life history does not include a second intermediate host but, instead, is completed when the definitive host ingests the free metacercaria, probably with vegetation. Although time limitation and other factors precluded controlled feeding experiments, several young Acanthurus hepatus were placed in an aquarium with infected snails and examined at intervals thereafter. Some of the fish yielded very young worms that were smaller than any found in a large number of similar A. hepatus examined without previous exposure to infection in the laboratory. In an extensive collection of fishes from the area where infected snails were obtained, no haploporid was found except the Hapladena species in surgeonfish. But because the adult has not been demonstrated beyond doubt, the cercaria is described and designated as an additional species in the series reported from Puerto Rico (Cable, 1956).