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Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel Um eine gezielte Zucht auf Kurzschwänzigkeit zu etablieren, müssen initial geeignete Verfahren gefunden werden, welche eine Phänotypisierung des Schafschwanzes über die Schwanzlänge hinaus ermöglichen. In dieser Studie wurden neben der Messung von Körpermaßen erstmals weiterführende Untersuchungen wie die Ultrasonografie und die Radiologie an der kaudalen Wirbelsäule von Schafen durchgeführt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die physiologische Variation der Schwanzlängen und -wirbel innerhalb einer Merinolandschafpopulation zu analysieren. Außerdem sollte der Einsatz der sonografischen Grauwertanalyse und Perfusionsmessung am Schafschwanz validiert werden. Material und Methode Bei 256 Merinolandschaflämmern wurden am ersten oder zweiten Lebenstag die Schwanzlänge und der Schwanzumfang in Zentimetern gemessen. Im Alter von 14 Wochen wurde die kaudale Wirbelsäule dieser Tiere röntgenologisch untersucht. Bei einem Teil der Tiere wurde außerdem eine sonografische Graustufenanalyse und die Messung der Perfusionsgeschwindigkeit der Arteria caudalis mediana durchgeführt. Ergebnisse Die getestete Messmethode zeigte einen Standardfehler von 0,08 cm und einen Variationskoeffizienten von 0,23% für die Schwanzlänge bzw. 0,78% für den Schwanzumfang. Die Tiere wiesen eine mittlere Schwanzlänge von 22,5±2,32 cm und einen mittleren Schwanzumfang von 6,53±0,49 cm auf. Die mittlere Schwanzwirbelanzahl dieser Population betrug 20,4±1,6. Der Einsatz einer mobilen Röntgenanlage eignet sich sehr gut dazu, die kaudale Wirbelsäule bei Schafen darzustellen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Arteria caudalis mediana sich für die Messung der Perfusionsgeschwindigkeit (cm/s) darstellen lässt und auch die sonografische Graustufenanalyse eine gute Durchführbarkeit aufwies. Der mittlere Grauwert beträgt 19,74±4,5 und der Modalwert für die meist aufgefundenen Grauwertpixel 191,53±120,2. Die mittlere Perfusionsgeschwindigkeit für die Arteria caudalis mediana beträgt 5,83±3,04 cm/s. Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die getesteten Methoden gut für die Charakterisierung des Schafschwanzes geeignet sind. Zum ersten Mal konnten Grauwerte für das Schwanzgewebe und die Perfusionsgeschwindigkeit der Arteria caudalis mediana ermittelt werden.

Tail docking is routinely conducted in long-tailed sheep breeds to prevent flystrike infections, but it is not in agreement with legal guidelines and animal welfare issues. Selection on short tails is a sustainable alternative in this regard, but side effects on other breeding goal traits are unclear. In consequence, the present study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for tail length (TL) at birth, birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW) and postweaning weight (PWW) at the slaughtering date considering single-trait (STM), multiple-trait (MTM) and structural equation models (SEM) with different random effects, and accordingly, different covariance structures. The SEM considered time-lagged recursive relationships among response variables in three different pathways. The first path pertained to the effect of TL on WW and of WW on PWW. The second path reflected the effect of BW on WW and of WW on PWW. The third path was the recursive effect of TL on PWW. The phenotypic data consisted of 2803 records for TL, 13,042 records for BW, 1556 records for WW and 3986 records for PWW from Merinoland lambs. Lambs were born in the period from 1995 to 2021 and kept at the university Gießen research station, Germany, with their naturally long tails. Genetic statistical model evaluation based on Bayesian and Akaike's information criteria suggested models simultaneously considering direct genetic, maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects and respective covariances. For statistical models including the same random effects and covariance structures, SEM were superior over MTM. The direct heritability for TL from the best-fitting STM was 0.60 ± 0.08, indicating the potential for genetic reduction of tail length within a few generations. For growth traits, the direct heritabilities ranged from 0.16 ± 0.03 for BW to 0.31 ± 0.09 for PWW. The maternal heritabilities were 0.03 ± 0.03 for TL, 0.12 ± 0.02 for BW, 0.04 ± 0.03 for WW and 0.07 ± 0.03 for PWW, reflecting small, but the non-significant influence of uterine characteristics on the tail development. The direct genetic correlations between TL and all weight traits were positive and very similar to MTM and SEM but reflected antagonistic genetic relationships from a breeding perspective. Oppositely, the structural equation coefficients reflecting trait associations phenotypically were negative (favourable) for the time-lagged effects of TL on WW and on PWW. As an explanation, lambs with long and woolly tails have an increased risk for contamination with dirt and dust causing infections, which in turn impairs the body weight development. In conclusion, breeding on short tails should consider trait-associated environmental risk factors, for example, disease susceptibility, which can be mimicked via SEM approaches.

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel Mit der weiteren Ausbreitung des Wolfes in Deutschland nehmen die Konflikte mit Tierhaltern zu. Es stellt sich zunehmend die Frage nach den Auswirkungen des Wolfsbestandes auf die Weidetierhaltung. Ziel der Studie war es daher, durch die Befragung von Tierhaltern den Einfluss des Wolfes speziell auf die Haltung von vom Aussterben bedrohter Schaf- und Ziegenrassen zu untersuchen und herauszufinden, welche Schutzmaßnahmen von den Tierhaltern gegen den Wolf ergriffen werden. Material und Methoden Ein Fragebogen aus 11 Fragen wurde von der Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen e. V. (GEH) online gestellt und von 494 Schaf- und Ziegenhaltern aus ganz Deutschland anonym ausgefüllt und anschließend ausgewertet. Ergebnisse 33 % der bedrohten Schaf- und 80 % der bedrohten Ziegenrassen werden von weniger als je 10 Tierhaltern gehalten, überwiegend in Hobbyhaltung oder zum Nebenerwerb. Die Aufgabe der Tierhaltung einzelner Tierhalter kann sich daher signifikant negativ auf den Fortbestand der jeweiligen Rasse auswirken. An den mittleren Herdengrößen der Herdbuchzuchten lässt sich in den letzten Jahren keine negative Auswirkung auf die Tierzahlen erkennen, obgleich die Mehrheit der Befragten ihre Weidetierhaltung durch den Wolf bedroht sieht. Beachtenswert ist, dass signifikant mehr Halter angeben, die Tiere abschaffen zu wollen (Halter außerhalb Wolfsgebiet), als dies bei konkreter Bedrohung der Fall ist (Halter im Wolfsgebiet). Genannte Präventionsmaßnahmen sind am häufigsten die Veränderung der Einfriedung und die Herausnahme bestimmter Flächen aus der Nutzung. Der Einsatz von Herdenschutzhunden spielt keine große Rolle. Schlussfolgerungen Durch die Aufgabe der Tierhaltung einzelner Halter besteht die Gefahr der Verringerung der Rassendiversität bei kleinen Wiederkäuern. Daher benötigen diese einen besonderen Schutz, was bei der Planung und Festlegung von Kompensationsmaßnahmen berücksichtigt werden muss.

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel Im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL) finanzierten Modell- und Demonstrationsvorhabens (MuD) Tierschutz Projekt zu Neuweltkameliden (NWK) wurden mittels einer bundesweiten Tierhalterumfrage Daten zu unterschiedlichen Aspekten der Tierhaltung von NWK erhoben. Die vorliegende Publikation befasst sich mit dem Bereich Populations- und Betriebsstrukturen, Haltungsweisen, Nutzung und Wissensstand der Tierhalter von Neuweltkameliden in Deutschland. Material und Methoden Es wurde ein Onlinefragebogen von 550 Tierhaltern aus Deutschland ausgefüllt, wovon 421 (76,5 %) die Umfrage vollständig bearbeiteten. Der Fragebogen enthielt offene und geschlossene Fragen zu Betrieb und Management, zur Haltung, Fütterung, Zucht und Aufzucht, tierärztlicher Versorgung, Gesundheits- und Pflegemanagement, sowie zum Wissenstand der Tierhalter und Einschätzungen vom Verhalten der Tiere. Die unterschiedlichen Fragenkomplexe wurden deskriptiv ausgewertet. Ergebnisse Die teilnehmenden Betriebe setzen sich aus 365 (66,4 %) reinen Alpakahaltungen, 89 (16,2 %) reinen Lamahaltungen und 93 (16,9 %) Betrieben mit beiden Tierarten zusammen. 3 Betriebe machten keine Angaben zur Tierart. Es wurden insgesamt 7739 NWK, davon 6295 Alpakas und 1444 Lamas erfasst. Die jeweils beliebtesten Rassen sind das Huacaya Alpaka und das Classic Lama. Sowohl in der Alpaka- als auch in der Lamapopulation ist der Anteil an Stuten am größten (53,8 % der Alpakapopulation, 45,0 % der Lamapopulation). Die durchschnittliche Herdengröße beträgt 14,9 Tiere und in den meisten Fällen wird eine feste Gruppe gehalten (56,6 %). Viele der Tierhalter gaben an, ihre Tiere im vergangenen Jahrzehnt erworben zu haben (84,1 % der Alpakahaltungen und 62,6 % der Lamahaltungen). Die meisten Haltungen der Umfrageteilnehmer befinden sich in Bayern, Nordrhein-Westfalen und Baden-Württemberg. Häufig handelt es sich um Hobbybetriebe (51,0 %), die Tiere werden in den meisten Fällen für Wanderungen genutzt und die Wolle verarbeitet (58,0 % bzw. 52,3 %). 76,6 % der erfassten Tiere verfügen über eine Kennzeichnung, am häufigsten mittels Mikrochip, und 84,2 % der Betriebe gaben an, beim Veterinäramt registriert zu sein. Schlussfolgerung Anhand der Untersuchungsergebnisse ist ein deutlicher Anstieg an Tierhaltungen und Tierzahlen in den letzten Jahren zu verzeichnen. Die Gestaltung von Haltungsstrukturen konnte erfasst werden. Jedoch bleibt die exakte Zahl der Neuweltkameliden in Deutschland, trotz der bestehenden Registrierungspflicht, so lange unbekannt, bis eine systematische zentrale Erfassung von behördlicher Stelle erfolgt.

ZusammenfassungEine Möglichkeit, das Kopieren von Schwänzen bei Schafen in der Zukunft zu vermeiden, stellt die Zucht auf Kurzschwänzigkeit dar. Dies erscheint vielversprechend, da die Urform der Hausschafe, der Mufflon, einen relativ kurzen schmalen Schwanz besitzt. Es kann folglich davon ausgegangen werden, dass längere Schwänze ein Resultat der Domestikation sind. Ältere Untersuchungen zur Heritabilität der Schwanzlänge beim Hausschaf konnten rasseabhängig Werte von 0,38 bis 0,77 nachweisen. Bei der Zucht auf Kurzschwänzigkeit muss jedoch darauf geachtet werden, dass keine Missbildungen der Wirbelsäule und benachbarter Strukturen auftreten. Bis in diesem Bereich ein Zuchtfortschritt erreicht ist, können durch Managementmaßnahmen die negativen Auswirkungen länger bewollter Schwänze (z. B. Myiasisbefall, Dermatitis) gemindert werden. Dazu gehören die Vermeidung von Durchfällen durch eine ausgewogene wiederkäuergerechte Fütterung, ein betriebsspezifisch angepasstes nachhaltiges Parasitenmanagementprogramm und die gezielte Schur unkupierter Schwänze.

As Germany's wolf population is steadily becoming more widespread, conflicts with livestock owners are increasing. In this context, the wolves' impact on grazing livestock is of particular interest. The study aimed to investigate the wolves' influence on the husbandry of endangered sheep and goat breeds. Thus, livestock owners were interviewed about the types of measures taken to protect their herds against wolf predation.A questionnaire consisting of 11 questions was published online by the "Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen e. V. (GEH)" and completed anonymously by 494 sheep and goat owners from all over Germany.33 % of the endangered sheep breeds and 80 % of the endangered goat breeds are owned by fewer than ten of the livestock owners, who predominantly keep these animals as a hobby or as a supplementary source of income. The cessation of livestock husbandry by any of these owners may therefore have a significant negative impact on the continued existence of the breed in question. However, the mean herd sizes of the studbook breeds do not indicate any negative impact on animal numbers in recent years, although the majority of respondents consider their grazing livestock to be threatened by wolves. It is noteworthy that significantly more livestock owners situated far away from wolf habitats expressed the wish to discontinue their husbandry as opposed to those within range of wolf habitats. Preventative measures mentioned most frequently are fencing and enclosures as well as avoiding certain areas entirely. The use of guard dogs does not seem to play a major role.The abandonment of animal husbandry by individual farmers poses the risk of reducing breed diversity in small ruminants. Therefore, they need special protection, which must be taken into account when planning and defining compensation measures.Mit der weiteren Ausbreitung des Wolfes in Deutschland nehmen die Konflikte mit Tierhaltern zu. Es stellt sich zunehmend die Frage nach den Auswirkungen des Wolfsbestandes auf die Weidetierhaltung. Ziel der Studie war es daher, durch die Befragung von Tierhaltern den Einfluss des Wolfes speziell auf die Haltung von vom Aussterben bedrohter Schaf- und Ziegenrassen zu untersuchen und herauszufinden, welche Schutzmaßnahmen von den Tierhaltern gegen den Wolf ergriffen werden.Ein Fragebogen aus 11 Fragen wurde von der Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen e. V. (GEH) online gestellt und von 494 Schaf- und Ziegenhaltern aus ganz Deutschland anonym ausgefüllt und anschließend ausgewertet.33 % der bedrohten Schaf- und 80 % der bedrohten Ziegenrassen werden von weniger als je 10 Tierhaltern gehalten, überwiegend in Hobbyhaltung oder zum Nebenerwerb. Die Aufgabe der Tierhaltung einzelner Tierhalter kann sich daher signifikant negativ auf den Fortbestand der jeweiligen Rasse auswirken. An den mittleren Herdengrößen der Herdbuchzuchten lässt sich in den letzten Jahren keine negative Auswirkung auf die Tierzahlen erkennen, obgleich die Mehrheit der Befragten ihre Weidetierhaltung durch den Wolf bedroht sieht. Beachtenswert ist, dass signifikant mehr Halter angeben, die Tiere abschaffen zu wollen (Halter außerhalb Wolfsgebiet), als dies bei konkreter Bedrohung der Fall ist (Halter im Wolfsgebiet). Genannte Präventionsmaßnahmen sind am häufigsten die Veränderung der Einfriedung und die Herausnahme bestimmter Flächen aus der Nutzung. Der Einsatz von Herdenschutzhunden spielt keine große Rolle.Durch die Aufgabe der Tierhaltung einzelner Halter besteht die Gefahr der Verringerung der Rassendiversität bei kleinen Wiederkäuern. Daher benötigen diese einen besonderen Schutz, was bei der Planung und Festlegung von Kompensationsmaßnahmen berücksichtigt werden muss.

Background: The objective of this narrative review was to provide an overview of how programmes around the world are organised regarding the use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for refractory out of hospital cardiac arrest. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, the EU Clinical Trials Register, and Cochrane Library. The main parameters assessed were article type, region- population-size, cost–benefit analyses, inclusion and exclusion criteria, procedure location, team composition and outcome parameters reported. Results: Sixty-three articles were eligible for inclusion. One randomised trial had been published and 4 were ongoing. Among the 58 articles that reported data on organisational topics, 47 transported the patient to the hospital for cannulation, 10 initiated extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation on-scene and one did both. The organisations cover different populations sizes that ranged between 30,788–19,303,000 inhabitants. The most common inclusion criterion was a lower age limit of 18 years (in 86% articles), followed by an upper age limit (in 83% articles), but this varied (50 and 80 years). Other criteria were witnessed collapse (67%) and initial shockable rhythm (43%), asystole (3%), pulseless electrical activity (5%), pulmonary embolism (2%), and signs of life during cardio- pulmonary resuscitation (5%). The most common exclusion criterion was a Do-Not-Resuscitate order (38%) followed by existence of major comorbidities (36%). The extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation teams varied between 2–8 members and had various professions involved. Of the 44 studies reporting outcomes, 77% reported survival to hospital discharge. Outcome as one- (in 14%), 3- (in 5%) and 6-month survival (in 7%), Cerebral-Performance-Category-score of 1–2 was reported by 50% of the studies. Conclusion: There is variation in regional size, team composition, inclusion and exclusion criteria and reported outcomes. These discrepancies make it difficult to determine how to use extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the most effective manner from the current publications. Despite an increasing amount of research published in the last few years, there remains a need for better coherence to inclusion/exclusion criteria and outcome reporting, the optimal team composition and location for the procedure.

As part of the "Model- und Demonstrationsvorhaben Tierschutz (MuD-Tierschutz)-project, supported by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL), an animal owner survey was conducted to collect data on various aspects of keeping South American camelids (NWC). This publication covers the population structure of NWC in Germany.550 owners participated in the survey, of which 421 (76.5 %) completed the survey in full. The different sets of questions were evaluated using simple descriptive statistics.The participating farms divided up into 365 (66.4 %) alpaca, 89 (16.2 %) llama and 93 (16.9 %) farms which kept both animal species. Three farms failed to provide any information on the animal species. A total of 7739 NWC were recorded, including 6295 alpacas and 1444 llamas. The most popular breeds are the Huacaya alpaca and the Classic llama. Mares represent the greatest part of both the alpaca and the llama population (53.8 % of the alpaca and 45.0 % of the llama population). The herd size amounted to a mean of 14.9 animals of which the majority are kept in a constant group (56.6 %). Most owners stated, that they had acquired their animals within the past decade (84.1 % of alpaca and 62.6 % of llama husbandries). The majority of NWC are found in south-west Germany; in Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Wuerttemberg. These farms are typically hobby businesses (51.0 %), in most cases, the animals serve as hiking companions or their wool is processed (58.0 % and 52.3 %, respectively). 76.6 % of the animals possess an identification, most often by means of a microchip. 84.2 % of the farms stated, that they were registered at the local veterinary office.Based on the results of the present investigation, a significant increase in NWC husbandries and animal numbers is evident in recent years. The design of husbandry structures was evaluated by the present study, however, despite the existing registration obligation the exact number of the South American camelid population in Germany remains unknown. Systematic central recording under the supervision of an official body is therefore warranted.Im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL) finanzierten Modell- und Demonstrationsvorhabens (MuD) Tierschutz Projekt zu Neuweltkameliden (NWK) wurden mittels einer bundesweiten Tierhalterumfrage Daten zu unterschiedlichen Aspekten der Tierhaltung von NWK erhoben. Die vorliegende Publikation befasst sich mit dem Bereich Populations- und Betriebsstrukturen, Haltungsweisen, Nutzung und Wissensstand der Tierhalter von Neuweltkameliden in Deutschland.Es wurde ein Onlinefragebogen von 550 Tierhaltern aus Deutschland ausgefüllt, wovon 421 (76,5 %) die Umfrage vollständig bearbeiteten. Der Fragebogen enthielt offene und geschlossene Fragen zu Betrieb und Management, zur Haltung, Fütterung, Zucht und Aufzucht, tierärztlicher Versorgung, Gesundheits- und Pflegemanagement, sowie zum Wissenstand der Tierhalter und Einschätzungen vom Verhalten der Tiere. Die unterschiedlichen Fragenkomplexe wurden deskriptiv ausgewertet.Die teilnehmenden Betriebe setzen sich aus 365 (66,4 %) reinen Alpakahaltungen, 89 (16,2 %) reinen Lamahaltungen und 93 (16,9 %) Betrieben mit beiden Tierarten zusammen. 3 Betriebe machten keine Angaben zur Tierart. Es wurden insgesamt 7739 NWK, davon 6295 Alpakas und 1444 Lamas erfasst. Die jeweils beliebtesten Rassen sind das Huacaya Alpaka und das Classic Lama. Sowohl in der Alpaka- als auch in der Lamapopulation ist der Anteil an Stuten am größten (53,8 % der Alpakapopulation, 45,0 % der Lamapopulation). Die durchschnittliche Herdengröße beträgt 14,9 Tiere und in den meisten Fällen wird eine feste Gruppe gehalten (56,6 %). Viele der Tierhalter gaben an, ihre Tiere im vergangenen Jahrzehnt erworben zu haben (84,1 % der Alpakahaltungen und 62,6 % der Lamahaltungen). Die meisten Haltungen der Umfrageteilnehmer befinden sich in Bayern, Nordrhein-Westfalen und Baden-Württemberg. Häufig handelt es sich um Hobbybetriebe (51,0 %), die Tiere werden in den meisten Fällen für Wanderungen genutzt und die Wolle verarbeitet (58,0 % bzw. 52,3 %). 76,6 % der erfassten Tiere verfügen über eine Kennzeichnung, am häufigsten mittels Mikrochip, und 84,2 % der Betriebe gaben an, beim Veterinäramt registriert zu sein.Anhand der Untersuchungsergebnisse ist ein deutlicher Anstieg an Tierhaltungen und Tierzahlen in den letzten Jahren zu verzeichnen. Die Gestaltung von Haltungsstrukturen konnte erfasst werden. Jedoch bleibt die exakte Zahl der Neuweltkameliden in Deutschland, trotz der bestehenden Registrierungspflicht, so lange unbekannt, bis eine systematische zentrale Erfassung von behördlicher Stelle erfolgt.

Energy research itself is changing due to digitalization and the trend to open science. While this change enables new research, it also increases the amount of, and need for, available data and models. Therefore, a platform for open digital energy research and development is required to support researchers and practitioners with their new needs and to enable FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) research data management in energy research. We present a functional and technological concept for such a platform based on six elements: Competence to enable researchers and practitioners to find suitable partners for their projects, Methods to give an overview on the diverse possible research methods within energy research, Repository to support finding data and models for simulation of energy systems, Simulation to couple these models and data to create user-defined simulation scenarios, Transparency to publish results and other content relevant for the different stakeholder in energy research, and Core to interconnect all elements and to offer a unified entry point. We discuss the envisioned use of the outlined platform with use cases addressing three relevant stakeholder groups.

Breeding for short tails in sheep may represent a good measure in order to avoid the continuation of tail docking in lambs. Since the ancestor of domestic sheep, the mouflon, has a short, narrow tail, it may be assumed that longer tails are a result of domestication. Previous studies on the heritability of tail length in domestic sheep were able to show values of 0.38 to 0.77, depending on the breed. Breeding for short tails must however ensure the avoidance of spinal malformations and those of neighboring structures. Until breeding progress is achieved, management measures may reduce the negative effects of long and woolly tails (e. g. myiasis, dermatitis). This includes prevention of diarrhea by balanced, ruminant-friendly feeding, a farm-specific and sustainable parasite management program as well as the deliberate shearing of uncut tails.Eine Möglichkeit, das Kopieren von Schwänzen bei Schafen in der Zukunft zu vermeiden, stellt die Zucht auf Kurzschwänzigkeit dar. Dies erscheint vielversprechend, da die Urform der Hausschafe, der Mufflon, einen relativ kurzen schmalen Schwanz besitzt. Es kann folglich davon ausgegangen werden, dass längere Schwänze ein Resultat der Domestikation sind. Ältere Untersuchungen zur Heritabilität der Schwanzlänge beim Hausschaf konnten rasseabhängig Werte von 0,38 bis 0,77 nachweisen. Bei der Zucht auf Kurzschwänzigkeit muss jedoch darauf geachtet werden, dass keine Missbildungen der Wirbelsäule und benachbarter Strukturen auftreten. Bis in diesem Bereich ein Zuchtfortschritt erreicht ist, können durch Managementmaßnahmen die negativen Auswirkungen länger bewollter Schwänze (z. B. Myiasisbefall, Dermatitis) gemindert werden. Dazu gehören die Vermeidung von Durchfällen durch eine ausgewogene wiederkäuergerechte Fütterung, ein betriebsspezifisch angepasstes nachhaltiges Parasitenmanagementprogramm und die gezielte Schur unkupierter Schwänze.

Background Long term β-blocker therapy after myocardial infarction (MI) reduces mortality and recurrent MI but evidence for this treatment predates contemporary acute coronary care. β-blocker treatment is a key quality of care indicator in the Swedish national quality register for acute coronary care, Riks-HIA. Between 2011 and 2015 a declining number of MI-patients discharged with a β-blocker from the coronary care unit (CCU) at Helsingborg and other hospitals was reported. This retrospective observational study aimed to investigate the causes for discharge without a β-blocker and relate it to outcome, compared to patients discharged with a β-blocker. Methods MI-patients registered in Riks-HIA discharged without β-blocker during 2011–2015 (no-β-group) and a control group (β-group) comprised of patients discharged with β-blocker treatment between January 1 to December 31, 2013, were matched by RIKS-HIA criteria for β-blocker use. Clinical characteristics, date of death, readmission for MI, other cardiovascular events were collected from Riks-HIA and medical records. Results The no-β-group included 141 patients, where 65.2% had a justified reason for non-β-blocker use. The β-group included 206 patients. There was no difference in cardiovascular risk factor profile. There were a trend towards a higher number of readmissions for MI in the no-β-group was (n = 8 (5.7%) vs n = 2 (1.0%), p = 0.02), but not mortality (6 (4.3%) vs 2 (1.0%), p = 0.07) and combined readmission for angina pectoris, heart failure, arrhythmias or stroke/TIA (n = 23 (16.3%) vs n = 25 (12.1%), p = 0.27). Conclusion A majority of the patients in the no-β-group had a justified absence of a β-blocker. β-blocker treatment post-MI showed a trend towards fewer readmissions for MI. But important quality information is lacking to make a firm conclusion of the effect on outcome.

Background Epididymal sperm can be collected post‐castration or post‐mortem. This method has already been described for alpaca (Vicugna pacos), but little data are available on success rate and the influence of diluent on it. Objective The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of epididymis incision as an extraction method. Method Post‐castration epididymides (n = 78) were incised and semen was collected from cut surfaces. Further sperm were flushed with two semen extenders. For the left epididymis, a diluent without animal proteins and for the right, a diluent with egg yolk was utilised. Collected sperms were immediately spermatologically examined. Results Due to incorrect measurements, the samples of seven epididymides were not analysed. An evaluation was possible in 58 samples. Average density was 108.80 ± 83.28 million/mL and motility was 53.30 ± 18.17%. On average, 76.70 ± 11.60% of the sperm were vital in eosin‐stained specimens. In the hypoosmotic swelling test, an average of 69.50 ± 10.48% of the sperm had an intact plasma membrane. Semen extender had no effect on spermatological parameters (p > 0.05). Overall success rate of sperm recovery was 83%. Extraction of epididymal sperm was possible in 68.80% of the 2‐year‐old males. The 13 epididymides from which no sperm recovery was possible were histologically examined and for 10, there was no histological evidence of sperm. The corrected success rate was 95.60%. Conclusion Testicular volume (p = 0.0453), but not age (p = 0.62), had an effect on the probability of obtaining sperm., In this study, sperm extraction by incision of the alpaca epididymis was investigated to reduce contamination and enable spermatological investigation by CASA. Besides, the influence of two diluents, testicle volume and age on sperm quality and collection rate was determined.

Statin-induced immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is a rare subtype of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) that distinct from other types of IIM and statin-induced muscle symptoms, regarding clinic, diagnosis and treatment. The condition, characterized by symmetrical proximal muscle weakness and significantly increased creatine kinase (CK) levels, is persistent after statin discontinuation. Muscle biopsy shows necrotic muscle fibers and regeneration fibers with minimal inflammatory infiltrates. Over the past decade, an autoantibody to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) has been identified for the diagnosis of statin-associated IMNM. Optimal treatment strategy is unclear, but aggressive immunosuppression has shown to be effective. This case report describes two patients with statin-induced IMNM. The patients present with proximal muscle weakness, elevated CK levels, and are subsequently positive for anti-HMGCR autoantibodies with necrosis in muscle biopsy.

Background: Bivalirudin was not superior to unfractionated heparin in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention and no planned use of GPI (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors) in contemporary clinical practice of radial access and potent P2Y 12 -inhibitors in the VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART randomized clinical trial (Bivalirudin Versus Heparin in STEMI and NSTEMI Patients on Modern Antiplatelet Therapy–Swedish Web-System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence-Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies Registry). Methods: In this prespecified separately powered subgroup analysis, we included patients with ST-segment–elevation MI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention with the primary composite end point of all-cause death, MI, or major bleeding event within 180 days. Results: Among the 6006 patients enrolled in the trial, 3005 patients with ST-segment–elevation MI were randomized to receive bivalirudin or heparin. The mean age was 66.8 years. According to protocol recommendations, 87% were treated with potent oral P2Y 12 -inhibitors before start of angiography and radial access was used in 90%. GPI was used in 51 (3.4%) and 74 (4.9%) of patients randomized to receive bivalirudin and heparin, respectively. The primary end point occurred in 12.5% (187 of 1501) and 13.0% (196 of 1504; hazard ratio [HR], 0.95 [95% CI, 0.78–1.17], P =0.64) with consistent results in all major subgroups. All-cause death occurred in 3.9% versus 3.9% (HR, 1.00 [0.70–1.45], P =0.98), MI in 1.7% versus 2.2% (HR, 0.76 [0.45–1.28], P =0.30), major bleeding in 8.3% versus 8.0% (HR, 1.04 [0.81–1.33], P =0.78), and definite stent thrombosis in 0.5% versus 1.3% (HR, 0.42 [0.18–0.96], P =0.04). Conclusions: In patients with ST-segment–elevation MI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention with radial access and receiving current recommended treatments with potent P2Y 12 -inhibitors rate of the composite of all-cause death, MI, or major bleeding was not lower in those randomized to receive bivalirudin as compared with heparin. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02311231.

Background The clinical importance of intraprocedural stent thrombosis (IPST) during percutaneous coronary intervention in the contemporary era of potent oral P2Y12 inhibitors is not established. The aim of this study was to assess IPST and its association with clinical outcome in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with contemporary antithrombotic medications. Methods and Results The VALIDATE‐SWEDEHEART study (Bivalirudin Versus Heparin in ST‐Segment and Non–ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients on Modern Antiplatelet Therapy in the Swedish Web System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence‐Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies Registry Trial) included 6006 patients with myocardial infarction, treated with potent P2Y12 inhibitors during percutaneous coronary intervention. IPST, defined as a new or worsening thrombus related to a stent deployed during the procedure, was reported by the interventional cardiologist in 55 patients (0.9%) and was significantly associated with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction presentation, longer stents, bailout glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and final Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow P Conclusions IPST is a rare but dangerous complication during percutaneous coronary intervention, independently associated with poor prognosis, even in the current era of potent antiplatelet agents. Future treatment studies are needed to reduce the rate of IPST and to improve the poor outcome among these patients. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02311231.

Background Treating patients in cardiac arrest (CA) with mechanical chest compressions (MCC) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is now routine in many coronary catheterization laboratories (cath-lab) and more aggressive treatment modalities, including extracorporeal CPR are becoming more common. The cath-lab setting enables monitoring of vital physiological parameters and other clinical factors that can potentially guide the resuscitation effort. This retrospective analysis attempts to identify such factors associated with ROSC and survival. Methods In thirty-five patients of which background data, drugs used during the resuscitation and the intervention, PCI result, post ROSC-treatment and physiologic data collected during CPR were compared for prediction of ROSC and survival. Results Eighteen (51%) patients obtained ROSC and 9 (26%) patients survived with good neurological outcome. There was no difference between groups in regards of background data. Patients arriving in the cath-lab with ongoing resuscitation efforts had lower ROSC rate (22% vs 53%; p = 0.086) and no survivors (0% vs 50%, p = 0.001). CPR time also differentiated resuscitation outcomes (ROSC: 18 min vs No ROSC: 50 min; p = 0.007 and Survivors: 10 min vs No Survivors: 45 min; p = 0.001). Higher arterial diastolic blood pressure was associated with ROSC: 30 mmHg vs No ROSC: 19 mmHg; p = 0.012). Conclusion Aortic diastolic pressure during CPR is the most predictive physiological parameter of resuscitation success. Ongoing CPR upon arrival at the cath-lab and continued MCC beyond 10–20 min in the cath-lab were both predictive of poor outcomes. These factors can potentially guide decisions regarding escalation and termination of resuscitation efforts.

Data on the excretion of antibiotic residues following therapeutic drug dosages in lactating goats with clinical signs of bacterial infections are currently lacking. Therefore, this study aimed at monitoring the drug residue excretion of a subset of frequently used antibiotics in the milk of dairy goats following their therapeutic administration.Over a period of 4 months, milk samples (udder halves) were collected in 2 goat milk farms from animals treated with antibiotics in routine practice based on the diagnosis of a bacterial infection. The samples were examined up to 3 days following the withdrawal time point. The animals were classified in 3 groups depending on their clinical symptoms and treatment. Goats in group 1 (afebrile goats with various bacterial infections excluding the udder) were treated with intramuscular amoxicillin injection (n = 5). Animals in group 2 (mastitis catarrhalis) were treated with intramammary injection of oxacillin and ampicillin (n = 6). Group 3 consisted of a single goat diagnosed with mastitis. This individual was treated with cefquinome in accordance with the results of the antibiogram. Milk samples were examined qualitatively by using a receptor assay (BetastarFollowing intramuscular treatment with amoxicillin, drug residue levels were estimated to be very similar in both udder halfs. Elimination was complete 3 days after the end of the treatment period. Animals in group 2 showed significant differences between treated and untreated udder halves. However, the untreated halves still exhibited residue levels exceeding the maximum residue limits during the treatment period. In both group 2 and 3, all milk samples were tested negative for drug residues before the end of the withdrawal period.In the present study, no evidence of prolonged residue excretion into milk of goats following therapeutic administration of antibiotics was detected. Both the receptor test and the BRT represent suitable methods for an efficient antibiotic drug residue testing in goat milk. Reliable testing was merely not attainable in cases of milk samples possessing highly altered organoleptic characteristics.Zum Ausscheidungsverhalten von Antibiotika in Milch nach therapeutischer Applikation bei klinisch erkrankten Ziegen liegen keine Daten vor. In dieser Studie wurden daher in 2 Ziegenmilch-Betrieben in einem Zeitraum von 4 Monaten Hälftengemelksproben aller im Routinebetrieb klinisch erkrankter und daraufhin mit Antibiotika behandelter Tiere bis 3 Tage nach Ablauf der Wartezeit auf Rückstände untersucht.Entsprechend den eingesetzten Präparate ergaben sich 3 Behandlungsgruppen. Tiere der Gruppe 1 (n = 5; bakterielle Infektionen exklusive Mastitis) waren intramuskulär mit Amoxicillin behandelt worden. Bei Tieren der Gruppe 2 (n = 6) lag eine akute katarrhalische Mastitis vor, die mit Oxacillin und Ampicillin intramammär behandelt worden war. Bei Gruppe 3 handelte es sich um eine einzelne Ziege mit bakteriell bedingter Mastitis, die, nach erfolgloser Behandlung mit Oxacillin/Ampicillin, gemäß eines Antibiogramms Cefquinom intramammär erhalten hatte. Die Milchproben wurden vergleichend mit 2 Testsytemen (Rezeptor-Schnelltest, BetastarMittels BRT bzw. BetastarEs ergaben sich keine Hinweise auf eine verlängerte Ausscheidung der geprüften Antibiotika bei klinisch kranken Ziegen, die Wartezeiten waren zur Sicherstellung der Rückstandsfreiheit ausreichend. Die eingesetzten Testsysteme erwiesen sich als gut geeignet zur Rückstandskontrolle von Ziegenmilch nach therapeutischer Applikation. Lediglich bei stark verändertem Milchsekret konnten teilweise keine auswertbaren Ergebnisse erzielt werden.

In sheep production, economic efficiency strongly depends on the maternal health and feed efficiency status and on weaning performances of their offspring. Accordingly, an optimal level for the supply with macro- and microelements and the ewe energy status has impact on the fetal development during gestation and on maternal milk production during lactation. Furthermore, this study addressed intergenerational aspects, i.e., on associations between maternal energy metabolism profiles considering the macro- and microelement status, metabolic indicators (e.g. β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)), body condition and methane (CH4) emissions with lamb BW (LBW) in two sheep breeds. Traits were recorded at the beginning of gestation (ewe traits), at lambing, three weeks postpartum, and at weaning (ewe and lamb traits). Trait recording included CH4 emissions (recorded via laser methane detector (LMD)), ewe BW (EBW), backfat thickness (BFT), and body condition score (BCS) from 46 ewes (24 Merinoland- (ML), 22 Rhonsheep (RH)), and LBW of their 87 (35 ML, 52 RH) purebred lambs. Serum levels of the following ewe blood parameters were determined: calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), phosphate (P), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHB, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and magnesium (Mg). Mixed models were applied to infer associations between ewe blood parameters with EBW, BFT, BCS, and CH4 and with LBW recorded in offspring. At weaning, a maternal serum Mg level > 1.0 mmol/L was significantly associated with an increase of 13% in LBW in ML, compared to offspring from ML ewes with a serum Mg concentration within the lower reference range (0.8 mmol/L). Furthermore, higher Cu levels were favorably associated with ewe BCS and BFT at weaning in both breeds. In RH ewes, a Se level > 2.4 μmol/l was significantly associated with increased BCS. In the ML breed, high Zn levels during lactation were associated with reduced CH4 emissions. Ewe EBW was significantly larger for ML ewes representing low Ca levels. A low BHB level was associated with decreasing CH4 emissions in RH and ML. Serum levels for Na, K, P, GLDH, and Fe did not significantly affect the traits of interest. Trait associations from the present study indicate the importance of the mineral supply and metabolic status of the ewe with regard to body condition, CH4 emissions, and LBW development, but depending on the breed. Identified associations might contribute to energy efficiency in sheep production systems.

This study investigates decisions regarding treatment restrictions at Helsingborg Hospital. Current guidelines require these decisions to be communicated to the patient and/or relative. This study shows that in a majority of cases the order had not been communicated according to guidelines. The study could not find the reason of these deviations. Several of the included patients were deemed as appropriate for an earlier decision for treatment restriction by their primary care physician. These orders would, most likely, be more thoroughly assessed and better communicated with the patient and/or their relatives.

Background The present study investigated whether the administration of the progestin altrenogest provides noninvasive, temporary, and reversible suppression of gonadal function in the goat as a potential alternative to chirurgical castration, which is related with irreversibility, risks of complications till death of the animal and welfare issues. Eight sexually mature Peacock goats were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was administered altrenogest (0.088 mg/kg) orally once daily for 7 weeks. The remaining four goats received an oral glucose solution and served as the control group. After completing the administration period, the reversibility of the medication was evaluated for another 7 weeks (observation phase). The treatment effects were assessed by clinical examination; ultrasound examination of the testes, including one-dimensional grayscale analysis, blood testosterone levels, analysis of semen parameters and libido. At the end of the observation period, the animals were castrated and the testicles were examined histologically. Results Altrenogest treatment had no significant effect on the physical development of the goats, the sonographic appearance of the testes, the gray values measured in the ultrasound images, or the blood testosterone levels. The effects of treatment on the testicular and semen parameters varied widely in the experimental animals; the testicle volume was significantly lower and the number of pathologically altered sperm in the ejaculate was significantly higher in treated animals. Conclusion These findings indicate that daily altrenogest administration at a dose of 0.088 mg/kg does not reliably suppress gonadal function in the goat.

The aim of the present study was to derive individual methane (CH4) emissions in ewes separated in CH4 respiration and eructation traits. The generated longitudinal CH4 data structure was used to estimate phenotypic and genetic relationships between ewe CH4 records and energy efficiency indicator traits from same ewes as well as from their lambs (intergenerational perspective). In this regard, we recorded CH4 emissions via mobile laser methane detector (LMD) technique, body weight (EBW), backfat thickness (BFT) and body condition score (BCS) from 330 ewes (253 Merinoland (ML), 77 Rhön sheep (RH)) and their 629 lambs (478 ML, 151 RH). The interval between repeated measurements (for ewe traits and lamb body weight (LBW)) was 3 weeks during lactation. For methane concentration (µL L−1) determinations in the exhaled air, we considered short time measurements (3 min). Afterwards, CH4 emissions were portioned into a respiration and eructation fraction, based on a double normal distribution. Data preparation enabled the following CH4 trait definitions: mean CH4 concentration during respiration and eructation (CH4r+e), mean CH4 concentration during respiration (CH4r), mean CH4 concentration during eructation (CH4e), sum of CH4 concentrations per minute during respiration (CH4rsum), sum of CH4 concentrations per minute during eructation (CH4esum), maximal CH4 concentration during respiration (CH4rmax), maximal CH4 concentration during eructation (CH4emax), and eructation events per minute (CH4event). Large levels of ewe CH4 emissions representing energy losses were significantly associated with lower LBW (P<0.05), lower EBW (P<0.01) and lower BFT (P<0.05). For genetic parameter estimations, we applied single- and multiple-trait animal models. Heritabilities and additive genetic variances for CH4 traits were small, i.e., heritabilities in the range from CH4r+e, CH4r, CH4rmax, CH4esum) to 0.03 (CH4rsum). We estimated negative genetic correlations between CH4 traits and EBW in the range from −0.44 (CH4r+e) to −0.05 (CH4rsum). Most of the CH4 traits were genetically negatively correlated with BCS (−0.81 for CH4esum) and with BFT (−0.72 for CH4emax), indicating same genetic mechanisms for CH4 output and energy efficiency indicators. Addressing the intergenerational aspect, genetic correlations between CH4 emissions from ewes and LBW ranged between −0.35 (CH4r+e) and 0.01 (CH4rsum, CH4rmax), indicating that breeding on reduced CH4 emissions (especially eructation traits) contribute to genetic improvements in lamb weaning performance.

Background: The optimal anti-coagulation strategy for patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention is unclear in contemporary clinical practice of radial access and potent P2Y12-inhibitors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether bivalirudin was superior to heparin monotherapy in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction without routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use. Methods: In a large pre-specified subgroup of the multicentre, prospective, randomised, registry-based, open-label clinical VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART trial we randomised patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, treated with ticagrelor or prasugrel, to bivalirudin or heparin monotherapy with no planned use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors during percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary endpoint was the rate of a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction or major bleeding within 180 days. Results: A total of 3001 patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, were enrolled. The primary endpoint occurred in 12.1% (182 of 1503) and 12.5% (187 of 1498) of patients in the bivalirudin and heparin groups, respectively (hazard ratio of bivalirudin compared to heparin treatment 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.78–1.18, p=0.69). The results were consistent in all major subgroups. All-cause death occurred in 2.0% versus 1.7% (hazard ratio 1.15, 0.68–1.94, p=0.61), myocardial infarction in 2.3% versus 2.5% (hazard ratio 0.91, 0.58–1.45, p=0.70), major bleeding in 8.9% versus 9.1% (hazard ratio 0.97, 0.77–1.24, p=0.82) and definite stent thrombosis in 0.3% versus 0.2% (hazard ratio 1.33, 0.30–5.93, p=0.82). Conclusion: Bivalirudin as compared to heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention for non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction did not reduce the composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction or major bleeding in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients receiving current recommended treatments with modern P2Y12-inhibitors and predominantly radial access.

Background Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation with an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) increase survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Although international guidelines recommend the use of AED registries to increase AED use, little is known about implementation. The aim of this paper is to describe the development of a national AED registry, to analyse the coverage and barriers to register AEDs. Methods The Swedish AED Registry (SAEDREG) was initiated in 2009 with the purpose of gathering the data of all public AEDs in Sweden. Data on all AEDs between 2013 and 2016 were included in the study. Additionally, data of non-registered AEDs was collected in one region using a survey to AED owners focusing on AED functionality. Results The number of AEDs doubled between 2013–2016. A total of 6703 AEDs (30%) were removed due to unavailability of validation. At the end of 2016, AEDs were most frequently registered in offices and workplaces, 45% (n = 7241) followed by shops, 7% (n = 1200). In the Gotland region, 218 AEDs, 57% (n = 124) were registered in the SAEDREG. Of n = 94 Non-registered AED functionality was high, the main reason not to register was unawareness of the SAEDREG, 74.5%. Of those aware of the register but not having registered, 25% stated “hard to register” as cause. Conclusions A national AED registry may gather information of AEDs on a national level. Although numbers have doubled between 2013–2016 in Sweden, a large proportion is still non-registered. More awareness of the registry and easier registration process is needed. General AED functionality seems high regardless of registered or non-registered AEDs. A key area for future research may be to use AED-registers to ascertain effectiveness of AED programs in terms of actual patient outcome.

ZusammenfassungDas Auftreten eines Knochensequesters bei Neuweltkameliden ist in Deutschland relativ unbekannt und wird von praktizierenden Tierärzten oft fälschlicherweise als Tumorerkrankung angesprochen. Der Erfahrungsbericht aus der Praxis beschreibt anhand von 12 Fällen eines Knochensequesters beim Alpaka das diagnostische und therapeutische Vorgehen. Die vorgestellten Alpakas zeigten als Leitsymptom eine mittelbis hochgradige Lahmheit einer Gliedmaße. Einige Tiere waren vom Haustierarzt mit einem nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistikum vorbehandelt worden. Bei acht Alpakas bestand an der betroffenen Gliedmaße weiterhin eine druckdolente Schwellung, aus der bei fünf Patienten Exsudat austrat. Die Röntgenuntersuchung führte bei allen Alpakas zur korrekten Diagnose. Nach chirurgischer Entfernung des Sequesters war die Lahmheit bereits am 3. Tag post operationem sichtbar besser. Bei allen Tieren kam es zu einer komplikationslosen Heilung. Die Resultate zeigen, dass Knochensequester beim Alpaka durch rechtzeitige Behandlung erfolgreich therapiert werden können. Dies ist der erste Praxisbericht zu dieser Thematik beim Alpaka in Deutschland.

Purpose: Insulin sensitivity changes in response to exercise training demonstrate a large variation. Vascular endothelial growth factor A could promote increased insulin sensitivity through angiogenesis. We investigated associations between changes in expression of key genes and insulin sensitivity, aerobic capacity and glycaemic control following exercise training in diabetes mellitus type 2. Methods: Subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2 underwent 12 weeks of structured exercise. Euglycaemic clamp, exercise test and HbA1c were performed. Muscle biopsies were obtained for mRNA expression. Results: A total of 16 subjects completed the study. Change in vascular endothelial growth factor A expression was positively associated with an increase in insulin sensitivity ( p = 0.004) and with a decrease in HbA1c ( p = 0.034). Vascular endothelial growth factor A receptor-1 expression showed similar associations. Conclusion: The variation in physical adaptation to exercise training in diabetes mellitus type 2 was associated with changes in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A in muscle. This difference in induced gene expression could contribute to the variation in exercise training effects on insulin sensitivity. Measures of capillary blood flow need to be assessed in future studies.

ZusammenfassungDer Umgang und die Haltung männlicher kleiner Wiederkäuer sind ab Eintritt der Geschlechtsreife oft mit erheblichen Schwierigkeiten verbunden. Die Kastration stellt derzeit die sicherste Methode zur Lösung dieses Problems dar. Eine Alternative wären medikamentöse Verfahren zur temporären Ausschaltung der Gonadenfunktion. Nach einem kurzen Überblick zur chirurgischen Kastration wird anhand einer Übersicht der Literatur das derzeitige Wissen zur Anwendung von Vakzinen gegen Gonadotropin-Releasing-Hormon (GnRH) sowie zur Verabreichung von GnRH-Agonisten beim Schafund Ziegenbock dargestellt. Beim Schafbock wurde die GnRH-Vakzination unabhängig vom Alter zum Zeitpunkt des Behandlungsbeginns erfolgreich zur temporären Unterdrückung der Fortpflanzung eingesetzt. Für den Ziegenbock liegen weniger Untersuchungen vor. Eine vollständige Unterdrückung der Spermatogenese gelingt nicht in allen Fällen. Die Verabreichung von GnRH-Agonisten stellt derzeit keine als sicher zu bezeichnende Methode zur Unterdrückung der Gonadenfunktion dar.

There is an increasing economic pressure in sheep production. Hence, it is imperative to use all available tools contributing to improvements in lamb survival. In this regard, there is a lack of studies addressing the impact of maternal body condition traits on lamb performances during lactation. Specifically, the focus of the present study was to analyse associations between ewe traits reflecting maternal energy metabolism and lamb body weight (LBW), separately in a low and in a high input production system. The dataset considered 199 Merinoland- (ML) and 45 Rhonsheep (RH) ewes from the high input production system (> 33% concentrates in the ration), as well as 47 Coburger Fuchssheep (CF), 78 RH and eight crossbred (CB) ewes from the low input production system ( 100 kg EBW were 1.41 kg heavier at weaning than lambs from ML ewes 3 mm had significantly greater 12 W W (2.63 kg, P

Bone sequestration is relatively unknown in New-world camelids in Germany and is frequently wrongly addressed as neoplasia by veterinary practitioners. This clinical case report describes diagnosis and treatment for bone sequestration in alpacas based on 12 cases. The main symptom of the presented alpacas was moderate to severe lameness in one limb. Some of the patients had been treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by the referring veterinarian. In eight alpacas, palpation of the swelling in the affected leg was painful and in five animals, exudation was observed. Radiographic imaging led to a correct diagnosis in all of the cases. Following surgical removal of the bone sequestrum, the lameness was already noticeably improved by the third postoperative day. In all patients, healing was achieved without any complications. These results show that bone sequestration in alpacas can be treated successfully by timely surgery. This is the first case report on this topic in alpacas in Germany.

Introduction Treatment with warfarin in combination with clopidogrel has been shown to reduce the incidence of major bleeding as compared to triple antithrombotic therapy (TT; warfarin, clopidogrel and aspirin). However, there are uncertainties regarding the risk for thrombosis since poor-responsiveness to clopidogrel is common. Ticagrelor is a more potent platelet inhibitor, but data supporting concurrent use of ticagrelor and warfarin (dual antithrombotic therapy, DT) is limited. This study therefore sought to evaluate the risk of bleeding and thrombosis associated with DT after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Materials and methods We identified all ACS patients on DT upon discharge from Helsingborg Hospital and Skane University Hospital in Malmo and Lund, Sweden, during 2013. Patients on DT were compared with historical controls discharged with TT. Major bleeding was defined in accordance with the HAS-BLED derivation study. Patients were retrospectively followed for three months. Results In total, 107 DT patients were identified and compared with 159 controls on TT. Mean HAS-BLED bleeding risk score and duration of treatment were similar between the groups (HAS-BLED 2.2 +/− 0.8 vs 2.2 +/− 1.0 units, p = NS; duration 2.7 +/− 0.8 vs 2.5 +/− 0.9 months, p = NS; DT vs TT). The incidence of spontaneous major bleeding was similar between the groups, as was a composite of all thrombotic events, i.e. peripheral embolism, stroke/TIA and acute coronary syndrome (bleeding 8/106 (7.5%) vs 11/157 (7.0%), p = NS; thrombosis 5/106 (4.7%) vs 5/157 (3.2%), p = NS; DT vs TT). Conclusions Rates of thrombotic and bleeding events were similar in patients with TT and patients with ticagrelor and warfarin.

BACKGROUND The comparative efficacy of various anticoagulation strategies has not been clearly established in patients with acute myocardial infarction who are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) according to current practice, which includes the use of radial-artery access for PCI and administration of potent P2Y 12 inhibitors without the planned use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. METHODS In this multicenter, randomized, registry-based, open-label clinical trial, we enrolled patients with either ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-STEMI (NSTEMI) who were undergoing PCI and receiving treatment with a potent P2Y(12) inhibitor (ticagrelor, prasugrel, or cangrelor) without the planned use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. The patients were randomly assigned to receive bivalirudin or heparin during PCI, which was performed predominantly with the use of radial-artery access. The primary end point was a composite of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, or major bleeding during 180 days of follow-up. RESULTS A total of 6006 patients (3005 with STEMI and 3001 with NSTEMI) were enrolled in the trial. At 180 days, a primary end-point event had occurred in 12.3% of the patients (369 of 3004) in the bivalirudin group and in 12.8% (383 of 3002) in the heparin group (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.10; P = 0.54). The results were consistent between patients with STEMI and those with NSTEMI and across other major subgroups. Myocardial infarction occurred in 2.0% of the patients in the bivalirudin group and in 2.4% in the heparin group (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.19; P = 0.33), major bleeding in 8.6% and 8.6%, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.19; P = 0.98), definite stent thrombosis in 0.4% and 0.7%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.10; P = 0.09), and death in 2.9% and 2.8%, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.78 to 1.41; P = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS Among patients undergoing PCI for myocardial infarction, the rate of the composite of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, or major bleeding was not lower among those who received bivalirudin than among those who received heparin monotherapy. (Funded by the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation and others; Funding Agencies|Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation; Swedish Research Council; AstraZeneca; Medicines Company; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (as part of the TOTAL-AMI project)

According to Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare statistics, a dramatic decrease in both the incidence of and mortality from acute myo-cardial infarction has been seen in the past two deca...

Objectives This study assessed pharmacodynamic (PD) response to the reduced prasugrel maintenance dose of 5 mg in very elderly (VE) patients (andgt;= 75 years of age). less thanbrgreater than less ...