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Dental adhesive materials play a crucial role in modern dentistry, enabling the bonding of restorative materials to tooth structures. However, concerns about conventional adhesive agents’ potential toxicities and adverse effects have been raised. This has sparked interest in exploring alternative and environmentally friendly materials for dental applications. Hemidesmus indicus commonly known as Indian sarsaparilla, used historically in Ayurvedic medicine, has gained attention in nanotechnology for functionalizing nanoparticles. The primary objective of this study is to develop biogenic titanium oxide nanoparticles (H-TiO2NPs) using Hemidesmus indicus as a natural reducing agent and further coated with curcumin, specifically for dental adhesive material applications. The nanoparticles were prepared using the green synthesis method and characterized by various techniques. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of the nanoparticles were assessed using multiple assays. The nanoparticles synthesized using root extract and capped with curcumin showed maximum absorbance at 302 nm and 498 nm in the UV spectra. The presence of characteristic peaks of curcumin in the fingerprint region of FTIR spectra reveals the capping of curcumin on TiO2 NPs. The monoclinic structure of the nanoparticles was displayed in the XRD pattern. The SEM micrograph of uncoated and coated TiO2 NPs exhibits spherical morphology with a size range of around 100-140 nm. Further, the EDAX of HCTN showed the elemental composition of 43.7% oxygen, 33.4% carbon and 22.8% Titanium. The biocompatibility studies of HCTN towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and erythrocytes have proved its nontoxic properties. In vitro,bioactivity studies revealed that HCTN exhibited significant antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity, as evidenced by the inhibition of protein denaturation. The demonstrated bioactivities make them potential candidates for dental adhesive material applications. The results highlighted the potential of HCTN as a promising alternative for dental adhesive materials, offering anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. This study contributes to exploring eco-friendly and biocompatible materials for use in adhesive dentistry. However, further in-depth analysis is necessary to fully understand their efficacy, safety and long-term performance in dental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study uses rodent models to explore the anxiolytic properties of Hemidesmus indicus' ethanolic extract (EEHI). Hemidesmus indicus, an evergreen plant well-known for its therapeutic characteristics, has been widely used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including anxiety. This study seeks to give scientific validation for its anxiolytic properties. The ethanolic extract was made using normal extraction processes and given to rodents in varied doses (100,200 and 400 mg/kg). The anxiolytic activity was assessed using a variety of widely recognized behavioural assays, including the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Open Field Test (OFT), and Light-Dark Box (LDB) test. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) served as the standard reference drug. The results revealed that EEHI significantly reduced anxiety-like behaviours in all three tests when compared to the control group. In the EPM test, EEHI-treated rodents spent more time and entered the open arms. In the OFT, ambulation, rearing and assisted rearing increased, indicating lower levels of anxiety. The LDB test supported these findings, with a significant increase in time spent in the light compartment. The study suggests that EEHI has promising anxiolytic activity and may offer a natural treatment alternative for anxiety disorders. Further research is needed to isolate specific active molecules and better understand the underlying mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemidesmus indicus L. R. Br. is a commonly traded ethnomedicinal plant, and a method has been developed to produce somatic embryos (SEs) from calli grown from the leaves of the plant. With a maximum callus induction frequency of 91.66 %, pink-red friable proembryogenic calli were generated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) and 5.0 µM 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) from the leaf explant (LE). With the aim of achieving a high success rate of 95.00 % for the induction of SEs, with a yield of 91.33 SEs per 100 mg of callus, the proembryogenic calli were transferred to fresh culture medium containing MS and 5.0 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). This induction medium allowed the embryos to develop to the torpedo stage, but their further growth into emblings required a different culture medium. ½ MS with 5.0 µM BA and 1.0 µM gibberellic acid (GA 3) resulted in 99.16 % maturation and 39.66 emblings regeneration out of 40 immature embryoids, respectively. With a maximum survival rate of 91.67 %, healthy emblings were successfully acclimatized using Soilrite. DNA-based molecular markers (RAPD and ISSR) were used to confirm the genetic similarities of the in vitro grown plants. Histological examinations were performed to determine the ontogeny, morphology, and development of somatic embryoids. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS–) were performed for both the mother and the in vitro generated plant to analyse the root for secondary metabolites. In the physiological and biochemical studies, enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) were found to increase in vitro derived H. indicus plants during different acclimatization periods (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days). With increasing acclimatization time, net photosynthetic rate (P N) and total chlorophyll show a decrease at first, then an increase. The protocol provides high callus induction rates, efficient somatic embryogenesis, successful maturation and regeneration, robust acclimatization, genetic fidelity, detailed insight into development, and screening of secondary metabolites. [Display omitted] • Somatic embryogenesis was reported in H. indicus from a leaf-derived callus. • 2,4-D is essential for the induction of proembryogenic calli. • BA and GA 3 were shown to be effective for maturation of somatic embryos. • Histological examination was performed to determine ontogeny. • Genetic fidelity and GCMS analysis were also performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study was aimed to evaluate the pharmacognostic features of Hemidesmus indicus, analyze the antibacterial properties of ethanolic and aqueous root extracts, and identify bioactive compounds using GC-MS analysis. Materials and Methods: We conducted pharmacognostic analyses, including organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, and physio-chemical evaluations, phytochemical screening, and fluorescence analysis. We also used standard protocols for TLC fingerprinting. Antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, we conducted GC-MS analysis to identify major compounds in the plant extracts. Results: In our H. indicus root examination, we identified three regions: wood, inner cortex, and outer phellem. Key findings: moisture content at 9.0% w/w, ethanol and water-soluble extractives at 11.21% and 16.89% w/w, total ash at 4.21% w/w, acid-insoluble ash at 1.14% w/w, and water-soluble ash at 3.12% w/w. Phytochemical screening detected alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, and proteins. TLC analysis of the ethanolic extract showed varying Rf values. The aqueous extract exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against E. coli than the ethanolic extract. GC-MS analysis identified over 30 prominent compounds in the ethanolic extract. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights for the standardization of H. indicus root extracts. The aqueous root extract displayed notable antibacterial properties. Furthermore, our GC-MS analysis identified the presence of phenolic, Fatty acids, and terpenoids compounds in the root extract of H. indicus, which hold potential therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemidesmus indicus, widely recognized as anantamul, is often utilized in conventional medical systems to treat liver disorders, diabetes and kidney diseases etc. Some of the compound has been isolated and identified as antidiabetic in nature. Fewer compounds were screened for the in-silico study to establish a computational approach of the plant Hemidesmus indicus to open a new gateway for the treatment of diabetes. Docking study was carried out by using Autodock 4.2 software and a overall comparison study was performed between different compounds like 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde, Beta-amyrin palmitate, Hyperoside, Isoquercetin and Vanilin. Among these Beta-amyrin palmitate and Vanilin showed most promising docking score towards different antidiabetic receptor comparison to the internal ligand. Docking score of Beta-amyrin palmitate are -6.37, -6.50, -7.69 and -8.14 for the PDB ID 1X70, 1PPI, 1V4S and 5VEX respectively. Docking score of Vanilin are -2.99, -4.43, -3.72 and -4.43 for the PDB ID 1X70, 1PPI, 1V4S and 5VEX respectively. The above study revealed that Beta-amyrin palmitate was found to be most potent antidiabetic agent according to the in-silico study. This Beta-amyrin palmitate was also identified as an antidiabetic agent through in-vitro study, from this we can conclude that a in-vitro and in-vivo correlation can be establish for this compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Staphylococcus aureus causes several complicated infections. Despite decades of research on developing new antimicrobials, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) remains a global health problem. Hence, there is a dire need to identify potent natural antibacterial compounds as an alternative to antimicrobials. In this light, the present work divulges the antibacterial efficacy and the action mechanism of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB) isolated from Hemidesmus indicus against S. aureus. Methods and Results Antimicrobial activity of HMB was assessed. HMB exhibited 1024 µg ml−1 as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 2 × MIC as the minimum bactericidal concentration against S. aureus. The results were validated by spot assay, time kill, and growth curve analysis. In addition, HMB treatment increased the release of intracellular proteins and nucleic acid contents from MRSA. Additional experiments assessing the structural morphology of bacterial cells using SEM analysis, β-galactosidase enzyme activity, and the fluorescence intensities of propidium iodide and rhodamine123 dye divulged that the cell membrane as one of the targets of HMB to hinder S. aureus growth. Moreover, the mature biofilm eradication assay revealed that HMB dislodged nearly 80% of the preformed biofilms of MRSA at the tested concentrations. Further, HMB treatment was found to sensitize MRSA cells upon combining tetracycline treatment. Conclusions The present study suggests that HMB is a promising compound with antibacterial and antibiofilm activities and could act as a lead structure for developing new antibacterial drugs against MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemidesmus indicus (Apocynaceae) has been utilized traditionally in the Indian subcontinent for the treatment of snakebites and scorpion stings. It has also several beneficial bioactivities in human beings such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and skin diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-venom capability of Hemidesmus indicus root extract against cobra venom (Naja nigricollis). Albino mice were utilized to test the plant’s efficacy using the venom of N. nigricollis. H. indicus root extract (600 mg/kg) neutralized cobra venom and generated 100 % survival, suggesting its antivenom potential. H. indicus showed a substantial antivenom effect (p0.05) against the venom of N. nigricollis, indicating that it might be a useful drug for treating snake venom. The present study provides scientific basis for use of root extract of H. indicus against N. nigricollis venom.

The present study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus root (MHIR) in combination with amoxicillin and clindamycin against biofilm‐forming methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from milk samples of mastitic cows. Microdilution susceptibility testing and microtitre plate assays were used to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of MHIR and antibiotic combinations against MRSA (n = 12). Furthermore, in vitro findings were validated in a murine model. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of amoxicillin and clindamycin in combination with MHIR were significantly (P < 0·05) lower than when used alone against MRSA. In terms of antibacterial activity, MHIR showed additive interaction (fractional inhibitory concentrationindex >0·5–4) with amoxicillin and clindamycin against all the MRSA isolates, whereas MHIR synergizes (fractional biofilm inhibitory concentrationindex ≤0·5) the antibiofilm activity of amoxicillin and clindamycin against 58·33% and 83·33% of the MRSA isolates respectively. Amoxicillin/clindamycin in combination with MHIR significantly (P < 0·05) reduced disease activity score, and bacterial load and Gram‐positive spots in kidney and liver of MRSA‐infected mice. The combined efficacy of MHIR and amoxicillin/clindamycin was comparable to clindamycin alone but superior to amoxicillin alone. Hence, the combination of MHIR with amoxicillin/clindamycin is advocated in the treatment of MRSA‐associated infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-derived bioactive products and their structural diversity have made a significant contribution to various pharmacological activities including cancer and other infectious diseases. Application of natural products and their derivatives in multi-faceted anti-cancer effects and advanced disease management is extensively under consideration at the level of primary, secondary and tertiary care prevention. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult belongs to the family Apocynaceae and extensively used in poly-herbal preparations and several biological activities. The connection between chronic inflammation and cancer has drawn considerable interest and acceptance. The activation of genes that regulate cell signaling pathways associated with inflammation can take control over various aspects of the disease process. Among the various signaling pathways (STAT-3, HIF-1, NF-κB, IL-1, Cox-2, TNF-α, and oncogenic Kinase (P13k, IKK, IRAK1/4, JAK, MARK/ERK, and Syk/Src) are essential for establishing a connection between inflammation and cancer. Due to this theoretical basis, the inflammatory response to cancer has emerged as the center of attention for novel preventive and therapeutic approaches. To reduce inflammation, immunomodulatory medications are often used in cancer therapy. Although considering the adverse reactions associated with synthetic immunomodulatory substances and cytotoxic cancer drugs, it is essential to explore the development of innovative anti-inflammatory agents to enhance cancer treatment. Several reports suggest that bioactive phytochemicals obtained from H. indicus demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties in the context of cancer. There is a need for further investigation into the cellular processes underlying anti-inflammatory effects of H. indicus, in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of its potential in cancer treatment. However, many phytochemicals need to be further explored for their application in biomedical treatments. Moreover, studies regarding molecular mechanisms and mode of action, effective and safe doses of H. indicus, and its phytochemicals for the treatment of inflammation associated with cancer and other pharmacological activities needs to be explored. Overall, the present review describes and concludes the role of H. indicus to investigate the mechanism and to improve the cancer prevention. In addition, safety, toxicity and clinical evaluation is also discussed.

The Indian sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus) is a commonly used plant in Indian traditional medicine of Ayurveda for the preparation of various non-alcoholic beverages. However, limited studies are available on the essential oil of H. indicus roots (HRO); therefore, the study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities of H. indicus root essential oil as well as insecticide potential against the common pests of stored food materials (Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus maculatus and Tribolium castaneum). The repellant efficacy of HRO was found to be high against S. oryzae (8.21 ± 0.55 μg/mL). Likewise, the fumigant potential was also observed for HRO against these pests; the higher activities were observed against S. oryzae and C. maculatus (32.46 ± 1.42 and 35.18 ± 1.62 μg/L). Besides, the essential oil was also found to be active as a contact poison, however, against all the three pests, the toxicity was above 100 μg/mm3, being the highest against C. maculatus (122.8 ± 3.57 μg/mm3). To analyze the possible effect of the essential oil on grains, the different grains were allowed to germinate and compared to that of normal; thus, the non-toxic nature of HRO against the stored products is also confirmed. The essential oil shown to have DPPH hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging potential, and inhibition of lipoxgenase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Overall, the present study concludes that the H. indicus may be a suitable repellant and fumigant agent against different pests of stored products and a possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agent.

Effects of 1, 8, 15, 22-tetranitro Co(II) and Zn(II) phthalocyanines [3-NO2CoPc, 3-NO2ZnPc], 1,8,15,22-tetracyano Co(II) phthalocyanine [3-CNCoPc] and 2, 9, 16, 23-tetranitro iron(III)chlorophthalocyanine [4-NO2FePc] on the growth of the fungus Aspergillus niger were studied. All the four complexes inhibited the radial spread of the fungus selected for the study to different extents. A considerable inhibitory effect on growth was seen even in l ppm concentration. The order of inhibitory effect, measured for a period of 5 days is 3-NO2 ZnPc > 3-CNCoPc > 3-NO2CoPc > 4-NO2FePc. The presence of the peripherally substituted phthalocyanine complexes is found to alter the pigmentation property of the selected fungus. Safranin-phthalocyanine double staining technique using 3-NO2CoPc, 3-NO2ZnPc, 4-NO2FePc and 2, 9, 16, 23-tetrahydroxy iron(III)chlorophthalocyanine [4-OHFePc] on the stem sections of Hemidesmus indicus R Br and Polygonum punctatum Buch-Hum have been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the content of rutin in Hemidesmus indicus and to optimize the high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography method. The method was validated in compliance with the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines Q2 (R1) for parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. A Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology has been used to investigate the impact of independent variables on the response. Three independent variables, mobile phase composition (% v/v), mobile phase volume (mL), and duration of saturation (min), were studied. Rutin was verified, and its content was determined using a validated high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography method with good linearity within the range of 200–1000 ng spot–1 with r2 = 0.9998 and correlation coefficient with calibration curve equation y = 0.0297x + 0.0001. The average percentage recovery values varied from 99.03 to 101.15 and 98.88 to 100.12%, respectively, for in‐house and marketed mother tincture). The peak area determination at three different concentration levels shows low values of percentage relative standard deviation (<2%) for inter‐day (0.04–0.06) and intra‐day (0.04–0.05) precision of rutin. The average content of rutin in extract and marketed mother tincture was 229 ± 0.57 and 210 ± 0.57 μg g–1. The proposed method was simple, precise, and accurate for the determination of rutin with frequent quality control assessment of H. indicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aromatic Anantmool roots i.e. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. (Indian Sarsaparilla) and its substitute Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. show hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-venom, anti-pyretic, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcerogenic anti-ophidian, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. These fragrant roots are used in the traditional system of medicines as a blood purifier. The essential oil rich roots are used for treating Alzheimer's disease, cancer, leprosy, skin diseases, leucoderma, asthama, leucorrhoea, bronchitis, piles, paralysis, neurodegenerative disorders and etc. Essential oils (EO) of these drug restudied with respect to wild and cultivated sources for identification of their chemical constitution. From the GC-MS analysis of studied root EOs 16 compounds were identified in wild H. indicus roots including 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde, which is important for pharmaceutical as well as food and flavour industry. However, in the EO from the cultivated H. indicus roots 17 compounds were found with 47.23 % of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde. In substitute D. hamiltonii wild and cultivated roots EO, total 24 compounds were identified with major constituent being 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde 48.81 % and 29.25 % in wild and cultivated respectively. Wild roots showed maximum amount of pharmaceutically active compound 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde compared to that from the cultivated plants. The major active compound is found almost similar in both the plants therefore, instead of H. indicus, D. hamiltonii can be used for preparation of the drugs. Both the plants are rich in diverse aromatic compounds and are under dwindling stage in wild which need to be conserved and cultivated to treat dreaded disease like cancer and meet the demands of industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus) is a commonly used plant in Indian traditional medicine of Ayurveda for the preparation of various non-alcoholic beverages. However, limited studies are available on the essential oil of H. indicus roots (HRO); therefore, the study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities of H. indicus root essential oil as well as insecticide potential against the common pests of stored food materials (Sitophilus oryzae , Callosobruchus maculatus and Tribolium castaneum). The repellant efficacy of HRO was found to be high against S. oryzae (8.21 ± 0.55 μg/mL). Likewise, the fumigant potential was also observed for HRO against these pests; the higher activities were observed against S. oryzae and C. maculatus (32.46 ± 1.42 and 35.18 ± 1.62 μg/L). Besides, the essential oil was also found to be active as a contact poison, however, against all the three pests, the toxicity was above 100 μg/mm3, being the highest against C. maculatus (122.8 ± 3.57 μg/mm3). To analyze the possible effect of the essential oil on grains, the different grains were allowed to germinate and compared to that of normal; thus, the non-toxic nature of HRO against the stored products is also confirmed. The essential oil shown to have DPPH hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging potential, and inhibition of lipoxgenase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Overall, the present study concludes that the H. indicus may be a suitable repellant and fumigant agent against different pests of stored products and a possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In vitro induced micro-morpho-anatomical aberrations were alleviated by seismic stress in Hemidesmus indicus. • Seismic stress enhanced the level of photosynthetic pigments and fresh weight of the leaves. • Stress-tolerant tissue culture raised plants were produced. • The strenuous plantlets showed increased survival rate in the field. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. (Indian Sarsaparilla of the family Apocynaceae) is a perennial climber used in traditional and modern medicinal systems since ages due to presence of a phytoconstituent MBAlD (2-hydroxy 4-methoxy benzaldehyde) in its roots. The morphological and light microscopic examination of the foliar appendages of the in vitro regenerated plants revealed the presence of abnormalities in micro-morpho-anatomy of leaves, caused major shortfall to the acclimatization of in vitro raised plants and their survival success in the field. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the effects of seismic stress treatment on the morphology, micro-morpho-anatomy and photosynthetic pigments development in tissue culture raised plants of H. indicus. The cultures were agitated at 80 rpm for 6.0 min using an incubator shaker for 4 wk twice a day. Significant phenotypic improvements with enhanced quality of shoots, roots and leaf number (14.0 ± 0.29), leaf area (3.2 ± 0.20 cm length and 1.0 ± 0.15 cm width), and growth ratio (4.8 ± 0.33 g fresh weight) were observed. The in vitro induced foliar micro-morpho-anatomical anomalies such as abnormal and non-functional stomata, underdeveloped cuticle, mesophyll tissues and vascular elements were mitigated by the seismic stress; and well organized tissues were developed. Seismic stress also enhanced the development of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves (8.20 μg g−1 FW) as compared with the control plantlets (6.89 μg g−1 FW). We postulate that the application of seismic stress alleviate in vitro induced morphological and anatomical anomalies at in vitro stage, and the developed plantlets exhibited improved survival rate during ex vitro and in vivo hardening processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic exposure to copper chloride and calcium fluoride induced toxic effects in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats have been studied in this work. The Hemidesmus indus extract has been able to reduce copper chloride and calcium fluoride toxicity in these two brain regions in rats. Copper and calcium fluoride have also created free radicals, resulting in higher levels of neuronal lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the enzyme and non-enzyme components of the antioxidant. Since oxidative stress and cognitive dysfunction are strongly correlated, antidementia agents that modulate reactive oxygen species can potentially be useful. In addition to memory retention, the administration of Hemidesmus indius extract was found to improve the oxidative damage caused by chronic copper chloride and calcium fluoride management. The treatment of hemidesmus indicus extract also attenuated the decrease in aluminum-treated rats' anti-oxidant enzymes, such as Superoxide dismutase, catalase, GST, GR and GP activity. However, Hemidesmus indicus extract showed a protective effect against neurotoxicity induced by copper chloride and calcium fluoride. Hemidesmus indus extract may have this protetive effect due to the radical activity of scavenger, which maintains an adequate degree of antioxidant defense against copper chloride and calcium fluoride neurotoxicity, not enzymatic. The present study therefore points out that Hemidesmus indicus points to an improved comportemental and biochemical extract function in the brain treated with copper chloride and calcium fluoride. This effect may be partially associated with its antioxidant characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholinergic neurons are positive markers for the evolution of memory and other associated disorders affecting the activity of acetylcholine esterase, dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine. In this report Hemidesmus indicus extract was found to inversionize the levels of various neurotransmitters when administered against copper chloride and calcium fluoride and could thus be responsible for improving learning, memory, cognition and motor functions. This study also reports brain alterations in histopathological studies that cause cognition loss and oxidation damage to the induced biochemical changes, including inhibition of the activities of antioxidant enzymes, activation of Cucl2 microglia and exposure to CaF2. Hemidesmus indus extract reversed the histological changes induced and mitigated the activation of the microglia. This gives proof of the effective brain delivery of hemidesmus indus and establishes for the first time the curativetherapeutic role of hemidesmus indicus, such as symptoms and cognitive losses induced in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are of great importance for the health of individuals and communities. Hemidesmus indicus and Tylophora indica are used as traditional medicines. These plants contain a lot of bioactive compounds. The present investigation is carried out in Hemidesmus indicus and Tylophora indica leaves. In the present study, the methanol extract of H. indicus and T. indica were subjected for preliminary phytochemical analysis through FT-IR spectral analysis and the bioactive compounds were identified. The Preliminary Phytochemical analysis of methanolic leaves extract of H.indicus and T.indica revealed the presence of secondary metabolites. FT-IR analysis of methanolic leaf extract of Hemidesmus indicus and Tylophora indica revealed 16 and 13 major compounds respectively. The H.indicus has higher bioactive compounds compared to T.indica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exponential expansion in the usage of herbal medicines was observed in recent decades due to the increasing importance of the traditionally used natural remedies. In order to identify bioactive components of medicinal value, in the present study, we aimed to screen different extracts of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult for health beneficial effect by exploring its biological properties and phytochemical profile. Methods: By using sequential extraction method, H. indicus roots were extracted with various solvents based on low to high polarity. Subsequently, quantitative phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities were tested by using standard protocols. The MTT assay was carried out in SHSY-5Y cell lines to evaluate anti-inflammatory effect. Results: Methanol extract displayed highest phytochemical content with high concentration of terpenoid (59.82±0.97 mg LE/g of extract) and saponin (15.03±0.45 mg DE/g of extract). All the extracts exhibited concentration dependent pharmacological activities. In comparison, methanol extract produced highest activities with IC50 of 15.21±0.31 and 11.36±0.39 μg/ml against NO and DPPH radical scavenging assays respectively. Also, methanol extract showed maximum inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (IC50=17.46±0.49 μg/ml) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50=31.05±0.39 μg/ml), however, aqueous extract displayed highest potency against monoamine oxidase-B inhibition (IC50=24.60±0.45 μg/ml). At 12.5-100 μg/mL concentrations, methanol and aqueous extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells and dose dependently suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 production. Conclusion: Collectively, H. indicus could act as a disease modifying therapeutic in pharmaceutical industries by utilizing it as alternative therapy for the management of oxidative stress and its related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asclepiadaceae family contains many medicinally important species of which Hemidesmus indicus, Leptadenia reticulata and Tylophora india were selected for the present micromophological studies. It was revealed that different types of stomata like anomocytic, anisocytic and paracytic were present only on abaxial surfaces of leaves. However maximum anomocytic stomata i.e. 25.50±0.43 were observed in L. reticulata followed by H. indicus (24.54±0.31) and T. indica (11.36±0.16). Similarly, observation for trichomes revealed that they were present on abaxial surface in H. indicus and T. indica whereas in L. reticulata on both of the surfaces present. They varied in their type as unicellular in H. indicus whereas multicellular trichomes in L. reticulata and T. indica. This different micromorphological characters will help in identification of authentic plant species.

Abstract Background Extensive epidemiological and clinical studies revealed that Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) are most likely to appear simultaneously in aged people as T2D is a major risk factor for AD. Therefore, development of potential multifunctional agents for dual therapy of AD and T2D has received much attention. Buchanania axillaris, Hemidesmus indicus and Rhus mysorensis have been used extensively in popular medicine. The present study was aimed at phytochemical profiling and evaluating multifunctional ability of titled plants in the AD and T2D dual therapy. Methods Methanolic extracts and their derived fractions were evaluated for their inhibitory capacities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) & butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and α– & β–glucosidase besides kinetic analysis of inhibition using methods of Elmann and Shibano, respectively. Antioxidant potency of active fractions was assessed by their DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Active fractions were tested by the MTT assay to verify cytotoxicity and neuroprotective ability in human nueroblastoma cell lines. Phytochemical screening was done with the aid of spectrophotometric methods. Results All the methanolic extracts of test plants (BAM, HIM, RMM) showed concentration dependent inhibitory activities against AChE, BuChE, α– and β–glucosidase enzymes. Subsequent fractionation and evaluation revealed that chloroform fractions BAC, HIC and RMC with IC50 values of 12.29±2.14, 9.94±2.14, 16.65±1.99 and 27.38±1.24; 28.14±0.9, 5.16±0.22, 11.03±0.5 and 87.64±15.41; 41.35±1.6, 15.86±7.3, 26.04±0.37 and 25.33±0.3 were most prominent with regard to inhibition potential against AChE, BuChE, α– and β–glucosidase, respectively. Kinetic analysis of these active fractions proved that they disclosed mixed-type inhibition against AChE, BuChE, α– and β–glucosidase enzymes. In the MTT assay, active fractions BAC, HIC, RMC showed significant cell viability at high concentrations (400 μg). Moreover, in MTT assay, the active fractions displayed excellent neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress induced cell death and significant cell viability in SK N SH cells at all concentrations. Conclusion The strong anticholinesterase, antiglucosidase, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of methanolic extracts and their derived chloroform fractions indicate the potential of Buchanania axillaris, Hemidesmus indicus and Rhus mysorensis as multifunctional therapeutic remedies for the dual therapy of T2D and AD.

Abstract Background Hemidesmus indicus is an important medicinal plant and extensively used in Ayurvedic and Unani system of medicine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic potential of methanolic extract of roots of Hemidesmus indicus (HIE) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. Methods HIE was analyzed by LC-MS to determine its phytochemical composition. The in-vitro antioxidant activity of HIE was analyzed through inhibition of free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), total antioxidant power (TAP) and reducing power. Diabetes in mice was induced by a single dose of STZ followed by HIE treatment. The antioxidative, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic activity were studied ex-vivo in tissues of diabetic mice. Results Phytochemical composition of hemidesmus indicus roots (HIE) revealed the presence of phenols, flavanoids, terpenoids and about 40 different phytoconstituents by LC-MS analysis. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and modulation in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S- transferase (GST) activity and glutathione (GSH) content showed potent antioxidant activity of HIE in STZ induced diabetic mice, which was also substantiated by in-vitro antioxidant assays. The decrease in fasting blood glucose and serum lipid profile was also observed in mice administered HIE. Conclusion It is proposed that HIE modulates the oxidant/antioxidant in favor of reducing oxidative stress, hypoglycemia and improved the lipid profile in treated groups.

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult., commonly known as Indian sarsaparilla or Anantamul, is an ethnopharmacologically important medicinal plant from the family Apocynaceae. Biosynthesis of an array of bioactive compounds such as methoxybenzaldehydes and their derivatives has been accountable for its intensive medicinal attributes. Low seed setting, over-exploitation from natural habitat and a need for selection and preservation of elite germplasms yielding higher levels of bioactive compounds have led researchers to enquire the standardization of micropropagation techniques and quantitative estimation of phytochemicals from H. indicus. The present work aims to have a comprehensive account on micropropagation in H. indicus, a comparative estimation of biotic and abiotic factors, viz. elicitors and precursors playing a crucial role in H. indicus tissue culture, a critical appraisal of applied protocols to nullify embellished claims and a discussion on future perspectives. The review also highlights the comparative effect of different plant growth regulators as well as their combined role in rhizogenesis, callogenesis, base callus formation, callusing and somatic embryo–mediated indirect organogenesis, outcome of explant selection, contribution of abiotic (temperature, photoperiod, moisture, inorganic molecules) factors, role of carbon source, application of sterilization techniques and associated success rates, role of factors essential for acclimatization and secondary metabolite production, synthetic seed production and genetic transformation techniques. The compiled information along with individual study details, respective outcome and variability of reports will aid in proper assessment of cited standardized tissue culture protocols in H. indicus especially in relation to secondary metabolite production. Moreover, the assessment of applicability of different methodologies in this aspect will aid in the selection of high-yielding germplasms or chemotypes which is not only profitable for industrial application but also important for basic and applied preclinical and clinical research studies. Key points: • Critical and updated assessment on in vitro biotechnology in Hemidesmus indicus. • Biotechnological advancement via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. • Key shortcomings and future research directions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Sariva) commonly known as Anantmool with its unique attributes is used in therapeutics in Ayurveda. From few decades due to heavy demand and extreme commercial collection from natural habitat of this plant its natural population is decreasing with higher rate and has resulted in extinction of population. In various Ayurvedic raw drug market and in the leading Ayurvedic pharmacies, the roots of Decalepis hamiltonii which is considered as Sariva species is used in place of the roots of H. indicus (Sariva) in Ayurvedic formulations. H. indicus though is cultivated by special method, still it is very time consuming and expensive process. D. hamiltonii is easily cultivated with high yield and less expensive as compared to H. indicus. The present study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. and Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. In Acne vulgaris (Mukhadushika)and compare its efficacy. On the basis of the observation obtained both drugs relieved symptoms burning sensation (Daha), pain (Vedana), itching (Kandu),erythema(Lalima) and Global acne grading scale (GAGS) of Acne vulgaris significantly. As per study it is concluded that tablet (Ghana Vati) and Gel of Hemidesmus indicus and Decalepis hamiltonii are equally effective in the management of Acne vulgaris. Hence D. hamiltonii can be used as substitute drug of Hemidesmus indicus in the management of Acne vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemidesmus indicus is a commercially important medicinal crop that catches the attention of both pharmaceuticals as well as the food and flavoring industry. The current investigation intends to reveal the possibilities associated with the morphologically distinct H. indicus plants. The GC-MS analysis carried out with broad-leafed H. indicus root extracts resulted in the identification of 40 various compounds. Among all the compounds 2-hydroxy- 4-methoxy benzaldehyde (MBALD) was found to be the major chemical entity. Further, RP-HPLC analysis was carried out to decipher the amount of MBALD present in roots of two morphologically distinct H. indicus plants were found to be 0.1827 and 0.1537 mg/gram of tissue of slender and long leafed and broad-leafed plants, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roots of Hemidesmus indicus, belonging to the family Ascelpidaceae, are used as blood purifier, antileucorrhoeic, galactogenic, antidiarrhoeal, antirheumatic, antisyphilitic, febrifuge and possesses chemical constituents like triterpenoids (lupeol), flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. Roots were dried and extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol by using Soxhlet apparatus. Two simple and sensitive chromatographic methods, namely, HPTLC and HPLC, were developed for determination of lupeol from the extract of H. indicus and its polyherbal formulation and validated according to ICH guidelines. The HPTLC method linear regression data for the standard lupeol a concentration range of 400-900ng/spot and correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9904. The HPLC calibration curves of standard lupeol showed good linearity range from 20 to 100µg/ml and correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9929. The HPTLC and HPLC methods are simple, precise, accurate and specific. Hence, these methods can be used for the standardization of lupeol in herbal plants and polyherbal formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-drug resistance is one of the biggest nightmares in the field of healthcare today. Adding on to this, some bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have the ability to form biofilms. These essentially are large colonies of bacteria that are held together by polysaccharides and other biomolecules which in turn facilitate in their adherence to solid substrate - both natural and synthetic. This further creates a life-threatening implication leading to nosocomial infections like pneumonia, Urinary tract infections (UTI), etc. increasing the co-morbidities and mortality of critically-ill patients. The combination of antimicrobial resistance, ability to form biofilms and threat of nosocomial infections calls for a need to investigate newer, safer alternatives. Plant based medicaments have been used for centuries and they are a great alternative to synthetic drugs. In the present study, ethanolic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus was evaluated against clinically-important multi-drug resistant organisms. Percentage biofilm inhibition of plant extracts of Hemidesmus indicus by crystal violet assay method. Triplicate analysis was done and data obtained was statistically interpreted using Microsoft Excel. Alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus exhibited significant biofilm inhibitory activity against the common bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Further, isolation of the chief active constituent responsible for Anti-biofilm activity is in process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that accounts for recalcitrant device-related infections worldwide. Owing to the growing interest in plants and their secondary metabolites targeting bacterial adhesion, this study was intended to uncover the anti-biofilm potential of Hemidesmus indicus and its major constituent 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB) against SE. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of H. indicus root extract and HMB were found to be 500 and 250 µg ml−1, respectively. The results of time-dependent biofilm inhibition and mature biofilm disruption assays confirmed that HMB targets initial cell adhesion. Furthermore, interference by HMB in the expression of adhesin genes (icaA, aap and bhp) and biofilm components was associated with an increased susceptibility of SE to oxidative stress and antibiotics. To conclude, this study reports for the first time HMB as a potential drug against SE biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asclepiadaceae family contains many medicinally important species of which Hemidesmus indicus, Leptadenia reticulata and Tylophora india were selected for the present micromophological studies. It was revealed that different types of stomata like anomocytic, anisocytic and paracytic were present only on abaxial surfaces of leaves. However maximum anomocytic stomata i.e. 25.50±0.43 were observed in L. reticulata followed by H. indicus (24.54±0.31) and T. indica (11.36±0.16). Similarly, observation for trichomes revealed that they were present on abaxial surface in H. indicus and T. indica whereas in L. reticulata on both of the surfaces present. They varied in their type as unicellular in H. indicus whereas multicellular trichomes in L. reticulata and T. indica. This different micromorphological characters will help in identification of authentic plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the current investigation, we explored the impact of swimming training and dietary fortification of Hemidesmus indicus (HI) extract on markers of oxidative stress (OS) and antioxidant capacity in the middle-aged Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Male rats received oral supplementation of HI at a dosage of 50 and 100 mg/kg B.W and swim trained for 30 min/day with 3% intensity, 6 days/week for a duration of 84 days. Results: Training and dietary intake of 100 mg/Kg B.W HI extract enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in the discrete regions of the brain. The OS indicators were attenuated in response to single or combined interventions. The levels of thiols were significantly upregulated in SW-T (+HI2) group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that both interventions improve antioxidant status, by attenuating the OS markers, which can be used as a therapeutic strategy in preventing age-associated neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic oral ulcers are one of the most commonly encountered oral ulcers. Their healing may be delayed due to factors like the presence of opportunistic infectious microbes in the oral cavity, secondary trauma from sharp edges of teeth, and the systemic condition of the patient., Aim: To compare the efficacy of a newly developed neem extract containing herbal ointments (propolis and  Hemidesmus indicus) in enhancing the wound contraction of traumatic oral ulcers and to determine the relationship between oxidative stress and oral ulcers., Method: Ulcers were inflicted by trauma in the mouths of experimental rabbits using a 5 mm punch biopsy device. Forty-eight animals were randomly put into six groups (n = 12). Group 1 was the control group that did not receive any intervention; Group 2 had a systemic treatment of Hemidesmus indicus extract; Group 3 received a topical application of propolis; Group 4 had a topical application of a neem extract-based herbal ointment; Group 5 was administered a combination of Hemidesmus indicus and propolis; and Group 6 had a combination of a neem-based herbal ointment and Hemidesmus indicus . Oxidative stress levels were calculated by measuring superoxide dismutases and malondialdehyde levels in the blood on days 0, one, seven, and 14. Wound contraction scores of ulcers were also assessed on days seven and 14., Results: Significantly higher wound contraction scores were seen in groups treated with herbal ointment in comparison to groups treated without herbal ointment. Oxidative stress levels increased in all groups after the infliction of ulcers (day one) and then declined as the ulcers healed, reaching near-normal levels on day 14. Groups containing Hemidesmus indicus  showed a significant reduction in oxidative stress in comparison to groups without  Hemidesmus indicus . A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant., Conclusion: A combined formulation of herbal ointment and  Hemidesmus indicus  proved to be the most efficacious in enhancing wound contraction of oral ulcers along with significantly reducing oxidative stress in experimental rabbits., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Patel et al.)

Non-embryogenic, synthetic seeds were formed by encapsulating the nodal segments (NS) of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. in calcium alginate hydrogel comprising of MS basal medium for short-term conservation. A 3% sodium aliginate (SA) with 100 mM CaCl2 was found most suitable for the preparation of isodiametrical beads. Highest shoot regrowth (84.50 ± 0.35%) was recorded when the gelling matrix, i.e. 3% SA in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium was supplemented with 5.0 µM 6-benzyladenine (BA) + 0.5 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and inoculated onto the nutrient medium comprised of MS + 5.0 µM BA gave 5.53 ± 0.096 shoots/encapsulated NS. Rooting in microshoots was obtained on the half strength liquid MS + 0.1 µM IBA. Plantlets achieved from preserved synthetic seeds were acclimatized and relocated in the natural condition successfully with the immortality rate of 89.3%. During the days of acclimatization, the obtained plants were subjected for the assessment of their pigment content and biochemical assay. The results obtained clearly exhibited the enhancement in the pigment content as the acclimatization period increases. A significant rise and fall in Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione reductase (GR) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were evident, suggesting their preventive role against the several environmental stresses during the acclimatization of the plant. Further gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of both mother and in vitro raised plants showed the occurrence of more than 60 diverse phyto-chemicals in the methanolic root extract. HPLC analysis of the root extract revealed the presence of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (2H4MB), a potential phytoactive compound and flavouring agent. 2H4MB content quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in methanol extract was 17.94 μg/ml. The genetic stability of the regenerated plantlets with mother plant was confirmed by the presence of monomorphic bands generated through inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Key message: A protocol with improved results has been developed for synthetic seed production and regeneration in H. indicus using nodal explants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delved into the exploration of novel antidiabetic medications acquired from natural resources, utilizing the Ayurvedic Rasayana herb Hemidesmus indicus through cutting-edge chemoprofiling and molecular modelling techniques. The methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus root exhibited the highest extractive yield (24.70 ± 0.08 %) and contained substantial levels of total phenolic and flavonoid content as 154.15 ± 1.24 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g extract and 70.61 ± 0.35 Quercetin Equivalent/g extract respectively. Invitro study revealed the potent inhibitory potential of methanolic extract of the herb against essential carbohydrate hydrolytic enzymes α-amylase (IC 50 = 4.19 ± 0.04 mg/ml) and α-glucosidase (IC 50 = 5.78 ± 0.10 mg/ml). Further, the enzyme kinetic study demonstrated the competitive mode of inhibition of both enzymes. HR-LCMS analysis identified the major phytoconstituents present in the extracts, including Solanocapsine, Cyclovirobuxine C, Lucidine B, Zygadenine, Aspidospermidine, silychristin, 3beta-3-Hydroxy-18-lupen-21-one, Manglupenone, and 19-Noretiocholanolone. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and MM/GBSA analysis have proved stable, rigid, compact, and folded form of complexes during the entire 100 ns simulation, illustrating Zygadenine, Solanocapsine, and Cyclovirobuxine C as the superior inhibitors of α-A protein, while Zygadenine, Plumieride, and Phlegmarine exhibited greater inhibitory behaviour towards α-G protein than the FDA-approved drug acarbose. Collectively, our findings indicate that the Hemidesmus indicus could be a promising source of α-A and α-G inhibitors, potentially serving as a lead in order to develop medications for type-2 diabetes. [Display omitted] • Solanocapsine, Cyclovirobuxine C, Zygadenine, and Aspidospermidine are the major alkaloids identified from H. indicus. • Alkaloids possess alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition potential. • Competitive mode of inhibition of these enzymes by root extract of H. indicus. • The antidiabetic potential of H. indicus was investigated for the first time by in-Vitro and in silico approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Dietary changes playmajor risk roles in oxidative stress andcardiovascular disease and modulate normal metabolic function. The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative potential of different extracts of Hemidesmus indicus to experimental high-fat diet in wistar rats, and their possible mechanism of action. Materials and Methods: Male wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6/group) andfed with a standard diet (control), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet supplemented with different extracts and positive control for 9 weeks. High-fat diet induced changes in average body weight andoxidative stress and elevated levels of plasma lipid profilein rats. Results: Oral administration of methanolic extract of H. indicus(200 mg/kg) offered a significant dose-dependent protection against HFD-induced oxidative stress, as reflected in the levels of catalase (pConclusion: The present study revealed that the methanolic extract of H.indicus protects against oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia and liver damage.

In traditional Indian medicine, the crude drug Hemidesmus indicus root--commonly known as Indian sarsaparilla--is used alone or in poly-herbal preparations for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. The present study focuses on the cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of H. indicus extracts on an acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (CCRF-CEM). With this aim in mind, we subjected H. indicus roots to two subsequent extractions (hydro-alcoholic extraction and soxhlet extraction). As DNA damage is an important prerequisite for the induction of mutations/cancer by genotoxic carcinogens, cancer chemoprevention may be achieved by preventing genotoxicity. Through an integrated experimental approach, we explored the genoprotective potential of the soxhlet H. indicus extract against different mutagenic compounds and its cytotoxic, proapoptotic, and cytostatic properties. In our experimental conditions, H. indicus induced a cytotoxic effect involving the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and blocked the cell cycle in the S phase. Moreover, the antigenotoxicity results showed that the extract was able to mitigate DNA damage, an essential mechanism for its applicability as a chemopreventive agent, via either the modulation of extracellular and intracellular events involved in DNA damage. These data add to the growing body of evidence that H. indicus can represent a noteworthy strategy to target early and late stages of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Anantmoola) is an important medicinal plant of India, which is being used in many pharmaceutical as well as ayurvedic preparations. The present study deals with the development of an efficient rapid shoot regeneration along with their biosynthetic potential. Shoot cultures were established from nodes of H. indicus using Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium fortified with sucrose (3%), different concentrations and combinations of cytokinins viz. benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (Kn), auxins viz. indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Optimum number of shoots (11.00 ± 0.24 shoots/explant) were observed in MS medium supplemented with combination of BA (10 μM) and Kn (5 μM). These shoots were subcultured to IAA (2 μM) supplemented medium for another eight weeks, and shoots grown in cytokinin [BA (10 μM) and Kn (5 μM)] and auxin [IAA (2 μM)] based media were analyzed for their biosynthetic potential using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Chemical fingerprinting and lupeol quantification was carried out to check biosynthetic potential. The fingerprints of the wild and in vitro samples showed similar bands in cytokinin fortified medium whereas variation in chemical constituents was observed in terms of number of peaks and band on HPTLC plate in shoots from auxin fortified medium. Maximum lupeol content (0.187 ± 0.01 mg/g) was estimated in shoots regenerated in BA (10 μM) and Kn (5 μM) which was slightly higher than wild shoots (0.185 ± 0.00 mg/g). This protocol can be utilized for mass propagation, conservation and production of lupeol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana (Musa sp.), a climacteric fruit ripens rapidly after harvesting resulting in a very short postharvest shelf-life. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) treatment is one of the widely adopted practices to improve postharvest shelf-life of banana. The rationale behind such chemical treatment is to slow down climacteric ripening that involves ethylene production along with boosting of defence responses against fruit pathogens. In this study, we assessed the possibility of replacing chemically synthesized SA with a plant-based natural product (PBNP), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde (MBALD), a substituted analogue to SA, sourced from roots of Hemidesmus indicus. Dessert banana fingers (cv. Kanthali and cv. Malbhog) harvested after 80 days of post-anthesis were subjected to postharvest treatment by dipping in treatment solution for 8 h. Four different experimental sets namely, water (C), 2 mM MBALD (T1), 1 mM SA (T2) and 200 g/L H. indicus root extract (T3) were employed. After treatment, the fingers were stored at 25 ± 2 °C with 90 ± 2% relative humidity (RH) for 10 days but examined at an interval of 24 h. Ripening-related physicochemical and physiological changes decreased in T1, T2 and T3 in comparison with control (C). Reduced in vitro activities of major cell wall degrading enzymes were observed in all the treatments (T1, T2, T3) when compared with control (C). Expression of candidate genes of ethylene biosynthesis namely, ACC synthase (ACS), ACC oxidase (ACO), along with chitinase (CHT) and pathogen-related protein-1 (PR1) were found to be suppressed in all the treatments with T3 to be the best performer. Furthermore, in vitro culture of latently infected fruit mycoflora when grown in the presence of T3 showed a substantial reduction in growth rate. Such observation makes T3 a promising alternative to choose in the postharvest management of banana. • Application of Hemidesmus indicus root extract delays postharvest ripening in banana. • Efficacy of root extract (PBNP) to delay ripening was comparable with salicylate. • Cell wall degrading enzyme activities were found to be reduced upon PBNP treatment. • Expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes was found to be suppressed in treated banana. • Disease incidence and severity were reduced maximally in PBNP-treated banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]