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INTRODUCTION: The inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase D (INPP5D) gene encodes a dual-specificity phosphatase that can dephosphorylate both phospholipids and phosphoproteins. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in INPP5D impact risk for developing late onset sporadic Alzheimers disease (LOAD). METHODS: To assess the consequences of inducible Inpp5d knockdown in microglia of APPKM670/671NL /PSEN1Δexon9 (PSAPP) mice, we injected 3-month-old Inpp5dfl/fl /Cx3cr1CreER/+ and PSAPP/Inpp5dfl/fl /Cx3cr1CreER/+ mice with either tamoxifen (TAM) or corn oil (CO) to induce recombination. RESULTS: At age 6 months, we found that the percent area of 6E10+ deposits and plaque-associated microglia in Inpp5d knockdown mice were increased compared to controls. Spatial transcriptomics identified a plaque-specific expression profile that was extensively altered by Inpp5d knockdown. DISCUSSION: These results demonstrate that conditional Inpp5d downregulation in the PSAPP mouse increases plaque burden and recruitment of microglia to plaques. Spatial transcriptomics highlighted an extended gene expression signature associated with plaques and identified CST7 (cystatin F) as a novel marker of plaques. HIGHLIGHTS: Inpp5d knockdown increases plaque burden and plaque-associated microglia number. Spatial transcriptomics identifies an expanded plaque-specific gene expression profile. Plaque-induced gene expression is altered by Inpp5d knockdown in microglia. Our plaque-associated gene signature overlaps with human Alzheimers disease gene networks.

Acute amniotic fluid infection has emerged as a possible cause of many heretofore unexplained preterm births. Our purpose was to determine the effect of ampicillin in the prolongation of pregnancies receiving tocolysis for preterm labor. A blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted to study ampicillin in women hospitalized for preterm labor between 24 and 37 weeks' gestation. A total of 60 patients with intact membranes and without chorioamnionitis who were receiving magnesium sulfate were screened. Thirty women with preterm labor received ampicillin, and 30 received placebos. The primary end point was prolongation of gestation. There was no difference in age of delivery (37.6±9.7 days vs 36.08±3.9 days, P=0.085) and no difference in retardation of delivery (4.7±3.1 vs 4.1±2.1, P=0.39). The mean degree of preterm delivery were 0.62±1.93 and 1.8±3.3 weeks in ampicillin and placebo groups, respectively (not significant, P>0.1). Conclusions: Ampicillin had no effect on interval to delivery or duration of pregnancy in women treated for preterm labor. So rotine clinical use of ampicillin during tocolysis should not be recommended.

Abstract Lizards cannot naturally regenerate limbs but are the closest known relatives of mammals capable of epimorphic tail regrowth. However, the mechanisms regulating lizard blastema formation and chondrogenesis remain unclear. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of regenerating lizard tails identifies fibroblast and phagocyte populations linked to cartilage formation. Pseudotime trajectory analyses suggest spp1 +-activated fibroblasts as blastema cell sources, with subsets exhibiting sulf1 expression and chondrogenic potential. Tail blastema, but not limb, fibroblasts express sulf1 and form cartilage under Hedgehog signaling regulation. Depletion of phagocytes inhibits blastema formation, but treatment with pericytic phagocyte-conditioned media rescues blastema chondrogenesis and cartilage formation in amputated limbs. The results indicate a hierarchy of phagocyte-induced fibroblast gene activations during lizard blastema formation, culminating in sulf1 + pro-chondrogenic populations singularly responsive to Hedgehog signaling. These properties distinguish lizard blastema cells from homeostatic and injury-stimulated fibroblasts and indicate potential actionable targets for inducing regeneration in other species, including humans.

The inflammasome is a conserved structure for the intracellular detection of danger or pathogen signals. As a large intracellular multiprotein signaling platform, it activates downstream effectors that initiate a rapid necrotic programmed cell death (PCD) termed pyroptosis and activation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines to warn and activate surrounding cells. However, inflammasome activation is difficult to control experimentally on a single-cell level using canonical triggers. We constructed Opto-ASC, a light-responsive form of the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC (Apoptosis-Associated Speck-Like Protein Containing a CARD) which allows tight control of inflammasome formation in vivo. We introduced a cassette of this construct under the control of a heat shock element into zebrafish in which we can now induce ASC inflammasome (speck) formation in individual cells of the skin. We find that cell death resulting from ASC speck formation is morphologically distinct from apoptosis in periderm cells but not in basal cells. ASC-induced PCD can lead to apical or basal extrusion from the periderm. The apical extrusion in periderm cells depends on Caspb and triggers a strong Ca2+ signaling response in nearby cells.

The fragment size of blasted rocks considerably affects the mining costs and production efficiency. The larger amount of blasthole diameter (ϕh) indicates the larger blasting pattern parameters, such as spacing (S), burden (B), stemming (St), charge length (Le), bench height (K), and the larger the fragment size. In this study, the influence of blasthole diameter, blastability index (BI), and powder factor (q) on the fragment size were investigated. First, the relation between each of X20, X50, and X80 with BI, ϕh, and q as the main critical parameters were analyzed by Table curve v.5.0 software to find better input variables with linear and nonlinear forms. Then, the results were analyzed by multivariable linear regression (MLR) procedure using SPSS v.25 software and gene expression programming (GEP) algorithm for prepared datasets of four open-pit mines in Iran. Relations between each of X20, X50, and X80 with the combination of adjusted BI, ϕh, and q were obtained by MLR procedure with good correlations of determination (R2) and less root mean square error (RMSE) values of (0.811, 1.4 cm), (0.874, 2.5 cm) and (0.832, 5.4 cm) respectively. Moreover, new models were developed to predict X20, X50, and X80 by the GEP algorithm with better correlations of R2 and RMSE values (0.860, 1.3 cm), (0.913, 2.49 cm), and (0.885, 5.6 cm) respectively and good agreement with actual field results. The developed GEP models can be used as new relations to estimate the fragment sizes of blasted rocks.

Climate change indices (CCI) profoundly contribute to understanding the climate and its change. They are used to present climate change in an easy-to-understand and tangible way, thus, facilitating climate communication. Most of these indices are calculated by daily data but there are also many valuable data sets that consist solely of a monthly temporal frequency. In this paper, we present a method that enables the estimation of specific CCIs from monthly instead of daily data, allowing the expression and examination of data sets consisting solely of monthly parameters through climate change indices. Therefore, we used the ERA5 Land data supplemented by a CMIP6 ssp5-8.5 climate projection to train multiple regression models with different regression functions and selected the best fitting for every grid point. Using a climate projection as a supplement in training the regression functions accounts for climate change and empowers the method’s application in future climate periods. The method includes a simple bias adjustment (delta change). Its output is regridded to ERA5 Land’s 0.1∘ grid, adapting it to the local environment and offering better application in areas with complex terrain using coarse data. Furthermore, the presented method and its regression coefficients can be created from any data set, allowing an even higher spatial resolution than ERA5 Land’s. While the method performs best for the temperature-related indices in warm temperate climates, it works uniformly well for the precipitation-related index maximum consecutive dry days on a global scale.

Abstract Background The teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a well-established vertebrate model system, with a long history of genetic research, and multiple high-quality reference genomes available for several inbred strains. Medaka has a high tolerance to inbreeding from the wild, thus allowing one to establish inbred lines from wild founder individuals. Results We exploit this feature to create an inbred panel resource: the Medaka Inbred Kiyosu-Karlsruhe (MIKK) panel. This panel of 80 near-isogenic inbred lines contains a large amount of genetic variation inherited from the original wild population. We use Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long read data to further investigate the genomic and epigenomic landscapes of a subset of the MIKK panel. Nanopore sequencing allows us to identify a large variety of high-quality structural variants, and we present results and methods using a pan-genome graph representation of 12 individual medaka lines. This graph-based reference MIKK panel genome reveals novel differences between the MIKK panel lines and standard linear reference genomes. We find additional MIKK panel-specific genomic content that would be missing from linear reference alignment approaches. We are also able to identify and quantify the presence of repeat elements in each of the lines. Finally, we investigate line-specific CpG methylation and performed differential DNA methylation analysis across these 12 lines. Conclusions We present a detailed analysis of the MIKK panel genomes using long and short read sequence technologies, creating a MIKK panel-specific pan genome reference dataset allowing for investigation of novel variation types that would be elusive using standard approaches.

Abstract Background Unraveling the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic traits remains a fundamental challenge in biology. Mapping variants underlying complex traits while controlling for confounding environmental factors is often problematic. To address this, we establish a vertebrate genetic resource specifically to allow for robust genotype-to-phenotype investigations. The teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes) is an established genetic model system with a long history of genetic research and a high tolerance to inbreeding from the wild. Results Here we present the Medaka Inbred Kiyosu-Karlsruhe (MIKK) panel: the first near-isogenic panel of 80 inbred lines in a vertebrate model derived from a wild founder population. Inbred lines provide fixed genomes that are a prerequisite for the replication of studies, studies which vary both the genetics and environment in a controlled manner, and functional testing. The MIKK panel will therefore enable phenotype-to-genotype association studies of complex genetic traits while allowing for careful control of interacting factors, with numerous applications in genetic research, human health, drug development, and fundamental biology. Conclusions Here we present a detailed characterization of the genetic variation across the MIKK panel, which provides a rich and unique genetic resource to the community by enabling large-scale experiments for mapping complex traits.

The high boring capability of full-face tunnel boring machines, especially in urban tunnels, has led to their increased use in tunnel excavation in various and unfavourable geological conditions. Therefore, many efforts have been made to predict and improve the performance of these machines. In this regard, most of the previous studies have focused on the effect of geological and mechanical properties of rock or soil. However, delays due to the maintenance and repair of these machines, which contribute to a major share of unwanted and unpredicted stops at work, have not been considered. Reliability analysis is a practical method based on studying the behaviour of breakdowns and maintenance of machines and systems. This approach can be suggested as part of the appropriate planning for machine maintenance and consequently reducing downtime and costs. In this way, it is possible to identify weaknesses and critical points of a machine or system of the boring process. In the present study, the reliability of the full-face tunnelling machine was analysed with the Monte Carlo simulation method. The studied machine is divided into 5 subsystems including mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, water and compressed air subsystems. Using breakdown data of about 24 months of boring operation, the reliability of each subsystem was simulated and evaluated. Eventually, the reliability of the boring machine was simulated using the Kamat-Riley (K-R) method. The results showed that if no maintenance operation is performed on the subsystems, the overall reliability of the boring machine will decline to zero after about 38 hours of continuous boring operation. Finally, to improve the overall reliability of the boring machine, based on accomplished reliability analysis, we suggest an effective preventive maintenance and repair system for keeping the machine in optimal operating conditions for a longer period.

The cytokine interleukin 1 (IL-1) is an evolutionary innovation of vertebrates. Fish and amphibian have one IL1 gene, while mammals have two copies of IL1, IL1A and IL1B, with distinct expression patterns and differences in their proteolytic activation. Our current understanding of the evolutionary history of IL-1 is mainly based on phylogenetic analysis, but this approach provides no information on potentially different functions of IL-1 homologues, and it remains unclear which biological activities identified for IL-1α and IL-1β in mammals are present in lower vertebrates. Here, we use in vitro and in vivo experimental models to examine the expression patterns and cleavage of IL-1 proteins from various species. We found that IL-1 in the teleost medaka shares the transcriptional patterns of mammalian IL-1α, and its processing also resembles that of mammalian IL-1α, which is sensitive to cysteine protease inhibitors specific for the calpain and cathepsin families. By contrast, IL-1 proteins in reptiles also include biological properties of IL-1β. Therefore, we propose that the duplication of the ancestral IL1 gene led to the segregation of expression patterns and protein processing that characterizes the two extant forms of IL-1 in mammals.

In this study we produce two urban development scenarios estimating potential urban sprawl and optimized development concerning building construction, and we simulate their influence on air temperature, surface temperatures and human thermal comfort. We select two heat waves representative for present and future conditions of the mid 21st century and simulations are run with the Town Energy Balance Model (TEB) coupled online and offline to the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). Global and regional climate change under the RCP8.5 scenario causes an increase of daily maximum air temperature in Vienna by 7 K. The daily minimum air temperature will increase by 2–4 K. Changes caused by urban growth or densification mainly affect air temperature and human thermal comfort locally where new urbanisation takes place and does not occur significantly in the central districts. A combination of near zero-energy standards and increasing albedo of building materials on the city scale accomplishes a maximum reduction of urban canyon temperature achieved by changes in urban parameters of 0.9 K for the minima and 0.2 K for the maxima. Local scale changes of different adaptation measures show that insulation of buildings alone increases the maximum wall surface temperatures by more than 10 K or the maximum mean radiant temperature (MRT) in the canyon by 5 K. Therefore, measures to reduce MRT within the urban canyons like tree shade are needed to complement the proposed measures. This study concludes that the rising air temperatures expected by climate change puts an unprecedented heat burden on Viennese inhabitants, which cannot easily be reduced by measures concerning buildings within the city itself. Additionally, measures such as planting trees to provide shade, regional water sensitive planning and global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce temperature extremes are required.

Intra-abdominal abscesses mostly derive from the intra-abdominal viscera. Campylobacter spp. are Gram-negative rods which are known to cause oral infections but rarely have been documented to cause extra-intestinal infections resulting in abscesses. We report an atypical case of Campylobacter rectus (C. rectus) and Peptostreptococcus spp. bacteria isolated from a perinephric abscess presenting as abdominal pain. Abscesses originating from outside the gastrointestinal tract have been reported in other similar case reports infecting the head, brain, and thoracic wall amongst others. The potential source and development of such a Campylobacter infection could be due to multiple hypotheses. This is a first case report of perinephric abscess development. Studies have suggested person-to-person (fecal-oral) transmission along with insects serving as primary reservoirs. Seeding of bacteria through infections in the oral cavity or through infections in the bowel microperforations has also been considered as plausible reasons. Since C. rectus has been isolated in such rare instances, it should be kept in mind when considering differential diagnosis of potential causative agents for extra-oral infections such as invasive abscess formations.

Artificial neural network (ANN), gray-wolf, and moth-flame optimization (GWO and MFO) techniques have been used in this research work to predict the effect of activated sawdust ash (ASDA) on the crack width (CW), linear shrinkage (LS), and volumetric shrinkage (VS) of a black cotton soil utilized as a subgrade material. Problematic soils or black cotton soils are not good pavement foundation materials except that they are pretreated in order to meet the basic strength characteristics required for roads in Nigeria. Due to this reason, there has been ongoing research to evaluate the best practices in which black cotton soils can be favorably utilized in earthwork construction. On the other hand, there is a huge concern on the solid waste management system in the wood processing environment and the recycling of sawdust into ash and its reuse as an alternative binder has offered a sustainable disposal system. The work tries to use AI-based techniques to predict the crack and shrinkage behaviors of BCS treated with saw dust ash activated with alkali materials. There was appreciable improvement in the shrinkage and crack parameters over the 30-day drying period due to the addition of ASDA. The intelligent model results showed that the three techniques successfully predicted the CW, LS, and VS with a performance accuracy above 90%, while ANN produced the minimal error in performance outperforming the other techniques. Sensitivity study showed that the drying time (T) was the most influential of the studied parameter. Hence, soil stabilization has shown its potential system of waste management in the wood processing industry.

Unsaturated lateritic soils are complex soils to work with due to moisture effects. So, the determination of its properties requires lots of time, labor and equipment. For this reason, the application of evolutionary learning techniques has been adopted to overcome these complexities. Lateritic soil under unsaturated condition classified as poorly graded and A-7–6 group was subjected to treatment by using hybrid cement and nanostructured quarry fines in a stabilization method. The clay activity, clay content and frictional angle were determined through multiple experiments at different proportions of the additives. 121 datasets were collected through the multiple testing of treated specimens and 70% and 30% of the datasets were used in the model training and testing, respectively to predict the coefficients of curvature and uniformity (Cc and Cu) of the unsaturated lateritic soil. Fist, the multi-linear regression (MLR) model showed that the selected input parameters correlated well with the output parameters. The model performance evaluation and validation selected indicators; R2, RMSE and MAE showed that ANFIS with 0.9999, 0.0021 and 0.0015 respectively, for the training and 0.9994, 0.0077 and 0.0059 respectively outclassed all its hybrid techniques and MLR in both training and testing. However, ANFIS-PSO with performance indicators 0.9996, 0.0062 and 0.0050 respectively (training) and 0.9989, 0.0095 and 0.0073 respectively (testing); followed by ANFIS-GA; 0.9991, 0.0094, and 0.0065 respectively (training) and 0.0089, 0.0099, and 0.0079 (testing) outclassed the other learning techniques for the Cc prediction model while ANFIS-GA; 0.9949, 0.1000, and 0.0798 respectively (training) and 0.9954, 0.0983, and 0.0807 respectively, followed by ANFIS-PSO; 0.9893, 0.1347, and 0.1011 respectively (training) and 0.9951, 0.1127, and 0.0924 respectively outclassed the other techniques for the Cu prediction model. Finally, ANFIS and its evolutionary hybrid techniques have shown their usefulness and flexibility in predicting stabilized unsaturated soil properties for sustainable earthwork design, construction and foundation performance monitoring.

This study reviewed the effect of instructing cognitive and metacognitive strategies on the academic progress of Medical Sciences of Ilam University students. The research is quasi-experimental including a pre-test and a post-test. The population of the research includes the students of Medical Sciences of Ilam University. The sample includes 120 students selected using multi-stage random sampling method from four majors of nursing, occupational health, family health and medicine. All the participants had passed at least two semesters. The participants participated in six cognitive and metacognitive strategies classes held by the researcher. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods (independent and dependent t-tests) and variance analysis using SPSS (statistical package for the social sciences) (version 13) software. The results showed that instructing cognitive and metacognitive strategies positively affected students' academic progress and proved to be an effective learning method. The average of GPAs (general point averages) of experimental and control groups were significantly different. Instructing the strategies was significantly different across majors and genders. (Contains 6 tables.)

This paper presents the results of a study conducted on a sample of teachers working in adult education in Croatia with the aim of determining whether they possess the competencies needed for the implementation of sustainable development in the teaching process. The results show that the teachers who participated in the study mostly expressed positive attitudes but lower levels of both knowledge about sustainable development concepts and education for it. Even though teachers on average self-evaluated that they possessed almost every generic and specific competency needed for sustainable development, their self-evaluation also shows that they only partially possess the competencies directly connected with the implementation of sustainable development in the adult education teaching process.

Desde inicios del 2020, el mundo se ha visto afectado por la COVID-19 causada por el SARS-CoV-2, que en agosto lo padecen más de 31 millones de pacientes, algunos de los cuales presentan el síndrome de distrés respiratorio, que requiere de ventilación mecánica. Por el alto número de contagios, la disponibilidad de ventiladores para el tratamiento es escasa. Se presenta la descripción de un prototipo de un dispositivo de asistencia ventilatoria temporal de lazo cerrado de bajo costo; el AR_CODEX, basado en una bolsa válvula-mascarilla (BVM), que contribuye al mantenimiento ventilatorio mínimo del paciente durante un tiempo corto en casos donde no hay disponibilidad de ventiladores mecánicos. Para esto, se diseñó y construyó un sistema mecánico ajustable que compresiona la bolsa de ventilación, el cual cuenta con sensores de flujo y presión. Además, se elaboró una interfaz gráfica para un adecuado monitoreo del paciente y un sistema de control para variables como volumen, presión máxima, frecuencia respiratoria y relación inspiración:espiración. Por otro lado, existe un problema de sensibilidad en el sensor de flujo debido a varios factores, como la variación del voltaje en los motores. Adicionalmente, la implementación de un lazo cerrado es importante para compensar variaciones aleatorias en el funcionamiento del dispositivo. Es necesario realizar pruebas en animales para evaluar el correcto funcionamiento de AR_CODEX en seres vivos.

There is no consensus on the effect of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions on patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between RBC administration and the occurrence of distant metastases (M+) after surgical treatment of OSCC. All medical records of patients who underwent primary surgery for OSCC in our department (2003–2019) were analyzed retrospectively (n = 609). Chi and Cox regression models were used to analyze the influence of transfusion on the development of M+, and survival rates. Kaplan–Meier curves were used for graphical presentation. A multitude of patient-specific factors showed a statistical impact in univariate analysis (transfusion, age, gender, diabetes, pT, pN, L, V, Pn, G, UICC, adjuvant therapy, free microvascular transplant, preoperative hemoglobin level). Transfusion status and pN stage were the only variables that showed a significant correlation to M+ in the multivariate Cox model. The hazard ratios for the occurrence of M+ were 2.42 for RBC transfusions and 2.99 for pN+. Administration of RBC transfusions was identified as a significant prognostic parameter for the occurrence of distant metastases after surgical treatment of OSCC. Hence, the administration of RBC transfusions should be considered carefully in the perioperative management.

How neurons and neuronal activity regulate astrocyte functions is poorly understood. Haselet al. identify two large groups of astrocytic genes that are regulated by neuronal contact and synaptic activity respectively, with distinct roles in astrocytic function; interestingly, many of these genes are dysregulated in neurodegeneration.

Impulsiveness, the individual's tendency to respond quickly to a given stimulus without reflectivity and evaluation of the consequences, is considered as a determinant component of several psychiatric disorders. Dimensions of impulsiveness including nonplanning, motor impulsiveness, and cognitive impulsiveness could influence different aspects of depression and anxiety disorders. The main aim of the present study was to compare impulsiveness in patients with major depression, anxiety disorders, and normal individuals. This study demonstrates the differences of impulsivity among the three groups. A total of 224 individuals (87 depressed, 64 anxious, 73 normal) participated in this study, voluntarily. Following a psychiatric diagnosis of the psychological disorders, both the patient and normal groups were asked to complete the Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Method of the present descriptive study was causal-comparative. Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including means, standard deviations, and MANOVA. The results revealed that depressed patients reported significantly higher levels of motor impulsiveness and nonplanning than did anxious patients and normal individuals (p

A 37-year-old African American male with a past medical history significant for end stage renal disease on hemodialysis via a femoral arteriovenous graft, systemic lupus erythematous, with a recent hospitalization for cavitary Candida pneumonia treated with micafungin, presented with a fever of 102° F for 3 days and worsening left groin pain. He also complained of chills, nausea, and malaise. On physical examination, the patient was hemodynamically stable with swelling and tenderness at the site of the graft. He was started on vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam and micafungin. Computed tomography scan and duplex scan of the left lower extremity showed diffuse swelling and attenuation of the graft material consistent with thrombosis of the graft. Excision of the graft and thrombectomy was performed and the graft thrombus was sent for culture. Examination of the sample showed fungal hyphae (Figure). Micafungin was switched to voriconazole; however, the patient did not show any improvement of his groin pain. On day 5 of hospitalization, culture showed Fusarium, and hence amphotericin B was added resulting in subsequent clinical improvement. We are presenting an unusual site of Fusarium infection which responded to combination therapy, a case which has not been reported. Keywords: Fusarium species, Fungal infection, Arteriovenous graft infection, Systemic lupus erythematous

Anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody 409.5.3 is raised against an antibody that neutralizes feline infectious peritonitis virus. This antibody, used as an immunogen, elicits the production of anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies that in turn neutralize the virus. The crystal structure of the complex between anti-idiotypic Fab 409.5.3 and idiotypic Fab fragment of virus-neutralizing antibody has been solved by molecular replacement using real-space Patterson search and filtering by Patterson correlation-coefficient refinement. The structure has been refined to an R value of 0.21 based on 21,310 unique reflections between 40.0 and 2.9 A. The three-dimensional structure reveals extensive, specific interactions that involve 118 van der Waals contacts and at least 9 probable hydrogen bonds. The two Fabs are rotated 61 degrees with respect to each other around the approximate long axis of the complex and are within 26 degrees being aligned along their major axes.

In this paper, a high power tetrode tube (TH781-200kW, cw) modulator is designed and implemented. This modulator is used for a part of RF system of the first Iranian high power electron accelerator project with similar structure to Rhodotron accelerator. Regarding to the level of sensitive and importance of TH781 tube the modulator system designed with high accuracy. So beside of power supplies design the control circuits for protection of the tube have been considered. The results of test and operation of this system that have been constructed in Iran for fist time is very satisfactory

Astrocytes and microglia are central players in a myriad of processes in the healthy and diseased brain, ranging from metabolism to immunity. The crosstalk between these two cell types contributes to pathology in many if not all neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advancements in integrative multimodal sequencing techniques have begun to highlight how heterogeneous both cell types are and the importance of metabolism to their regulation. We discuss here the transcriptomic, metabolic, and functional heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia and highlight their interaction in health and disease. Astrocytes and microglia are important glial cells involved in normal development, health, and regulation of central nervous system metabolism. Advances in sequencing and functional modeling have revealed their complex heterogeneous sub-states, particularly in response to infection, injury, and during disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Por: Gerhard F. Hasel

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 15132 (2017); Published: 2 May 2017; Updated: 6 February 2018 Michel Goedert, who developed the Thy1-P301S transgenic mouse, was inadvertently omitted from the Acknowledgments section of this Article. The Acknowledgements should have included the following: ‘We thank Michel Goedert for providing the Thy1-P301S transgenic mouse that was used in this study.

The article focuses on applied ethical considerations for dealing with "dead capital" in the Saldern crypt. It mentions local or national (art) historical value of such buildings and their inventory and cost-benefit analyzes are carried out to undertake, which not only relate to monetary matters. It also mentions aid to reflection and self-assurance in an ethical demanding and mostly complex decision-making situation.

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