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Objective: Oxidative stress can cause DNA damage and apoptosis, and leads to cardiovascular disease. This study aims to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise combined with consumption of hydroalcoholic extract of tribulus terrestris on mitochondrial oxidative stress markers in heart tissue of rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide. Methods: This is an experimental study conducted on 42 male Wistar rats divided randomly into seven groups of Control (poisoned without supplementation), Aerobic Exercise, Aerobic Exercise + Supplementation with 5mg/kg extract, Aerobic Exercise + Supplementation with 10 mg/kg extract, Supplementation with 5mg/kg extract, Supplementation with 10mg/kg extract, and healthy control. All groups received hydrogen peroxide (100 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days intraperitoneally. The rats in supplementation groups received hydroalcoholic extract of tribulus terrestris with doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg of body weight by gavage. Aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min for 8 weeks, 5 days per week, each for 30 min. Twenty-four hours after the last exercise session, the heart tissues of rats were collected. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, two-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test considering a significance level of P

Background & objectives: Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the main risk factors for neurological diseases which are associated with aging. On the other hand, aerobic exercise has beneficial effects on the brain health and cognitive function, and also improves mitochondrial dynamics. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of aerobic exercise on spatial learning, memory performance and mitochondrial dynamics in the hippocampal tissue of old rats. Methods: For this purpose, 14 male Wistar rats at 20 months of age were randomly divided into 2 groups: aerobic exercise (n=7) and control group (n=7). The exercise group performed 4 weeks of treadmill training (5 days per week at a speed of 10 to 15 m/min). Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the animals underwent behavioral tests. Twenty-four hours after the behavioral test, all rats were killed and hippocampal tissue was extracted. The mRNA expression of OPA1, Mfn2 and Drp1 genes were assayed using Real Time-PCR. The Independent t test was used for statistical analysis. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise in old animals improved spatial learning and memory performance, increased hippocampal OPA1 gene expression, and decreased Drp1 gene expression compared to the control group (p≤0.01). Conclusion: It seems that aerobic exercise can improve the function of brain mitochondria by modulating fusion and fission processes and it can be considered as an effective non-pharmacological method to deal with aging-related learning and memory perturbations.

Background: Physical activity and exercise training plays a protective role against cardiovascular disease via reducing risk factors. Swimming as one of the best aerobic activity and exercise modality recommended for preventing and treatment of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, exercise training could effects cardiac muscle protein structure. Therefore, the propose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight-week swimming training on N-cadherin, beta catenin and Emerin gene expression in left ventricle of cardiac muscle in male Wistar rat. Methods: In this study, twenty four male Wistar rat (8-week old) with an average (weight 237±33 in gr) randomly divided to three groups: Control (n=8), 8- week control (n=8) and swimming training (n=8). Swimming group participated in a swimming training for 8- week (5 seasons per week of 30 minutes floating on the water with moderate intensity) and the control group continued their usual lives. Twenty four hours after the last training session, the heart tissue of rats were extracted and β-catenin, N-cadherin and Emerin gene expression evaluated by Real Time-PCR. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey methods (P

Objective: The beneficial effects of exercise and ginger extract have been reported to improve obesity-related indicators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and ginger extract on lipid profiles, body composition and selected liver enzymes in obese menopausal women. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental trial, 48 obese menopause women (age; 53-58 yr) were randomly divided into 4 groups including control, ginger extract, aerobic training and aerobic training -ginger extract. Aerobic training was performed 3 sessions a week, 60 minutes, with 50-70% maximum heart rate and for 24 weeks. The subjects consumed ginger extract three times a day in 500 mg capsule for 24 weeks. For analyzing the data, two-way ANOVA and Tukeychr('39')s post hoc test was used with SPSS–23 and the significance level was P-value≤ 0.05. Results: The results showed that 12 and 24 weeks of training, ginger and ginger - training significantly decreased ALT and AST in obese menopausal women (P-value= 0.001). Also, 12- and 24-weeks’ ginger- training resulted to improve of body composition and lipid profile in obese menopausal women (P-value= 0.001). Conclusion: According to the findings, regular aerobic training and ginger supplementation have a beneficial effect on body composition and improvement of some liver enzymes and lipid profiles in obese menopausal women. These changes were higher in the Ginger-training group after six months of intervention

Background and Aim: Tendon, like the skeletal muscle, exhibits mechanical and morphological adaptations resulted from exercise training; however, little is known about the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate these responses. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic training on the TGF-β1, myostatin and MMP9 mRNAs expression in the tendon of fast- and slow-twitch muscles. Methods & Materials For this purpose, 12 male Wistar rats at 8 weeks of age were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n=6) and control (n=6). The exercise group performed aerobic training for 6 weeks, 5 sessions per week. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, all rats were sacrificed and the tendons of soleus and Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscles were extracted. Expression of TGF-β1, myostatin and MMP9 mRNAs were assayed using RealTime-PCR. Independent t-test was also used for statistical analysis. Ethical Considerations: All stages of the study were conducted according to the ethical guidelines and authorization of Research Deputy of Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch No. IR.IAU.PS.REC.1398.296. Results: The results showed that the expression of TGF-β1 mRNA in EDL and soleus tendons significantly increased (P≤0.001), whereas the expression of myostatin in EDL tendon was significantly reduced (P≤ 0.001). Increased mRNA expression of MMP9 in the tendon of EDL and soleus muscles was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that aerobic exercise can modulate the expression of genes involved in the regulation of tendon collagen in a muscle type-dependent manner.

Objective: The goal of this research was to determine the influence of 4 weeks aerobic training on gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cardiac tissue of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, 30 male wistar rats were partitioned into three groups (n=10), diabetic aerobic training, diabetic control and healthy control (n=10). Induction of type 2diabetes (T2DM) was done by intraperitoneal infusion of streptozotocin. The progressive aerobic training protocol entailed 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week running on treadmill at velocity of 20 m/min for 60 min. The gene expression of TNF-α, VEGF and HIF-1α were measured by real time & PCR. One way analysis of variance and bonferroni test were applied to analysis the data. The significant level was set at P-value< 0.05. Results: The results indicated that the aerobic training induced significant decrease in TNF-α mRNA (P-value< 0.001) and significant increase in HIF-1α mRNA (P-value< 0.001) and VEGF mRNA (P-value< 0.001) compared to diabetic control group. Conclusion: It appears that aerobic training with reduction of TNF-α issues an affirmative effect on angiogenesis, as a result, it improves diabetic cardiac.

Introduction The beneficial effects of exercise and ginger extract have been reported to improve obesity-related indicators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six months’ resistance training and ginger extract on lipid profiles, body composition, and selected liver enzymes in obese menopausal women. Materials and Methods In a semi-experimental trial, 48 obese menopause women (Body mass index 32-34kg/m2) were randomly and divided into 4 groups including control, ginger extract, resistance training, and resistance training -ginger extract. The resistance training was performed 3 sessions in a week with an intensity of 80 to 85% 1RM for 24 weeks. The subjects consumed ginger extract three times a day in 500 mg capsules for 6 months, 24 hours, 3 months, and 6 months after the intervention in the 12-hour fasting condition, subjects from each group received blood samples and anthropometric characteristics. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test (p

Introduction: Inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), and obesity are documented to play key roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Accordingly, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), as a main innate immunity pro-inflammatory cytokine and a main free radical, respectively, are the main risk factors for CVDs. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of OS, regular aerobic exercise (RAE), and vitamin D3 (VD3) on the expression of TNF-α in the myocardial cells in a rat model. Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups (6 in each group) including healthy controls, sham (injected with dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] + saline), H2 O2 (either 1 or 2 mmol/kg), H2 O2 (1 mmol/kg) + VD3, H2 O2 (2 mmol/kg) + VD3, H2O2 (1 mmol/kg) + RAE, and H2 O2 (2 mmol/kg) + RAE. TNF-α level of myocardial cells was evaluated after 8 weeks using the ELISA technique. Results: The results of the study demonstrated that exposure to 2 mmol/kg of H2 O2 significantly increased TNF-α level of myocardial cells compared to the rats which were exposed to one mmol/ kg H2 O2 (P=0.039). Furthermore, RAE (P=0.040), and the combination of RAE+VD3 (P=0.049) significantly reduced the expression of myocardial TNF-α. Conclusion: In general, VD3 and RAE were found to suppress TNF-α expression induced by H2 O2 in the rat myocardium. Therefore, they can be considered as potential therapeutic interventions for reducing OS-induced inflammation in the damaged myocardial cells.

Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the main reason of the death in type 2 diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training and HITT (High Intensity Interval Training) on GLP-1 gene expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: For this study, male Wistar rats of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences in Tehran were used as statistical population. The statistical samples consisted of 32 male Wistar 10 weeks old weighing 220 ± 20 gr and were divided into 4 obese groups (3 diabetic type 2 and 1 healthy groups). Groups were diabetic obstruction, resistance exercises, diabetic obesity and HITT exercises. Independent T-test and one way ANOVA were used to examine the results. Results: The results showed that the expression of GLP-1R in the left ventricle of diabetic rats was 0.6% lower than that of the non-diabetic group, due to type 2 diabetes induction. There was a significant difference between the groups in expressing GLP-1R in the left ventricle. The post hoc test confirmed a significant increase in the expression of GLP-1R in the resistance and Interval group compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in expression of GLP-1R between the two groups. Conclusion: With regard to the results of this study and other studies that have an effect on the proper administration of Glp-1 and its receptor on the heart, it can be proven to heart patients that they can recover by performing physical activity.

In the absence of insulin, regular physical activity facilitates the glucose entry into the cell via affecting several signaling pathways. Moreover, regular exercise improves the lipid profile and increases the paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity. PON-1 interacts with High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and, in the presence of calcium, hydrolyzes free radicals, prevents low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, maintains homocysteine structure in the blood, and inhibits hemoglobin glycation. These factors explain one of the beneficial effects of regular exercise on prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, there is a positive relationship between decreased PON-1 activity and the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, renal failure, gastric cancer, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and even Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of physical activity on the PON-1 activity and lipid profile. Regular physical activity increased HDL and PON-1 activity in patients with metabolic syndrome. Since PON-1 binds to HDL and increased HDL probably increases the PON-1 activity as well. This finding suggests that regular exercise decreases the effect of one bout exercise on PON-1 response. In addition, in order to improve metabolic syndromes, it is advised to perform aerobic exercise for 150 minutes per week with an intensity of 40-60% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). The exercises should be preferably performed in 3-5 sessions per week according to the intensity. Based on the disease progression, type of consumed drugs, and certain considerations in each group of patients, aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises can be performed by using large muscle groups in a continuous training mode. However, in dyslipidemia, continuous aerobic exercises are preferred.

Objective: GLUT4 glucose transporter content and glucose transport capacity are closely correlated in muscle. The purpose of current study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training and High-Intensity Interval Training (HITT) on Glut-4 gene expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by high fat diet and STZ. Materials and Methods: This study was done on 32 male Wistar in Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences-Tehran. The study sample consisted of 32 male Wistar 10 week old weighting 220 ± 20 gr which were divided into 4 obese groups. One diabetic group had to do resistance training and another group did HIIT. One more diabetic group and the healthy group did not do any activities. At the end, the amount of their left ventricular GLUT-4 was measured. Independent t-test and one way ANOVA were used to examine the results. Results: The expression of Glut-4 in the left ventricle of diabetic rats was 0.72 lower than that of the non-diabetic group, due to T2DM induction (P-value:0.029). There was a significant difference between the groups in expressing Glut-4 in the left ventricle. The post hoc test confirmed a significant increase in the expression of Glut-4 in the resistance and HIIT group compared to the control group (P-value:0.017 and P-value:0.05). Conclusion: However, there was no significant difference in expression of Glut-4 between the two groups of resistance and HIIT. Our findings showed that T2DM patients with cardiovascular disease can improve their problem by performing physical activity.

Objective: Physical activity and herbal medicine can inhabit apoptosis with two different mechanisms. The aim of this study was to assess the combined effect of regular aerobic exercise with garlic extract on heart apoptosis regulatory factors in aged rats with chronic kidney disease. Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, 42 aged male Wistar rats (48-52 weeks) were selected and divided into 6 groups: control, doxorubicin, doxorubicin-salin, doxorubicin- garlic, doxorubicin - exercise, doxorubicin -garlic-exercise (combined). Chronic kidney disease was induced by a single doxorubicin injection (8.5 mg/kg). Swimming training was programmed 3 days /week, 30 min/day for 8 weeks. Both the doxorubicin garlic and combined groups with garlic extract were administered by garlic gavage at a dose of 2.5 g/kg. The renal Bax and Bcl-2 levels were evaluated by ELIZA method. A one-way analysis of variance was used to data analysis (P-value

Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for heart disease and has a major contribution in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, the effect of 12-week resistance training was investigated on cardiac hypertrophy, glucose, level, insulin, and insulin resistance index in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Methods: A total of 16 male Wistar rats (mean weight, 200±20g) were randomly divided into two groups of diabetic control and (N= 8), diabetic resistance (N= 8). The diabetic resistance training group performed a 12-week resistance training, and 48 hours after the end of the last training session, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized. The variables of interest (body weight, heart weight, left ventricular weight, percentage of heart weight to body weight, percentage of left ventricular weight to heart weight, resting heart rate, level of glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance index), were measured. Data analysis was performed using independent samples t-test at significance level of p≤0.05. Results: There was a significant difference among mean heart weight (p=0.050), left ventricular weight (p=0.002), level of glucose (p=0/000), insulin (p=0.000), and resting heart rate (p=0.021) in the resistance diabetic group compared to the control diabetic group. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that resistance training is an important strategy to improve the structure and function of the heart in diabetics and it can be considered as an effective intervention method.

Objective: Exercise and herbs can possess synergistic effects to control diabetes side-effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplement on activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase of heart tissue in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided in to four groups of curcumin, training-placebo, training-curcumin and control. The subjects were trained to do HIIT on treadmill and in the fashion of increasing manner. Diabetes was induced via injection of 50 (ml/Kg rat weight) STZ. Fifty (ml/kg rat weight) curcumin was nourished to the animals of the curcumin groups, by using the gavage technique during eight weeks (five days a week). The rats were anesthetized via intraperitoneal injection of ketamine, 24 hrs after the intervention. Then heart tissues were separated from bodies of the rats to examine changes in SOD and catalase enzymes. Results: Activity levels of SOD and CAT enzymes of the three groups of curcumin, training-placebo, and training-curcumin increased significantly more than control group. But no significant difference was observed between those first three groups (P≤0.05). Discussion: The results of the present study indicated that either HIIT or taking curcumin supplement could solely contribute significant enhancement to activity levels of antioxidant enzymes within heart tissues of diabetic mice. Though, those two interventions would not strengthen the influences of each other.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was investigation of eight weeks high intensity interval (HIIT) along with curcumin supplementation on liver Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity & Malondialdehyde (MDA) Concentration among diabetic male rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male mice were divided to four groups of control-diabetic, exercise-diabetic, supplementary-diabetic, and exercise-supplementary-diabetic. Eight weeks’ aerobic training schedule was five weekly sessions for the two exercise groups, which each session executed on animal treadmill with speed of 24 (m/min), steep of 0°, and entire span of 18 min. The two supplementary groups were being fed daily amount of 50 (mg/kg) curcumin supplementary, by using the gavage technique. The rats were killed and liver tissues were separated, after the eight weeks’ schedule. Thereafter, in order to study variations of GPX and MDA enzymes, Kits of Zelbio Co. were implemented. Results: Activity levels of GPX enzyme and MDA concentration of the three groups of exercise-diabetic, supplementary-diabetic, and exercise-supplementary-diabetic in order increased and decreased than those of the control-diabetic one, significantly (P≤0.05). Discussion: both exercise and curcumin can be recommended as effective interventions on improvement of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity & Malondialdehyde (MDA) Concentration of the liver, in diabetic condition.

Background: Acylated ghrelin, biologically active form of ghrelin, activates growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor 1a and play a role in regulating of energy balance. The purpose of this study was to survey relationships between acylated ghrelin with GH, insulin resistance, lipid profile, and cardio respiratory function in lean and obese men. Methods: Nineteen obese men (body mass index 31.0 ± 3.5 kg/m 2 , aged 27.5 ± 5.8 year) and the same number of lean men (body mass index = 18.47 ± 2.1 kg/m 2 , aged 26.9 ± 5.6 year) were selected if they had no experience of regular physical activity during six month ago. After 12 hour fasting, blood samples were collected and blood parameters as well as maximal oxygen uptake (as indicator of cardiorespiratory function) was assessed. Results: Insulin levels and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) were higher, and GH, acylated ghrelin and maximal oxygen uptake levels were lower, in obese versus lean men (p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles between the two groups (p > 0.01). Plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations in obese and lean men were negatively correlated to body weight (r= -0.50, r= -0.43, respectively), body fat percent (r = -0.53, r = -0.44, respectively), body mass index (r = -0.53, r = -0.49, respectively), insulin (r = -0.42, r = -0.40, respectively) and HOMA-IR (r = -0.48, r = -0.45, respectively), and positively correlated to GH levels (r = 0.37, r = 0.31, respectively) and maximal oxygen uptake (r = 0.33, r = 0.31, respectively) (p < 0.01). No significant correlations were observed between plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles in both groups (p > 0.01). Conclusions: Obese and lean inactive young men had different levels of acylated ghrelin, GH, insulin, insulin resistance index, cardiorespiratory function and body fat percent. Body fat percent, insulin, and GH levels appear to be best determinant factors of acylated ghrelin levels. Also, in both obese and lean young men, higher levels of cardiovascular function were associated with higher levels of acylated ghrelin.