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FA5E2/A5007, A study was conducted to test the effect on airport surface situational awareness of GPS derived position information, depicted on a prototypical electronic taxi chart display. The effect of position error and position uncertainty, symbology were also tested. Situational awareness was assessed by asking 12 airline pilots a series of probe questions, about their location on the airport surface. The pilots used static "snapshot" images of a north-up electronic taxi, chart as well as a supporting out-the-window view and an aircraft heading display to answer the situational awareness, probe questions., Four levels of GPS position error were tested ranging from 4.5 to 90 meters. Two types of position uncertainty, symbology were also tested. The variable radius uncertainty circle displayed an estimate of the current GPS position, accuracy while the constant radius uncertainty circle displayed a worst-case system accuracy of 100 meters., Situational awareness, as indicated by probe question response accuracy, increased when aircraft position information, was displayed on the electronic taxi chart. In addition, response time was also found to improve with the presence of, aircraft position information. Response accuracy improved as position error decreased from 90 to 22.5 meters and stayed, relatively constant from the 22.5 to 4.5 meter case. Pilots were faster at responding to the probe questions with the, variable radius uncertainty symbology. In addition, pilots subjectively preferred the variable radius uncertainty, circle.

OP3CA1 FG278, Inattentional blindness refers to situations in which a person is unaware of a change that is occurring because attention is not currently focused on what is changing. Change blindness occurs when a change takes place during an eye movement or blink that is not noticed. These phenomena pose a serious hazard in transportation, particularly when unexpected changes occur, such as a child running out into the road from between parked cars, or if an air traffic controller fails to detect an aircraft deviating from the assigned clearance. Failure to detect unexpected changes can have devastating consequences. The literature in these fields over the last 10 years is reviewed with a particular focus on transportation issues. Laboratory and field-based studies are viewed, including research on theoretical issues, underlying mechanisms, biological bases, as well as mitigation approaches. The emerging view is that these phenomena are in part driven by prior experience and expectations for what is likely to happen next. Research on mitigation of inattentional and change blindness show promise for developing systems that help human operators to overcome the dangers posed. Recommendations are provided for further research in this area.

This report presents the findings of a short-term empirical study on human factors issues related to the, selection of symbology for fly-over and fly-by waypoints on aeronautical charts. At issue were the, international standards for the depiction of these symbols. The symbols in use by the United States (US), and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) are currently in conflict. Results of this study, were required for the ICAO Obstacle Clearance Panel (OCP), which planned to resolve this conflict at a, June 2000 meeting in Madrid. Because fly-over waypoints are often used to ensure obstruction clearance, it is critical for safety of flight that the symbols are unambiguous and salient to pilots.

A5007/FA5E2, This report describes the research program being conducted at the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center on the development of electronic aeronautical charts. The design of electronic aeronautical navigation charts raises many interrelated human factors issues including those pertaining to the physical aspects of the display screens (e.g., location in the cockpit, screen resolution, color capability, brightness range) and those affecting the pilot interaction with the software (i.e., pilot interpretation of the information presented). A limited amount of research has been conducted on the design of electronic chart systems for instrument approach procedure (IAP) charts. The results have indicated that not all of the information printed currently on paper IAP charts is needed to fly instrument approaches. Current issues in electronic chart design are discussed in this report. Results from a study that compared three alternative design formats are also provided. Based on the findings from this study, it was determined that electronic charts are a benefit to pilot situation awareness. Newer design formats that use small amounts of display space are also presented.

A112/FA1L1, This booklet tells pilots and controllers what they can do to help prevent runway incursions by helping them to avoid situations that reduce errors and alerting them to situations as extra vigilance is required. It also provides information on how contollers and pilots can help each other to work more effectively.

FA9L1/A9112, Color is probably the most effective, compelling, and attractive method available for coding visual information on a display. However, caution must be used in the application of color to displays for air traffic control (ATC), because it is easy to do more, harm than good. The only thing that is truly obvious about the use of color on displays is that its benefits and drawbacks depend, upon the task. This paper offers general guidelines on how color should, and should not, be used, but does not define a specific, color-coding scheme. These guidelines are based on what is known about human vision, display capabilities, the knowledge, gained from the lessons learned from the uses of color in the cockpit and ATC environments, and human factors "best practices"., The report also discusses a series of experiments that examined color production capabilities within and across five Sony DDM", 2801C monitors and selected and validated an'ideal" color set for thismonitor.