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The article focuses on exploring the dialogue in short stories of Japanese writer Akutagawa Ryunosuke. Applying the dialogue theory of the Bakhtin Circle, we suppose that in Akutagawa's short stories, relationships are established and continuously dialogue, creating many layers of meaning for the text, while they themselves create lines of hidden dialogue. In addition, the use of declearizated style in the narrative makes his short stories always include dialogue. This happens not only between the characters in the story but also between the character\narrator and the reader, placing the reader in the role of co-creating meaning for the work. In terms of ideology, the dialogue in Akutagawa's short stories also deeply expresses his views on human values such as trustworthiness, brotherhood, democracy, or other ethical standards in human life.

Throughout his entire career, Mishima Yukio has always presented as a writer of martial spirit and beauty. Studying the his short stories, we can see a Mishima full of loyal to the king and patriotic with many criteria pushed to the limit. “Bushido” or “loyal to the king and patriotic” is that he not only inherited from his family background, from the situation of Japan protecting the imperial period, but also from favorite books named Hagakure. In his work, the ideal man in the bushido spirit is the full image of the modern Samurai: loyal to the king and patriotism, treating death as light as a feather and whether every moment of life or death, people also donate a rare beautifulness. However, it is because of the trend fascinated by death, his work has a sense of death fanaticism. This is probably the unfortunate limitation of a genius that people still praise as a strange “evil flower”.

Rationale for catalytic activity and product distribution in HDPE hydrocracking promoted by zeolite catalysts. Assessment of catalyst stability.

The current state-of-the-art analysis techniques for petroleum fractions has progressed substantially during the past decade. This has helped to further improve the lumping procedures and modeling approaches of these complex systems. Recent advances in gas chromatography (GC), GC-field ionization mass spectrometry (GC-FIMS), and comprehensive gas chromatography (GCXGC) have made it possible to determine the compositions of fractions with up to 45 carbon atoms and in some cases up to C80. The combination of MS techniques with other selective detectors and reversed-phase column combinations has made it possible to quantify even traces of heteroatomic compounds in these complex hydrocarbon matrices. Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), in some cases combined with GCXGC for the lighter part, has pushed the characterization of larger macromolecules in particular asphaltenes. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is also used widely for this purpose but has the disadvantage that quantification is not obvious. The development of more detailed characterization techniques has not remained unnoticed in the petrochemical society and more recently in the petrochemical kinetic modeling society. More detailed characterization of petrochemical fractions has made the implementation of detailed kinetic models for simulation and optimization possible including more and more molecular detail. Additionally, advances in photoionization mass spectrometry (PI-MS) have allowed the detection of reactive intermediates and direct kinetic measurements in time-resolved experiments. It can only be expected that this trend will continue and that the application field will move from now primarily petrochemistry (from catalytic cracking, over hydrotreating, and hydrocracking to pyrolysis, combustion, and steam cracking) to larger-scale chemical recycling and biomass conversion processes.

Murakami is one of the masters of Magical literature. In his writing, the magical world appeared in a variety of colors. As a writer who follows Poe, Kafka, Marquez, etc., Murakami has both inherited and developed magicalism to a new level. The spirit world is an important fulcrum for him to exploit the magical and fanciful elements. He has a knack for turning both the unconscious with its hidden memories and also the guilt and regret from it into magical signs. Murakami's magicality weaves both mystery and comedy. Thereby, the writer illuminates the hidden corners of the soul that in a busy life, people often forget.

Reading by the intersignality theory for the similarities and differences between Murakami and Borges's "Library" works. This reading helps to extend the approach of the texts to the hidden problems in the signs that the two writers have used consciously or unconsciously when writing. With intersignalities, every sign or text is a rewriting of the signs that have been used before. This is the immutable principle of both in the process of composing and receiving. Reading of the intersignality indicates that the role of the reader will be as important as the creator himself in finding the meanings of the works.

Cycloalkanes are known to impact the metal-acid balance of the hydrocracking of n-alkanes with similar carbon number, however, how this impact varies with the carbon number of the components involved is still to be understood in more detail. For this purpose, the hydroconversion of n-octane and tert-butylcyclohexane, and n- decane and methylcyclohexane mixtures was investigated in this work over Pt/HUSY catalyst in both the ideal and the nonideal hydrocracking regime. Irrespective of the hydrocracking regime for pure n-octane, its con-version and isomer yields were significantly lowered upon admixture of tert-butylcyclohexane. On the other hand, n-octane admixture did not impact the tert-butylcyclohexane conversion nor its cyclic isomer yields. Upon methylcyclohexane admixture with n-decane, no impact was observed over the catalyst ensuring ideal hydro-cracking of pure n-decane. Over the catalyst with significantly lower Pt loading, which does not ensure ideal hydrocracking of n-decane, methylcyclohexane lowered the n-decane conversion. A slightly negative impact of n- decane admixture on methylcyclohexane conversion was also observed. The observed effects are mainly attributed to the differences in adsorption strengths within the zeolite pores on top of differences in alkane and cycloalkane adsorption on the metal sites.

Industrial-scale application of end-of-life plastic pyrolysis still faces significant problems, such as a lack of detailed knowledge on degradation mechanisms, parameters affecting the degradation, and formation pathways of the primary pyrolysis products. Today, the degradation mechanisms based on radical chain scission are insufficiently understood to explain the pyrolysis chemistry from feedstock-to-product comprehensively. In this study, the impact of operating conditions on the degradation mechanism is evaluated by pyrolyzing end-of-life and virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in a continuous pilot-scale unit at temperature and pressure ranges of 450–504 ºC and 0.1–2 bara. The pyrolysis products were analyzed based on the detailed product composition obtained using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). A simplified kinetic mechanism was proposed to describe the main production pathways of the various components by considering the weakest points along the polymer chain. The results showed that the chain-end scission mechanism is the main mechanism in the HDPE pyrolysis process, even at low temperatures and pressures in the studied ranges. The pyrolysis of virgin HDPE under sub-atmospheric pressure, 0.1 bara, at 464 ºC reactor temperature, yields the highest concentration of linear hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis oil (93.2 wt%). At higher pressure and temperature, the cyclic and branched hydrocarbons had a higher share of up to 17.4 wt% compared to 6.8 wt% at vacuum pressure and lower temperature. Interestingly, the pyrolysis of end-of-life HDPE at atmospheric pressure and 450 ºC led to more cyclic and branched hydrocarbons (sum: 22.1 wt%), as opposed to that of virgin HDPE which is more prone to the production of linear hydrocarbons at the studied conditions. Regarding the additives and contaminants, a large amount of different metals and halogen atoms in the ppm range were detected in end-of-life HDPE, of which a small amount was still found in the pyrolysis oil.

Plastic waste is steadily polluting oceans and environments. Even if collected, most waste is still predominantly incinerated for energy recovery at the cost of CO

For co-processing of bio-oil and conventional fossil feed in existing refinery fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units, little attention has been paid to the increased aromatics and basic nitrogen content in the feed associated with the introduction of bio-oil and how it affects FCC performance. In this contribution, the effect of blending two bio-oils obtained from different catalytic treatment of wheat-straw pyrolysis vapors with atmospheric residue was tested using a microactivity testing unit (MAT). The catalysts used for the pyrolysis vapor phase upgrading included i) a Na/γ-Al2O3 deoxygenation catalyst, and ii) a Pt/TiO2 catalyst in combination with H2 atmosphere. The oxygen content of both bio-oils was similar at ~ 7–8 wt%, but the Na/γ-Al2O3 bio-oil had a lower total acid number (TAN) of 5 mg KOH/g and a higher basic nitrogen (BN) content of 0.7 wt% compared to the Pt/TiO2 bio-oil (15 mg KOH/g, 0.4 wt% BN).The processing of the upgraded bio-oils in blends with atmospheric residue in MAT increased the yields of dry gas, CO, CO2, and coke at the expense of naphtha (decrease by 2.8 percentage points) and decreased the conversion by ~ 2.5 percentage points. This is attributed to the high aromaticity and basic nitrogen content of the two bio-oils. The lower basic nitrogen content and higher degree of saturation for the Pt/TiO2 bio-oil may explain its slightly higher conversion (by ≤ 1 percentage points) compared to the Na/γ-Al2O3 bio-oil.This contribution provides important information for refinery operators interested in FCC co-processing of fossil oils and biomass-derived pyrolysis oils with elevated content of nitrogen and aromatics.

Plastic-waste pyrolysis oils contain large amounts of linear, branched, and di-olefinic compounds. This makes it not obvious to determine the detailed group-type composition in particular to the presence of substantial amounts of N-, S-, and O-containing heteroatomic compounds. The thorough evaluation of different column combinations for two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), i.e., non-polar × polar and polar × non-polar, revealed that the second combination had the best performance, as indicated by the bi-dimensional resolution of the selected key compounds. By coupling the GC × GC to multiple detectors, such as the flame ionization detector (FID), a sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD), a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD), and a mass spectrometer (MS), the identification and quantification were possible of hydrocarbon, oxygen-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing compounds in both naphtha (C5–C11) and diesel fractions (C7–C23) originating from plastic-waste pyrolysis oils. Group-type quantification showed that large amounts of α-olefins (36.39 wt%, 35.08 wt%), iso-olefins (8.77 wt%, 9.06 wt%), and diolefins (4.21 wt%, 4.20 wt%) were present. Furthermore, oxygen-containing compounds (alcohols, ketones, and ethers) could be distinguished from abundant hydrocarbon matrix, by employing Stabilwax as the first column and Rxi-5ms as the second column. Ppm levels of sulfides, thiophenes, and pyridines could also be quantified by the use of selective SCD and NCD detectors.

Hang, Dao Thi, Liem, Nguyen Van, Lam, Phạm Văn, Wyckhuys, Kris A.G., Thủy, Nguyễn Thị, Hằng, Trần Thị Thúy, Trọng, Phạm Duy, Việt, Nguyễn Đức (2020): First record of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize in Viet Nam. Zootaxa 4772 (2): 396-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.11

Pyrolysis of plastic packaging waste yields a liquid product that can be processed in steam crackers producing light olefins and hence closing the loop towards new virgin plastics. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how the plastic waste composition affects the pyrolysis oil quality regarding hydrocarbon composition and contaminant concentrations. The associated uncertainty is a key reason why thermochemical recycling of contaminated plastic waste is not yet industrially established. In this study, post-consumer plastic packaging waste fractions, namely mixed polyolefins (MPO), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) were processed in a continuous pilot-scale pyrolysis unit and the pyrolysis oils subsequently characterized using advanced analytical techniques such as two-dimensional gas chromatography. Substantial amounts of branched olefins (~63 wt%) and diolefins (~20 wt%) were detected in the pyrolysis oil of PP-rich waste, while PE-rich waste produced high amounts of linear paraffins (~34 wt%) and olefins (~26 wt%). Furthermore, significant amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, iron, sodium and silicon were detected in the pyrolysis oils exceeding feedstock specifications for industrial steam crackers by orders of magnitude. The results show that next to improved waste sorting and separation processes, pre- and post-treatment techniques are required to produce pyrolysis products suitable for chemical processing.

3-Hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)azetidin-2-ones were synthesized from the corresponding 3-benzyloxy-β-lactams and successfully transformed into new 3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)azetidin-2-one building blocks. The latter chlorides were shown to be eligible precursors for the construction of CF3-containing aminopropanes, 1,3-oxazinanes, 1,3-oxazinan-2-ones, and aziridines. In addition, 3-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)azetidin-2-ones proved to be interesting substrates for the synthesis of novel 3-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(arylamino)ethyl]-1,4-dioxan-2-ones via intramolecular cyclization of 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-β-lactam intermediates.

3-Methylene-4-(trifluoromethyl)azetidin-2-ones were efficiently prepared from the corresponding 3-oxo-4-trifluoromethyl--lactams and successfully evaluated as novel building blocks in organic synthesis. In particular, Michael additions, electrophilic additions, and cycloadditions were applied to allow easy access to a broad variety of stereodefined mono- and spirocyclic 4-CF3-beta-lactams as useful synthetic intermediates en route to a variety of biologically relevant CF3-functionalized target structures.

This paper reports on the preparation of 4-(trifluoromethyl)azetidin-2-ones and their synthetic potential as eligible new building blocks for the construction of CF3-containing azetidines, diaminopropanes, aminopropanol derivatives, 1,3-oxazinanes, and 1,3-oxazinan-2-ones. This β-lactam building block approach provides a convenient new entry into trifluoromethylated scaffolds as useful synthetic intermediates en route to a variety of CF3-functionalized target structures.

Beta-Lactam ring-containing compounds play a pivotal role in drug design and synthetic chemistry. Spirocyclic beta-lactams, representing an important beta-lactam subclass, have recently attracted considerable interest with respect to new synthetic methodologies and pharmacological applications. The aim of this manuscript is to review the recent progress made in this field, covering publications disseminated between 2011 to 2018 concerning the synthesis and application of spirocyclic beta-lactams. In the first part, new approaches to the synthesis of spirocyclic beta-lactams, including Staudinger synthesis, cyclization and transformation reactions, will be presented. The reactivity and biological properties of spiro-beta-lactams will be described in the second and third part, respectively.

Because of the beneficial effect of a trifluoromethyl group on the biological properties of bioactive compounds on the one hand and the versatile synthetic potential of beta-lactams on the other hand, 4-CF3-beta-lactams comprises interesting entities for the preparation of a large variety of CF3-substituted nitrogen-containing target structures with promising biological characteristics. In this review, we present an overview of different building block approach-based routes toward the synthesis of 4-(trifluoromethyl)azetidin-2-ones and the application of the "beta-lactam synthon method" for the synthesis of a diverse set of (a)cyclic CF3-substituted molecules by means of ring-opening and ring-transformation reactions.

4-Trifluoromethyl-3-oxo-β-lactams were unexpectedly transformed into 2-[(2,2-difluorovinyl)amino]-2-oxoacetates as major products, accompanied by minor amounts of 2-oxo-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]acetates, upon treatment with alkyl halides and triethylamine in DMSO. This peculiar C3-C4 bond fission reactivity was investigated in-depth, from both an experimental and a computational point of view, in order to shed light on the underlying reaction mechanism.

This paper reports on the preparation of 4-(trifluoromethyl)azetidin-2-ones and their synthetic potential as eligible new building blocks for the construction of CF3-containing azetidines, diaminopropanes, aminopropanol derivatives, 1,3-oxazinanes, and 1,3-oxazinan-2-ones. This β-lactam building block approach provides a convenient new entry into trifluoromethylated scaffolds as useful synthetic intermediates en route to a variety of CF3-functionalized target structures.

Comprehensive HT-GC × GC FID/MS enables reliable detection and quantification of RCF lignin monomers, dimers and, trimers.

The inherent complexity of petroleum fractions makes molecular reconstruction an essential element to make use of advanced kinetic models in the petrochemical industry, in particular when sulfur co...