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AbstractVacuum freeze drying (VFD) combined with thermal drying can solve the defects of vacuum freeze-dried chives, such as faint flavor, unpleasant color, and taste. However, the mechanisms for enhancing flavor, reducing lightness, and improving taste through combined drying remain to be explored. In this study, the effects of vacuum freeze drying combined with hot air drying, vacuum freeze drying combined with infrared hot air drying, and vacuum freeze drying combined with catalytic infrared drying (VFD-CIRD) on the flavor and quality characteristics of chive leaves and stems were investigated. The results demonstrated that VFD-CIRD had the richest flavor, attributed to the key aromas hydroxyacetone and 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine. Combined drying eliminated the wax layer on the surface of chive leaves, which reduced lightness. Furthermore, VFD-CIRD could degrade phenolic compounds in chives, thereby reducing the bitterness. VFD-CIRD has the potential to become the basis for the industrial production of high-quality dried chives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that Fe3+ impurities in the electrolyte can significantly promote the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of Co-based and Ni-based electrocatalysts. However, it is not clear if they work for single-metal Fe-based catalysts. Here, we systematically investigate the influence of Fe3+ ions in the electrolyte on the OER activity of core-shell FeO x @C catalytic system. We find that the absorbed Fe3+ can induce the generation of surface oxygen vacancies and regulate the electronic structure of active sites, thus increasing the OER kinetics and decreasing the energy barrier. Combining with in-situ Raman and ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, we disclose that Fe4+ species is the active species for the OER and positively correlate the characteristic content of the high-valence Fe species and OER activity. Fe3+ impurities in the electrolyte can improve the OER activity of Fe-based catalysts, which can be oxidized into Fe4+ as the active species. [Display omitted] • FeO x @C-700 exhibits improved OER activity when dropping Fe3+ into the electrolyte. • Fe3+ impurities have synergistic effects with FeO x @C-700. • In-situ Raman and ex-situ XPS spectra reveal Fe4+ species during the OER. • Fe4+ favors the OER as the reactive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Growing evidence indicates that RNA methylation plays a fundamental role in epigenetic regulation, which is associated with the tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Among them, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), as the top acute leukemia for adults, is a deadly disease threatening human health. Although N7-methylguanosine (m7G) has been identified as an important regulatory modification, its distribution has still remained elusive. Methods: The present study aimed to explore the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) functional profile of m7G in AML and drug-resistant AML cells. The transcriptome-wide m7G methylation of lncRNA was analyzed in AML and drug-resistant AML cells. RNA MeRIP-seq was performed to identify m7G peaks on lncRNA and differences in m7G distribution between AML and drug-resistant AML cells. The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to predict the possible roles and m7G-associated pathway. Results: Using m7G peak sequencing, it was found that a sequence motif was necessary for m7G methylation in drug-resistant AML lncRNA. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed that lncRNA m7G methylation occurred more frequently in drug-resistant AML cells than in AML cells. RNA sequencing demonstrated that more genes were upregulated by methylation in drug-resistant AML cells, while methylation downregulated more genes in AML cells. The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that genes having a significant correlation with m7G sites in lncRNA were involved in drug-resistant AML signaling pathways. Conclusion: Significant differences in the levels and patterns of m7G methylation between drug-resistant AML cells and AML cells were revealed. Furthermore, the cellular functions potentially influenced by m7G in drug-resistant AML cells were predicted, providing evidence implicating m7G-mediated lncRNA epigenetic regulation in the progression of drug resistance in AML. These findings highlight the involvement of m7G in the development of drug resistance in AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Searching for highly active and durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is the key to break through the bottleneck of overall water splitting. Here, we prepare Ni x Fe-BDC (H 2 BDC = terephthalic acid) nanorods with different Ni/Fe ratios by a facile solvothermal method for the OER. The optimal Ni 3 Fe-BDC exhibits a low overpotential (η 10) of 265 mV and a Tafel slope of 90 mV·dec−1 in 1 M KOH. Moreover, it shows a low η 10 of 280 mV and excellent stability in the mixture of 1 M NaCl and 1 M KOH, which has strong corrosion resistance to Cl− anions. The role of Fe3+ not only increases the charge transfer rate of Ni 3 Fe-BDC, but also affects the specific surface area of the catalyst with high electrochemical activity. Kinetic studies show that both Fe and Ni sites act as active centers, which catalyze synergistically to reduce the reaction kinetic energy barrier. Characterization results of the used Ni 3 Fe-BDC reveal that the in situ formed rod-like Ni 3 FeOOH is the active site for the OER. Ni 3 Fe-BDC shows low η 10 of 265 mV and 280 mV for the OER in 1 M KOH and in 1 M NaCl + 1 M KOH, respectively. In situ transformation of nanorod-like Ni 3 Fe-BDC MOF to Ni 3 FeOOH can efficiently remain the advantages of MOF, e.g. porous structure, high specific surface area and uniformly dispersed metal sites. [Display omitted] • Ni 3 Fe-BDC shows low η 10 of 265 mV for the OER in 1 M KOH. • Ni 3 Fe-BDC shows η 10 of only 280 mV for the OER in 1 M NaCl +1 M KOH. • Ni 3 Fe-BDC exhibits a low OER energy barrier of 13.7 kJ/mol. • The in-situ formed rod-like Ni 3 FeOOH serves as efficient active site for the OER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with defect-free FeO x , the ultrafine FeO x in the FeO x (0.03)@HG-110 with abundant surface defects shows lower energy barrier and higher OER activity. [Display omitted] • The FeO x (0.03)@HG-110 exhibits an OER overpotential as low as 342 mV at 10 mA cm−2. • The average particle size of FeOx is ca. 1.6 nm. • FeO x (0.03)@HG-110 possesses a low E a of 35.9 kJ mol−1. • The rate-determining step is *O → *OOH with the energy barriers of 0.79 eV. Development of earth-abundant and robust oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is imperative for cost-effective hydrogen production via water electrolysis. Herein, we report ultrafine iron (oxy)hydroxide nanoparticles with average particle size of 2.6 nm and abundant surface defects homogeneously supported on oleum-treated graphite (FeO x (n)@HG-T), providing abundant active sites for the OER. The optimal FeO x (0.03)@HG-110 exhibits high electrocatalytic OER activity and excellent stability. Electrochemical testing results and theoretical calculations reveal that the outstanding OER activity of FeO x (0.03)@HG-110 is due to its stronger charge transfer ability and lower OER energy barrier than defect-free FeO x nanoparticles. This work demonstrates that the OER performance of oxyhydroxide-based electrocatalysts can be improved by surface defect engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing robust non-noble catalysts towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is vital for large-scale hydrogen production from electrochemical water splitting. Here, we synthesize Sn- and Fe-containing sulfides and oxyhydroxides anchored on nickel foam (SnFeS x O y /NF) using a solvothermal method, in which a heterostructure is generated between the sulfides and oxyhydroxides. The SnFeS x O y /NF exhibits low overpotentials of 85, 167, 249, and 324 mV at 10, 100, 500 and 1000 mA cm−2 for the HER, respectively, and a low overpotential of only 281 mV at 100 mA cm−2 for the OER. When it serves as both anode and cathode to assemble an electrolyzer, the cell voltage is only 1.69 V at 50 mA cm−2. The sulfides should be the efficient active species for the HER, while the oxyhydroxides are highly active for the OER. The unique sulfide/oxyhydroxide heterostructure facilitates charge transfer and lowers reaction barrier, thus promoting electrocatalytic processes. The heterostructure between sulfides and oxyhydroxides in the SnFeS x O y /NF facilitates charge transfer and lowers reaction barrier, thus promoting electrocatalytic HER and OER processes. [Display omitted] • SnFeS x O y /NF shows low HER overpotentials of 85 and 324 mV at 10 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively. • SnFeS x O y /NF shows overpotential of only 281 mV at 100 mA cm−2 for the OER. • SnFeS x O y /NF-based electrolyzer needs 1.69 V to deliver 50 mA cm−2. • Heterostructure between sulfides and oxyhydroxides improves the electrocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the developmental genetics of plant organs requires following gene expression in specific tissues. To facilitate this, we have developed dual expression anatomy lines, which incorporate a red plasma membrane marker alongside a fluorescent reporter for a gene of interest in the same vector. Here, we adapted the GreenGate cloning vectors to create two destination vectors showing strong marking of cell membranes in either the whole root or specifically in the lateral roots. This system can also be used in both embryos and whole seedlings. As proof of concept, we follow both gene expression and anatomy in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) during lateral root organogenesis for a period of over 24 h. Coupled with the development of a flow cell and perfusion system, we follow changes in activity of the DII auxin sensor following application of auxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dried shiitake mushrooms offer rich nutritional value and unique sensory properties, prompting further investigation. The effects of different drying techniques (hot air drying (HAD), infrared hot air drying (IRHAD), pulsed vacuum drying (PVD), vacuum freeze drying (VFD), and natural drying (ND)) combined with enzymatic hydrolysis on the release of flavor compounds and nutrients from shiitake mushrooms were explored. The combination of HAD with cellulase hydrolysis yielded notably high levels of umami amino acids (5.4723 ± 0.1501 mg/g) and 5′-nucleotides (4.0536 ± 0.0062 mg/g), and superior volatile flavors. Combined with cellulase hydrolysis, IRHAD achieved the highest level of total sugars (6.57 ± 0.34 mg/mL), VFD resulted in the greatest soluble protein content (153.21 ± 0.23 μg/mL), PVD yielded the highest total phenolics content (93.20 ± 0.41 μg GAE/mL), and ND produced the maximum reducing sugar content (5.79 ± 0.13 mg/mL). This study addresses crucial gap in the post-drying processing of shiitake mushrooms, offering valuable insights for further product development of shiitake mushrooms. [Display omitted] • The combination of drying techniques and cellulase hydrolysis was first studied. • Hot air-dried mushrooms had the best sensory quality after cellulase hydrolysis. • Pulsed vacuum drying was beneficial to the preservation of total phenolics. • Different combinations of techniques could be applied to diverse industry demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a promising method for lignin depolymerization, photocatalysis faces the challenge of low efficiency. In this study, MoS 2 /ZnO heterojunction catalysts, endowed with piezocatalysis and photocatalytic capabilities, were crafted through Zn ion intercalation for the depolymerization of phenoxyphenylethanol (PP-ol) and alkali lignin. Then, the synergistic interplay between ultrasonic-induced piezoelectric fields and heterojunctions was analyzed. The amalgamation of the piezoelectric field and heterojunction in MoS 2 /ZnO catalysts resulted in a diminished photogenerated hole/electron recombination efficiency, thereby fostering the generation of ·OH during the reaction. This pivotal role of ·OH emerged as a crucial reactive substance, converting 95.8 % of PP-ol through β-O-4 bond breaking within a 3-h treatment. By incorporating ultrasonic, the contact probability of PP-ol with the catalyst was significantly improved, resulting in efficient conversion even with a reduced amount of acetonitrile in the solvent system (20 %). Furthermore, ultrasonic-light methods show high efficiency for depolymerizing Alkali lignin (AL), with 33.2 % of lignin undergoing depolymerization in a 4-h treatment. This treatment simultaneously reduces the molecular weight of AL and cleaves numerous chemical bonds within it. Overall, this work presents a green approach to lignin depolymerization, providing insights into the synergistic action of ultrasonic and photocatalysis. • A bifunctional catalyst with piezoelectric photocatalysis ability was synthesized. • When ultrasound is employed, ·OH is the active substance in the reaction. • Ultrasonic-light methods show high efficiency for depolymerizing lignin. • Ultrasonic-light methods reduce the proportion of acetonitrile in the reaction solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette smoking substantially promotes tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Among 662 colorectal cancer patients, our investigation revealed a significant correlation between cigarette smoking and factors, such as large tumor size, poor differentiation, and high degree of invasion. Among the nicotine-derived nitrosamines, 4-(methylnitrosamino)−1-(3-pyridyl)−1-butanone (NNK) emerged as the most critical carcinogen, which significantly promoted the malignant progression of colorectal cancer both in vivo and in vitro. The results of methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and transcriptome sequencing indicated that NNK upregulated transmembrane and ubiquitin-like domain-containing protein 1 (TMUB1) via N6-adenosine methylation, which was regulated by methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) and YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2 (YTHDF2). Elevated TMUB1 levels were associated with a higher risk of cancer invasion and metastasis, leading to a high mortality risk in patients with colorectal cancer. Additionally, TMUB1 promoted lysine63-linked ubiquitination of AKT by interacting with AMFR, which led to the induction of malignant proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells exposed to NNK. In summary, this study provides a new insight, indicating that targeting TMUB1 expression via METTL14/YTHDF2 mediated N6-adenosine methylation may be a potential therapeutic and prognostic target for patients with colorectal cancer who smoke. [Display omitted] • Cigarette-smoking is related to the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). • Cigarette-derived NNK induces the proliferation and metastasis of CRC cells. • NNK upregulates TMUB1 expression in a METTL14/YTHDF2-mediated m6A manner. • High TMUB1 expression is associated with a poor overall survival of CRC patients. • TMUB1 promotes AKT signaling activation through AMFR-mediated ubiquitination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoclinic phase of BiVO 4 is a promising photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, but its sluggish water oxidation kinetics and frequent bulk charge recombination greatly reduce its efficiency of PEC water splitting. A novel BiVO 4 /NiO/rGO photoanode was very simply prepared by electrodeposition, solution immersion and spin coating methods, in particular, the solution immersion method to loading NiO has never been reported in PEC research. Compared with BiVO 4 , the photocurrent density of the ternary photoanode reaches 1.52 mA / cm2 at 1.23 V vs RHE, which is 2.41 and 1.39 times higher than that of pure BiVO 4 and binary BiVO 4 /NiO photoanode, respectively. The onset potential of the ternary photoanode shows a significant cathodic shift of 130 mV compared with the BiVO 4 photoanode. Moreover, the measured incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) value reaches 50.52% at λ = 420 nm. The improvement is attributed to the type-II heterojunction formation that enhances the separation efficiency of electron/hole and the rGO decoration that accelerates the electron transfer and provides more active sites for gas adsorption. A novel ternary photoanode of BiVO 4 /NiO/rGO was successfully designed and fabricated by simple method. The photoanode not only extends the visible light absorption range and increases photocurrent density but also enhances IPCE and ABPE value, which is attributed to the enhanced charge separation and surface reaction dynamics of p-n heterojunction formed by BiVO 4 /NiO and the acceleration of electron transport by rGO. [Display omitted] • The BiVO 4 /NiO/rGO photoanode was synthesized by simple methods. • PEC properties of ternary photoanode are significantly enhanced compared with BiVO 4. • The enhancing is attributed to the modification of NiO and the addition of rGO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the developmental genetics of plant organs requires following gene expression in specific tissues. To facilitate this, we have developed dual expression anatomy lines, which incorporate a red plasma membrane marker alongside a fluorescent reporter for a gene of interest in the same vector. Here, we adapted the GreenGate cloning vectors to create two destination vectors showing strong marking of cell membranes in either the whole root or specifically in the lateral roots. This system can also be used in both embryos and whole seedlings. As proof of concept, we follow both gene expression and anatomy in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) during lateral root organogenesis for a period of over 24 h. Coupled with the development of a flow cell and perfusion system, we follow changes in activity of the DII auxin sensor following application of auxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ternary hybrid material composed of Ni nanoparticles (NPs), TiO2 NPs, and poly(L-lysine) (Ply) was used as a sensing material. It was electrodeposited in situ onto a commercial 433-MHz surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator to construct a Ni-TiO2-Ply/SAW sensor. The Ni-TiO2-Ply sensing layer fully covered the resonant cavity of the SAW resonator. As the sensing layer completely covers the interdigital transducer and piezoelectric substrate, the sensing area is significantly increased, and the resonator is protected from damage or contamination. To detect the level of dopamine (DA) in serum, the fabrication of the Ni-TiO2-Ply sensing layer, distributions of various components in the sensing layer, and responses of the SAW biosensor to DA were investigated in detail. In addition, an electric field-assisted liquid-phase oxidation technique was developed for loading analytes onto the SAW sensors. After optimizing the pH value and L-lysine content of the sensing layer electrolyte and the pH value of the DA solution, the SAW biosensor responded to DA with a linear concentration range of 1 to 1000 nM, sensitivity of 5.77 MHz nM−1 cm−2, and limit of detection of 0.067 nM. Moreover, the sensor exhibited good selectivity, reproducibility, and stability at ambient temperature. Graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BiVO 4 was firstly prepared by modification's metal organic decomposition method followed by electrodepositing rGO and Cu 2 O on BiVO 4 to construct the rGO decorated BiVO 4 /Cu 2 O n-n heterojunction triadic photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The structure and PEC properties of the photoanode were characterized and measured by various spectral analysis and three electrode system. The highest photocurrent density of the triadic photoanode achieves 2.2 mA/cm2 at 1.8 V (vs. RHE) that is closely 2 folds of single BiVO 4 photoanode. The photoanode has the highest IPCE value of 42.0% at 400 nm. The enhanced PEC properties come from the valid separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pair and enhancement of surface oxidation kinetics due to the formation of n-n heterojunction and rGO act as the role of electronic migration mediator accelerates charge carrier transfer, which has been demonstrated by calculated the decrease of charge transfer resistance at electrode/electrolyte interface and prolonging of charge carriers lifetimes. BiVO 4 /Cu 2 O/rGO (0.02C) photoanode achieves the higher photocurrent density of 2.2 mA/cm2 at 1.8 V vs. RHE. The enhancement is attributed to the efficient separation of the photoexcited electron-hole pairs and superior electrical conductivity of rGO. Image 1060707 • BiVO 4 /rGO/Cu 2 O photoanode was fabricated by facile electrochemical deposition. • The BiVO 4 /rGO/Cu 2 O photoanode is few reported in literature. • The photoanode achieves the photocurrent density of 2.2 mA/cm2 at 1.8 V vs RHE. • The enhancing mechanism is attributed to the heterojunction and decoration of rGO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Local relapses and metastases are primary causes of death in lung cancer patients. In the present study, we aimed to develop a prognostic signature based on metastasis‐associated lncRNAs in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods: Firstly, the potential metastasis‐associated lncRNAs were identified by analyzing high‐throughput data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and based on which, an lncRNA signature was constructed for prediction of relapse in LUAD patients using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Moreover, the prognostic performance of the lncRNA signature was evaluated using Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis, time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Cox analysis, respectively. In addition, the potential metastasis‐associated function of these six lncRNAs was confirmed by lncRNA over‐expression or depletion and in vitro transwell assays in LUAD cells. Results: An lncRNA signature consisting of six most important prognostic factors (LINC01819, ZNF649‐AS1, HNF4A‐AS1, FAM222A‐AS1, LINC02323 and LINC00672) was developed. The signature was an independent predictor for patients' relapse‐free survival (RFS), which could provide higher tumor relapse prediction capability compared with the TNM staging system at three years and five years, respectively (P = 0.0209 and P = 0.0468). Furthermore, the combination of this lncRNA signature and TNM stage had better prognostic value than TNM stage alone at three and five years, respectively (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.0096). Additionally, all the lncRNAs of the signature had a regulatory role in the LUAD cell mobility. Conclusions: This novel six‐lncRNA signature had considerable prognostic value for prediction of relapse in LUAD patients. Key points: Significant findings of the study: The unique metastasis‐associated lncRNA signature was related to tumor metastasis and prognosis in LUAD patients. What this study adds: This signature had considerable prognostic value for prediction of relapse in LUAD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-dimensional α-MoO3 nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and BiVO4 nanoparticles were grown directly onto the α-MoO3 nanorods using a simple metal organic decomposition process in order to construct an α-MoO3/BiVO4 composite with a heterojunction, for the fabrication of a rapid response triethylamine (TEA) sensor. The morphology and structure of the composite were characterized via various spectral techniques and the sensing properties of the sensor for TEA were investigated via resistance measurements. The results showed that the response of the 16Mo/Bi composite to 20 ppm TEA was 1.86 times and 15 times higher than those of α-MoO3 and BiVO4, respectively, at an optimum operating temperature of 125 °C. The enhancement can be ascribed to the existence of a heterojunction between α-MoO3 and BiVO4, creating an additional barrier at the interface of the heterojunction, and this increases the resistance of the composite in air and decreases the resistance in TEA, thus enhancing the response of the composite to TEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Fe-N x coordination structure in single-site iron nanozymes is highly similar to that in natural bio-enzymes, they exhibit superior therapeutic effects and have wide biomedical applications, including disease treatment, antibacterial wound disinfection, biosensing and oxidative stress cytoprotecting. [Display omitted] • The biomedical applications of Fe-based single-site materials are summarized. • Synthesis and characterization of Fe-based single-site materials are introduced. • The biomedical effect mechanisms of Fe-based single-site materials are discussed. • Current challenges are discussed and future trends are envisioned in biomedical field. With the vigorous development of nanozymes in recent years, single-site nanozymes (SSNs) with maximum atomic utilization of 100% have become a popular research frontier in various fields due to their tremendous advantages in both catalytic activity and selectivity. As for biomedicine, Fe-based SSNs not only have a high abundance of earth resources, but also share the normal Fe-N x coordination structure, which is extremely similar to that of natural bioenzymes. Moreover, Fe ions play a crucial role in the Fenton response, exhibiting superior therapeutic effects. These unique advantages allow Fe-based SSNs to greatly shine in the biomedicine. In this review, we first describe the characterization and synthesis methods of atomic level sites. Then the biochemical action mechanism and in vivo pharmacokinetics of Fe-based SSNs is outlined. Following, we emphatically summarize the latest biomedical research and applications according to different application directions (including disease treatment, antibacterial wound disinfection, biosensing and oxidative stress cytoprotecting). Finally, a concise but directly summary and perspective is provided to outline the challenges for the future development of Fe-based SSNs for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, the experimental vertical-flow constructed wetland (CW) systems planted with the salt-tolerant mangrove species Kandelia candel were established to investigate the influence of salinity fluctuations on the denitrification performance and denitrifying microbial community structure of the CWs. The high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that 10–13 genera aerobic microbes had been enriched in the upper layer of wetland matrix in the depth of 10–25 cm, with the relative abundance accounting for 19.1 ± 7.9%. Although the ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were inhibited significantly in the CW systems with salinity levels in the range of 0.9–1.8%, the aerobic denitrifying (AD) bacteria including Pseudomonas , Acinetobacter and Aeromonas , removed 99% of ammonia nitrogen from the influent by heterotrophic nitrification (HN) functions, and conducted denitrification at the same time to remove 90% of the TN in the system, indicating that the wetland test system successfully enriched a variety of aerobic denitrifying bacterial communities under different salinity conditions. Not only the nitrogen removal efficiency but also the adaptability of the wetland system to salinity fluctuations had been improved by the enriched HN-AD bacteria. In addition, HN-AD bacterial communities can conduct both nitrification and denitrification in the middle and upper layers of the vertical flow wetland, hereby saving the reaction space of the constructed wetland and reducing the construction cost. Highlights • AD bacterial communities were enriched in the 10–25 cm layers of K. candel CW. • HN-AD bacteria performed nitrification when high salinity inhibited AOB. • AD bacteria enabled denitrification to occur in the upper layer of the CW. • Enriched Zobellella resulted in 90% TN removal rate at 0.9–1.8% salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both tracheary elements and fiber cells undergo programmed cell death (PCD) during xylem development. In this study we investigated the role of papain-like cysteine protease CEP1 in PCD in the xylem of Arabidopsis. CEP1 was located in the cell wall of xylem cells, and CEP1 expression levels in inflorescence stems increased during stem maturation. cep1 mutant plants exhibited delayed stem growth and reduced xylem cell number compared to wild-type plants. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that organelle degradation was delayed during PCD, and thicker secondary walls were present in fiber cells and tracheary elements of the cep1 mutant. Transcriptional analyses of the maturation stage of the inflorescence stem revealed that genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, as well as wood-associated transcriptional factors, were up-regulated in the cep1 mutant. These results suggest that CEP1 is directly involved in the clearing of cellular content during PCD and regulates secondary wall thickening during xylem development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In legumes, a common phenomenon known as nyctinastic movement is observed. This movement involves the horizontal expansion of leaves during the day and relative vertical closure at night. Nyctinastic movement is driven by the pulvinus, which consists of flexor and extensor motor cells. The turgor pressure difference between these two cell types generates a driving force for the bending and deformation of the pulvinus. This review focuses on the developmental mechanisms of the pulvinus, the factors affecting nyctinastic movement, and the biological significance of this phenomenon in legumes, thus providing a reference for further research on nyctinastic movement. Summary statement: Nyctinastic movement is characterised by the horizontal expansion of leaves during the day and the vertical closure at night. In this paper, we provided an overview of the research progress and summarised the biological significance of this phenomenon for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, and its expression tends to increase in response to inflammatory stimulation, rapidly. However, the role of TSPO in inflammation and pyroptosis is not yet clear. Here, we identified TSPO as a novel key regulator of pyroptosis. (2) Methods: TSPO knockout and DSS induced mouse inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) models were employed to assess the roles of TSPO in the pathogenesis of IBD. Primary peritoneal macrophages from TSPO knockout mice were applied to evaluate the mechanism of TSPO in cell pyroptosis. Conclusions: in response to inflammatory injury, TSPO expression is rapidly upregulated and provides a protective function against GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis, which helps us better understand the biological role of TSPO and a novel regulatory mechanism of the pyroptosis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The slow oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics influences hydrogen production efficiency from water splitting. To break through the bottleneck of water splitting, it is urgent to develop efficient and economic electrocatalysts. Although NiFe-based catalysts exhibit outstanding OER activity, the complicated preparation process limits their large-scale synthesis and applications. Here, partially crystallized nickel-iron oxyhydroxides are synthesized by a facile sol-gel method. When the Fe/Ni mole ratio is 0.5:1, the NiFe 0.5 (OH) x catalyst shows superior OER performance with a low OER overpotential of 265 mV and good durability. Kinetic studies show that the energy barrier of NiFe 0.5 (OH) x is only 31.5 kJ mol−1, much smaller than those of Ni(OH) x (41.0 kJ mol−1) and Fe(OH) x (44.8 kJ mol−1). The synergistic action between Ni and Fe sites not only facilitates mass and charge transfer, but also promotes the formation of ∗OOH intermediate for the OER. The OER energy barrier on NiFe 0.5 (OH) x is only 31.5 kJ mol−1, much lower than those on Ni(OH) x (41.0 kJ mol−1) and Fe(OH) x (44.8 kJ mol−1). [Display omitted] • Partially crystallized nickel-iron oxyhydroxides are synthesized by a facile sol-gel method. • The overpotential of NiFe 0.5 (OH) x is only 265 mV at 10 mA cm−2. • NiFe 0.5 (OH) x exhibits a low OER energy barrier of 31.5 kJ mol−1. • Synergy between Ni and Fe sites promotes charge transfer for the OER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pneumonectomy is a drastic but sometimes inevitable treatment option for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to improve their chances for long-term survival. However, the optimal adjuvant radiotherapy used for patients with N2 NSCLC following pneumonectomy remains unclear in the literature. Methods: T1-4N0-2M0 NSCLC patients registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were retrospectively analyzed. Propensity score matching was applied to balance the assignment of patients. Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to identify the factors related to overall survival rates. Restricted cubic splines were used to detect the possible nonlinear dependency of the relationship between the risk of survival and age. Results: A total of 4308 NSCLC patients were enrolled in this study. In N2 patients, the long-term outcome of the chemotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy groups was the worst (p = 0.014). Subgroup analyses showed that the influence of age on survival outcome was confined to patients who received chemotherapy and neoadjuvant radiotherapy (p = 0.004). Meanwhile, patients >65 years of age who received chemotherapy and neoadjuvant radiotherapy had significantly worse prognoses than those in the chemotherapy group (p = 0.005). Conclusions: Our results show that neoadjuvant radiotherapy may have potential benefits in patients aged ≤ 65 years who are scheduled for pneumonectomy, but not in elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Densities in liquid solutions of water diethanolamine(DEA) andwater N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) have been measuredat temperatures from (298.15 to 423.15) K. The mass fraction of amineranged from 0.3 to 1.0. Excess molar volumes of the binary systemwere derived and correlated by a fourth order Redlich–Kisterequation and a second polynomial function with respect to the temperature.Densities in liquid solutions of water DEA CO2andwater MDEA CO2have been measured at temperatures from(298.15 to 423.15) K. The mass fraction of amine in water was 0.3and 0.4. The CO2loading ranged from 0.1 to 0.5. Molarvolumes of the ternary system were correlated by the equation fromWeiland et al. at each temperature. The parameters were in turn fittedby a polynomial function of the temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Densities in liquid solutions of monoethanolamine (MEA)and waterhave been measured at temperatures from (298.15 to 423.15) K. Themass fraction of MEA ranged from 0.3 to 1.0. Excess volumes were correlatedby a Redlich–Kister equation. The model uses a third-orderRedlich–Kister equation and a linear relationship with thetemperature. Densities of CO2loaded aqueous MEA solutionswere measured at temperatures from (298.15 to 413.15) K. The massfraction of MEA was 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6. Molar volumes of CO2loaded aqueous MEA solutions were correlated by the equationsfrom the literature. Polynomial equations are in turn used to correlatethe parameters with the temperature. Surface tensions of aqueous MEAsolutions were measured at temperatures from (303.15 to 333.15) K.The mass fraction of MEA ranged from 0 to 1.0. The experimental surfacetension data were correlated with temperature and mole fraction, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel NO 2 sensor based on rGO (0.5 wt%)-NiO/32ZnO composite was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method and hydrazine hydrate reduction method. Compared with the ZnO, the rGO (0.5 wt%)-NiO/32ZnO composite has a significant improvement in the sensing performance of NO 2 , indicating the new rGO (0.5 wt%)-NiO/32ZnO composite with p-n heterojunction is a promising sensing material for the detection of NO 2 gases. [Display omitted] • One-step hydrothermal method synthesized a novel gas sensing of NiO/ZnO composite. • The triadic composite exhibits high sensitivity, higher response and shorter response time to NO2. • The improvement is due to the formation of junction and the modification of rGO. The rGO-NiO/ZnO composites were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal and hydrazine hydrate reduction methods and were used to detect NO 2. The structure and morphology of the composites were characterized using spectrum techniques. The sensing tests showed that the triadic composite of rGO (0.5 wt%)-NiO/32ZnO exhibits a liner response toward NO 2 in the concentration range of 0.5–3 ppm and the highest response reaches 75.3 to 2 ppm NO 2 at 140 °C, which is 4.55 times and 1.38 times higher than that of pure ZnO and binary composite of NiO/32ZnO, respectively. The composite also exhibits a fast response of 39 s and a low detection limit of 46 ppb. The improvement mechanism is ascribed to the formation of p-n heterojunction that benefits from the formation of an additional depletion layer at the junction interface and the decoration of rGO increases surface active sites and accelerates electron transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging clean energy, wind energy has become an important part of energy development all over the world. One of the major ways to use wind energy is wind power. Accurate wind power forecasting is significant to the wind energy development and utilization, and the power systems safe and stable operation. Due to the fluctuation and randomness of wind energy, improving the accuracy of ultra-short-term wind energy prediction has become the key to wind energy development and utilization, and it is also the focus of wind energy development research in various countries. Therefore, this paper proposes a new combination model based on complementary empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD), T-S fuzzy neural network (FNN) optimized by improved genetic algorithm (IGA) and Markov error correction to improve the accuracy of ultra-short-term wind power prediction. First, the CEEMD is used to decompose the wind data into several components; then, the trained IGA-FNN model is used to individually predict each modal component to improve accuracy and stability; finally, the prediction results of all modal components are superimposed and the Markov process is used for error correction to obtain the final prediction result. The empirical results show that the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the proposed model is 15.59%, 17.95% and 6.94%, respectively. The empirical result proves that compared with the BPNN, Elman NN, and FNN, the prediction results MAE of the proposed method is reduced by 68 0.6%, 61.7%, 59.2%, the RMSE is reduced by 70.7%, 65.0%, 63.9%, the MAPE is reduced by 75.5%, 67.6%, 60.4%. The prediction accuracy of the proposed method is significantly higher, and it is available for wind power development and utilization. • A novel wind speed prediction method is proposed, which is beneficial to development of wind energy. • The CEEMD decomposition method is used for decomposition which integrate the advantages of EMD and EEMD algorithms. • The GA method is improved to optimize the FNN, and the combination prediction model is used for wind prediction. • Introducing the Markov chain to correct the prediction error of wind speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A miniaturized biosensor was developed for in situ noninvasive detection of glucose in sweat. The biosensor was composed of a pair of interdigital Pt-poly(L-lactic acid) (Pt-PLA) microelectrode arrays operating as the working and auxiliary electrode. The size of the sensor was 3.56 × 0.72 mm, while the width of the interdigital microelectrodes was 2.4 μm. The microelectrodes with densely packed coral-like Pt-PLA nanoparticles were fabricated using a multi-potential step deposition process. We investigated the influence of the Pt-PLA electrodeposition time on the morphology and electrochemical performance of the microelectrode. The optimized biosensor exhibited high electrocatalytic activity because of the synergistic effects between the Pt nanoparticles and PLA polymer matrix, including the electrooxidation of Pt on glucose, the adsorption of glucose by the PLA polymer, and the acceleration of the glucose dehydrogenation step. For glucose detection in sweat and tears, the linear concentration ranges were observed to be 0.001–33.76 μM and 33.76–1000 μM, with a low detection limit of 0.19 nM. The miniaturized biosensor exhibited high sensitivity and signal stability, and could be suitable for use in the long-term monitoring of sweat glucose levels in patients, athletes, and other subjects in various difficult environments. Image 1 • Interdigital microelectrode array-based microsensor for in-situ glucose detection. • Pt-poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) microelectrodes were used. • High sensitivity to glucose in sweat and tears, with 0.19 nM detection limit, is shown. • Sensor could be attached to skin for in-situ glucose detection in sweat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The combined weight model clarifies that economics affect MSW separation vitally. • The prediction model solves the problem of missing urban sanitation data sets. • An artificial neural network were established to evaluate MSW separation ability. • An MSW separation evaluation system has been designed for model application. With the increase in municipal solid waste (MSW), most cities face solid waste management issues. In this study, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were improved to assess the MSW separation capability based on 18 selected indicators of solid waste separation in 15 cities in China. The entropy weight method (EWM) was used in AHP to optimize and determine the indicators and then evaluate their weights, which showed that the general public budget expenditure had the highest weight (0.5239). This implied that the MSW separation capability could be mainly influenced by government financial support. ANN based on scan optimization and machine learning methods were established (R2 = 0.9992) to predict the missing indicators. The mapping relationship between MSW separation indicators and capabilities was also significantly improved from R2 = 0.5317 to R2 = 0.9993, thereby increasing the prediction accuracy of MSW separation capabilities to 95.15%. Thus, this research provides a new avenue for MSW separation and establishes a combined model to predict the separation capability in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma‐induced CO2 hydrogenation process has received much attention, while the related plasma chemistry has not been profoundly explored. Herein, electron‐induced and thermochemical effects on CO2 hydrogenation in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor were investigated. The temperatures for the discharge pattern transition for CO2/H2, CO2/H2/N2, CO2/H2/Ar, and CO2/H2/He mixtures were 623, 623, 600, and 600 K, respectively. CO2 conversion was controlled by electron‐induced reactions and was sensitive to discharge pattern and electron density but not electron energy. In contrast, product formation was governed by the thermo‐induced chemistry. These results are useful for a better understanding of plasma‐induced CO2 hydrogenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the key anode reaction of electrolytic water. To improve the slow OER kinetics, we synthesize nanoflower‐like Co−Fe‐Cr−Mo‐Mn high‐entropy spinel (HES) nanosheets on nickel foam (NF) by one‐step solvothermal method, which exhibit an overpotential (η10) of only 188 mV at 10 mA cm−2, much lower than bimetallic CoFeOx/NF (233 mV), trimetallic CoFeCrOx/NF (211 mV), and tetrametallic CoFeCrMoOx/NF (200 mV). The OER overpotential decreases with the increase of the number of metals, indicating that the formation of HES has a positive effect on the improvement of electrocatalytic performance, since the synergistic effect between different metals enhances the charge transfer rate and decreases reaction barrier. In‐situ Raman spectra demonstrate that the formation of γ‐NiOOH on the HES surface is a crucial active species for the OER. This work demonstrates a simple and efficient synthesis method to prepare nanoflower‐like high‐entropy electrocatalysts for efficient OER electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Effect of Ag-O-Al entity on C 11 H 24 activation was analyzed by C 11 H 24 -TPD and C 11 H 24 -P-TPD. • Different types of byproducts with different number of carbons were systematic studied by GC-MS. • The value of υ as CH 3 / υ as CH 2 in processes of adsorption and reaction were analyzed by in situ DRIFTS. • Plasma-catalytic C 11 H 24 degradation mechanism of chain scission and oxidation was put forward. To provide insight into the mechanism of plasma-catalytic long-chain alkane oxidation from the aspect of chain scission, n-undecane (C 11 H 24) decomposition over γ-Al 2 O 3 and Ag/γ-Al 2 O 3 were investigated in a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The highest n-undecane conversion (89.7 %) and CO 2 selectivity (S CO 2 , 40.0 %) were achieved in Plasma + Ag/γ-Al 2 O 3 system. It was found that the simultaneous activation of O 3 and C 11 H 24 played a very important role in chain scission, which could be promoted by the formation of Ag-O-Al entity introduced by the strong interaction between Ag and γ-Al 2 O 3. Different chain scission behaviors and reaction pathways were proposed by a combined analysis of GC-MS and in-situ DRIFTS. In Plasma + Ag/γ-Al 2 O 3 system, the reaction of chain scission and oxidation preferred to take place in the middle of the chain, producing the ketone and aldehyde species with low carbon number, which were easy to be converted to CO 2 and H 2 O. Instead, without the highly efficient activation of O 3 and C 11 H 24 , the oxidation of the C 11 H 24 over the surface of γ-Al 2 O 3 was more likely to take place on the edge of the chain, leading to the accumulation of long-chain aldehyde, which lower values of C 11 H 24 conversion and S CO 2 (45.6 % and 21.7 %, respectively) in Plasma + γ-Al 2 O 3 system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-atom manganese catalysts possess high stability in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) due to their lower Fenton reaction activity. Here, we employ N- and S-co-coordination strategy to modulate the microstructural Mn sites towards high-efficiency ORR. The fabricated Mn-N/S-C catalyst with isolated Mn-N 2 S 2 sites demonstrates a positive half-wave potential of 0.91 V for the ORR. The fabricated zinc–air battery with Mn-N/S-C as the cathode affords a maximal power density of 193 mW cm−2 and superior output stability. Moreover, the maximal power density is increased by 1.53 times compared with S-free Mn-N-C catalyst in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Both experimental characterizations and theoretical simulations unveil that the main active sites in the Mn-N/S-C should be Mn-N 2 S 2 moiety embedded into the graphene framework (Mn-N 2 S 2 G). Further computational results demonstrate that the S atom doping and asymmetry of structure lead to higher ORR activities of ortho-Mn-N 2 S 2 G than Mn-N 4 G, Mn-N 3 SG, para-Mn-N 2 S 2 G and Mn-NS 3 G. [Display omitted] • N- and S-co-coordination to isolated Mn sites improves the catalytic activity. • The Mn-N/S-C exhibits a positive half-wave potential of 0.91 V for the ORR. • The Mn-N/S-C-based zinc–air battery affords a peak power density of 193 mW cm−2. • The Mn-N/S-C-based AEMFC affords a peak power density of 247 mW cm−2. • Ortho-Mn-N 2 S 2 G shows higher activity than Mn-N 4 G, para-Mn-N 2 S 2 G and Mn-NS 3 G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high activity and strong resistance to seawater corrosion oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts for seawater electrolysis has broad application prospects. Herein, we prepare Co-doped FeNiOOH rosette-like nanoflowers on nickel foam (NF) with different Co dosages by one-step solvothermal method. The Co0.2-FeNiOOH/NF exhibits a low overpotential (η10) of 185 mV and Tafel slope of 30 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH. Moreover, it shows a low η10 of 244 mV in alkaline seawater electrolyte. The remarkable OER performance of Co0.2-FeNiOOH/NF is ascribed to the fact that the introduction of Co regulates the morphology and electron structure of the material, which provides abundant active sites for the reaction and promotes charge transfer. In situ Raman results demonstrate that NiOOH and γ-FeOOH are the key active species for the OER. This study provides a feasible basis for seawater electrolysis over transition metal (oxy)hydroxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We have previously developed a unique metastasis‐associated signature consisting of six long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), including a novel lncRNA, namely LINC02323. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the underlying roles of LINC02323 in the migration, invasion and TGF‐β‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells. Methods: The distribution of LINC02323 was detected by the nuclear‐plasma separation experiment. Cell proliferation was assessd by MTT assay, and cell migration and invation were detected by transwell assays. EMT was detected by RT‐qPCR and western blotting. Interaction between miRNA and LINC02323 was predicted by starBase v2.0 and confirmed by the double luciferase reporting system. Results: LINC02323 was distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The overexpression or deletion of LINC02323 did not affect the proliferation of LUAD cells, while significantly affected the migration and invasion of LUAD cells. TGF‐β‐induced EMT process was significantly affected by both RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression of LINC02323. The predicted results showed that there were binding sites between LINC02323 and miR‐1343‐3p. The expression of LINC02323 was found to be negatively correlated with miR‐1343‐3p in LUAD by analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The double luciferase reporting system, RT‐qPCR and western blotting experiments confirmed that LINC02323 could bind to miR‐1343‐3p, which bound to TGF‐β receptor 1 (TGFBR1). Inhibition of miR‐1343‐3p reversed LINC02323 silencing‐mediated suppression of migration, invasion and EMT. Conclusions: LINC02323 acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), which sponged miR‐1343‐3p to upregulate the TGFBR1 expression and promote the EMT and metastasis in LUAD. Key points: Significant findings of the study: LINC02323 promotes epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and metastasis via sponging miR‐1343‐3p in lung adenocarcinoma. What this study adds: LINC02323 is a key molecule in the process of invasion and metastasis of LUAD and might be used as a potential target in metastatic cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BiVO 4 is an ideal photoanode material for solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting but it easily suffers from the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes due to its low carrier mobility thus cause low efficiency of PEC water splitting. Herein, the BiVO 4 /CdS/NiCo-LDH photoanode was prepared by combining methods of metal organic decomposition, chemical and electrodeposition. The photoanode photocurrent density reaches 2.72 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE), which is 3.6 folds of pure BiVO 4 photoanode and onset potential shifts 450 mV toward cathodic. The incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) value is 2.86 folds of BiVO 4 , the calculated photon–to–current efficiency (ABPE) is 1.24% at 0.62 V (vs. RHE). The obtained results are higher than that of most BiVO 4 based photoanodes published so far. The enhancement benefits from increase of visible light absorption capacity, enhancement of separation efficiency of photoexcited electron-hole and fast transfer of holes accumulated on electrode/electrolyte surface for water oxidation, which has been confirmed by calculating carrier density and carrier transport rate. This work successfully prepared BiVO 4 /CdS/NiCo-LDH photoanode, and improved the PEC water splitting efficiency, which benefits from the formation of heterojunction and the decoration of cocatalyst. Image 1 • NiCo-LDH decorated BiVO 4 /CdS heterojunction photoanode was fabricated successfully. • PEC properties of triadic photoanode were significantly enhanced compared with BiVO 4. • The enhancement benefits from the combination of heterojunction and co-catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy materials (HEMs) have potential application value in electrocatalytic water splitting because of their unique alloy design concept and significant mixed entropy effect. Here, we synthesize a high-entropy Ni–Fe–Cr–Mn–Co (oxy)hydroxide on nickel foam (NF) by a solvothermal method. The flower-like structure of FeNiCrMnCoOOH/NF can provide abundant active sites, thus improving the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. In 1 M KOH, the FeNiCrMnCoOOH/NF shows an ultra-low overpotential (η10) of 201 mV for the OER, superior to FeNiCrMnAlOOH/NF, FeNiCrMnCuOOH/NF, FeNiCrMnMoOOH/NF, and FeNiCrMnCeOOH/NF. In addition, it exhibits a low η10 of 223 mV in 0.5 M NaCl + 1 M KOH and excellent stability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements indicate that the synergistic effect between multiple metals accelerates charge transfer, while in situ Raman measurements reveal that NiOOH is a key active species for the OER. This work is of great significance for the construction of high-entropy (oxy)hydroxides for seawater electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphthalene decomposition in O2/N2 gas mixture with different O2 concentrations has been studied in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor at atmospheric pressure. O2 played an important role in the decomposition of naphthalene, especially in the selectivities of CO and CO2. There was an optimal naphthalene decomposition rate at an O2 concentration of about 3%. The COx selectivity increased up to 83.3% gradually with the O2 concentration increasing from 1% to 20%. Nanoparticles were found in the gas samples, concentrations of which can be reduced greatly through raising the O2 concentration. The decomposition byproducts of naphthalene were obviously different under different O2 concentrations. Some nitrogenous compounds reduced but some oxygenous compounds increased with increasing O2 concentration. The mechanism of naphthalene decomposition was proposed as that naphthalene was first initiated by dehydrogenation and oxidation, and then followed by deep oxidation to CO and CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigated the decomposition of n-hexane in 15% O 2 (N 2 balance) in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactors filled with three different kinds of dielectric balls, viz. quartz, less porous, and porous alumina balls. Products of n-hexane decomposition were analyzed by using a gas chromatograph (GC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The main products of n-hexane decomposition are CO, CO 2 , and liquid particles. The DBD reactor filled with porous alumina balls can completely adsorb the liquid particles and reduce particle emission. GC–MS and FTIR analysis results show that the liquid particles mainly compose 3-hexanone and 2-hexanone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of V-xCe/Ti catalysts was prepared by a step impregnation method with gradual increased Ce amount. Compared to the commercial V–W/Ti catalysts, the V-xCe/Ti catalysts exhibited considerably higher CO x selectivity during the oxidation of naphthalene (Nap), and less intermediates or by-products were detected both in gas phase and on the surface of the catalysts. Through a series of characterizations, it was found that abundance of weak basic sites in the form of OH was introduced by Ce, as well as the oxygen vacancies caused by the redox cycle of V4++Ce4+↔V5++Ce3+. The weak basic sites introduced by Ce could greatly enhance the Nap adsorption, and the Nap adsorbed was quickly converted to naphthol on Ce–OH. Furthermore, V existed at a high valence with the interaction of V and Ce, and the oxygen vacancies also increased the O ads and O OH. It improved the redox ability and the regeneration of Ce–OH on V-xCe/Ti catalysts. The intermediates could be further oxidized, and the Ce–OH consumed in the reaction could recover quickly. Therefore, almost 100% Nap conversion and a high CO x selectivity was observed in the V-xCe/Ti catalysts system. [Display omitted] • Ce introduced a lot of weak basic sites in the form of Ce–OH. • More naphthalene could adsorb and convert to naphthol on the weak basic sites. • V was kept at high valence and oxygen vacancies were produce through the interaction of Ce and V. • The intermediates during the naphthalene oxidation were further oxidized to enhance the CO x selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone (O 3 ) generation in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor driven by a pulsed power supply was investigated at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. An O 3 generation efficiency model is established in which discharge power, O 2 concentration, gas flow rate, and volume of the discharge space are included. Constants in the O 3 generation efficiency model were obtained by fitting the model with experiment results. O 3 concentration can be simply calculated from the energy density and initial O 2 concentration. Comparison on O 3 concentrations from calculation with references is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) technology has been widely considered as a key strategy in preventing eutrophication and recognized as the advancing front of research in wastewater treatment. The key to keep its high efficiency in biological phosphorus removal is to optimize the operation and management of the system. Previous research in this field has undoubtedly improved understanding of the factors hindered overall efficiency of EBPR. However, it is obvious that much remains to be learnt. This paper attempts to review the fundamental understanding in factors inhibiting the stability and reliability of the EBPR systems in the state-of-the-art research. In view of modeling the EBPR systems, an appropriate extension of the current mechanistic models with these inhibitory factors is recommended in order to better simulate and predict the behavior of full-scale and lab-scale EBPR plants. From the perspectives of the further mechanistic and multi-factors study, the direction of denitrifying dephosphatation and granules/biofilms are also discussed. This comprehensive overview will not only help us to understand the overall mechanism of the EBPR process, but also benefit the researchers and engineers to consider all the possible factors affecting the process in the urban sewage treatment plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The production period of virus-free seed garlic was shortened by the artificial control of light supplementation and substrate cultivation. • Resultant commercial garlic had improved virus-free effects and quality. • Breeding efficiency nearly five times better than conventionally farmed garlic. • Light supplement with dark break greatly increased bulb formation. The garlic (Allium sativum L.) industry is faced with severe problems such as virus accumulation and low reproduction coefficients due to long-term asexual propagation. In vitro propagation may be an effective method to solve such problems. In the present study, a complete virus-free and rapid propagation technology system from explants to bulblets have been established based on a tissue culture method using the inflorescence of the introduced and domesticated Xinjiang purple peel garlic "Jiangjin No.1″ as explants. The inflorescences were divided into three groups based on the length ratio of the flower stem to the pseudostem to optimize the harvest time of explants. The result indicated that the inflorescences harvested during the stage when the ratio of flower stem length to pseudostem length was 08–0.9 had the best induction efficiency of bulblets. The obtained virus-free seed garlic and commercial garlic were tested for physio-biochemical and viral indices. Subsequently, the effects of different photoperiod treatments and culture media on the growth of plants originating from the bulblets were assessed. Our results indicated that the virus-free seed garlic and commercial garlic exhibited good virus-free effects and their quality was improved to a large extent. Concomitantly, the breeding efficiency was nearly five times higher than that of traditional breeding methods, resulting in greatly reduced production cost. The formation of underground bulbs was significantly affected by photoperiod treatment, while substrates had a slight influence. The underground bulb formation rate could reach 96% when the bulblets were cultivated on an inorganic substrate under the light source to break the darkness at night. The whole process from bulblets to virus-free seed garlic was completed in a relatively short period (four months) by providing the required nutrients regularly and replenishing artificial light. Compared with conventional field planting, the production period of virus-free seed garlic was shortened by approximately a year. Overall, our study can give important insights into the process optimization of virus-free seed garlic preparation, and make the reproduction, popularization and industrialization of seed garlic free of virus a reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Structure and bioactivities of main sweet taste ingredients of stevia are described. • Stevia provides beneficial effects against various diseases and its application in food. • A number of novel techniques are currently utilized to extract steviol glycosides. • Recovery of steviol glycosides from Stevia is discussed. For health and safety reasons, the search for green, healthy, and low-calorie sweeteners with good taste has become the demand of many consumers. Furthermore, the need for sugar substitutes of natural origin has increased dramatically. In this review, we briefly discussed the safety and health benefits of stevia sweeteners and enumerated some examples of physiological functions of steviol glycosides (SGs), such as anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antihypertensive, anti-diabetes, and anticaries, citing various evidence related to their application in the food industry. The latest advances in emerging technologies for extracting and purifying SGs and the process variables and operational strategies were discussed. The impact of the extraction methods and their comparison against the conventional techniques have also been demonstrated. These technologies use minimal energy solvents and simplify subsequent purification stages, making viable alternatives suitable for a possible industrial application. Furthermore, we also elucidated the potential for advancing and applying the natural sweeteners SGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article summarizes the published scientific data on sources, levels and human exposure of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in China. Potential sources of unintended HCB emission were assessed by production information, emission factors and environmental policies. HCB was observed in various environmental compartments in China. HCB levels increased from South China to North China in most of environmental compartments (air, soil and mussel). Some hotspots were identified near the factories producing and using HCB. In terms of spatial distribution, HCB concentrations in air and shellfish showed much variation, which indicated some primary emission sources in China. HCB levels in air and human milk in China were relatively higher than those in other countries, but HCB levels in other compartments were similar to those in Europe and other countries in Eastern Asia. In the limited studies on temporal trends of HCB levels in China, HCB concentrations in air, sediment, fish and human milk did not show a consistent downward trend. Although HCB levels in food and human milk does not pose a health risk in China at present, long-term exposure to HCB should not be overlooked. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The hybrid of pine dendritic BiVO 4 /reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been synthesized firstly by one step hydrothermal method. The hybrid of BiVO 4 /13.0 wt% rGO not only enhances the response of BiVO 4 and accelerates the response rate, but also shows good selectivity and stability to 10 ppm TEA at operating temperature of 180 °C. The enhancement can be attributed to the formation of heterojunction and the incorporating of rGO. • BiVO 4 /rGO hybrid has been synthesized firstly by facile one step hydrothermal method. • The hybrid to TEA exhibits higher response and shorter response time than BiVO 4. • The improvement benefits from high surface area and rapid electron transfer of rGO. • The improvement also benefits from the formation of BiVO 4 /rGO p-n heterojunction. The volatile gas of Triethylamine (TEA) can cause environment pollution and lead to the serious hurt of the human respiratory system. Therefore, it is necessary to detect low concentrations of TEA in our daily lives rapidly. The hybrid of pine dendritic BiVO 4 /reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been synthesized firstly by one step hydrothermal process. The gas sensing tests show that the 13.0 wt% rGO hybrid not only exhibits high response of 5.9 and rapid response of 11.4 s, but also exclusive selectivity and long-term stability to 10 ppm of TEA at the operating temperature of 180 °C. The formation of heterojunction and the incoporation of rGO are responsible for the improving sensing properties of the hybrid to TEA, the former results in reduction of the electron depletion layer at interface in hybrid, while the latter enhances the specific surface of the hybrid and accelerates the transfer of electrons. The research is expected to have wide application in the development of composite based gas sensors made of rGO/metal oxide semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the antimicrobial ability of MoS 2 -containing films, we used lignin and triple-frequency ultrasound for liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) to obtain MoS 2 nanosheets. Photoresponsive antimicrobial films with MoS 2 nanosheets, lignin, polyvinyl alcohol and deep eutectic solvents were subsequently prepared. Lignin functionalized the MoS 2 nanosheets by chemically linking with S in MoS 2 and significantly improved the exfoliation efficiency. Tri-frequency ultrasound produces beneficial effects on the LPE process by creating a more homogeneous sound field and a stronger degree of cavitation. The concentration of MoS 2 nanosheets in the exfoliating solution could reach 1.713 mg/mL under the effect of lignin-ultrasound. The antimicrobial ability of the films was analyzed, and the colony-forming units of E. coli and S. aureus could be reduced from 7 × 106 to 1 × 106 cfu/mL under the irradiation of infrared. The lignin in the film undergoes depolymerization and demethoxylation under the irradiation of infrared to have a more phenolic hydroxyl structure, which confers the growth inhibition ability of the films for bacteria that cannot be in close contact with the film. The method we used has some significance for the preparation of MoS 2 nanosheets, and composite films prepared from MoS 2, and lignin can be used in food packaging, wound antimicrobials, and other fields. • The MoS 2 nanosheets were fabricated by triple-frequency ultrasound and lignin. • The effect of ultrasound frequency on with LPE was investigated • Under infrared stimulation, the film has excellent sterilization ability against E.coli and S.aureus. • Lignin enhances the antimicrobial range of films through depolymerization and demethoxylation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]