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Background: Flash floods can cause significant damage if people perceive them as low risk. Media plays a crucial role in improving risk perception. This study aims to survey the perceptions of residents in Yazd, Iran, about the performance of local TV during the flash flood in 2022. Materials and Methods: This is a qualitative study using a content analysis method that was conducted on 22 residents (14 males and 8 females) who had a history of watching local TV programs during the 2022 flash flood in Yazd City. They were selected by purposive sampling method until data saturation. The data was collected through a semi-structured face-to-face interview using open-ended questions about the news received from local TV regarding the flash flood in the city. Qualitative data analysis was done using Colaizzi’s seven-step method. Results: Data analysis led to the emergence of one main concept (information quality), five themes (time of broadcasting news, content of programs, trust in the media, and ability to increase social sensitivity), 12 sub-themes, and 48 codes. Conclusion: The effectiveness of local TV during the flash flood in Yazd is low due to incorrect weather predictions, insufficient risk emphasis, lack of prime-time broadcasts, generic messaging, and absence of news headlines. Addressing these issues can enhance people’s perceived sensitivity and response to flood warnings from the local TV.

Abstract Objective Disasters in developing countries result in higher human and financial losses compared to global standards, with the death rate being 12 times higher than that of developed countries. Many experts attribute the failures in disaster management to the lack of a system for documenting and analyzing disaster management functions and not leveraging the experiences and lessons learned. This study employed a qualitative data collection approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews with managers, deputies, members of operational teams, and individuals affected by the disaster in the area. This research aims to explore the challenges, strengths, and lessons learned from the response to the Khoy earthquake in Iran. Results After conducting 40 interviews and achieving data saturation, we extracted experiences and lessons learned to investigate the performance of responsible organizations in the 2022 Khoy earthquake. The obtained data were categorized into 8 categories and 39 sub-categories. These categories encompassed warning and calling forces, disaster assessment, disaster commanding, emergency housing, supply and distribution of items, organization, and guidance of public participation and charities, psychological support, logistics operations, monitoring, evaluation, documentation, information dissemination, and media management. Planners and operational managers can use the findings to review and revise their action and prevention plans.

The shock wave or plasma pulse method was presented for the first time in oil wells to solve the problem of worldwide pressure drop and well production. In this study, the technology of underwater electric wire explosion (UWEWE) has been investigated to generate shock waves by using a sudden discharge of very hot plasma energy at a point and then creating a shock wave. The constructed plasma emitting device consists of two electrodes, a set of high voltage capacitors with a voltage of 5 kV and a capacity of 80 microfarads, an electronic block, a Rogovsky coil installed in the electric discharge circuit, and a relay block. For aluminum wire with a diameter of 400 and 500 mm and a length of 30 mm, with a pulsed current at a discharged voltage of 3.8 kV, the total energy deposition is 400 and 500 J, with the energy conversion efficiency of 68 and 66.3%, respectively, and a maximum power of 168 MW.

This paper proposes a cooperative multiple-objective approach for the sustainable economic scheduling of networked energy systems to simultaneously optimize the cost of energy and groundwater extraction from underground sources. The suggested strategy enables networked energy hubs to exchange electricity for greater financial gain. Various energy hubs collaborate to maximize gain that is fairly allocated among the hubs to guarantee the coalition's economic stability, according to the collaborative game theory. The coalition achieves its best gain through collaboration and payoff, which is equally and regularly divided among the hubs, according to the Shapley value. The suggested model takes into account a networked system with hubs connected to various types of energy, including electrical and natural gas, renewable energy sources, electrical, and thermal energy storages, combined heat and power units, and gas boilers, cooling, hydrogen, and water systems to meet demands. The numerical results show that the suggested cooperative approach reduces the cost function of the system by 12.71%. The self-discharging rate of battery storage devices can increase the cost function by $ 7.65. Also, the sensitivity analysis on the battery storage sizes demonstrated that they can reduce the total cost of the system by $ 15.65.

This paper proposes a stochastic optimization problem for local integrated hydrogen-power energy systems. In the proposed model, the integrated system tries to reduce the day-ahead operation costs using dispatchable resources, renewable energy resources, battery energy storage systems, demand response programs, and energy trading with the upstream network. Also, the integrated system is able to transact electricity with the upstream network to get more benefits. When the generation of renewable resources is high, the integrated system can convert the surplus electricity to hydrogen by power-to-gas units. The generated hydrogen can be sold to different industries or stored in the hydrogen tank storage. During peak hours, the stored hydrogen can be imported into the gas-to-power unit to generate the required electricity. The sector coupling between electricity and hydrogen provides more flexibility for integrated systems and is an effective solution to control the uncertainty of renewable energy resources in order to increase the power and energy flexibilities. The simulation results show that the proposed sector coupling provides the opportunity for electricity and hydrogen trading for integrated system. The benefit of the integrated system by electricity and hydrogen trading with the upstream network and different industries are $ 88.39, and $ 6846, respectively.

Frequent droughts in Iran have influenced farmers' social and economic lives and have entailed extensive negative consequences. This research aimed to study the process by which farmers adopt water conservation behavior and explore the intervention of perceived risks and risk attitude. This survey was conducted among farmers in the Sistan region in the southeast of Iran (N = 6,000). A sample of 361 farmers was selected by multistage cluster randomization. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose reliability was checked by Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability in a pilot study and whose content validity was confirmed by a panel of agricultural sociologists. The data were analyzed using mean, percentage, and structural equation modeling in the SPSSwin26 and AMOS24 software suites. The results reveal that perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action influence farmers' water conservation behavior positively and significantly. Also, most components of the health belief model are influenced by farmers' perceived risks and risk attitude. It can be concluded that it is imperative to focus on socio-psychological components to promote water conservation behavior and use water scarcity-coping strategies in Iran. HIGHLIGHTS Frequent droughts in Iran have influenced farmers' social and economic lives.; Most components of health belief model are influenced by farmers' perceived risks and risk attitude.; It is imperative to focus on socio-psychological components.;

Abstract The complexity of localising the epileptogenic zone (EZ) contributes to surgical resection failures in achieving seizure freedom. The distinct patterns of epileptiform activity during interictal and ictal phases, varying across patients, often lead to suboptimal localisation using electroencephalography (EEG) features. We posed two key questions: whether neural signals reflecting epileptogenicity generalise from interictal to ictal time windows within each patient, and whether epileptiform patterns generalise across patients. Utilising an intracranial EEG dataset from 55 patients, we extracted a large battery of simple to complex features from stereo-EEG (SEEG) and electrocorticographic (ECoG) neural signals during interictal and ictal windows. Our features (n = 34) quantified many aspects of the signals including statistical moments, complexities, frequency-domain and cross-channel network attributes. Decision tree classifiers were then trained and tested on distinct time windows and patients to evaluate the generalisability of epileptogenic patterns across time and patients, respectively. Evidence strongly supported generalisability from interictal to ictal time windows across patients, particularly in signal power and high-frequency network-based features. Consistent patterns of epileptogenicity were observed across time windows within most patients, and signal features of epileptogenic regions generalised across patients, with higher generalisability in the ictal window. Signal complexity features were particularly contributory in cross-patient generalisation across patients. These findings offer insights into generalisable features of epileptic neural activity across time and patients, with implications for future automated approaches to supplement other EZ localisation methods.

Abstract Background Missed care refers to the omission or delay in performing any aspect of patient’s care (either a part of the care or the entire care). Currently, missed care has become a growing concern at the international level, which threatens the quality and safety of care and cases many unwanted consequences. This study aims to investigate the frequency and types of missed nursing care in the emergency departments of selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Methods This is a cross-sectional and descriptive- observational study that was conducted with the aim of determining the frequency and types of missed nursing care in the emergency departments of selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences from January 2020 to June 2020. The research community included all nursing care offered in the designated areas, as well as all nurses working in the emergency departments of selected hospitals. Finally, 146 nurses were selected by census method. The information was collected by self-reporting method and the researcher’s observation. Demographic information questionnaire, a researcher-made checklist were used to determine the frequency and types of missed nursing care. 384 observations were made for each item. Descriptive statistics methods were used to analyze the data. Results The area of checking equipment and emergency trolley(mean = 81.80) had the lowest and the area of patient communication(mean = 55.72) had the highest level of missed care. Conclusions The level of missed nursing care in the emergency departments of selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences was found to be high and the highest amount was related to the field of communication with the patient. Therefore, it is recommended that the details of missed nursing care in each area should be considered by nursing managers.

This research aimed to analyze the effect of entrepreneurial leadership on the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities by agriculture students with the mediating role of intellectual capital, innovativeness culture, and entrepreneurial orientation. The study was conducted among the agriculture students at the universities of Tehran, Razi in Kermanshah, Ferdowsi in Mashhad, Shiraz, and Ramin in Ahvaz (N = 13,616), all in Iran. A sample of 386 students was taken using the stratified random technique. The research instrument was standard questionnaires. The results showed entrepreneurial leadership positively and significantly impacted the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunity, entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial leadership, and innovativeness culture of the students. Also, the impact of intellectual capital, innovativeness culture, and entrepreneurial orientation was found to be positive and significant on entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. It is concluded that entrepreneurial leadership at universities can influence the students’ entrepreneurial orientation, innovativeness culture, and intellectual capital and lead them toward discovering entrepreneurial opportunities.

Abstract This paper reports a realistic analysis of a region using Grounded Theory (GT) to provide a sustainable model for family farming systems based on the intercropping system in rural communities of Iran. Furthermore, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was applied to assign weights to the criteria and sub-criteria of intercropping and monocropping systems. According to the model, the main phenomenon was “sustainability in the family farming system based on intercropping”. In this model, the causal factors were found to include behavioral and attitudinal motivators. Micro- and macro-factors were identified as the interfering factors in family farming systems based on intercropping. Social factors, economic components, and environmental potentials were the contextual factors of this system. Finally, the consequences included the conceptual development and evolution of sustainability, socioeconomic transformation, and ecological-environmental transformation. The results of FAHP showed that the environmental criterion was ranked the first among all criteria underpinning the sustainability of the intercropping system.

Social capital is an essential type of capital that influences the growth and development of societies. The present descriptive-survey research aimed to capture CEOs' social capital predictors in the agricultural consultation, technical, and engineering service companies in Fars province, Iran. The CEOs, who amounted to 107 people, all participated in the research. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire whose content and face validity were confirmed by a panel of experts and whose reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha at 0.82. Data were analyzed in the SPSS22 software package. Based on data analysis, eight social capital items were derived and prioritized. They included social participation, social proactivity, social trust, neighborhood connections, friends and family connections, capacity to accept differences, appreciation of life, and work connections. Based on the ranking of these elements, social proactivity, work connections, and friends and family connections were ranked first to third, respectively. Also, step-by-step multiple regression analysis revealed that the three variables of the feeling of job security, investment, and media were the independent variables that accounted for the CEO's social capital. Programs provided by the media should focus on promoting people's social solidarity. Some investment must be made by these companies in social activities and encouragement of the target community's participation and trust. The success of the agricultural consultation, technical, and engineering service companies is based on the principles of specialty, trust, participation, and social solidarity, showing the existence of social capital in these companies. Therefore, social capital and factors that predict it influence the productivity and efficiency of the companies.

Human communities need agriculture for food supply, waste cycles, water supply, and so on. Wise management of waste recycling and composting will help the agrarian economy in addition to environmental conservation. This issue is of high importance for the date as it is the second most strategic horticultural crop in Iran. In this regard, this research aimed to study the behavior of date palm growers in Sistan-va-Baluchistan province regarding waste recycling for compost production. The research population for the survey was composed of all date palm growers in this province in Iran. The sample size was determined at 379 people based on Krejcie and Morgan's table. They were taken by simple randomization with proportional allocation. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that social norms, farmers' attitudes, and subjective constraints had positive and significant effects on date palm growers' intention to recycle date palm wastes by composting. Also, habitual processes were influenced by objective constraints, subjective constraints, and personal norms of date palm growers.

An alternative source of water in drought conditions is treated urban wastewater which can be used in the cultivation of some crops if properly managed. However, farmers consume it with no regard to its treatment, which will have dangerous consequences for the health of humans and the environment. Accordingly, this research aimed to study farmers' behavior in using urban wastewater considering perceived social risks. The study was conducted on farmers in the Sistan plain, Iran (N = 6000). The sample (361 farmers) was taken by the proportionally allocated stratified randomization technique. The extended Health Belief Model (HBM) was used to investigate the farmers' behavior. The results revealed that perceived social risks (health, environmental, and socio-ethical risks) had significant effects on the HBM components. Also, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived self-efficacy had positive and significant effects on the farmers' behavior in using urban wastewater. The results may have practical consequences for policymaking and designing interventions for modifying farmers’ behaviors in using urban wastewater.

This research aimed to study behavioral intention toward genetically modified crop (GMC) technology. The statistical population was composed of all staff experts of Jihad-e Agriculture Organization of Iran (N = 837). The sample size was 310 agricultural experts taken by simple randomization. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by structural equations modeling. The results provided enough evidence to confirm the negative and significant effect of ethical concerns on behavioral intention toward GMC technology and the positive and significant effect of attitude toward technology and social impact on behavioral intention. According to the results, it is necessary to hold training courses inside and outside the country, adopt bottom-up management, use experienced and prospective managers, involve experts in planning and development of GMCs to a greater extent, and share personal experiences in training courses to change people’ attitude.

Background: Endotracheal extubation is associated with high complications such as sore throat, cough, and hoarseness.Aim: This study was performed aimed to compare the effect of green tea and licorice gargle on sore throat, cough, and hoarseness after endotracheal extubation.Method: This randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in the operating rooms and surgical wards of two hospitals in Tehran during 2020-2021. A total of 102 candidates for elective surgery were allocated to licorice, green tea, and control groups by simple random allocation. The scores of sore throat, cough, and hoarseness were assessed one hour after endotracheal extubation. After the gag reflex returned, 30 cc of the prepared solutions was given to the patients to gargle for 30 seconds. The intervention was repeated two hours later. The scores were assessed in the three groups immediately after the first stage of the intervention (post test1), and two hours after the second stage of the intervention (Post-test 2). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and One-way Analysis of Variance-ANOVA, Repeated Measure ANOVA and post hoc test. P 0.05).Implications for Practice: Gargle of licorice solutions or green tea is recommended as a non-pharmacological and low-cost intervention to reduce post-extubation complications.

Consumers' demand for high-degree food safety obliges the producers to respect health principles and enhance their product quality in the manufacturing process. Food safety refers to the conditions and practices that preserve food quality in order to prevent contamination and foodborne illnesses. This study aimed to investigate farmers' behavior toward on-farm food safety in Iran. So a survey study was conducted on the research population composed of commercial and exporter pistachio growers in Iran of whom 120 were selected. This paper reports the results of this exploratory study to conceptualize the measurement of pistachio growers' farm food safety using the theory of planned behavior. Structural equation modeling (partial least squares) was used to draw the research models and the relationships between latent variables and indicators. The findings revealed a statistically significant relationship between intention and self-efficacy. The intention is one of the most important variables in determining the planned behavior that has the greatest impact on behavior. Future research on this topic is recommended to use more variables that affect farmers' decision-making processes to form a strong opinion in predicting their behavior. It is crucial to consider some effective interventions such as providing large-scale training and community awareness programs for pistachio growers, particularly with the help of mass media, adopting suitable policy-making for on-farm food safety, and specifically supporting pistachio growers for the implementation of GAP-related practices.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the relationships and genetic diversity between and within wild species of Aegilops using EST-derived TRAP molecular markers. Materials and MethodsIn this study, genetic diversity and relationships among eight wild species of Aegilops collected from 14 provinces of Iran were evaluated using 24 TRAP primer combinations. ResultsThe mean of PIC for studied primers was 0.95 and the lowest and highest values ​​of this index were related to TRAP20 (0.92) and TRAP10 (0.97), respectively. Also, the mean of MI was 10.77 and the lowest and highest values ​​were related to TRAP3 (6.95) and TRAP17 (17.34), respectively. The molecular analysis of variance showed 60% variance between species and 40% variance within species. Estimated genetic parameters showed that the highest levels of Na (1.07), Ne (1.26), I (0.23) and uHe (0.16) belonged to Ae. truncialis and the maximum Nei gene diversity (0.14) was related to Ae truncialis, Ae. umbelulata and Ae. neglecta. Minimum values ​​of Nei gene diversity (0.09), Shannon index (0.14), No. of effective alleles (1.16) and No. of observed alleles (0.79) was observed for Ae. crassa. The least genetic similarity was observed between Ae. crassa with Ae. cylandrica and Ae. umbelulata and the most similarity between Ae. triuncialis and Ae. umbelulata. Being in the same group of Ae. umbelulata and Ae. truncialis with cluster analysis and PCOA confirmed the high genetic similarity of these species. ConclusionsThe results showed high genetic diversity among and within species. Molecular analysis of variance revealed higher genetic diversity between species, indicating low gene flow and Fst, as well as a high genetic differentiation between species.

This study aimed to design a model of intelligence protection culture for students of military academies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 255 concepts were extracted and coded from interviews with experts and related literature. In the second step, the concepts were aggregated, compared, and categorized. In the third step, the key concepts were refined, and 61 indicators were extracted. Finally, the components that had common and similar concepts were organized under one category and 4 dimensions including structure, context (environment), content (behavior) and management and leadership were extracted and the final model was presented.

Abstract Nowadays, the energy crisis is one of the most critical challenges facing countries. To deal with this crisis, instead of independently optimizing each of the energy carriers (electricity, gas, heat etc.), all carriers are considered simultaneously by a concept called multi‐energy system, which not only leads to economic benefits but also has environmental benefits. Here, a mixed‐integer linear programming model is proposed to minimize the total daily cost of a local multi‐energy system including the cost of energy exchange with the main grid, the cost of natural gas, and carbon emission costs. A polynomial neural network model is used to forecast the hourly wind speed and radiation of the next day. Also, a probabilistic scenario‐generation and scenario reduction method is utilized to generate the possible scenarios from the probability density function. The simulation results show that the proposed model using neural network prediction and stochastic optimization increases the total cost of the multi‐energy system by 12% in the worst‐case. Sensitivity analysis of loads, electricity prices, and gas prices have been used to investigate the behaviour of variables on energy hub operating costs.

IntroductionFrequent droughts in Iran have imposed economic and social losses on farmers. To mitigate drought implications, farmers' behaviors should be shifted towards drought adaptation. This research mainly aimed to study mechanisms for changing farmers' drought adaptation behaviors in Sistan and Baluchistan Province.MethodsThe research was conducted among farmers in this province (N = 950). The sample whose size was estimated at 275 farmers by Krejcie and Morgan's table was taken by the stratified random sampling technique. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS23 and AMOS23 software. The comprehensive action determination model was validated by confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, structural equation modeling was used to explore the components influencing farmers' drought adaptation behaviors.Results and discussionAccording to the results, personal norms, attitudes, objective barriers, and subjective barriers had positive and significant effects on the farmers' intention to apply drought adaptation strategies. As well, the farmers' adaptation behaviors were influenced by their behavioral intentions, objective barriers, and subjective barriers. It can be concluded that changing the mechanism of farmers' behaviors toward drought adaptation is shaped by the processes included in the comprehensive action determination model in which norms, habits, situational influences, and intentional processes are involved.

One of the most important assets in any organization is the human resources and the success or failure of any organization largely depends on the performance of the human resources of that organization. Lifestyle as an effective factor in staffs' behavior facilitates their organizational commitment. In the armed forces, which deals with the vital issue of security and defense, the value of committed and religious human capital becomes more apparent. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of lifestyle on the level of organizational commitment of AJA staff. The statistical population of this study was the staff of the first region of Nedaja Imamate in 2019, from which 350 people were selected using stratified random sampling method. The research method is correlational and a questionnaire was used to collect data. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between attitudes, tendencies, activities and human relations with organizational commitment and property has a significant relationship only with continuous commitment. As a result, lifestyle has a direct and positive effect on the organizational commitment of the staff of the First Region of Islamic Republic of Iran Navy and accordingly, strengthening the lifestyle in the stated dimensions will increase the organizational commitment of AJA staff.

ContextPresently, farmers are faced with a new crisis caused by the outbreak of COVID-19. On the one hand, they are vulnerable to such respiratory diseases due to the nature of their farming activity. On the other hand, they will definitely be influenced by the pandemic in different aspects no matter if they do not contract the infection. So, this research aimed to study the vulnerability of farmers to the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThe present study was conducted using the quantitative approach and a descriptive-survey methodology. The statistical population was composed of farmers in Kermanshah province, Iran (N = 126,900). The sample (n = 382) was taken by the multistage stratified sampling technique with proportional allocation. The research instrument was a self-designed questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by a panel of relevant experts and its reliability was supported in a pilot test.ResultsThe main damages of the pandemic to the farmers were found to be the increased costs of production, permanent or seasonal unemployment, reduced access to crop sale markets, and reduced control over pests and diseases at farms. The results revealed that the means of environmental, agronomic-vocational, and economic vulnerability were greater than the scale mean. The results also illustrated significant differences in the means of economic, psychological-social, agronomic-vocational, and environmental dimensions of vulnerability. Among these dimensions, the variable of agronomic-vocational vulnerability had the highest mean, and the variable of psychological-social vulnerability had the lowest mean.ConclusionFarmers have been one of the groups most severely influenced and damaged by the pandemic in various aspects. In this regard, organizations and institutions in charge of different agriculture sections, especially the Office of Agricultural Extension and Education, must develop practical strategies to reduce the effect of the pandemic on the agricultural sector. Identifying the dimensions and parameters of farmers' vulnerability in the face of COVID-19 can provide new and appropriate solutions to relevant planners and policymakers.

The present study aimed to identify the problems and challenges of water resources use by the agricultural sector. The research conducted a qualitative content analysis on documents and semi-structured interviews with experts and key informants in the study site of Miandoab, Iran. Based on the results, the challenges of water resources use for agriculture include (i) the problems related to water consumption management composed of two sub-categories of encouraging farmers to participate in water consumption management and the problems related to monitoring and controlling water consumption, (ii) the problems of water resources management including the sub-categories of inappropriate management perspective on water abstraction, the problem of managing unauthorized abstractions, the problems of the infrastructure of water allocation scheduling, and (iii) the problems of farmers’ traditionalism whose sub-categories are farmers’ incorrect habits and experiences, low awareness, low motivation, and poor knowledge, as well as the problems related to their farms.

Background: Paraquat (PQ), an herbicide, is a very poisonous compound for both humans and animals. This study was conducted to examine the protective effect of the Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in newborn rats from pregnant rats pre-treated with PQ. Methods: The experiments were conducted on 25 rats, divided in five groups randomly and equally: 1. Control Group received normal saline (0.1 ml/day); 2. PQ Group received PQ only (5 mg/kg/day); 3. PQ+CoQ10 Group received PQ (5 mg/kg) and CoQ10 (10 mg/kg) daily; 4. PQ+olive oil Group received PQ (5 mg/kg) and olive oil (10 mg/kg) daily; 5. Olive oil Group received olive oil (10 mg/kg/day). All of the injections were made intraperitoneally and started on the 16th day of pregnancy through to parturition. Sixteen days after parturition, the lungs were removed from the newborn rats, paraffin sections were made and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and analyzed histomorphometrically and stereologically. Results: The results revealed that interstitial tissue and lung alveoli had normal structures in the control and olive oil groups. In PQ and PQ-olive oil groups alveolar hemorrhage, inflammation, extensive fibrosis, decreased alveolar numbers, increased mast cells, and changes in the epithelia were observed. In PQ-CoQ10 Group there was a significant recovery in all of the histological alterations. Conclusion: Generally, Coenzyme Q10 had a protective effect against lung damages caused by PQ, but a complete recovery of the damaged lung tissue would probably take longer than 16 days after birth.

The present study examines the impact of managerial remuneration and its severe cut on audit fees by considering the moderating role of audit quality in companies listed on the Tehran stock exchange. To measure audit quality, three criteria were used, including auditor size, tenure, and expertise. The statistical population includes 92 firms, and the study was done from 2007 to 2016. Testing the hypotheses is conducted in Stata14 software through panel data with the fixed-effect method. The results showed that auditor size and tenure mitigate the relationship between managerial remuneration and audit fees. In return, the results also suggested that auditor expertise does not affect the relationship between managerial remuneration and audit fees. The obtained results also indicated that audit quality criteria such as size, tenure, and expertise do not affect the relationship between severe managerial remuneration cut and audit fees. In other words, audit quality does not moderate the positive relationship between severe managerial remuneration cut and audit fees.

Background and Objective: Metabolic syndrome, especially prediabetes, is one of the most common health problems due to incomplete glucose metabolism that has a direct relationship with lifestyle. This study was conducted to determine the factors that enable and nurture physical activity in women with prediabetes based on the PEN-3 model. Material and Method: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 41 prediabetic women aged 30–65 years and 9 service providers in health centers. Data were collected from a semi-structured individual interview based on the PEN-3 model. The Graneheim and Lundman method was used to analyze the data. Results: During data analysis, two main themes that include enabling factors and nurturing factors in the domain of physical activity and 6 classes including enablers (positive, negative, and existential) and nurturers (positive, negative, and existential) were extracted from the data content. Conclusion: By determining enablers and nurturers, the providers of services can facilitate the participation of prediabetic women in physical activity by applying positive social and structural effects and also to eliminate negative environmental conditions.

Neural codes are reflected in complex neural activation patterns. Conventional electroencephalography (EEG) decoding analyses summarize activations by averaging/down-sampling signals within the analysis window. This diminishes informative fine-grained patterns. While previous studies have proposed distinct statistical features capable of capturing variability-dependent neural codes, it has been suggested that the brain could use a combination of encoding protocols not reflected in any one mathematical feature alone. To check, we combined 30 features using state-of-the-art supervised and unsupervised feature selection procedures (n = 17). Across three datasets, we compared decoding of visual object category between these 17 sets of combined features, and between combined and individual features. Object category could be robustly decoded using the combined features from all of the 17 algorithms. However, the combination of features, which were equalized in dimension to the individual features, were outperformed across most of the time points by the multiscale feature of Wavelet coefficients. Moreover, the Wavelet coefficients also explained the behavioral performance more accurately than the combined features. These results suggest that a single but multiscale encoding protocol may capture the EEG neural codes better than any combination of protocols. Our findings put new constraints on the models of neural information encoding in EEG.

Brain connectivity analyses have conventionally relied on statistical relationship between one-dimensional summaries of activation in different brain areas. However, summarizing activation patterns within each area to a single dimension ignores the potential statistical dependencies between their multi-dimensional activity patterns. Representational Connectivity Analyses (RCA) is a method that quantifies the relationship between multi-dimensional patterns of activity without reducing the dimensionality of the data. We consider two variants of RCA. In model-free RCA, the goal is to quantify the shared information for two brain regions. In model-based RCA, one tests whether two regions have shared information about a specific aspect of the stimuli/task, as defined by a model. However, this is a new approach and the potential caveats of model-free and model-based RCA are still understudied. We first explain how model-based RCA detects connectivity through the lens of models, and then present three scenarios where model-based and model-free RCA give discrepant results. These conflicting results complicate the interpretation of functional connectivity. We highlight the challenges in three scenarios: complex intermediate models, common patterns across regions, and transformation of representational structure across brain regions. The article is accompanied by scripts (https://osf.io/3nxfa/) that reproduce the results. In each case, we suggest potential ways to mitigate the difficulties caused by inconsistent results. The results of this study shed light on some understudied aspects of RCA, and allow researchers to use the method more effectively.

BACKGROUND: Education is considered one of the critical elements of behavioral changes in societies with a high risk of disasters. Meanwhile, the role of adolescents, as the key and the largest group of stakeholders in planning for disaster preparedness and response, has often been neglected. The current study aimed to extract the components and effective factors in disaster education to increase adolescents' resilience in disasters in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was done by inductive approach through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with 21 key informants and 11 adolescents selected through purposive sampling. To extract the components and factors affecting education to increase adolescents' resilience in disasters, the data were analyzed by thematic analysis. RESULTS: The effective factors in increasing adolescents' disaster resilience were classified into four categories, namely, social participation, need-based education, scope of influence, and governance perspectives, and 19 subcategories. CONCLUSION: This study provided an overview and a comprehensive understanding of disaster education to increase adolescents' resilience. Recognizing these factors can help effectively in developing disaster education programs to improve adolescents' resilience against disasters. By encouraging natural hazard habits in this age group, it can also potentially increase the society's resilience in future.

Developmental projects in rural areas always require the assessment of multiple environmental impacts. Many projects may have negative effects on the environment which its effects reveal after construction and operation. The study was carried out with the aim of environmental impacts assessment of construction of water pumping station in Bacheh Bazar Plain, Iran. In this study, the Leopold matrix method was used to assess the impacts. Impacts of each project activities on the environmental components were measured using Leopold matrix in two stages of construction and operation. The findings showed that the total environmental impacts of the project were positive (+183 scores). So that the construction and operation of water pumping station will have negative impacts on physical and ecological environments and positive impacts on economic and socio-cultural environments. Finally, it can be concluded that the construction of water pumping station in Bacheh Bazar Plain is justified by observance of the standards. In the end, according to the results of the study, suggestions are made to reduce negative impacts.

Objective The olive is considered as one of the most important horticultural crops, with more abundant number of cultivars. Thus, the aim of this research was to study the genetic diversity in a set of olive cultivars in Taroum station of Tran. Materials and methods In this research, 25 CBDP markers were used to study the genetic diversity and relationships of 20 promising and commercial Iranian and foreign varieties of olive. Results The 25 used primers amplified a total of 755 polymorph alleles, and the mean of PIC and MI indices were 0.941 and 5.64, respectively, indicating the high efficiency and differentiation power of CBDP markers. The genetic parameters of Nei and Shannon indices were higher in foreign cultivars than those of Iranian cultivars. The high gene flow (4.46) was observed among olive cultivars, which confirmed the low values of the inter-population differentiation (Gst) and FsT indices. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) differentiated the total genetic variation into inter-group (Iranian and foreign cultivars) (17%) and within-group (83%) diversity. The cluster analysis using Dice coefficient and UPGMA method divided the Iranian and foreign cultivars into five groups, which the promising cultivar T24 and Koroneiki with the maximum difference with others were placed in separate groups. The Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) was able to distinguish promising Iranian cultivars from the other commercial cultivars. The population structure analysis confirmed the results of the cluster and PCoA analysis and clearly separated the two groups of Iranian and foreign cultivars. Conclusions In conclusion, it was observed that the promising cultivar T24 with having a genetic similarity to both groups of Iranian and foreign cultivars can be a suitable candidate for commercialization with complementary characteristics of both groups. Also, it is recommended to use this marker to study the genetic diversity of other olive varieties.

Humans are fast and accurate when they recognize familiar faces. Previous neurophysiological studies have shown enhanced representations for the dichotomy of familiar vs. unfamiliar faces. As familiarity is a spectrum, however, any neural correlate should reflect graded representations for more vs. less familiar faces along the spectrum. By systematically varying familiarity across stimuli, we show a neural familiarity spectrum using electroencephalography. We then evaluated the spatiotemporal dynamics of familiar face recognition across the brain. Specifically, we developed a novel informational connectivity method to test whether peri-frontal brain areas contribute to familiar face recognition. Results showed that feed-forward flow dominates for the most familiar faces and top-down flow was only dominant when sensory evidence was insufficient to support face recognition. These results demonstrate that perceptual difficulty and the level of familiarity influence the neural representation of familiar faces and the degree to which peri-frontal neural networks contribute to familiar face recognition.

There are many monitoring environments, such as railway control, in which lapses of attention can have tragic consequences. Problematically, sustained monitoring for rare targets is difficult, with more misses and longer reaction times over time. What changes in the brain underpin these ‘vigilance decrements’? We designed a multiple-object monitoring (MOM) paradigm to examine how the neural representation of information varied with target frequency and time performing the task. Behavioural performance decreased over time for the rare target (monitoring) condition, but not for a frequent target (active) condition. There was subtle evidence of this also in the neural decoding using Magnetoencephalography: for one time-window (of 80ms) coding of critical information declined more during monitoring versus active conditions. We developed new analyses that can predict behavioural errors from the neural data more than a second before they occurred. This facilitates pre-empting behavioural errors due to lapses in attention and provides new insight into the neural correlates of vigilance decrements.

Background: Hearing disorders are reported in thalassemia patients treated with deferoxamine. This study aimed to assess hearing loss in Iranian thalassemia major patients treated with deferoxamine. Methods: This review article was designed based on PRISMA guidelines. To review the literature, two researchers studied national and international databases including Iranmedex, Magiran, Medlib, SID, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar without time limit until May 2017. Cochran's Q test and I2 index were used to assess the heterogeneity of the studies. The data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 2 and p

Objective: To review low-voltage, high-voltage and lightening electrical burns in adults and children, identify novel areas that are not recognized and improve treatments results and outcome. Methods: An extensive literature search on electrical burn injuries was performed using Ovid Medline, PubMed and Embase databases from 1976 to 2016. Studies related to electrical injury in the adult and children (< 15 years of age) population were included in our study. Fifty-one research papers and review articles were identified and included in this study. >Results: Total occurrence of electrical injury among burn injuries ranged from 3.5% to 15.0%. Most of them were low voltage (73%) and one fourth were high voltage and percentage of lightening injuries were very low around 2%–4% of total cases of electrical injury. Mortality is somehow higher among high voltage electrical injuries and lightening. Most of complications of them were morbid in kidney, heart, extremities (including amputations) and nervous systems. Long-term psychological problems were reported with greater incidence rates in highvoltage injuries. Psychological and posttraumatic stress disorders were also reported. Mortality rates from electrical injuries were 2.6% in low voltage and 5.2% in high voltage. >Conclusions: High-voltage injury leads to greater morbidity and mortality than low-voltage one. Lightening has mortality of about 32%, higher rates of complications and specialty long-term complications. Strict multi-specialty treatment and rehabilitations are required for proper treatment of electrical injuries.

Introduction: Recent studies suggest that treatment should be begun immediately in children who have recently started to stutter. The purpose of this study was to design a telehealth application for parents of young children who stutter. It is an evidence-based treatment that can be administered from an early age compared to the current “wait and see” approaches. Materials and Methods: This research involved a qualitative content analysis. At first, a comprehensive review was performed on different well-established therapeutic programs, and their main therapeutic components were extracted via several sessions held by our focused group. Subsequently, six independent stuttering experts and five parents of stutter children were asked to rate the program’s items regarding its content and face validities by a 5-point Likert questionnaire. Finally, the entire program was used to form an easy to use, family-friendly software. Results: Seven therapeutic principles and five common factors were extracted from all available well-established stuttering treatment programs. They were designed in an easy to use software program. The final telehealth program was found to have a high face and content validities. Conclusion: This program might be used in future clinical practice for stuttering children under the age Four. However, its efficacy has yet to be examined.

According to the guidelines of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief on relying I.R.I on Build & Inner strength, this paper seeks to explain the role of those technologies which lead to improve indigenous military power with their convergence as one of components of multilateral deterrence power of I.R.I. In this case, according to data collected from the upstream and scholars’ viewpoints in various fields, the extracted indices were gathered based on descriptive and inferential statistics by using a mixed method study. A sample of 93 people was selected from the population of Supreme National Defense University Professors, members of Expediency Discernment Council, Parliament (Majlis) Research Center and some data about the factors and indicators of Indigenous military were collected from them. Then in the second phase data collection was done from 30 military experts about Converging technologies. The results of this study indicate that the use of converging technologies as critical technologies promote Military power, Security and anticipated threats as well as local industries in the production of automated and unmanned equipment leads to the promotion of the armed forces by utilizing virtual and simulated learning environments also leads to identify and protect of C.V.R.E and soldiers and warriors could better be much more preserved , Non-drug treatments boost the warriors’ performance and strengths dealing of the combat systems with terrorist attacks, and increase warriors’ ability against above problems.

Introduction: Most mammalians possess an accessory olfactory system, which its first part is called vomeronasal organ (VNO). In this research, we studied the structure of this organ in Azerbaijani red fox. Methods: Heads of 10 healthy male fox carcasses were collected from areas around Tabriz and transferred to the laboratory in frozen form or in fixative solution. Biometrical experiments were done, then the maxillary bones cut into 5 pieces, and the pieces decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Then, 7-μm tissue sections were stained with H&E, PAS, and Masson’s trichrome methods and explored under light microscope. Results: Two ducts of VNO start at the roof of mouth, about 3.17±0.28 mm behind the central incisor teeth, extend back into 2 sides of nasal septum and end near the first or second premolar teeth. This organ is surrounded by a hyaline cartilage, which is C-shaped in the first pieces and transform to “J” shape structure toward the back. The lining epithelium of lumen changes from nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium near the valve to pseudostratified columnar in the posterior portions. Presence of bipolar neurons in epithelium of medial wall shows VNO sensory function of smelling. Lamina propria-tunica submucosa in most portions have many serous and mucous secretory units and composed of a loose connective tissue with numerous blood vessels, which secretes pheromone. Also, this is an erectile tissue that can function in association with flehmen reaction to push toward the sensory epithelium of VNO. Conclusion: Orifice of VNO of Azerbaijani red fox same more mammalian open in oral cavity. It has 2 type epithelial tissues in end region. Sensory epithelium indicates important role of this organ for received of Pheromones.

Purpose: The research aimed to investigate the factors underpinning academic optimism and its impact on the academic achievement of students in agriculture vocational schools. Methodology: It was carried out among the students of the agriculture vocational schools in Tehran province, Iran (N = 435). A sample of 158 students was taken by the stratified random sampling with proportional assignment. The measurement instrument was standard questionnaires whose validity was determined by content and construct validity. To estimate the reliability of the questionnaires, a pilot study was conducted on 30 individuals outside the sample, and Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were measured. Findings: The results showed that academic engagement and academic emotions had significant impacts on students' academic optimism. The effect of academic optimism was also found to be significant on students' academic achievement. It is concluded that academic optimism and its components, both at the personal and school level, play an essential role in students' academic achievement. Practical implications: The Education Organization should develop plans for improving teachers' and students' academic optimism and enhancing their motivation for academic achievement. Theoretical implications: The study enriches the existing literature on academic achievement by emphasizing the importance of academic optimism in the process of agricultural technical and vocational education. It also highlights the potential of psychological components to motivate students' academic optimism in the process of academic achievement. Principals and educators are suggested to develop optimistic beliefs in themselves and create an optimistic, active, and vibrant school climate, thereby providing the conditions for the growth of academic optimism among students. Originality/value: The paper provides insight for education organizations to recognize the barriers to the improvement of the students' academic achievement in the agriculture vocational schools.

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between exploratory behaviours and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition among agriculture students mediated by strategic learning and mindfulness. The study was conducted on agriculture students of Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan, Iran (N = 420). The sample was 200 people taken by the simple randomisation technique. The assessment tool was a standard questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by entrepreneurship experts and its reliability was estimated by conducting a pilot study. The findings showed that exploratory behaviours had a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial opportunity recognition, mindfulness, and students' strategic learning. Also, mindfulness influenced entrepreneurial opportunity recognition positively and significantly. However, the effect of strategic learning on entrepreneurial opportunity recognition was insignificant. It can be concluded that exploratory behaviours can influence students' mindfulness and strategic learning and students' exploratory behaviours and mindfulness lead to discovering entrepreneurial opportunities.

Extensive research has been devoted to resource constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP). Resources are renewable and there is a unique way to perform the activities. This work develops a population based evolutionary algorithm namely differential evolution (DE) to schedule project activities to minimize makespan subject to precedence constraints and resources availability. The proposed DE uses a priority value based representation to encode a project schedule and a serial generation scheme to obtain the schedule. The DE algorithm is compared with some existing algorithms available in the literature on the basis of a computational experiment performed on Patterson’s test bed. Obtained results show that the performance of the proposed DE is quite satisfactory.

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of electrical burn on a patient's life performance and the disability induced by this type of injury. Methods: This study is a prospective 6 years descriptive study. The injured patients admitted to our center between 2006 and 2008 were followed for 6 years to estimate the ability of their life and job performance after the injury. Results: In the patients, 96.8% were male. The mean age of patients was 27.9 years. 73.9% of those injuries were occupational injuries. 86.5% were pure electrical injuries. 81% of patients went back to their previous job within a 5-6 year period. Only 5% had the ability to perform their usual daily activities-these patients needed financial support from family, insurance companies and government. Unfortunately 6.3% were totally disabled and needed complete help even for their minor natural needs. These patients are young and probably have a long-term life expectancy and would have a huge financial impact on the government and society. The mean length of hospital stay was 17.7 d. The mean total body surface area burned was 13.3%±11.5%. We could see an association between high voltage burns and falling down (P=0.005). High voltage burns needed longer periods away from work (197 d) in comparison with low voltage injuries (145.8 d) (P=0.003). Conclusions: High voltage electrical burns are severe, needing more flap repairs and/or amputations and cause longer periods away from work.

Objective: To study the result of nerve repair in the two mentioned techniques in rats to find the proper answer to the existing disagreement. Methods: Twenty adult male rats were included in treatment group. Acutely disconnected sciatic nerve was repaired by Epineural technique in half of the rats; in the other half perineurial technique was applied. After 80 d, the number of grown axons of distal on the repair site was calculated through the use of an optical microscope. Additionally by studying the foot print of the rats the return of neural motor activity was evaluated. Results: In epineural group, SFI index was: (56.33±32.30) and in perineurial group: (55.71±30.31); P value=0.930 with their being no difference between these two techniques of surgery. However, in comparing epineural and perineurial groups in the groups themselves, statistical tests showed a significant difference showing functional improvement in comparison with the day before surgery P value=0.0001. Statistical tests showed that the average of axons' number distal to anastomosis site in the epineural group was (349±80) and in the perineurial group was (405±174). These groups have no significant difference regarding the number of axons (P value=0.36). Conclusion: The results of epineural and perineurial surgery techniques show no difference in nerve repair, SFI index, or axon counting in distal part.

Background: Noise is one of the most pervasive hazards in industrial settings. This retrospective study was carried out to assess the effects of noise exposure on hearing status, blood lipids and blood pressure of employees of a local fireclay mine.Methods: Two hundred and forty male workers were studied. Data on audiometric measurements, blood lipids and blood pressure were derived from the workers’ medical records and analyzed. Furthermore, area noise measurements were performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0.Results: Workers were exposed to a mean noise level of 91±15 dB. The means of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were within the normal range for the first three years of the study. However, a slight, non-significant increase in TG level was noted in 2010. Most of the participants (63.6%) suffered from moderate hearing loss (HL). About 23.6% and 12.7% of the employees had developed severe and mild HL, respectively. A statistically significant difference was noted in the number of workers with high-frequency noise-induced HL. Furthermore, a statistically significant association was found between the mean of high frequency HL and log-transformed TG values in 2009 and 2010.Conclusions: High frequency HL could be used as a biomarker for identifying workers exposed to excessive noise levels. High frequency HL developed over a 4-year exposure to noise was associated with hyper triglyceridemia. Implementing a hearing conservation program seems to be mandatory to prevent further increases in the number of workers who are already in the severe HL group.

Introduction: Training is one of the basic concepts of directing the family and community. Without training, providing the organization’s purposes is impossible. Training assessment at all & Quran Training at exclusive use for effect on occupational behavior help the managers. This study with the aim of assesses relationship between Quran training and occupational behavior was done. In this study variable of occupational behavior included ‘occupational satisfaction’ ‘responsibility’, ‘treatability’, ‘quality-oriented’, ‘justificatory’ and ‘human skills’. Methods: In this research the statistical population is the staff of Isfahan Medical Insurance (MSIO). This research applied experimental method. The randomized sampling carried out to choosing 30 people as control group and 30 experimental group. The data gathers element was questioner, which constructed by researchers. For reliability of Cronbach’s alfa coefficient (α) index is calculated & this index was 73%. The data was analyzed SPSS software. The statistical tests were used to show data such as tables and frequency and relationship between variables such as T test. Results: Findings show that Quran training had a positive coefficient on variables of occupational satisfaction with average 18/3, responsibility with average 18/3, treatability with average 22/3, quality-oriented with average 22/3, Justification with average 22/3 and human skills with average 21/8. It could conclude that Quran training effects on occupational behaviors Keywords: Quran Training; Occupational Behavior; Job Satisfaction; Personnel; Insurance

Introduction: Genital system is important herd in animal's creation. It is necessary for animal reproduction. Mammal has two sex in genital system such as male and female in separated animals. Animal reproduction destroyed by disorder of genital system. In this case, animals cannot produce an animal similar to them. Finally it cause overthrow a species of animals. Methods: Histomorphologic characteristic of hamster ovary studied in this research for a human model. 5 right and 5 left ovary of puberty hamster is studied. Studied biometric parameters were length, wildness and thickness. Results: This research results showed which right hamster ovary had 5/08±1/6mm in length, 3/05 ± 0/56 mm in wide ,and 2/88 ± 0/327 mm in diameter and left ovary had 4/68 ± 1/253 mm in length, 2/2 ± 0/703 mm in wide and 2/4 ± 0/609 mm in diameter. Countering of different type of hamster ovarian follicles were showed which number of primordial follicles were 1628/33± 305/6049, number of primary follicles were 307/33 ± 56/76, number of secondary follicles were 140 ± 60/63, number of tertiary follicles were 9± 0 and number of graafian follicles were 8 ± 3/6. Total count of hamster ovarian follicles was 2192/66± 178/46. Histological studies showed which covering epithelium, parenchyma of hamster ovary is similar to another mammal, and zuna plucida is forming in primary follicles when two cuboidal cell layers are observed around oocytes. Conclusion: Finally, because hamsters has short living period in comparing to human, therefore they have low ovarian follicles and oocytes but hamster ovarian follicles and oocyte were similar to human follicles and oocyte in histologic characteristics.

Objective: To evaluate effects of PRP injection in strengthening of repaired tendon. Methods: This study was conducted in animal lab of our hospital on 20 rats. The animals were divided into two groups randomly and distal third of left Achillis tendons were cut and then repaired with Vicryl 2/0. The first group was control group and in the second group 0.5 cc of PRP was injected into the repair site. After 4 weeks all of the rats were executed and 70% of tendons were sent randomly for tensilometry and the force that required to rupture the tendons were measured. In next stage the tendons were sent for pathological exam. Results: The force that was needed to rupture the tendon were not significantly different in the two groups. Neovascularization were more prevalent in PRP group but not statistically significant. There were two cases of Cartilage Metaplasia in PRP group. Conclusion: It seems that using PRP has no effect on strengthening the tendons repair and may have some adverse effects. It usage needs further studies to evaluate their probable adverse side effects.

Objective: To determine the results of Bilateral Distraction Osteogenesis (DO) versus traditional methods in treatment of micrognathia. Methods: During 6 years we had 67 patients with micrognathia. In group A, randomly 35 were treated with traditional methods (Saggital osteotomy and/or bone grafts) and group B 32 cases were treated with Bilateral External Distraction Osteogenesis. Follow up was 36+/− 6 months. X-Ray, CT scan and cast modelling were done for all of the patients. SNA, SNB angles were measured in cephalograms. The patients were examined after one, two, three, six, 12 months for any complications and signs of bone resorption and relapse. Bony and soft tissue advancements were measured and compared with each other. Results: During 6 years we had 67 patients with class II malocclusion. Mean SNA angle in group A was 80.8 (80–81.5) and 80.9 (80–82) in group B. Mean SNB angle in group A was 77.6 (76.5–78) and 77.4 (76.5–78.5). After treatment mean SNB in group A was 79.1 and the difference was significant comparing to pre-op measurement (P

Introduction: Stuttering is a disruption in the fluency of speech that affects various aspects of human communication. Unhelpful thoughts and beliefs about stuttering are linked to the cognitive aspect of anxiety. Such beliefs can cause or exacerbate social anxiety in people who stutter. Early detection and treatment of such thoughts and beliefs may reduce the severity of social anxiety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of unhelpful thoughts and beliefs about stuttering and their correlation with anxiety and depression. Materials and Methods: 52 adults who stuttered were asked to complete the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs about Stuttering (UTBAS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) questionnaires and the results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation test. Results: Unhelpful thoughts and beliefs (such as feeling an inner compulsion to control stuttering, fearing that stuttering may occur at any moment and assuming that the others will attend to stuttering) was found with varying degrees in all people who stutter. These thought correlated positively and significantly with anxiety (r = 0.55, P < 0.01) and depression (r = 0.46, P < 0.01). Conclusion: There is a relationship between unhelpful thoughts and beliefs and the signs of anxiety and depression. Also the positive correlations between these behaviors indicate the importance of the attention to early signs of these thoughts and early treatment of mental health disorders in people who stutter. Keywords: Adult stuttering, Thoughts, Beliefs, Anxiety, Depression