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Background/Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri lozenges as an adjunctive therapeutic agent in combination with scaling and root planing in a randomized, clinical trial of volunteers with periodontitis stage IV.

Background/Aim: Potentially malignant oral lesions (PMOL) are lesions that have an increased risk of malignant transformation concerning healthy oral mucosa. This research aimed to assess the knowledge of students of final years of study on the potentially malignant lesions of the oral cavity.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare autosomal dominant congenital syndrome occurring in approximately one in every million individuals worldwide, primarily affecting bones undergoing intramembranous ossification. Individuals with CCD exhibit hypoplasia or aplasia of the clavicles, open fontanelles and shorter stature, along with various forms of dental abnormalities. The gene RUNX2 plays an essential role in odontoblast and osteoblast differentiation, regulating the expression of many genes associated with the development of hard dental tissues. CCD is this accompanied by characteristic dental abnormalities such as supernumerary teeth, delayed eruption and impaction of permanent teeth. Intrafamilial variations of skeletal and dental abnormalities are well-known. The aim of this study is to present a clinical case and provide a diagnostic approach as a guide for practicing dentists, thereby facilitating their future work with these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this research is to examine the connection between gingival recession, dentine hypersensitivity and conducted orthodontic therapy in young adults. Materials and methods: The research is conducted on 50 healthy, young subjects. The subjects received consent forms for participation in the research. In their anamnesis, the subjects provided information about their general health, oral hygiene habits, completed orthodontic therapy and gingival recessions on the buccal side of all teeth were documented by the clinical gingival examination. In the case of the presence of dental plaque, initial periodontal therapy was conducted. After documenting gingival recession on each tooth with a recession on the vestibular side, an examination of dentine hypersensitivity was conducted using an air blast from a distance of around 2 cm. All obtained data were documented in the work chart especially designed for this research. Results: Of 1400 examined teeth, 946 teeth were with no gingival recessions present, and 454 teeth were with gingival recessions present. Out of that number, 186 (41%) were with dentine hypersensitivity, whereas in the group with no gingival recessions present, dentine hypersensitivity was recorded only in 12 teeth (1.3%). In patients that were orthodontic patients out of the total number of teeth (644), a gingival recession was noticed in only 209 teeth. Conclusion: The occurrence of gingival recessions is connected to the occurrence of dentine hypersensitivity. Orthodontic therapy is listed as a factor in the occurrence of gingival recessions, but many other factors should be taken into consideration. Still, there is not enough evidence that would suggest that one method of brushing teeth or a type of toothbrush is more effective than the other in the prevention of the occurrence of gingival recessions. Excessive diversity of samples and methodology design in certain studies make it difficult to detect ideal techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms resulting in the progressive destruction of the periodontium caused by the inflammatory response of the host. Vitamin D plays an essential role in bone maintenance and immunity, and it is thought that vitamin D deficiency could negatively affect periodontal health. Previous research on vitamin D and tooth loss has been limited. The paper aims to present a possible connection between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal disease through a case report. In conclusion, it is stated that there is still conflicting evidence regarding the effects of 25(OH)D on the severity, progression and loss of teeth during periodontal disease. Limited evidence also supports a positive association between 1,25(OH)2D and periodontal health, as well as a trend towards better periodontal health with vitamin D supplementation being in agreement with our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this case report was to document a case of side effect reaction of the gingiva and oral mucosa after the use of Erythritol powder containing 0.3% chlorhexidine (Air Flow® Powder PLUS) and 0,2 % chlorhexidine digluconate oral antiseptic solution. Case report: A 49-year-old female patient presented with severe erosive and suspected necrotic changes on lips and gums, upper lip swelling and severe pain which was present for 15 days. Previously, chlorhexidine digluconate 0,2 % was used in treatments with diode laser following the prophylaxis treatment which included the use of Erythritol powder containing 0.3% chlorhexidine. The patient was prescribed and successfully treated with a combination of antibiotics: Amoxicillin (a 500 mg) and Metronidazole (a 250 mg), Lysobact oriblets (6-8 a day), Panthenol solution for rinsing (3 times a day), and a magistral medicine with Pronisone for local application. Conclusion: Due to the proven possible side effects of Erythritol powder containing 0.3% chlorhexidine and 0,2 % chlorhexidine digluconate, uncritical use of Erythritol powder containing 0.3% chlorhexidine and chlorhexidine digluconate should be avoided. The therapy applied in the presented case proved to be extremely effective in the treatment of changes that occurred as a side effect of the use of Erythritol powder containing 0.3% chlorhexidine and 0,2% chlorhexidine digluconate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral ulceration (ulcer) is a deep defect within the oral mucosa which occurs due to pathologic processes in the dermis. Oral mucosal ulcerations can be caused by injury, malignant disease, immune and autoimmune disease, infection, or be hereditary. Tobacco and alcohol use are in literature known as distinguished etiological factors of oral mucosal ulcerations. It is well known that the state of worry, psychological stress, fear, anxiety, depression all precede the occurrence of oral ulcerations. Genetic predisposition for the development of oral ulcerations is significant and cannot be neglected, especially if another etiological factor is present as well. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at the Department and Clinic of Oral Medicine and Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Sarajevo. The study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Ethical Committee. The study procedure was explained and informed consent was obtained from each participant. The study was conducted on 80 patients that were divided into two study groups: - Case group: patients that had oral ulcerations - Control group: healthy patients without oral ulcerations Anamnestic data and data obtained by clinical examination were entered in dental charts that were designed for the study. Conclusion: Although our research suggests oral ulcerations are not more frequent in patients that use tobacco or alcohol, their consumption is undoubtedly a health hazard. Considering the population that was mostly presented with oral ulcerations we believe that stress and anxiety as etiological factors play the most important role in the development of oral ulcerations. This study confirmed that genetic predisposition is also relevant in the development of oral ulcerations and should not be overseen, especially if another etiological factor is present as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the oral health knowledge, behavior and attitudes in a group of 12-year-olds in Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional and included 434 seventh-grade students. A structured questionnaire consisted of 25 questions was constructed, probing areas such as oral health knowledge, attitudes towards oral health, behavior and socio-demographic data. Descriptive statistics was performed and frequency distributions and percentages were used for data presenting. For the independent variables, the Chi-square test was used. Results: The most common reason for dental visit was a regular checkup (64, 26%]. Most students brush their teeth twice a day (51,44%) or more than twice (25,38%]. Toothbrush and toothpaste are used by 68, 39%, while dental floss additionally by 31, 62% subjects. Soft drinks are consumed daily by 70, 72%, sweets by 57, 67% every day after the meal, while 10, 27% students consume sweets daily with no restrictions. Approximately half of all respondents (53, 69%) answered that they felt normal when they visited the dentist, 10, 83% students felt positive and 3% relaxed. About one third of respondents have reported negative feelings: 11,06% responded that it was stressful, 8,29% uncomfortable, 7,6% worried, while 1,84% students felt scared and terrified. Conclusion: Introducing an oral health educational program into schools and preschool institutions could be a significant step towards improvements in oral health status of children and adolescents in our country in which dental care is predominantly based on treating existing pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fixed orthodontic therapy takes an important place in dental medicine with the aim of improving the appearance of dento-facial structures, in esthetic as well as functional sense. Structural elements of fixed orthodontic apparatus, such as brackets and ligatures, represent predictive spot for plaque accumulation, which may lead to changes in the gingiva. The most common changes are gingivitis and gingival hyperplasia. Aim: To indicate a connection between therapies by means of fixed orthodontic apparatus and inflammatory changes in the gingiva, as well as the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration between the orthodontist and the periodontist. Material and methods: The research included 60 students from the fourth, fifth and sixth year of the Faculty of Dentistry in Sarajevo. The students were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 30 students having the therapy by means of fixed orthodontic apparatus (group A), and the second group consisted of 30 students not having the therapy (group B). Before the examination, all subjects have read and signed information consent for voluntary participation to the research. The subjects had one medical examination and went through periodontological anamnestic diagnostic protocol. Results: Obtained results are statistically processed and discussed together with the results of other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The bad habit of smoking has a harmful effect on the salivary glands, oral mucous membranes and teeth. Salivary secretion is reduced due to the harmful effect of smoking on salivary glands. No matter how tobacco is consumed, its harmful effects on the oral mucous membranes result from the thermal action caused by tobacco combustion and the chemical action of smoke that the products of tobacco combustion contains. In smokers, the changes occur on the lips, gingiva, buccal mucosa, palatal mucosa, and tongue. The mucous membrane changes its characteristics; it is initially inflamed to be later increasingly keratinized. There is also an increased risk of potentially malignant lesions and oral cavity cancer. There is a dental discoloration where teeth get dark and pigmented as result of an increased amount of dental deposits. Smokers often have a feeling of dryness, bitterness and intense nicotine induced halitosis or bad breath. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the harmful effects that the bad habit of smoking has on the quantity of salivary secretion (i.e. quantity of saliva/salivary secretion rate) and the subjective feeling of dryness in oral cavity. Research methods and Materials: The research was conducted as a survey run on a sample of 61 respondents. The average age of the respondents is 24 years (students of the third, fourth and fifth year of the Sarajevo Faculty of Dentistry), of whom 31 are smokers and 30 are non- smokers. The respondents are healthy and show no signs of systemic diseases. On the basis of this survey, the general anamnestic data was collected, including the data regarding duration of the smoking habit and the number of cigarettes consumed per day. A clinical examination of the oral cavity was also performed in each respondent, focusing on the examination of oral mucosa. To that effect, a qualitative test of in vitro adhesion (Vitroadhesion Test) was performed, including an examination of salivary flow aided with the Koebner Phenomenon and a quantitative measuring of the Salivary Secretion Rate (quantity of secreted saliva per time) according to Skaff. Results and Conclusion: Data obtained from anamnesis, clinical examination and appropriate tests designed for the evaluation of the quantity and quality of saliva were processed statistically. The results of our survey indicate a statistically significant difference (p=0.045) between the tested groups in one of the applied variables (subjective symptoms detected in the respondents), while the most severe symptom was throat dryness, where out of the 6 respondents who manifested this symptom, 5 were smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of candida infection on denture stomatitis. Patients and Methods. Our study included 90 examinees of both sexes and all of them were wearers of mobile prosthetic devices for at least a year. On the basis of the anamnesis data and clinical check-up, the examinees were divided into 6 groups. In the methodology framework palate and denture plate scrapings were taken. For identification of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species the blastesis (germ) test, cultivation on the chromo-phyl base (Chrom agar) and the Candida assimilation test (API test) were used. Results. The results showed that denture stomatitis was detected in 50% of the cases. The proof of the interrelation between Candida albicans and denture stomatitis is the highly significant positive palate culture finding to Candida albicans and the denture plate culture finding. Conclusion. Denture stomatitis is a local determinant for stronger adherence of Candida albicans with consequent pathologic implications for the oral mucous membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this paper is to determine the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in the saliva of subjects resulting from the presence of various metal restorative activities in the oral cavity. Patients and methods. The research was conducted on 20 subjects (12 women and 8 men), aged 18-30, with no metal fillings in their oral cavity and 20 subjects (11 women and 9 men) aged 18-30 with prosthetic and conservative work in their oral cavities made of various metals. The pH of the saliva was established by means of an "Orion" type pH meter at an optimal temperature of 25°C. The concentration of NO was determined by conversion of NO³ -² into NO² -² with the help of elementary zinc and then by colorimetric testing of the NO² -² concentration by means of the Griess reagent. Results. Our results established that the concentration of NO in patients with various metals (60.18±10.24) is 33.7% higher, which is statistically insignificant, in relation to the control group (45.01±6.28). Conclusion. Various metal restorative activities stemming from dentistry practice do not cause changes in the pH values of saliva and NO concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this paper is to determine the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in the saliva of subjects resulting from the presence of various metal restorative activities in the oral cavity. Patients and methods. The research was conducted on 20 subjects (12 women and 8 men), aged 18-30, with no metal fillings in their oral cavity and 20 subjects (11 women and 9 men) aged 18-30 with prosthetic and conservative work in their oral cavities made of various metals. The pH of the saliva was established by means of an "Orion" type pH meter at an optimal temperature of 25°C. The concentration of NO was determined by conversion of NO3-2 into NO2-2 with the help of elementary zinc and then by colorimetric testing of the NO2-2 concentration by means of the Griess reagent. Results. Our results established that the concentration of NO in patients with various metals (60.18±10.24) is 33.7% higher, which is statistically insignificant, in relation to the control group (45.01±6.28). Conclusion. Various metal restorative activities stemming from dentistry practice do not cause changes in the pH values of saliva and NO concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This comprehensive research aimed to thoroughly examine the effectiveness of a diode laser (445 nm) in combination with non-surgical treatment in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) by evaluating a wide range of clinical and microbiological parameters., Materials and Methods: Thirty-one subjects diagnosed with CP were included in this study. The total number of treated periodontal pockets was 862. The subjects were randomly assigned to group 1, which underwent scaling and root planing and laser therapy (SRP+L), and group 2, which underwent scaling and root planing (SRP) only. All respondents underwent a periodontal diagnostic protocol. The parameters plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing index (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and tooth mobility (TM) were registered. Clinical periodontal measurements were performed at baseline and one and three months after therapy. Microbiological analysis was conducted on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and Tannerella forsythia (Tf) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For microbiological analysis, samples were taken at baseline, immediately after therapy, and after three months. Laser irradiation was performed immediately after SRP., Results: All clinical parameters improved statistically from baseline to three months after therapy. For all examined clinical parameters, better results were achieved in group 1 than in group 2. This study showed a more significant reduction in Pg and Tf from baseline to three months in group 1 compared to group 2., Conclusion: These results showed that the diode laser wavelength 445 nm was also usable in treating periodontal diseases as an additional method to SRP., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. The Institutional Ethical Review Board of the Faculty of Dentistry with the Dental-Clinical Center, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, issued approval 02-3-4-59-1-5/2020. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mujić Jahić et al.)