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In the present work, hydroxyapatite (HA)-50 wt.% TiO2 composite coating has been developed on Mg-alloy by laser cladding process using 400 W continuous wave fibre laser. A detailed microstructural characterisation has been done by using optical profilometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction techniques. The wettability analysis has been done by the sessile method using hank's solution. The average roughness is 0.5 μm for the Mg-1% Ca alloy and 1.45 μm for laser-cladded surface. The microstructure analysis shows uniform deposition with the presence of porosities, particles and few cracks on the top surface of laser-cladded surface. The composition analysis shows the uniform and homogeneous distribution of Ca, Ti, P, and O on the laser-cladded surface. The phase analysis shows the presence α, β phase in Mg-1% Ca alloy and the presence of Ca2P2O7, Ca3(PO4)2, CaTiO3 and TiO2 (rutile) phases in the laser-cladded surface. There is an improvement in wettability of the laser-cladded surface as compared to as-received Mg alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Aims Patients/Methods Results Conclusions Skin biorevitalization involves multiple intradermal injections to enhance skin quality, but precise dermal targeting can be challenging due to variations in skin thickness smaller, less painful needles with fewer skin reactions are attractive options.This study evaluates a new Micro‐Needle device's performance and safety in comparison with the classic needle used in skin biorevitalization.Subjects with facial and neck skin aging were enrolled. Safety outcomes, including immediate and local tolerability, were assessed. Performance outcomes measured skin radiance, wrinkles and photoaging grade, hydration, subepidermal low echogenic band, dermis thickness, and skin elasticity. Both subjects and investigators recorded Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores.Micro‐Needle injections demonstrated superior performance compared to the classic needle, influenced by the specific skin zones and thickness. Micro‐Needle was superior for skin wrinkles at D49 for periorbital zone and nasolabial folds by −14.5% (p = 0.01) and −15% (p = 0.004), respectively, and for neck by 9.6% (p = 0.0008). The Nanosoft device showed a faster improvement for skin hydration at D42 for the cheek zone (p = 0.04) and at D75 for the neck area (p = 0.01); and for skin radiance at D75 (p = 0.03) and at D120 (p = 0.0098). Ex vivo studies confirmed the Micro‐Needle's accuracy in product placement in the dermis. Adverse events were milder with Micro‐Needle and no serious adverse events occurred.Both needles significantly improved skin quality, but Micro‐Needle enhanced the outcomes of skin biorevitalization procedures, particularly in terms of skin wrinkle reduction, elasticity, and overall skin hydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusion Skin aging research often focuses on the dermis, overlooking the significance of the retinacular cutis (RC) in aging. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy, safety, and effect of an injectable solution containing hyaluronic acid, amino acids, and peptides, on facial sagging and laxity by targeting the RC.This single‐center observational study recruited 28 female volunteers aged 25–65 years. The participants received four monthly injections of the studied solution. Objective measures included skin hydration, elasticity, color, thickness, collagen density evaluated via DermaLab Combo and high‐resolution ultrasound imaging. Subjective measures included participant satisfaction evaluated using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). Adverse effects were monitored throughout the study period.Significant improvements were observed in skin hydration, elasticity, and collagen density after treatment. Hydration increased by 25.9% at T1 (30 days after last session), sustaining a 15.9% increase at T2 (120 days after last session). Elasticity improved by 29.2% at T1 and 20.7% at T2. Collagen density increased by 20.27% at T1 and 16.71% at T2. Self‐reported GAIS scores showed consistent increases. Adverse effects were minimal and included only transient ecchymosis and mild pain.Injections of the solution had a substantial hydrating effect, enhanced elasticity, and increased collagen density in the RC and dermis. Results persisted at the 120‐day follow‐up, indicating sustained benefits. Hence, this injectable solution may offer a safe and effective non‐invasive treatment option for improving skin laxity and sagging, targeting the RC and other deep connective tissue such as retaining ligaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft tissue engineering has focused on green, solvent-free biopolymers with rubber-like characteristics. One of the well-known elastomeric polyesters is polyglycerol sebacate (PGS). The present investigation involves the synthesis of a novel biopolymer composed of PGS-co-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) copolymer, alongside hydroxyapatite (HA) using bovine bone. These synthesized materials were utilized to build scaffolds using 18–22 kV electrospinning. By in situ polymerization, PGS-co-PCL/HA nanocomposites with 5% and 10% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were developed. Various analysis such as FTIR, TGA, SEM, and DSC were utilized to examine the prepared samples. Introducing 10% HA to the PGS-co-PCL copolymer blends boosted nanocomposite mechanical strength by 300%. Meanwhile, PGS-co-PCL-based samples and their nanocomposites demonstrated promising biocompatibility and antibacterial characteristics. Biodegradability experiments revealed that at pH 7, PGS-co-PCL-HA10% was degraded by 45% within 30 days, whereas at pH 11, degradation accelerated to 65%. This study's findings provide a novel approach for soft tissue engineers to construct effective scaffolds with great biocompatibility and enhanced mechanical properties by combining PGS with co-PCL and adding HA nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pragmatic marker ha 哈 in Mandarin, has little meaning in itself; while some studies have looked into its usage in spoken discourse, we seek to address its usage and unpack its specific interpersonal pragmatic function in online, private, dyadic discourse, itself an underexplored area, and a setting in which participants are free from public scrutiny, unlike on mass social media. The results demonstrate that it can be attached to clauses and sentences to show the affect of the writer, from indicating a jocular and playful tone to softening a request. Therefore, ha is used as a way to express different types of rapport orientations and positive self-presentation. By drawing on personal WeChat messages, this paper bridges the gap by focusing on ha in technologically-mediated conversation. The expanding usage of ha also suggests a wish to create linguistic forms which can act as substitutes for non-verbal communication features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial fillers have become integral to aesthetic medicine, significantly enhancing facial features and restoring a youthful appearance (Evans, 2019). Among the available fillers, achieving a 'natural look' is paramount to maintaining facial harmonisation (Davis, 2020). This natural look ensures subtle enhancements that do not compromise an individual's inherent expressions and features (Wilson, 2022). The increasing demand for natural-looking results underscores the necessity for products that deliver reliable, safe, and aesthetically pleasing outcomes (Thompson and Robinson, 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The H10 avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been detected in both birds and mammals. Recently, the cases of human infection with H10N8 and H10N3 in China pose high risk to public health. However, the antigenic sites in hemagglutinin (HA) of H10 are poorly understood. In this study, 3 monoclonal antibodies (MAb), designated as 1F4, 6B3 and 6G12, against the HA protein of the H10N3 strain A/chicken/Taizhou/498/2021(H10N3) (TZ498), were first generated. All of these MAb could effectively inhibit TZ498 in haemagglutination inhibition assay and microneutralization assay. Four novel antigenic sites at positions 135, 208, 227, and 266 (H10 numbering) were identified in the HA of TZ498 through escape mutants selected by these 3 MAb. Moreover, natural mutations at positions 135 and 227 were found in the H10 field strains. All these not only provide novel insights into the molecular markers for monitoring the antigenic variation of H10 but also be helpful for developing efficient control strategies against H10.

In this study, multi-structured coatings of biocompatible and antibacterial materials on a 316L stainless steel (SS) implant have been electrophoretically deposited for orthopedic applications. Two layers of composite coatings have been deposited; the first layer of composite coating biopolymer layer consists of (chitosan with Gelatin) and the second composite coating layer of bio-ceramic comprises Hydroxyapatite with chitosan. The first layer was deposited at (3 g/L concentration of Gelatin, 20 voltage, and 3 min and 0.5 g/L chitosan) parameters, and the second layer was deposited at (6 g/L, 40 voltage, 1 min, and 0.5 g/L chitosan) parameters. In this study, the stability of the suspension was evaluated using the Zeta potential test, which manifested good stability. The adhesion strength between the composite coatings' first layer and the 316L stainless steel substrate, as well as between the coating layers themselves, was determined using the Tape test, and the removal area for the first layer was 8.06% while for the second layer was 6.01%. The wettability test elucidated for the 316L stainless steel and first coating layer and the second coating layer, the second composite coating layer became super hydrophilic, and a very high wettability was exhibited with multilayer coating. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface's topology revealed a homogenous and defect-free composite coating. The result of the antibacterial efficiency of the 316L SS substrate improved as the number of coating composite layers increased, and the resistance to corrosion of 316L SS enhanced as the number of coating composite layers increased.

Ling Tang,1 Yu-Jia Wang,2 Yuan-Yuan Wang,2 Shu-Tong Li,3 Liang Kong,3 Xue-Tao Li,3 Ling-Ling Ma,1 Xiu-Xiu Liu1 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ling-Ling Ma; Xiu-Xiu Liu, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China, Email 826269013@qq.com; 1225949002@qq.comPurpose: Ovarian cancer is a fatal gynecologic malignancy with a high rate of abdominal metastasis. Chemotherapy still has a poor clinical prognosis for ovarian cancer patients, with cell proliferation and angiogenesis leading to invasion, migration, and recurrence. To overcome these obstacles, we constructed a novel HA-modified paclitaxel and diosgenin liposome (PEG-TK-HA-PDLPs) using two novel functional materials, DSPE-PEG2000-HA and DSPE-PEG2000-TK-PEG5000, to specifically deliver the drugs to the tumor site in order to reduce OC cell proliferation and anti-angiogenic generation, thereby inhibiting invasion and migration.Methods and Results: PEG-TK-HA-PDLPs were prepared by film dispersion, with ideal physicochemical properties and exhibits active targeting for enhanced cellular uptake. The ZIP synergy score for PTX and Dios was calculated using the online SynergyFinder software to be 3.15, indicating synergy. In vitro results showed that PEG-TK-HA-PDLPs were highly cytotoxic to ID8 cells, induced ID8 cell apoptosis, and inhibited ID8 cell migration and invasion. In vivo studies showed that PEG-TK-HA-PDLPs could prolong the circulation time in the blood, accumulate significantly in the tumor site, and effectively fight against angiogenesis with significant anti-tumor effects.Conclusion: The production of PEG-TK-HA-PDLPs is an effective strategy for the treatment of OC.Keywords: ovarian cancer, functional liposomes, paclitaxel, diosgenin, ROS-response, HA

Polylactic acid (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) composite scaffolds have been widely studied for applications in bone tissue engineering (BTE) due to their bioactive and biocompatible properties. However, there is a need for more knowledge about the influence of size and crystallinity of HA nanoparticles (nHA) on the properties of PLA/nHA nanocomposite scaffolds produced by 3D printing. In this study, 3D printing was used to produce PLA nanocomposite scaffolds incorporated with nHA filler with different particle sizes and crystallinities. Initially, the nanocomposites were prepared by casting for 3D printing of scaffolds, which were characterized by analysis of thermal, morphological, physical-chemical, mechanical, and biological properties in vitro. The results showed that the size and crystallinity of nHA particles mainly influenced the scaffolds' mechanical properties, degradation rate, and bioactivity. Incorporating nHA provided a gain in compressive strength compared to pure PLA, superior to natural cancellous bone, which varies between 2 and 12 MPa. The lower crystallinity, 39.46 %, promoted a higher rate of degradation and bioactivity in vitro due to its solubility in the simulated fluid. All nanocomposite scaffolds showed cell viability above 90 %. The scaffolds showed suitable properties for BTE applications.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to histologically compare periodontal regeneration of one-wall intrabony defects treated with open flap debridement, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), and carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) in dogs.MethodsThe mandibular third premolars of four beagle dogs were extracted. Twelve weeks after the extraction, a one-wall bone defect of 4 mm × 5 mm (mesio-distal width × depth) was created on the distal side of the mandibular second premolar and mesial side of the fourth premolar. Each defect was randomly allocated to open flap debridement (control group), periodontal regeneration utilizing β-TCP, or CO3Ap. Eight weeks after the surgery, histologic and histometric analyses were performed.ResultsNo ankylosis, infection, or acute inflammation was observed at any of the experimental sites. Newly formed bone and cementum were observed in all experimental groups. The mineral apposition rate of the alveolar bone crest was higher in the CO3Ap group than in the control and β-TCP groups. The ratio of the new bone area was significantly higher in the CO3Ap group than in the control group (P

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with ventriculoatrial (VA) block can represent a diagnostic challenge. We present a case of SVT where His-His interval shortening was repeatedly observed during episodes of VA block. This novel observation is more diagnostically suggestive of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia, as opposed to orthodromic re-entry using a nodofascicular or nodoventricular pathway where a constant His-His is recorded during episodes of VA block. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

In this work, semi‐aromatic polyamide containing ether bond (PAE10T) was synthesized through nucleophilic substitution reaction using 1, 10‐N, N′‐bis(4‐fuorobenzamide) decane (BFBD) and hydroquinone (HQ) as the raw materials. And then the composites hydroxyapatite/semi‐aromatic polyamide (40%HA‐PAE10T and 60%HA‐PAE10T) were prepared by chemical precipitation method. Mechanical, SEM, FT‐IR, XRD, DSC, TGA and bioactivity tests were performed to characterize the structure, morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of PAE10T and its composites. Mechanical tests revealed that the difference of HA in weight played an important role in mechanical performance of the composites. Furthermore, in comparison with PAE10T, the 60%HA‐PAE10T showed the highest enhancement in compressive strength (133 MPa) at 75.9%, and the 40%HA‐PAE10T given expression to the best increase in bending strengths (97 MPa) at about 18.4%. The 40%HA‐PAE10T and 60% HA‐PAE10T exhibited the mechanical performances closed to the cortical bone of human. After 28 days of dip in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS), PAE10T, and its composites showed satisfactory stability. The cell culture results showed all composites gad good cytocompatibility, cells attached on the materials well with excellent morphology. All the experimental results showed that the composites were expected to have a good application in the field of compact bone repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive borosilicate glasses having weight composition (74-X) SiO2, 16 Na2O, 10 B2O3 and (X) V2O5 (wt%), where (X = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 4 wt %) were synthesized using the conventional melting procedure. Bioactive glass samples were melted in a platinum crucible of 50 ml capacity at 1400 °C in the globular furnace with air as the furnace atmosphere and kept hold for 2 h. These glasses were characterised and tested by using several experiment techniques like XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDX. The bioactivity of the borosilicate samples was determined by submerging them in simulated body fluid (SBF) for different time intervals. The developed hydroxy apatite (HA) was identified by FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX technique. The obtained results demonstrate that the in-vitro bioactivity of the samples increases with the increase in V2O5 doping in samples. Various properties like density, compressive strength and electrical properties are determined. Physical and mechanical properties are improved after V2O5 doping. Electrical properties are improved after SBF doping, and the result shows the ion movement due to increased bioactivity. The in-vitro hemocompatibility and cellular compatibility on MG-63 cell lines were carried out. It was found that samples were compatible with human blood. Cellular proliferation is increased with increasing concentration of V2O5. However beyond 0.5% V2O5 doping the value of bioactivity decreases at higher concentrations of samples in culture media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the mechanism and efficacy of gel in the treatment of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), combined with hyaluronic acid (HA) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (BMSC-EXOs), and to explain its role in alleviating oxidative stress damage induced by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Methods: How is the therapeutic potential of toa influenced by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-EXO to be evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, BMSC-EXOs were extracted and characterized from rat specimens and labeled with Dil. Rat primary chondrocytes were then isolated to create a cellular PTOA model. BMSC-EXOs + HA group, BMSC-EXOs + HA + 740Y–P group, model group, BMSC-EXOs group, HA group, and control group were included in the cell group, and the function of cartilage matrix and the level of oxidative stress could be evaluated. Cartilage matrix integrity and oxidative stress can be assessed by grouping rats. At the same time, a rat model of ptosis can be established by excision of the anterior cruciate ligament, and joint rehabilitation, with pro-inflammatory and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used to determine anti-inflammatory markers. Result: sThe combined use of BMSC-EXOs and HA gel was found to significantly reduce oxidative stress in chondrocytes and PTOA rat models, improving cartilage mechanical properties more effectively than BMSC-EXOs alone. Conclusion: BMSC-EXOs combined with HA gel offer a promising treatment for PTOA by modulating damage caused by mitochondrial ROS-induced oxidative stress.

Abstract Background One essential element of the extracellular matrix is hyaluronic acid (HA). It has been claimed that HA and its metabolism are different in the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The present study investigated the predictive significance of serum level of HA in patients with COPD and monitored changes in its level in these patients because of therapy. Methods HA was assessed in 60 patients with stable COPD (divided into subgroups I and II) and 20 healthy controls and then repeated after 3 and 6 months in COPD patients. Results Most of the patients were males (63.3%), and their ages ranged from 30 to 90. The serum level of HA was significantly increased in subgroups I and II (269.33 ± 4, 290 ± 4, respectively), compared to the control group (147.5 ± 1) with a significant difference in its level between both (p

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), composed of temporal fossa, mandibular condyle and a fibrocartilage disc with upper and lower cavities, is the biggest synovial joint and biomechanical hinge of the craniomaxillofacial musculoskeletal system. The initial events that give rise to TMJ cavities across diverse species are not fully understood. Most studies focus on the pivotal role of molecules such as Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in TMJ cavitation. Although biologists have observed that mechanical stress plays an irreplaceable role in the development of biological tissues and organs, few studies have been concerned with how mechanical stress regulates TMJ cavitation. Based on the evidence from human or other animal embryos today, it is implicated that mechanical stress plays an essential role in TMJ cavitation. In this review, we discuss the relationship between mechanical stress and TMJ cavitation from evo-devo perspectives and review the clinical features and potential pathogenesis of TMJ dysplasia. [Display omitted] • Indian hedgehog-mediated mechanotransduction pathway can be involved in TMJ cavitation. • Hyaluronic acid is involved in initial synovial joint cavitation. • Abnormal mechanics may be involved in the pathogenesis of TMJ hypoplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza A virus (IAV) commandeers numerous host cellular factors for successful replication. However, very few host factors have been revealed to be involved in the fusion of viral envelope and late endosomal membranes. In this study, we identified cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) as a crucial host factor for the replication of IAV. We found that siRNA knockdown of M6PR expression significantly reduced the growth titers of different subtypes of IAV, and that the inhibitory effect of M6PR siRNA treatment on IAV growth was overcome by the complement of exogenously expressed M6PR. When A549 cells were treated with siRNA targeting M6PR, the nuclear accumulation of viral nucleoprotein (NP) was dramatically inhibited at early timepoints post-infection, indicating that M6PR engages in the early stage of the IAV replication cycle. By investigating the role of M6PR in the individual entry and post-entry steps of IAV replication, we found that the downregulation of M6PR expression had no effect on attachment, internalization, early endosome trafficking, or late endosome acidification. However, we found that M6PR expression was critical for the fusion of viral envelope and late endosomal membranes. Of note, M6PR interacted with the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of IAV, and further studies showed that the lumenal domain of M6PR and the ectodomain of HA2 mediated the interaction and directly promoted the fusion of the viral and late endosomal membranes, thereby facilitating IAV replication. Together, our findings highlight the importance of the M6PR–HA interaction in the fusion of viral and late endosomal membranes during IAV replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A topical medical device, AI500®, constituted of a single-chain polypeptide embedded in hyaluronic acid, was tested and evaluated in patients with reduced knee function due to osteoarthritis and other knee conditions. A total of 35 participants with reduced knee function assessed by the WOMAC Physical Function score were recruited. Four study visits were planned, from the first application at V0 to 1 week follow up at V3. Patient symptomatology was evaluated after 24 h (V1) and after 48 h (V2) through phone contact, and after 1 week from V0, on site (V3). The overall duration of the follow up was one week. An amelioration of 40% in WOMAC Physical Functional scores after 1 week of treatment was recorded, thus achieving the primary endpoint of 20%. Furthermore, a reduction of 29% in Physical Functional scores and of 28% in total WOMAC scores between V0-V2 was registered, together with a decrease of 39% between V0 and V3. The NRS scale showed a 29% and 37% reduction in pain between V0-V1 and V0-V2, respectively. Product safety was confirmed by the very low rate of adverse effects, non-device related, observed in only 2 patients out of 35, resolved spontaneously within 24–48 h. No safety concerns or risks associated with the use of the device were highlighted. There are few the studies on the topical use of HA-based gels for the treatment of knee problems. Compared to invasive intra-articular injections and oral pharmacological therapies used in cases of knee pain, the topical application of AI500® is non-invasive, safe, and appreciated by patients. Good results in terms of functional improvement and symptoms resolution were obtained in less than 1 week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of biomaterials engineering, Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) have emerged as a novel class of composites, characterized by spatial variations in composition that yield a gradient in properties tailor-made for specific applications. This investigation delineates the development of a multi-layered FGM composed of titanium, nickel, and hydroxyapatite (NiTi/HA), designed to address the challenges associated with bone implant integration. Porous NiTi, renowned for its mechanical compatibility with bone tissue, is coupled with hydroxyapatite, a material celebrated for its osteoconductive properties, to enhance bioactivity and promote bone ingrowth. The fabrication of this NiTi/HA FGM was realized through a powder metallurgy approach, culminating in the production of specimens with either three or five stratified layers that progressively transition from NiTi-rich at one extremity to HA-rich at the other. The compaction of these powders was executed under a pressure of 450 MPa, followed by a sintering process at 1000°C sustained for a duration of three hours--parameters meticulously chosen to optimize material integrity without compromising the functional gradient. Mechanical characterization was systematically conducted, revealing that the microhardness of the FGMs ranged from 269.6 to 458.11 kg/mm² and 365.5 to 436.5 kg/mm² for the three-layered and five-layered specimens, respectively. The density and porosity of these materials were also quantified, with the three-layered FGM (FGM1) exhibiting an apparent density of 2.665 g/cm³ and a porosity of 33.5%, while the five-layered FGM (FGM2) displayed an increased density of 3.754 g/cm³ and a reduced porosity of 24.6%. X-ray diffraction analysis verified the phase composition of the graded specimens, confirming the presence of the anticipated monoclinic NiTi, cubic NiTi, and hexagonal Ni3Ti phases, integral to the material's function. The synergistic combination of the robust mechanical properties of the NiTi alloy with the superior bioactivity of hydroxyapatite underscores the potential of this FGM NiTi/HA for hard tissue implant applications, offering a promising avenue for the advancement of orthopedic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian H9N2 viruses have wide host range among the influenza A viruses. However, knowledge of H9N2 mammalian adaptation is limited. To explore the molecular basis of the adaptation to mammals, we performed serial lung passaging of the H9N2 strain A/chicken/Hunan/8.27 YYGK3W3-OC/2018 (3W3) in mice and identified six mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) and polymerase acidic (PA) proteins. Mutations L226Q, T511I, and A528V of HA were responsible for enhanced pathogenicity and viral replication in mice; notably, HA-L226Q was the key determinant. Mutations T97I, I545V, and S594G of PA contributed to enhanced polymerase activity in mammalian cells and increased viral replication levels in vitro and in vivo. PA-T97I increased viral polymerase activity by accelerating the viral polymerase complex assembly. Our findings revealed that the viral replication was affected by the presence of PA-97I and/or PA-545V in combination with a triple-point HA mutation. Furthermore, the double- and triple-point PA mutations demonstrated antagonistic effect on viral replication when combined with HA-226Q. Notably, any combination of PA mutations, along with double-point HA mutations, resulted in antagonistic effect on viral replication. We also observed antagonism in viral replication between PA-545V and PA-97I, as well as between HA-528V and PA-545V. Our findings demonstrated that several antagonistic mutations in HA and PA proteins affect viral replication, which may contribute to the H9N2 virus adaptation to mice and mammalian cells. These findings can potentially contribute to the monitoring of H9N2 field strains for assessing their potential risk in mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epitope tags recognized by specific antibodies have been widely used over the last few decades, notably to localize tagged proteins within cells by immunofluorescence. The diversity of tags and antibodies usually prevents a side‐by‐side comparison of the efficiency with which each antibody recognizes its cognate tag. We expressed chimeric proteins, each composed of an invariant domain (IL2Ra) associated with a specific epitope tag. Double immunofluorescence allowed us to quantify in parallel the reference signal generated by the anti‐IL2Ra antibody and the signal generated by the anti‐epitope tag antibody. Since all antibodies used in this study were recombinant antibodies fused to the same mouse Fc domain, the generated signals were directly comparable. Three groups of tags/antibodies were revealed: ‘good’ antibodies generated high signals even when used at a low concentration (50 ng·mL−1), ‘fair’ antibodies generated a high signal only at high concentrations (5000 ng·mL−1), and ‘mediocre’ antibodies generated positive but weak signals. Except for an anti‐myc antibody, similar results were obtained when cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde or methanol. These results provide a side‐by‐side quantitative evaluation of different tag/antibody pairs. This information will be useful to optimize the choice of epitope tags and to choose optimal antibodies.

Abstract Background To promote wound recovery in the recipient region, we studied the impact of exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) on acellular dermal matrix (ADM) paired with thin intermediate-thickness skin transplant. Methods This study contains animal and clinical experiments. 50 Japanese big ear rabbits were separated into HA1, HA2, PADM, TS, and NS groups. Clinical part included 50 scar patients dividing into 5 groups (TS + HA + ADM 1, TS + ADM2, TS, TS + ADM and normal skin (NS)). Results In the animal trial, after 56 days, the grafts contracted least in the HA2 group; HA2 had the highest microvascular density (MVD), HA concentration, and collagen I and III expression. In clinical work, ADM > HA + ADM2 > HA + ADM1 > TS > NS; Type I and III collagen: HA + ADM1 and HA + ADM2 were higher than ADM; HA content: TS > HA + ADM1 > HA + ADM 2 > ADM. Conclusions ADM, exogenous hyaluronic acid mixed with thin skin autograft has better biomechanical qualities and therapeutic impact than acellular dermal matrix alone, and the reconstructive result is near to self-thick skin autograft in all indexes.

Abstract Background The bone defects cannot heal by themselves when their range exceeds the critical size defect (CSD). In clinical treatment, significant bone defects are often caused by trauma, developmental deformity, tumour resection and infection. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of green synthesis of TiO2 from propolis extract/collagen/HA (Hydroxyapatite) scaffolds on bone regeneration in rats. Methods Water uptake, biodegradability, porosity and biodegradation of the scaffolds were evaluated after they were synthesised using freeze‐dry method. Cell viability by MTT assay was then evaluated. During the 4, 8 and 12 weeks following the scaffold implantation, the bone regeneration was evaluated using macroscopic and microscopic tests to determine the effectiveness of green synthesis of TiO2 from propolis extract/collagen/HA scaffolds. Results Compared to the HA/Coll scaffold, ProTiO2/HA/Coll scaffold was reduced porosity, water absorption and degradability porosity. Based on in vitro tests, both synthetic scaffolds induced cell growth and were less toxic and stimulated cell growth. Based on histopathological testing, the ProTiO2/HA/Coll scaffolds formed high levels of bone during 12 weeks in comparison with HA/Coll and control group. Conclusions ProTiO2/HA/Coll composite can be used in regenerative medicine, bone fillers and scaffolds. As a result, this research suggests that ProTiO2/HA/Coll composites could be promising candidates for bone regeneration.

Lyudmyla Bezpalko,1 Andriy Filipskiy2 1Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Clinical Hospital of Lviv Railway, Lviv, Ukraine; 2Radiology Department, Postgraduate Faculty, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Revive Aesthetic Medicine Clinic, Lviv, UkraineCorrespondence: Lyudmyla Bezpalko, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Clinical Hospital of Lviv Railway, Ivana Ohiienka St. 5, Lviv, Lviv Oblast, Lviv, Ukraine, 79000, Tel +380322264308, Fax +380322264308, Email bezpalkolu@gmail.comIntroduction: Nowadays patients want to get an immediate result from skin rejuvenation techniques without sign of injections and consequent limitations in social life. Therefore, the least traumatic, more effective, and longer lasting treatment approach for skin quality improvement should be favored.Purpose: Assess skin quality outcomes by clinical examination and self-reporting in patients treated with two non-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) products, injected by cannula. Investigate the skin thickness and the longevity of dermal fillers in soft tissues by ultrasound examination.Patients and Methods: Fifteen female patients (mean age 41 years) were selected for injection with two non-crosslinked HA products (one for each hemiface and hemi neck). Subdermal injections were performed bilaterally and the retrograde linear fanning technique with a 25G 50 mm cannula from three entry points was used. An ultrasound examination of the skin layers thickness was carried out before the procedure and every 6– 7 days up to three weeks, when patients skin quality improvement was assessed by GAIS (Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale) and patients asked about their satisfaction level.Results: On the right hemiface, the use of the non-crosslinked HA-product with lidocaine was not associated with pain in the sites of injection. On both face sides, the signs of bruising or edema were minor and not associated with downtime or social life limitation after the procedure. After three weeks, despite both injected products could not be detected by ultrasound technique, signs of skin stimulation and skin layers hydration were still observed: The dermis became thicker on both hemifaces while the epidermis became thinner but showed more pronounced radiance and densification effect on the right hemiface.Conclusion: Subdermal injections of non-crosslinked HA “skin boosters” could be a good option for minimal traumatic and effective 3-week lasting skin quality improvement.Keywords: HA, skin booster, lidocaine, tissue longevity, ultrasound scan, skin tone, skin texture

Water resource management is critical in the face of climate change to reduce water scarcity and meet the demands of an expanding population. Prioritization of watersheds has gained significance in natural resource management, particularly in the context of watershed management. This study prioritizes sub-watersheds for the Peddavagu basin using five methods. The four methods mentioned above can be estimated utilizing remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) approaches, while linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is estimated using machine learning techniques. The catchment resulted in the formation of 13 sub-watersheds. The quantitative measurements of morphometric analysis, including linear, relief, and areal, were considered, and 18 morphometric characteristics were chosen to rank and prioritize sub-watersheds. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to rank and prioritize sub-watersheds based on four highly correlated morphometric parameters. The land use/land cover (LULC) analysis used four features to prioritize sub-watersheds. The LDA analysis used two features to prioritize sub-watersheds. Using hypsometric integral (HI) values, prioritization has been done. Sub-watersheds were prioritized. Based on five methods, the sub-watersheds were classified as low, medium, and high. Among the sub-watersheds identified as high priority, immediate priority is assigned to SW10. Decision-makers in the research region can use the findings to plan and implement watershed management techniques. HIGHLIGHTS A novel machine learning, specifically a linear discriminant analysis technique, was proposed for the prioritization of watersheds.; SW10 stands out as the top choice for ensuring efficient watershed management as per requirements.; The study's outcomes provide decision-making authorities with valuable information to guide the implementation of sustainable watershed management initiatives.;

Advanced oxidation processes (AOP), using semiconductor (SC) and hydroxyapatite (HA) composites, are promising due to the synergy of photocatalytic and adsorption properties. Still, dye removal efficiency of composites based on HA-SC remains low, because most of the research reported consider single SC materials. In this work, nanocrystalline xerogels of titanium oxide (TiO2) with copper oxide (CuO) and HA were synthesized by the sol-gel process. HA was obtained by the precipitation method without heat treatment and calcined in the range of 200–1000 °C. TiO2 and copper precursors were added to a sol containing HA in a 12:1 mol ratio, obtaining HA-TiO2 and HA-CuO-TiO2 nanomaterials. The xerogels were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, emission field scanning electron microscopy and photoresponse. Their performance in the photocatalytic discoloration of an aqueous solution acid yellow dye 36 (AY36) was evaluated, using visible and UV light. The best discoloration was achieved with HA-CuO-TiO2 xerogels with HA calcined at 600 °C, showing a degradation kinetic constant of 0.24 min−1. In contrast, HA-TiO2 materials showed little or no photocatalytic activity, but strong dye adsorption/desorption. The thermal treatment of HA determines the filament-like morphology and degree of compaction of the nanomaterials, which are relevant in the crystallite size and sensitization of the SC matrix. Further studies must address the surface chemistry and rectifying properties of the best SC composite to have a more complete understanding of the mechanisms involved.

Summary: Background: Influenza viruses continually acquire mutations in the antigenic epitopes of their major viral antigen, the surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin (HA), allowing evasion from immunity in humans induced upon prior influenza virus infections or vaccinations. Consequently, the influenza strains used for vaccine production must be updated frequently. Methods: To better understand the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses, we introduced random mutations into the HA head region (where the immunodominant epitopes are located) of a pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm) virus from 2015 and incubated it with various human sera collected in 2015–2016. Mutants not neutralized by the human sera were sequenced and further characterized for their haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers with human sera and with ferret sera raised to H1N1pdm viruses from 2009 to 2015. Findings: The largest antigenic changes were conferred by mutations at HA amino acid position 187; interestingly, these antigenic changes were recognized by human, but not by ferret serum. H1N1pdm viruses with amino acid changes at position 187 were very rare until the end of 2018, but have become more frequent since; in fact, the D187A amino acid change is one of the defining changes of clade 6B.1A.5a.1 viruses, which emerged in 2019. Interpretation: Our findings indicate that amino acid substitutions in H1N1pdm epitopes may be recognized by human sera, but not by homologous ferret sera. Funding: This project was supported by funding from the NIAID-funded Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP, HHSN272201400008C).

We have previously shown that intradermal injection of high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (500-1200 kDa) produces localized antihyperalgesia in preclinical models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. In the present experiments, we studied the therapeutic effect of topical hyaluronan, when combined with each of 3 transdermal drug delivery enhancers (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], protamine or terpene), in preclinical models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Topical application of 500 to 1200 kDa hyaluronan (the molecular weight range used in our previous studies employing intradermal administration), dissolved in 75% DMSO in saline, markedly reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hyperalgesia, in male and female rats. Although topical 500- to 1200-kDa hyaluronan in DMSO vehicle dose dependently, also markedly, attenuated oxaliplatin chemotherapy–and paclitaxel chemotherapy– induced painful peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in male rats, it lacked efficacy in female rats. However, following ovariectomy or intrathecal administration of an oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to G-protein–coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30) mRNA, CIPN in female rats was now attenuated by topical hyaluronan. Although topical coadministration of 150 to 300, 300 to 500, or 1500 to 1750 kDa hyaluronan with DMSO also attenuated CIPN, a slightly lower-molecular-weight hyaluronan (70-120 kDa) did not. The topical administration of a combination of hyaluronan with 2 other transdermal drug delivery enhancers, protamine and terpene, also attenuated CIPN hyperalgesia, an effect that was more prolonged than with DMSO vehicle. Repeated administration of topical hyaluronan prolonged the duration of antihyperalgesia. Our results support the use of topical hyaluronan, combined with chemically diverse nontoxic skin penetration enhancers, to induce marked antihyperalgesia in preclinical models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution has been widely considered by researchers, especially the heavy metals damage to the human and ecological environment is irreversible. Adsorption is an important method to remove heavy metal ions from the environment. In this paper, humic acid (HA) was functionalized by the improved Hummers method, and its adsorption capacity for Pb(II) was studied. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Roman, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) showed that the thickness of irregular particles decreases to a layered structure during the transformation process. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) spectra showed that the surface of oxidized-biochar (OBC) was rich in reactive oxygen species, which was conducive to the formation of coordination bonds with Pb(II). Further adsorption experiments showed that it was a spontaneous monolayer chemisorption. The results of the DFT calculation showed that -COOH had the lowest adsorption energy for Pb(II), and it was easier to form stable chemical bonds than -OH, -C=O, and -C-O-C-. Because those oxygen-containing functional groups not only can promote electrostatic attraction but also are more favorable for forming a covalent bond with Pb(II). This study had guiding significance for the deep modification and application of weathered coal as a heavy metal ion adsorbent or cation exchanger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epitope tags recognized by specific antibodies have been widely used over the last few decades, notably to localize tagged proteins within cells by immunofluorescence. The diversity of tags and antibodies usually prevents a side‐by‐side comparison of the efficiency with which each antibody recognizes its cognate tag. We expressed chimeric proteins, each composed of an invariant domain (IL2Ra) associated with a specific epitope tag. Double immunofluorescence allowed us to quantify in parallel the reference signal generated by the anti‐IL2Ra antibody and the signal generated by the anti‐epitope tag antibody. Since all antibodies used in this study were recombinant antibodies fused to the same mouse Fc domain, the generated signals were directly comparable. Three groups of tags/antibodies were revealed: 'good' antibodies generated high signals even when used at a low concentration (50 ng·mL−1), 'fair' antibodies generated a high signal only at high concentrations (5000 ng·mL−1), and 'mediocre' antibodies generated positive but weak signals. Except for an anti‐myc antibody, similar results were obtained when cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde or methanol. These results provide a side‐by‐side quantitative evaluation of different tag/antibody pairs. This information will be useful to optimize the choice of epitope tags and to choose optimal antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apigenin (API) possesses excellent antitumor properties but its limited water solubility and low bioavailability restrict its therapeutic impact. Thus, a suitable delivery system is needed to overcome these limitations and improve the therapeutic efficiency. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a copolymer extensively utilized in drug delivery. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major extracellular matrix component and can specifically bind to CD44 on colon cancer cells. Herein, we aimed to prepare receptor-selective HA-coated PLGA nanoparticles (HA-PLGA-API-NPs) for colon cancers with high expression of CD44; chitosan (CS) was introduced into the system as an intermediate, simultaneously binding HA and PLGA through electrostatic interaction to facilitate a tighter connection between them. API was encapsulated in PLGA to obtain PLGA-API-NPs, which were then sequentially coated with CS and HA to form HA-PLGA-API-NPs. HA-PLGA-API-NPs had a stronger sustained-release capability. The cellular uptake of HA-PLGA-API-NPs was enhanced in HT-29 cells with high expression of CD44. In vivo, HA-PLGA-API-NPs showed enhanced targeting specificity towards the HT-29 ectopic tumor model in nude mice in comparison with PLGA-API-NPs. Overall, HA-PLGA-API-NPs were an effective drug delivery platform for API in the treatment of colon cancers with high expression of CD44. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the available clinical evidence on intra-articular knee injections for the treatment of degenerative cartilage lesions and osteoarthritis (OA) in sport-active patients. Methods: A literature search was performed in July 2023 according to the PRISMA guidelines on three electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science). Studies addressing intra-articular injections for degenerative knee cartilage lesions or knee OA in sport-active patients were included. The Downs and Black's "checklist for measuring quality" was used to evaluate risk of bias and quality of the included studies. Results: Only 10 clinical studies for a total of 296 sport-active patients were included, with a publication trend increasing over time. The studies were 9 case series and 1 RCT; 7 studies focused on hyaluronic acid (HA), 2 studies focused on platelet-rich plasma (PRP), while 1 study compared HA and PRP. Overall, safety and positive clinical findings were for both HA and PRP, although not always with satisfactory results in terms of return to sport. The Downs and Black evaluation showed an overall poor quality of the included studies, with an average score of 21.1 points (range 19–25). Conclusions: The available clinical evidence is still limited, with only a few studies published and an overall low-quality of evidence, suggesting a potential role of HA and PRP injections to treat these patients. However, further high-level trials are needed to confirm the real benefits of these treatments for the management of sport-active patients affected by degenerative cartilage lesions or OA of the knee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To promote wound recovery in the recipient region, we studied the impact of exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) on acellular dermal matrix (ADM) paired with thin intermediate-thickness skin transplant. Methods: This study contains animal and clinical experiments. 50 Japanese big ear rabbits were separated into HA1, HA2, PADM, TS, and NS groups. Clinical part included 50 scar patients dividing into 5 groups (TS + HA + ADM 1, TS + ADM2, TS, TS + ADM and normal skin (NS)). Results: In the animal trial, after 56 days, the grafts contracted least in the HA2 group; HA2 had the highest microvascular density (MVD), HA concentration, and collagen I and III expression. In clinical work, ADM > HA + ADM2 > HA + ADM1 > TS > NS; Type I and III collagen: HA + ADM1 and HA + ADM2 were higher than ADM; HA content: TS > HA + ADM1 > HA + ADM 2 > ADM. Conclusions: ADM, exogenous hyaluronic acid mixed with thin skin autograft has better biomechanical qualities and therapeutic impact than acellular dermal matrix alone, and the reconstructive result is near to self-thick skin autograft in all indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and regulation of cerebral circulation occur at high altitude (HA). However, the changes in CBF and their associations with neurological syndrome sequelae and blood pressure after subjects return to the lowlands remain unclear. In this study, the subjects were 23 college students who were teaching at an altitude of 4300 m for 30 days. These subjects were studied before reaching the HA (Test 1), one week after returning to the lowlands (Test 2), and three months after returning to the lowlands (Test 3). Symptom scores for de-acclimatization syndrome were evaluated. Changes in CBF were measured using the magnetic resonance imaging arterial spin labeling (ASL) technique. Additionally, the velocity of CBF in the cerebral arteries was measured using a transcranial doppler (TCD). In Test 2 vs. Test 1, the peak systolic velocity and mean velocity in the basilar artery were significantly decreased. CBF exhibited significant decreases in the left putamen/cerebellum crus1/vermis and right thalamus/inferior temporal gyrus, while significant increases were observed in the left postcentral gyrus/precuneus and right middle cingulate gyrus/superior frontal gyrus. In Test 3 vs. Test 1, the basilar artery velocity returned to the baseline level, while CBF continued to decrease. The mean global CBF showed a decreasing trend from Test 1 to Test 3. Furthermore, the mean global CBF had a negative correlation with the systolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure. The decrease in CBF after reoxygenation may underlie the neurological symptoms in subjects returning to the lowlands. Increased blood pressure could serve as a predictor of a decrease in CBF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a rapidly evolving global emergency and continuously poses a serious threat to public health, highlighting the urgent need of identifying biomarkers for disease severity and progression. In order to early identify severe and critical patients, we retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and risk indicators of severe disease in patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: A total of 420 confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in the study. According to the "Diagnosis and Treatment of novel coronavirus Pneumonia (10th Edition)", the cases were divided into mild group (n = 243) and severe group (n =177). Laboratory parameters were analyzed in combination with clinical data. Results: Male patients over 46 years who have smoking habits were more likely to suffer from severe COVID-19. Critically ill patients had lower lymphocyte counts and red blood cell counts, and higher white blood cell counts (P<0.05). Expectedly, serum inflammatory factors (NLR, PLR, LMR, CLR, PCT, CRP), coagulation markers (APTT, PT, TT, FIB, D-Dimer), Myocardial damage markers (hs-TNT, LDH) were significantly increased (P<0.05) in severe COVID-19 patients. Surprisedly, those patients showed obviously elevated levels of common tumor markers (ProGRP, CYFRA21-1, SCC, NSE) (P<0.05). In this case, the levels of tumor marker reflected more the condition of inflammation than the growth of tumor. More importantly, HA and PIIIN-P were highly associated with COVID-19 severity. The AUC of the ROC curve for the diagnosis of severe COVID-19 by HA and PIIIN-P was 0.826. Meanwhile, HA was positively correlated with myocardial damage markers (hs-TNT, LDH). PIIIN-P was positively correlated with myocardial damage markers (hs-TNT, LDH) and inflammatory factors (NLR, PLR, LMR, CLR, ProGRP, SCC, PCT, CRP). On the contrary, PIIIN-P was negatively correlated with pulmonary function indexes (oxygenation index and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin). Conclusion: HA and PIIIN-P are highly associated with disease severity and progression of COVID-19 and can be used as new markers for the prediction of severe COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a known receptor–ligand pair for mediating cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix adhesions, cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44)‐hyaluronan (HA) interactions are not only determined by molecular weight (MW) diversity of HA, but also are regulated by external physical or mechanical factors. However, the coupling effects of HA MW and shear flow are still unclear. Here, we compared the differences between high molecular weight HA (HHA) and low molecular weight HA (LHA) binding to CD44 under varied shear stresses. The results demonstrated that HHA dominated the binding phase but LHA was in favour of the shear resistance phase, respectively, under shear stress range ≤ 1.0 dyne·cm−2. This difference was attributed to the high binding strength of the CD44–HHA interaction, as well as the optimal distribution matching between both CD44 and HA sides. Activation of the intracellular signal pathway was sensitive to both HA MW and shear flow. Our findings also indicate that only CD44–HHA interaction under shear stress of 0.2 dyne·cm−2 could significantly enhance the clustering of CD44, as well as induce the increase in both CD44 and CD18 expression. The present study offers the basis for further quantification of the features of CD44–HA interactions and their biological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is little information on the impact of soil amendments on lead absorption by ornamental plants as phytoremediation and the antioxidant system. The experiment was set up in a factorial based on completely block design with three replications on Zinnia elegans. [Pb (NO3) at (0, 40, 80, and 120mg kg-1), soil amendment (control, diethylene trinitrilo pentaacetic acid (DTPA) 2.5 mM, DTPA 5mM, humic acid 200mg. L-1, and HA 400mg. L-1)]. Increased Pb concentration resulted in a significant rise in antioxidant enzymes, as well as an increase in Pb absorption by Z. elegans. DTPA 5mM and HA 400mg. L-1 application lead to significantly higher shoot dry weight (49 and 56%), root dry weight (62 and 63%), catalase (CAT) (18 and 19%), peroxidase (POX) (63 and 67%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (10 and 14%), and shoot Pb (36 and 33mg.kg-1) in the contaminated soil, respectively. With the application of DTPA and HA, the residual Pb in soil fell in a negative association with the remediation factor. Z. elegans growing in polluted soils treated with DTPA 5mM and HA 400 mg. kg-1 showed Pb tolerance by inducing an effective antioxidative response to Pb toxicity and enhancing Pb absorption for phytoremediation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yongxin Zhan,1,2 Zekun Zhou,1,2 Miao Chen,1,2 Xu Gong1,2 1Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China; 2Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Tissue Repair, Reconstruction and Regeneration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xu Gong, Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xin Min Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13944099151, Email gongxu@jlu.edu.cnPurpose: Peripheral nerve adhesion occurs following injury and surgery. Functional impairment leading by peripheral nerve adhesion remains challenging for surgeons. Local tissue overexpression of heat shock protein (HSP) 72 can reduce the occurrence of adhesion. This study aims to develop a photothermal material polydopamine nanoparticles@Hyaluronic acid methacryloyl hydrogel (PDA NPs@HAMA) and evaluate their efficacy for preventing peripheral nerve adhesion in a rat sciatic nerve adhesion model.Materials and Methods: PDA NPs@HAMA was prepared and characterized. The safety of PDA NPs@HAMA was evaluated. Seventy-two rats were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: the control group; the hyaluronic acid (HA) group; the polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA) group and the PDA NPs@HAMA group (n = 18 per group). Six weeks after surgery, the scar formation was evaluated by adhesion scores and biomechanical and histological examinations. Nerve function was assessed with electrophysiological examination, sensorimotor analysis and gastrocnemius muscle weight measurements.Results: There were significant differences in the score on nerve adhesion between the groups (p < 0.001). Multiple comparisons indicated that the score was significantly lower in the PDA NPs@HAMA group (95% CI: 0.83, 1.42) compared with the control group (95% CI: 1.86, 2.64; p = 0.001). Motor nerve conduction velocity and muscle compound potential of the PDA NPs@HAMA group were higher than the control group’s. According to immunohistochemical analysis, the PDA NPs@HAMA group expressed more HSP72, less α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and had fewer inflammatory reactions than the control group.Conclusion: In this study, a new type of photo-cured material with a photothermic effect was designed and synthesized-PDA NPs@HAMA. The photothermic effect of PDA NPs@HAMA protected the nerve from adhesion to preserve the nerve function in the rat sciatic nerve adhesion model. This effectively prevented adhesion-related damage.Keywords: peripheral nerve adhesion, sciatic nerve, HSP72, PDA, PTT, HA

Anjali Sharad Ghatge,1,&ast; Sharad Balasaheb Ghatge2,&ast; 1Department of Dermatology, Apollo Clinic, Mumbai, 400001, India; 2Department of Radiology, Sir JJ Group of Hospitals and Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai, 400008, India&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Anjali Sharad Ghatge, Apollo Clinic, Ground Floor, Eucharistic Congress Building No. 1, 5, Convent Street, Apollo Bandar, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400001, India, Tel +91-22-22021188, Email dranjalighatge@yahoo.comBackground: Several studies have evaluated the role of various injectable formulations of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the improvement of the quality of facial skin. It is important to systematically summarize the available evidence in this regard.Methods: Relevant databases were searched for clinical studies that evaluated the therapeutic role of any injectable formulation of HA in improving the quality of facial skin in adult humans until 31 December 2022. The available studies were critically analyzed and the data were extracted.Results: A total of 2996 articles were screened and 13 studies were finally included. Eight studies evaluated the effect of various formulations of HA alone, while five evaluated the effect of various formulations of HA along with other active ingredients (cocktails) on the quality of facial skin. All types of HA formulations cause a significant improvement in facial skin quality, in terms of hydration, firmness, skin-tiring effect/fatigue, brightness, texture, radiance, and elasticity. The effect of HA monotherapy was more pronounced than that of the cocktail ingredients. HA treatment was quite safe and the patient satisfaction level was high.Conclusion: The clinical evidence on the use of injectable HA alone in the improvement of the quality of facial skin, in terms of hydration, firmness, skin-tiring effect/fatigue, brightness, texture, radiance, and elasticity, is quite promising. Large randomized controlled trials are required in this regard.Keywords: face, hyaluronic acid, HA, skin booster, skin quality

Live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines elicit a combination of systemic and mucosal immunity by mimicking a natural infection. To further enhance protective mucosal responses, we incorporated the gene encoding the IgA-inducing protein (IGIP) into the LAIV genomes of the cold-adapted A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) strain (caLen) and the experimental attenuated backbone A/turkey/Ohio/313053/04 (H3N2) (OH/04att). Incorporation of IGIP into the caLen background led to a virus that grew poorly in prototypical substrates. In contrast, IGIP in the OH/04att background (IGIP-H1att) virus grew to titers comparable to the isogenic backbone H1att (H1N1) without IGIP. IGIP-H1att- and H1caLen-vaccinated mice were protected against lethal challenge with a homologous virus. The IGIP-H1att vaccine generated robust serum HAI responses in naïve mice against the homologous virus, equal or better than those obtained with the H1caLen vaccine. Analyses of IgG and IgA responses using a protein microarray revealed qualitative differences in humoral and mucosal responses between vaccine groups. Overall, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples from the IGIP-H1att group showed trends towards increased stimulation of IgG and IgA responses compared to H1caLen samples. In summary, the introduction of genes encoding immunomodulatory functions into a candidate LAIV can serve as natural adjuvants to improve overall vaccine safety and efficacy.

Influenza B virus (IBV) is considered a major respiratory pathogen responsible for seasonal respiratory disease in humans, particularly severe in children and the elderly. Seasonal influenza vaccination is considered the most efficient strategy to prevent and control IBV infections. Live attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIVs) are thought to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses by mimicking a natural infection, but their effectiveness has recently come into question. Thus, the opportunity exists to find alternative approaches to improve overall influenza vaccine effectiveness. Two alternative IBV backbones were developed with rearranged genomes, rearranged M (FluB-RAM) and a rearranged NS (FluB-RANS). Both rearranged viruses showed temperature sensitivity in vitro compared with the WT type B/Bris strain, were genetically stable over multiple passages in embryonated chicken eggs and were attenuated in vivo in mice. In a prime-boost regime in naïve mice, both rearranged viruses induced antibodies against HA with hemagglutination inhibition titers considered of protective value. In addition, antibodies against NA and NP were readily detected with potential protective value. Upon lethal IBV challenge, mice previously vaccinated with either FluB-RAM or FluB-RANS were completely protected against clinical disease and mortality. In conclusion, genome re-arrangement renders efficacious LAIV candidates to protect mice against IBV.

A major obstacle to bone tissue repair is the difficulty in establishing a rapid blood supply areas of bone defects. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-infused tissue-engineered scaffolds offer a possible therapeutic option for these types of injuries. Their role is to accelerate angiogenesis and improve bone healing. In this study, we used electrostatic spinning and biofactor binding to construct polylactic acid (PLA)/hydroxyapatite (HA)-VEGF scaffold materials and clarify their pro-vascular role in bone defect areas for efficient bone defect repair. PLA/HA nanocomposite fibrous membranes were manufactured by selecting suitable electrostatic spinning parameters. Heparin and VEGF were bound sequentially, and then the VEGF binding and release curves of the fiber membranes were calculated. A rat cranial defect model was constructed, and PLA/HA fiber membranes bound with VEGF and unbound with VEGF were placed for treatment. Finally, we compared bone volume recovery and vascular recovery in different fibrous membrane sites. A VEGF concentration of 2.5 µg/mL achieved the maximum binding and uniform distribution of PLA/HA fibrous membranes. Extended-release experiments showed that VEGF release essentially peaked at 14 days. In vivo studies showed that PLA/HA fibrous membranes bound with VEGF significantly increased the number of vessels at the site of cranial defects, bone mineral density, bone mineral content, bone bulk density, trabecular separation, trabecular thickness, and the number of trabeculae at the site of defects in rats compared with PLA/HA fibrous membranes not bound with VEGF. VEGF-bound PLA/HA fibrous membranes demonstrate the slow release of VEGF. The VEGF binding process does not disrupt the morphology and structure of the fibrous membranes. The fibrous membranes could stimulate both osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Taken together, this research provides a new strategy for critical-sized bone defects repairing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The bone defects cannot heal by themselves when their range exceeds the critical size defect (CSD). In clinical treatment, significant bone defects are often caused by trauma, developmental deformity, tumour resection and infection. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of green synthesis of TiO2 from propolis extract/collagen/HA (Hydroxyapatite) scaffolds on bone regeneration in rats. Methods: Water uptake, biodegradability, porosity and biodegradation of the scaffolds were evaluated after they were synthesised using freeze‐dry method. Cell viability by MTT assay was then evaluated. During the 4, 8 and 12 weeks following the scaffold implantation, the bone regeneration was evaluated using macroscopic and microscopic tests to determine the effectiveness of green synthesis of TiO2 from propolis extract/collagen/HA scaffolds. Results: Compared to the HA/Coll scaffold, ProTiO2/HA/Coll scaffold was reduced porosity, water absorption and degradability porosity. Based on in vitro tests, both synthetic scaffolds induced cell growth and were less toxic and stimulated cell growth. Based on histopathological testing, the ProTiO2/HA/Coll scaffolds formed high levels of bone during 12 weeks in comparison with HA/Coll and control group. Conclusions: ProTiO2/HA/Coll composite can be used in regenerative medicine, bone fillers and scaffolds. As a result, this research suggests that ProTiO2/HA/Coll composites could be promising candidates for bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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