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In this study, we developed a nitrate-coordinated iron–nickel hydroxide [NC–FeNi(OH)2] catalyst for hydrazine oxidation-assisted seawater splitting. Replacement of O2 evolution by hydrazine oxidation in a two-electrode setup resulted in a cell voltage of 1.20 V at 100 mA cm−2. This represents a voltage reduction of 470 mV compared to conventional seawater splitting. Additionally, NC–FeNi(OH)2 demonstrated remarkable stability over a period of 60 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazine, a compound known for its toxicity to human health and the environment, finds extensive use across various industries and potentially contributes to several diseases. Hence, the accurate measurement of hydrazine levels is paramount. This study introduces three new aggregation induced emissive luminogens (AIEgens) GBY-7, GBY-8, and GBY-9 crafted from benzofuran infused with a dicyanovinylidene group, tailored specifically for hydrazine monitoring. These probes feature a D–π–A core with a rotor, providing an optimal fluorescent base. Additionally, a potent electron-attracting nitrile group aids in the nucleophilic addition of N2H4 to form hydrazone, thereby blocking the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process and inducing optical signal modulation. Notably, luminogens GBY-8 and GBY-9 exhibit high selectivity in detecting hydrazine amidst competing amine-based compounds, showing detection limits of 0.00020 mM and 0.0043 mM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct hydrazine fuel cells (DHFC) insist on the evolved and persistent electrocatalysts for anodic hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR). Herein, PdO promoted CuO heterostructures supported on γ‐Al2O3 are depicted as efficient electrocatalysts for HzOR. γ‐Al2O3 is prepared by precipitation method while metal precursors are incorporated by co‐impregnation technique. Physiochemically characterized PdO‐CuO/Al2O3 mesoporous composites displayed large electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) i. e., 0.18 cm2, high current density (j) i. e., 35.7 mA cm−2, larger diffusion coefficient (D°) i. e., 29.3×10−4 (cm2s−1), large apparent rate constant (kapp) i. e., 13.2 cm−1 with low charge transfer resistance (Rct) i. e., 3.6 kΩ shown by the best catalyst i. e., 1 % PdO‐CuO/Al2O3. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that the fabricated working electrodes offer high efficiency towards HzOR in alkaline medium in such a way that 1 % PdO‐CuO/Al2O3 produced 600 times higher oxidation current than CuO/Al2O3 composite. Owing to stability and reproducibility, PdO modified CuO/Al2O3 would achieve a huge catalytic significance in multiple electrochemical oxidation reactions with economic and ecological benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condensation of 1,3‐diketones with hydrazine to access 4H‐pyrazoles is a well‐established synthetic route that travels through a 4H‐pyrazol‐1‐ium intermediate. In the route to a 3,5‐diphenyl‐4H‐pyrazole containing a cyclobutane spirocycle, density functional theory calculations predict, and experiments show that the protonated intermediate undergoes a rapid 1,5‐sigmatropic shift to form a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazole. Replacing the 3,5‐diphenyl groups with 2‐furanyl groups decreases the calculated rate of the 1,5‐sigmatropic shift by 6.2 × 105‐fold and enables the isolation of new spirocyclic 4H‐pyrazoles for click chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The development of heterogeneous supported nanocatalysts with a high kinetics combined with low cost is off importance but remains still challenged for hydrazine hydrate served as a promising hydrogen storage material. Herein, by virtue of surficial functional groups, ultrafine NiRh NPs were monodispersed on the two-dimensional V 2 C surface via a conventional wet chemical co-reduction. The optimized NiRh/V 2 C system demonstrates an excellent catalytic performance toward selectively catalyzing dehydrogenation of hydrazine hydrate, affording 100% H 2 selectivity with the turnover frequency (TOF) value of 987.5 h−1 at 323 K. Such an enhancement is mainly attributed to synergistic effect of nanosystem, which will optimize local surface energy and promote electron transfer in NiRh/V 2 C system, thereby improving the kinetic selectivity of catalytic hydrazine hydrate decomposition. This work has provided a facile strategy for developing nanocatalysts with high kinetics that could enable huge industrial applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Hydrazine hydrate as a hydrogen source has a good effect on nitro reduction, but overuse has environmental toxicity and is prone to over‐hydrogenation, resulting in low selectivity. Herein, we report a magnetically separable Rh/Fe3O4 (1.26 wt%) catalyst containing an optimal Rh content that can completely convert 3‐nitrostyrene to 3‐vinylaniline (> 99% selectivity) using a stoichiometric molar ratio of hydrazine hydrate (‐NO2:N2H4·H2O = 1:1.5). This is due to the synergy between Rh and Fe3O4 and the natural selectivity of N2H4·H2O for nitro. The synergy can reduce the activation energy of the reaction (36.6 kJ/mol), increasing the reduction rate of nitro group and avoiding the combination of active hydrogen species (H*) to H2 as well as the hydrogenation of N2H4 to NH3. Moreover, the active H* produced by N2H4·H2O is different from that produced by H2, and excess dose of N2H4 will inevitably yield H2 thus decline the selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper compares the properties and activity of palladium clusters deposited on aluminum oxides of different phase compositions obtained by different methods. The numbers of palladium atoms available for the adsorption of hydrazine were determined for each catalyst. A correlation was found between the number of such atoms and the rate of hydrogen formation in the decomposition reaction of hydrazine monohydrate. It was concluded that an active palladium catalyst for the decomposition of hydrazine can be obtained using a modified support with a large specific surface area. The specific surface area and its modification determined the surface coverage with the active reagent. Obviously, the study of the role of various properties of supports in the formation of the active phase should be continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the theory of nonisothermal chain reactions developed in the studies presented in the previous chapters, an experimentally verified explanation is given for the anomalous behavior of pyrolysis and combustion of a technically important product—hydrazine. The revealed kinetic features of N2H3 radicals, which led to the unusual properties of the hydrazine-oxygen ignition peninsula, are also explained. The mechanism of easy ignition and explosion has been clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesized Ru-MoNi/MoO 2 possesses superior bifunctional activities for HER and HzOR, requiring only −13 mV and −34.5 mV in 1 M KOH and 1 M KOH + 0.5 M N 2 H 4 , respectively, for achieving 10 mA cm−2. With Ru-MoNi/MoO 2 in a dual-electrode cell, only 0.57 V is needed to achieve 50 mA cm−2 with good stability, facilitating hydrazine-assisted OWS. [Display omitted] Improving the efficiency of overall water splitting (OWS) is crucial due to the slow four-electron transfer process in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The coupling of the thermodynamically favorable hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) significantly boosts hydrogen production. A Ru-decorated MoNi/MoO 2 micropillar (Ru-MoNi/MoO 2) has been synthesized using a hydrothermal followed by reduction annealing. Benefiting from Ru moderating the active interface of Mo-based alloys/oxides and the unique one-dimensional micropillar morphology. The synthesized Ru-MoNi/MoO 2 exhibits outstanding bifunctional activity for HER and HzOR, achieving 10 mA cm−2 at merely −13 mV and −34 mV in 1 M KOH and 1 M KOH + 0.5 M N 2 H 4 , respectively. Notably, with Ru-MoNi/MoO 2 in a dual-electrode setup, only 0.57 V is needed to achieve 50 mA cm−2, demonstrating good stability and facilitating hydrazine-assisted water splitting (OHzS). This work offers insights into the modulation of alloy/metal oxide active interfaces, contributing to the development of efficient bifunctional catalysts for HER and HzOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, we have effectively synthesized innovative pyrazoloazepine derivatives with notable yields. The synthesis was successfully accomplished by means of a multicomponent reaction that was carried out in an ionic liquid at ambient temperature conditions. The constituents implicated in this procedure consisted of NH-acids such as isatins, α-halo ketones, electron deficient acetylenic compounds, hydrazine, and hydrazonoyl chlorides. Significantly, the inclusion of an NH group appeared as a crucial characteristic in the resultant compounds. Our investigation encompassed the examination of the antioxidant capabilities exhibited by these substances. The study utilized various assays, including ferric reduction capacity and diphenyl-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical trapping, to investigate the possible antioxidant benefits of the substances. The antioxidative capacity of the produced pyrazoloazepine compounds was evaluated by various evaluations. The synthetic approach we employ offers numerous advantages. To begin with, the prompt response time enables the expedited generation of complex compounds. Furthermore, the significant outputs of the specific items highlight the effectiveness of our approach. The ease with which the catalyst and products can be separated enhances the efficiency of the purification procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of formaldehyde (HCHO) concentration in human exhaled breath can be used as an effective means for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. Lanthanide metal–organic frameworks (LnMOFs) have shown great potential in formaldehyde fluorescence sensing, yet challenges persist in achieving high sensitivity and selectivity. In this work, we report new hydrazine-functionalized LnMOFs (Ln = Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, H2BDC–NH–NH2 = 2-hydrazine-terephthalic acid), having an fcu topology for the sensitive and selective detection of formaldehyde gas. The ligands with hydrazine groups not only act as an "antenna effect" between the ligands and Eu3+ ions, but also act as formaldehyde recognition sites, enabling Eu-BDC–NH–NH2 to be used for fluorescence enhanced sensing of formaldehyde gas in gaseous environments. Eu-BDC–NH–NH2 thus exhibits low detection limit (41.7 ppb), high selectivity, and fast (3 minutes) formaldehyde gas response, showing great potential to be practically applied in the field of early diagnosis of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrazine oxidation‐assisted H2 evolution method promises low‐input and input‐free hydrogen production. However, developing high‐performance catalysts for hydrazine oxidation (HzOR) and hydrogen evolution (HER) is challenging. Here, we introduce a bifunctional electrocatalyst α‐MoC/N−C/RuNSA, merging ruthenium (Ru) nanoclusters (NCs) and single atoms (SA) into cubic α‐MoC nanoparticles‐decorated N‐doped carbon (α‐MoC/N−C) nanowires, through electrodeposition. The composite showcases exceptional activity for both HzOR and HER, requiring −80 mV and −9 mV respectively to reach 10 mA cm−2. Theoretical and experimental insights confirm the importance of two Ru species for bifunctionality: NCs enhance the conductivity, and its coexistence with SA balances the H ad/desorption for HER and facilitates the initial dehydrogenation during the HzOR. In the overall hydrazine splitting (OHzS) system, α‐MoC/N−C/RuNSA excels as both anode and cathode materials, achieving 10 mA cm−2 at just 64 mV. The zinc hydrazine (Zn−Hz) battery assembled with α‐MoC/N−C/RuNSA cathode and Zn foil anode can exhibit 97.3 % energy efficiency, as well as temporary separation of hydrogen gas during the discharge process. Therefore, integrating Zn−Hz with OHzS system enables self‐powered H2 evolution, even in hydrazine sewage. Overall, the amalgamation of NCs with SA achieves diverse catalytic activities for yielding multifold hydrogen gas through advanced cell‐integrated‐electrolyzer system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIsosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine hydrochloride tablets treat heart failure in addition to conventional therapy, prolong hospitalization for heart failure, and enhance patient-reported functional status. LC-MS/MS methods developed and validated separately for the quantification of hydrazine mono-lactose adduct and hydrazine di-lactose adduct impurities in the isosorbide and hydralazine hydrochloride tablets. Separation of hydrazine mono-lactose adduct impurity achieved on ZIC-HILIC (100 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column with 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B. The HPLC method gradient elution is; Tmin/% of B: 0/90, 15/40, 15.1/90, and 20/90. The flow rate is 1.0 mL per minute, and the injection volume is 20 µL. Separation of hydrazine di-lactose adduct impurity achieved on Inertsil HILIC (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column with 10 Mm ammonium acetate in water as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B. The HPLC method gradient elution is; Tmin/% of B: 0/90, 15/40, 15.1/90, and 18/90. The flow rate is 1.0 mL per minute, and the injection volume is 40 µL. Method validation has demonstrated both methods are specific, sensitive, linear, precise, accurate, stable and robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the synthesis of acyl hydrazides and hydrazones from activated amides, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in pharmaceutical and agricultural compounds. The traditional method for synthesizing acyl hydrazides has limitations, but recent advancements in carbon-nitrogen bond activation reactions have opened up new possibilities. The article provides a comprehensive account of the results and methodologies for synthesizing these compounds, including the synthesis and characterization of various benzohydrazide compounds. The document also includes specific details for the synthesis and characterization of one compound, (E)-N'-(4-methylbenzylidene)benzohydrazide. The document provides experimental results, including yields, melting points, and spectroscopic data, and acknowledges the Korea Basic Science Institute for providing additional data. [Extracted from the article]

Ni-based bimetallic catalysts with noble metals exhibit high activity and selectivity for hydrogen generation from hydrazine monohydrate. However, their poor service durability remains a critical challenge. This study investigated the use of Zn-doped CeO 2 as a support for Ni–Pt catalysts to improve their long-term stability. A series of Ni–Pt/Zn-doped-CeO 2 catalysts were prepared via a simple co-precipitation and reduction method. Compared to the pristine Ni 50 Pt 50 /CeO 2 catalyst, the Zn doping can improve the stability of CeO 2 support in the alkaline condition, and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis clearly indicates that Zn doping leads to a negative shift in the binding energy of connected Ni and thus enhances the stability of the electronic structure in the catalysts. The findings in this work suggest that Zn-modified CeO 2 supporting Ni–Pt catalyst offer a promising approach to achieving a better balance between activity and durability for hydrogen generation catalysts. • Ni–Pt/Zn-doped CeO 2 catalysts was prepared via a simple co-precipitation method. • The Ni 50 Pt 47.5 /Zn 2.5 catalyst exhibits excellent performance: ■ 100% H 2 selectivity ■ TOF of 2000 h−1 at 323 K in 2.5 M NaOH ■ Satisfactory stability after 10 cycles (TOF of 1800 h−1) • Ni–Pt/Zn-doped CeO 2 catalysts leverages the high activity and selectivity of Ni-Pt alloys for hydrazine decomposition while incorporating Zn to tune the CeO 2 support, and replacing Pt with Zn to reduce costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work includes the synthesis of new pyrazoline derivatives 6-20 over two steps. The first step included a condensation between vanillin and various aromatic ketones (acetophenone, p-nitroacetophenone, p-chloroacetophenone, pbromoacetophenone, and 2-acetylnaphthalene) to provide the corresponding chalcone derivatives 1-5 in high yields (up to 93%). The second step involved a reaction of 1- 5 with hydrazine hydrate, phenyl hydrazine, and p-nitrophenyl hydrazine, which gave the desired products 6-20 in yields ranging from 60 to 85%. The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. A few of the produced compounds were tested for antibacterial and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The one-pot reaction of potassium cyanocarbamimidothiolates with acetylated bromo sugars produced a novel class of substituted glycosylisothiourea derivatives 5a–h that demonstrated their Z-configuration. Some of the later compounds 5a–d were treated with NH3 in methanol at 25 °C, to afford the unprotected thioglycoside functionalized compounds 6a–c with excellent yields. To characterize the structure of the newly synthesized compounds, various techniques, such as elemental analysis and spectral data (13C NMR, IR, and 1H NMR) were employed. Furthermore, the substituted S-glycosylisothioureas 5 and 6 were subjected to a reaction with hydrazine hydrate, resulting in the formation of corresponding 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives 7a–d. The antibacterial properties of all newly synthesized compounds were thoroughly assessed and evaluated. Among these compounds, the most potent antimicrobial agents were found to be compounds 5a, 5g, 6a, 6b, and 6c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-situ methods are highly desirable for the development of segregated conductive composites. We demonstrate a benign and simple method for developing segregated conductive poly (methyl methacrylate)/reduced graphene oxide composites by incorporating two-step in-situ reduction of graphene oxide (GO) with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres. First, a one-pot method is demonstrated that involves the synthesis of positively charged PMMA latex followed by in-situ hydrazine reduction of negatively charged GO. In the second step, thermal reduction at 150 °C is used to increase the reduction level of GO. As a result of two-step reduction of GO, the obtained composite exhibits good correlation between their structural, morphological, thermal, and electrical properties. Compared to PMMA matrix, 4 wt % composites formed after in-situ reduction using hydrazine (PMMA-rGO-H) and two-step method (PMMA-rGO-HT) exhibit approximately 108 and 109 fold increases in electrical conductivity, respectively. Further, the percolation threshold for conduction is 1 wt%, indicating the generation of segregated conductive networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widely utilized in the chemical industry and agriculture, hydrazine is easily absorbed by living things and can cause physical harm when in touch for an extended period of time. As a result, a novel cinnamaldehyde chalcone C5 was produced by Friedel Crafts process and aldol condensation reaction. Triphenylamine was used as the raw material for hydrazine determination in both reactions. Chalcone C5 exhibits significant AIE behavior in a mixed mixture of ethanol and water in addition to having great selectivity and a low detection limit (0.119 nm) for hydrazine. The solvent effect test revealed a linear relationship between the Stokes shift of C5 in the solvent and the rise in solvent orientation polarization. It is important to note that C5 is not harmful to MCF-7 cells, mouse kidney cells, or pig kidney cells. Furthermore, research on cell imaging has demonstrated that probe C5 may be utilized to image the fluorescence of hydrazine in active MCF-7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coumarin and aryl hydrazide-hydrazone have attracted our attention due to their vast biological properties. Previous studies suggested that coumarin-tethered aryl hydrazide-hydrazone showed potent activities against HepG2. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic potency of the coumarin derivatives 1 - 3 to compare with coumarin hydrazine-hydrazone hybrids 4 and 5 against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and LH86 cell lines. Among the tested coumarins, hybrids 4 and 5 showed highly potent activity against HepG2 with IC50 values of 17.82 ± 2.79 and 7.87 ± 0.88 μg/mL, respectively. The hybrid 4 also showed the strongest activity against LH86 cell line with IC50 values of 48.32 ± 2.64 μg/mL. Further, we have studied the mechanism of action of the hybrid compounds 4 and 5 in HepG2 cells via the flowcytometry analysis and the activation of the caspase-3 and caspase-7. The results showed that hybrids 4 and 5 obviously inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cell line through inducing apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 3-iodo-2-(p-tolyl)benzo[b]thiophene (4C) is synthesized by using Sonagashira coupling reactions and electrophilic cyclization reactions. Electrochemical measurements have been performed using electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the environment of 1 M KOH + 0.5M N2H4 solution. The CV results obtained showed that 4C catalyst promoted the generation of the best current (15.40 mA/cm2), and EIS results confirmed that electrode modifeed with the same derivative presented the lowest charge transfer resistance. Taken together, these results suggest that 4C organocatalyst could be used as an anode efficient catalyst in hydrazine (N2H4) fuel cells.

Introduction: It is known that the insertion of D-amino acids into the structure of a peptide molecule can increase its half-life. The pharmacological drug Thymogen was modified with D-alanine from the N- and C-terminus of the molecule. The aim of the investigation was to study the reparative and antioxidant activity of structural analogues of thymogen in toxic liver damage by hydrazine in rats. Materials and Methods: The investigation was conducted on 40 Wistar rats. Acute toxic liver damage was simulated with a single intraperitoneal injection of hydrazine hydrochloride at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Thymogen and its modified D-Ala analogues were administered intraperitoneally in equimolar doses for 5 days after intoxication. The animals were removed from the experiment 12 hours after the final administration of the peptides. Results and Discussion: It has been established the reparative and antioxidant activities of thymogen structural analogues increased in conditions of liver damage with hydrazine. Peptides with the insertion of D-Ala reduced the level of free radical reactions more significantly in comparison with thymogen. All peptides comparably increased catalase activity in blood plasma and liver homogenate. Conclusion: Thymogen analogues modified with D-Ala from the N- and C-terminus of the molecule can be considered as promising pharmacological substances for the development of new hepatoprotective drugs.

A highly efficient and chemoselective approach for the divergent assembling of unsymmetrical hydrazines through an unprecedented intermolecular desulfurdioxidative N−N coupling is developed. This metal free protocol employs readily accessible N‐arylhydroxylamines and N‐sulfinylanilines to provide highly valuable hydrazine products with good reaction yields and excellent functional group tolerance under simple conditions. Computational studies suggest that the in situ generated O‐sulfenylated arylhydroxylamine intermediate undergoes a retro‐[2π+2σ] cycloaddition via a stepwise diradical mechanism to form the N−N bond and release SO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe synthesis of pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide, a heterocyclic hydrazide compound, with negligible production of the by-product (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) in a solvent-free reaction condition was developed using the acyltransferase activity of amidase of Bacillus smithii strain IITR6b2. This study involves a greener approach with no hazardous chemicals and one-step biotransformation of pyrazinamide to its acid hydrazide (through hydrazinolysis). The Central Composite Design of the Response Surface Methodology was used to find the factors affecting the synthesis of the pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide and pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid to find its true optimum. The four factors, namely pyrazinamide, hydrazine dihydrochloride, temperature, and cell concentrations, were considered during optimization. The optimized reaction conditions from the Central Composite Design for achieving the 32.26 mM of pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide involve 40 mM of pyrazinamide, 1000 mM of hydrazine dihydrochloride with 2.5 mg/mL cell concentration at 20 °C. It resulted in an optimum production of pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide utilizing the acyltransferase activity of amidase of Bacillus smithii IITR6b2, and the results obtained through the Design of Experiments were validated. The fed-batch biotransformation was carried out with alginate-entrapped whole-cell enzyme with the following parameters: agitation at 200 rpm, a pyrazinamide concentration of 40 mM, and 1000 mM of hydrazine dihydrochloride. The final pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide concentration of 126 mM was obtained, corresponding to a 63% molar conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazine borane (HB) has been considered to be an excellent medium for hydrogen storage, but the development of efficient catalysts for controllable and complete hydrolytic dehydrogenation of HB remains a severe challenge. In this study, a novel catalyst consisting of Ni0.6Pt0.4 nanoparticles supported on phosphorus-doped reduced graphene oxide (P-rGO) is readily obtained via a simple co-reduction method and serves as a highly efficient and stable catalyst toward the complete hydrolytic dehydrogenation of HB. Compared with Ni0.6Pt0.4/rGO, the as-prepared Ni0.6Pt0.4/P-rGO catalyst exhibits much higher catalytic activity for HB dehydrogenation, providing a total turnover frequency (TOF) value of 2419.4 h−1 at 323 K, which surpasses that of the majority of reported catalysts. Meanwhile, it also exhibits lower activation energy (Ea) and better recycle stability. The reason for the outstanding catalytic performance of Ni0.6Pt0.4/P-rGO could be attributed to the combined influence of small particle sizes, the enhanced synergistic effects of NiPt nanoparticles and the P-rGO substrate, the electronic interaction between Ni and Pt, and the NaOH promotion effect. This work provides an innovative approach to construct highly efficient and robust catalyst systems using simple and controllable methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we disclose an eco-efficient redox-neutral iron-catalyzed decarboxylative radical addition to chiral azomethine imines upon visible light (427 nm) giving cyclic hydrazine derivatives with dr ranging from 82 : 18 to >96 : 4. This earth-abundant metal promoted sequence proceeds efficiently under ligand-free conditions based on a LMCT process and opens a route to new chiral heterocycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strategy for the synthesis of N,N‐disubstituted hydrazines via the electrocatalytic addition of hydrazine to α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds is reported. The reaction was carried out under constant current electrolytic conditions in an undivided cell. Using this methodology, various N,N‐disubstituted hydrazines were prepared in 57–94% yield in 40 minutes. By adding cyclohexanone and acetic acid to the reaction mixture of N,N‐disubstituted hydrazines and heating for 2 hours, a one‐pot synthesis of N‐substituted indoles was also developed. Furthermore, based on cyclic voltammetry and control experiments, a plausible mechanism involving a radical pathway is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7-Bromo-4-chloro-1H-indazol-3-amine is a heterocyclic fragment used in the synthesis of Lenacapavir, a potent capsid inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. In this manuscript, we describe a new approach to synthesizing 7-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indazol-3-amine from inexpensive 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. This synthetic method utilizes a two-step sequence including regioselective bromination and heterocycle formation with hydrazine to give the desired product in an overall isolated yield of 38–45%. The new protocol has been successfully demonstrated on hundred-gram scales without the need for column chromatography purification. This new synthesis provides a potential economical route to the large-scale production of this heterocyclic fragment of Lenacapavir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchically architectured CoWO 4 /Ni x Fe y S microspheres with crystalline-amorphous interface showed multifunctional electrocatalysis in the application of water splitting and hydrazine sensing. [Display omitted] Highly efficient and multifunctional electrocatalysts are of high value in energy transformation and electrochemical sensing. Herein, hierarchically architectured cobalt tungstate/nickel iron sulfide (CoWO 4 /Ni x Fe y S) microspheres with a crystalline-amorphous interface have been prepared on bimetallic substrate of nickel–iron foam (NIF) by a two-step hydrothermal method. Electrochemical characterization shows that CoWO 4 /Ni x Fe y S microspheres can boost the electrocatalytic activity effectively through the synergistic effect on the crystalline-amorphous interface. When the CoWO 4 /Ni x Fe y S is applied as the electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the overpotentials at a high current density of 500 mA cm−2 are only 322.8 mV and 306.5 mV, respectively. The overall water splitting device composed of CoWO 4 /Ni x Fe y S/NIF couple only needs a cell voltage of 1.80 V to reach a current density of 100 mA cm−2, and 2.19 V to reach 500 mA cm−2. The CoWO 4 /Ni x Fe y S/NIF can be also utilized as an effective electrochemical platform for the sensing of toxic hydrazine in a wide range from 50 μM to 17.3 mM, with a detection limit of 46.4 μM. All these results display that the CoWO 4 /Ni x Fe y S/NIF can be a high-performance multifunctional material for energy transformation and environmental pollutant monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly pure Rh2P nanoparticles on N,P-codoped carbon were synthesized by a simple ‘‘mix-and-pyrolyze’’ method using one kind of low-cost nucleotide as the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus source, which exhibits excellent bifunctional activity for the hydrogen reduction and hydrazine oxidation reactions, achieving energy-efficient hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a catalytic strategy for the conversion of isoxazoles and oxadiazoles into pyrazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles, respectively, through a formal O-to-N exchange. The protocol utilizes catalytic amounts of an air-stable Ni(4-CF3 stb) 3 complex in combination with hydrazine. The authors demonstrate the generality of the protocol and its functional group tolerance. This research provides a potential solution for the rapid evaluation of five-membered heterocyclic scaffolds in synthetic campaigns. [Extracted from the article]

Satellite propulsion uses liquid mono or bi‐propellants composed of a hydrazine in combination with a strong oxidant. However, hydrazines are highly toxic. As a result, many research efforts for more environmentally compatible propellants have been made over the past decade. In this study we evidence green formulations that retain high propulsive performances. They are based on the dinitramide anion. From an initial library of 37 ammonium dinitramides 3 best candidates were selected after evaluation of their potential syntheses, calculated theoretical performances, experimental synthesis optimizations and decomposition temperatures. These three salts were then formulated to obtain acceptable sensitivities and melting points, which eventually led to only one formulation being retained: a 40 : 60 mixture of dimethylammonium dinitramide and ammonium dinitramide phlegmatized by 10 % of glycerol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of hexavalent chromium in soil poses a grave hazard to the environment and human health. This study explores the effectiveness, mechanism, and economic viability of remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil by hydrazine. Soil-phase batch kinetic experiments were performed to examine the feasibility of reducing Cr(VI) while finding the effects of relevant process parameters, such as initial Cr(VI) concentration, hydrazine dosage, pH, soil-to-water ratio, and temperature. The materials were thoroughly characterized to gain insight into the mechanism. TCLP tests were done to affirm the immobilization stability. Complete Cr(VI) reduction was achieved within 3 h using a moderate 326% excess of hydrazine at neutral pH. Sonication of the soil mixed with hydrazine using a probe-type sonicator accelerated the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Kinetic data could be adequately fitted in a second-order rate model, where the rate constant shows a linear dependency on the soil-to-water ratio. Additionally, the logarithmic rate constant demonstrates linearity within the pH range. The leaching toxicity of Cr(VI) and Crtotal complied with the USEPA regulatory limit and remained stable for 75 d. Hydrazine alone and its combination with ultrasound are sustainable and economically feasible for effective remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. The statistical analysis using RSM indicated a 99.4% reduction, aligning closely with the calculated optimized value. The optimal process conditions are easy to implement for field application at a competitive cost compared to other reductants. A simplified economic analysis was done to check the competitive acceptability of the technique, considering the construction cost of the remediation plant and its daily operational and maintenance expenses. The results show that the proposed technique will be a competitive one for field applications for the remediation of soil contaminated with Cr(VI). The data and kinetic rate equation will be useful for the process design of the remediation of soil contaminated with Cr(VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An iodophor-catalyzed direct disulfenylation of amino naphthalenes with aryl sulfonyl hydrazines in water was developed. A series of aryl sulfides were obtained in moderate to excellent yields. The advantages of this green protocol were the simple reaction conditions (metal-free, water as the solvent, under air), the odorless and easily available sulfur reagent, the broad substrate scope, and gram-scale synthesis. Moreover, the potential application of aryl sulfides was exemplified by further transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important challenges in fuel cells with polymer membranes is the stabilization of electrocatalytic inks on the membrane. To solve this issue, scientists are looking for the deposition of electrocatalysts on a suitable substrate with a high surface area. In this regard, nickel foam is ideal for the alkaline part of fuel cells (anode) and titanium is as a substrate for their acidic part (cathode). In this study, the bimetallic Ni–Co nanoparticles on a Ni foam (NF) template that is coated with reduced graphene oxides (rGO/NF) are fabricated by electrodeposition to be used as an anode and a mixture of metal oxides of IrO2–Ta2O5–SiO2 on Ti substrate is prepared by the sol–gel procedure to be applied as a cathode electrocatalyst in direct hydrazine-hydrogen peroxide fuel cells (DHzHPFCs). Characterization by synthesis of electrocatalysts is performed using FE-SEM, EDS, and XRD. The electrocatalytic behavior of the synthesized anodic catalyst is studied toward the oxidation of hydrazine in a three-electrode system. In this research, for the first time, IrO2–Ta2O5–SiO2/Ti as a cathode and Ni-Co/rGO/NF as an anode have been used for DHzHPFCs. The open-circuit potential of 1.80 V and a maximum power density value of 187 mW cm−2 at 55 °C are achieved for the synthesized catalysts. The results of this research show that these electrodes could be excellent and commercial candidates for hydrazine fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thiocyanates form an important class of organic compounds commonly found in natural products that exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity. The electrophilic thiocyanation is one of the most effective methods of introducing a -SCN functional group to the parent organic molecule. In this work, we explored an eco-friendly and highly efficient method for thiocyanation of anilines and 1-(substituted benzylidene)-2-phenylhydrazines using commercially available N-bromoscuccinimide (NBS) and potassium thiocyanate (KSCN). The optimized protocol afforded thiocyanates with good regioselectivity and excellent yields in comparison to the available methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of equimolar quantities of 3-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde and (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)hydrazine in ethanol containing concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.2 mL; 37%) as a catalyst under reflux for 2 h yielded 1-(1-(benzofuran-2-yl)ethylidene)-2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)hydrazine. The crude produced was purified by crystallization using dimethylformamide to provide the title heterocycle in a 95% yield. The structure of the newly synthesized heterocycle was confirmed through X-ray diffraction and spectral analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A protective oxide layer forms on the material surfaces of a nuclear power plant during operation due to high temperature. This study addresses the challenge of developing effective chemical decontamination technology for domestic CANDU-type reactors, specifically focusing on the pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) system. The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute has previously introduced the 'HyBRID' (hydrazine-based reductive metal ion decontamination) process for pressurized water reactors, which notably omits the use of organic acids or chelating agents. To adapt and enhance this technology for PHWR systems, we investigated the role of copper (Cu) in the dissolution of magnetite, a prominent oxide layer in nuclear power plants. Our findings reveal that the redox cycle of copper in conjunction with hydrazine and magnetite demonstrates a notably effective dissolution behavior. This study presents a crucial step toward optimizing decontamination procedures in nuclear reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work reports the development of novel curcuminoid-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of environmental pollutants from water. In this study, the first set of electrochemical experiments was carried out using curcumin-conjugated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT–CM) for 1,4-dioxane detection. The MWCNT–CM/GCE showed good sensitivity (103.25 nA nM−1 cm−2 in the linear range 1 nM to 1 µM), with LOD of 35.71 pM and LOQ of 108.21 pM. The second set of electrochemical experiments was carried out with bisdemethoxy curcumin analog quantum dots (BDMCAQD) for hydrazine detection. The BDMCAQD/GCE exhibited good sensitivity (74.96 nA nM−1 cm−2 in the linear range 100 nM to 1 µM), with LOD of 10 nM and LOQ of 44.93 nM. Thus, this work will serve as a reference for the fabrication of metal-free electrochemical sensors using curcuminoids as the redox mediator for the enhanced detection of environmental pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing utilization of hydrazine and its derivatives across diverse sectors highlights the pressing need for efficient detection methods to safeguard human health and the environment. Likewise, nicardipine, a widely used medication for heart diseases, necessitates accurate sensing techniques for clinical research and therapeutic monitoring. Here, we propose a novel approach using a naphthalimide-functionalized Zr-MOF as a fluorometric probe capable of detecting both hydrazine and nicardipine in aqueous medium. Our designed probe exhibited a significant 31-fold increase in fluorescence intensity upon interaction with hydrazine. At the same time, nicardipine induced 86% fluorescence quenching with an exceptionally rapid response time (100 s for hydrazine and 5 s for nicardipine). The designed probe has the ability to detect both analytes at nanomolar concentrations (LOD for hydrazine is 1.11 nM while that for nicardipine is 9.6 nM). Investigation across various wastewater samples and pH conditions further validated its practical utility. The mechanism behind fluorometric sensing of nicardipine was thoroughly investigated using modern instrumentation. Our study presents a versatile and effective approach for detecting hydrazine and nicardipine, addressing crucial needs in both industrial and biomedical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new hydrazine 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-amine (2) reacts with P- and Si-electrophiles via deprotonation to afford P(III)-, P(V)-, and TMS-hydrazides 3–8 and with carbonyl electrophiles via acid-free condensation to the N-substituted hydrazones 9–12 that are potential N-alkene ligands. While β-ketohydrazone 9 and α-dihydrazone 10 react with [Mes(Cu)]4, [Cu(NCCCH3)4]2PF6, and FeCl2(THF)1.5 to afford complexes devoid of alkene interaction, [Cu(OTf)]2·C6H6 reacts with the α-keto hydrazone 11 or with N,N dimethyl-hydrazone 12 to form the neutral dimeric Cu(I) complex 18 with bridging Cu(I)–alkene interactions or the tetrahedral cationic complex 19 in which 12 binds as a bidentate hydrazone-alkene ligand, respectively. The surprising stability of the alkene coordination in complexes 18 and 19 prevents substitutions with, e.g., PPh3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel imidazopyridines hydrazine conjugates were designed and synthesized for their anti‐tubercular (anti‐TB) activity. A cytotoxicity assay was conducted with Vero cells to determine the safety profile of the most effective compounds. It was found that compound (IA3) (MIC=0.78 μM) and (IA8) (MIC=1.12 μM) were nearly 3.7 and 2.5 times more active than pyrazinamide. Based on Density functional theory (DFT), these molecules exhibited better charge transfer between molecular orbital's, which made them suitable for biological applications. Molecular docking on Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA bound to NITD‐916 (PDB: 4R9S) revealed that compounds possessed greater binding affinity towards proteins. In addition, the most active anti‐TB compounds (IA3) and (IA8) exhibited high levels of interaction with the target protein and exceptional safety profile, suggesting they may prove to be effective leads for new drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present a comprehensive study on electrochemical hydrazine oxidation using hybrid material, MoS2-GO (molybdenum disulfide-graphene oxide), as an efficient electrocatalyst fabricated using the simple chemical reduction method. The MoS2-GO hybrid material adopts a distinctive open flower-like morphology, as demonstrated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Asymmetric and uneven distribution is indicated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), while UV–Vis investigation displays shifts in peak positions and intensities, signifying the successful formation of the MoS2-GO composite. Further supporting the composite's structure, X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies validate the hexagonal arrangement of MoS2 layers on the graphene oxide (GO) surface. Through a combination of material synthesis, characterizations, and electrochemical analyses, we demonstrate that the MoS2-GO hybrid exhibits a low overpotential ∼0.2 V versus SCE. This outstanding electrocatalytic performance of MoS2-GO underscores its potential as a promising candidate for various electrochemical applications, especially those involving hydrazine-based reactions. GO was used as the supporter and promoter by improving the synergetic effect between MoS2 and GO toward the hydrazine oxidation reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concise set of 4‐substituted pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine carboriboside analogues was synthesized in a divergent fashion via a central intermediate. An oxaziridine reagent allowed the synthesis of a crucial hydrazine glycon intermediate, which was transformed through a base‐build‐up strategy into the desired intermediate using a commercially available pyrimidine building block. Reaction with a variety of nucleophiles allowed late‐stage diversification. All analogues were evaluated for activity against a representative panel of Trypanosomatida. A methoxy‐substituted analogue displayed single‐digit micromolar activity against two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei in cellular assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium azide production suffers from safety hazards and environmental pollution rooted in the reduction reaction between alkyl nitrites and hydrazine hydrate. To enhance this heterogenous reaction, nitrites synthesized from small molecule fatty alcohols are widely used to increase its solubility in the aqueous phase. Despite these efforts, the reaction time of several hours remains necessary, and the high volatility of alkyl nitrites results in VOC emissions and safety concerns. Here, a nitrite synthesized from benzyl alcohol was used as an alternative. The aryl group provides a conjugated effect that stabilizes the transition state and reduces activation energy, thus reducing the reaction time from several hours to 20 minutes. Moreover, the higher boiling point of benzyl nitrite eliminates VOC emissions and safety problems, and the lower solubility of benzyl alcohol ensures that it can be recycled without distillation. A complete reaction mechanism was proposed based on the characterization of gaseous side products and active azo intermediates. The side reaction can be inhibited by increasing the relative concentration of hydrazine to nitrite in the organic phase. This work provides a straightforward and practical method to address potential challenges in azide production and contributes to the understanding of the aminolysis mechanism of nitrite esters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial graphene is a 3D structure of a 2D material that preserves its main features. Its production can be originated from the water solution of graphene oxide (GO). The main steps of the method include the crosslinking of flakes of graphene via treatment with hydrazine, followed by the reduction of the pillared graphene oxide (pGO) with hydrogen overpressure at 700 °C, and further decoration with catalytic metal (palladium). Experimental research achieved the formation of reduced pillared graphene oxide (r:pGO), a porous material with a surface area equal to 340 m2/g. The transition from pGO to r:pGO was associated with a 10-fold increase in pore volume and the further reduction of remaining oxides after the action of hydrazine. The open porosity of this material seems ideal for potential applications in the energy industry (for hydrogen storage, in batteries, or in electrochemical and catalytic processes). The hydrogen sorption potential of the spatial graphene-based material decorated with 6 wt.% of palladium reached 0.36 wt.%, over 10 times more than that of pure metal. The potential of this material for industrial use requires further refining of the elaborated procedure, especially concerning the parameters of substrate materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-Chloro-5-[(6-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1-benzofuran-5-yl)carbonyl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (3) was synthesized and its chemical reactivity was investigated toward a diversity of binucleophiles. Treatment of compound 3 hydrazine hydrate and phenylhydrazine produced pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines while isoxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine was obtained from reacting compound 3 with hydroxylamine. A diversity of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines was synthesized from treatment of staring substrate 3 with some 1,3-N,N-binucleophiles. Treating compound 3 with some 1,4-binucleophiles including ethylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, 2-aminophenol and 2-aminothiophenol furnished pyrido[2,3-e][1,4]diazepine 12 and pyrido[2,3-b][1,5] benzodiazepine 13, pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzoxazepine 14 and pyrido[2,3-b][1,5] benzothiazepine 15, respectively. The synthesize compounds shown remarkable effect against yeast and fungus, while compounds 4 and 7–11 exhibit excellent efficacy against all types of Gram + and Gram - bacteria. Structures of the produced compounds were established using analytical and spectroscopic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]