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The realization of large‐area high‐quality perovskite thick films under an atmospheric environment without humidity control is confronting an urgent challenge for the applications in X‐ray detection and imaging. A spray‐coating method with air as the gas carrier is employed to achieve large‐area perovskite thick films for X‐ray flat‐panel detection applications. To further improve the quality of the thick films, the 10 µm‐thick CsPbIBr2 films with (100)‐preferred orientation, low trap density (7.1 × 1012 cm−3) and high resistivity corresponding to low dark current (3.2 × 10−9 A) are prepared via dual‐additive‐assisted (NH4SCN and L‐α‐phosphatidylcholine (LP)) solution strategy under atmospheric environment with relative humidity of 60% (60% RH). Thus, the metal‐semiconductor‐metal‐structured (Au/CsPbIBr2/Au) transverse X‐ray detection device under 40 KeV X‐ray irradiation possesses a high sensitivity up to 1420 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 under a weak electric field of 18 V mm−1 and a low dose rate of 3.3 µGyair s−1 that is lower than a dose rate of ≈5.5 µGyair s−1 required for routine medical diagnosis. Strikingly, the unencapsulated device maintains 80% (1120 µC Gyair−1 cm−2) of the original sensitivity after 1000 h under the atmospheric environment with 45–55% RH. These results pave the way for the practical applications of perovskite thick films in X‐ray medical detection and imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali dissolution is an effective method to regulate the pore structure of porous mineral material. The main chemical composition of diatomite is amorphous SiO 2 , which can be dissolved in alkali dissolution. The diatomite samples with alkali dissolution treatment were systematacially characterized by the particle size analysis, low temperature nitrogen adsorption, MIP, fractal theory, SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR and surface hydroxyl density to analyze the pore structure and surface properties. And the humidity control performance of diatomite was tested under different temperatures and relative humidities. The relationship among pore structure, surface properties and humidity control performance were analyzed. The results show that alkali dissolution can regulate the mesoporous and macroporous of diatomite, and some new microporous can generate at high alkali dosage. The specific surface area, mesoporous pore volume, proportion of macroporous volume, surface roughness, heterogeneity of pore structure and number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of diatomite are important factors which determining the humidity control performance. The humidity control performance of diatomite is positively correlated with the specific surface area, mesoporous volume, surface roughness, heterogeneity of pore structure and number of hydroxyl groups on the surface, while is negatively correlated with the proportion of macroporous volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the near-clogging boundary condition of a certain type of transonic compressor rotor, a numerical simulation method is used to systematically study the influence of different droplet diameters on its performance under the condition of moisture content of 3%. The results show that humidifying the intake air of the transonic compressor near the blockage boundary can reduce the exhaust temperature, the mass flow rate, and the total pressure ratio. In the axial direction, the mass fraction of water vapor increases slowly and linearly under the large droplet condition, while the mass fraction of water vapor under the medium and the small droplet conditions presents a two-stage parabolic growth. The mass fraction of water vapor under the three conditions increases by 0.002, 0.0055, and 0.0072 from inlet to outlet, respectively. On the radial section with the axial span = 0.7, the difference in water vapor mass fraction between the shroud and the hub under the small droplet condition is 0.00329, and that under the medium and the large droplet condition are 46.81% and 27.96% of the small droplet condition. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the analysis of droplet evaporation at different positions in compressor near-plugging conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comprehensive evaluation of Purge section and rotary dehumidifier configurations. • Purge section in desiccant wheel reduces energy use and exit air temperatures. • Multi-sector approach in single wheel enables two-stage dehumidification. • Review highlights the isothermal dehumidification potential of non-adiabatic wheels. This review provides a comprehensive summary of research pertaining to the purge section within desiccant wheels featuring multi-sector configurations. Additionally, it encompasses discussions on innovative wheel designs such as non-adiabatic desiccant wheels and the achievement of two-stage dehumidification from a single wheel employing multi-sector approaches. The review begins by providing a concise historical overview of the desiccant wheel, followed by a systematic classification of the research conducted in this area. Subsequently, various categorizations are presented in a logical sequence, offering a structured understanding of the subject matter. Central to the critical findings of this review is the identification of an optimal purge wheel sector angle, which not only decreases the energy consumption of the desiccant wheel but also significantly reduces the exit temperature of process air. Moreover, the review highlights the potential of achieving isothermal dehumidification through the utilization of non-adiabatic rotary desiccant wheels. Furthermore, the introduction of a multi-sector desiccant wheel is one of the key successes in obtaining two-stage dehumidification and getting multi-output like cooling, heating with dehumidification, and heating with humidification. These are all efficiently derived from a single wheel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a new main cable protection system designed to mitigate the issue of cable corrosion by circulating dry air from within the main cable. The proposed protection system effectively addresses the limitations of traditional anticorrosion techniques. In this study, the primary focus was on the initial design of the key structure for the new main cable protection system. Moreover, a comprehensive dehumidification test was conducted on a full-scale model of the main cable to validate the radial strength of a new ventilation pipe and assess the impact of the proposed corrosion protection system. The dehumidification efficiency of the new main cable protection system was verified in comparison to the traditional main cable protection system. The results indicate that the newly designed ventilation pipe exhibited minimal radial deformation when subjected to cable clamp pressure. Therefore, the ventilation pipe meets the strength criteria for the internal utilization of the main cable. The ventilation pipe's opening hole scheme was configured at 6 × Ø4 to guarantee that the entire main cable is enveloped by the dry air supplied into it. Relative humidity at each measurement point along the main cable was observed to decrease to below 60%. Consequently, the proposed main cable dry air protection system can attain the anticipated anticorrosion outcome. Under the test conditions, the dry air utilization rate of the proposed system exceeded that of the traditional main cable anticorrosion system by approximately 15.4%. This suggests that the new system exhibits a higher dry air utilization rate and dehumidification efficiency than the traditional system. The study results validate the dehumidification effect of the new system and endorse its utilization in primary cable anticorrosion projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional porous nanosheets such as metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, fluorides of light lanthanide, and perforated graphene oxide are a class of nanomaterials with sheet-like morphologies and defined pore structures. Due to their porous structure and large lateral sizes, these materials exhibit excellent molecular transport properties in separation processes. This review focuses on the pore formation strategies for two-dimensional porous nanosheets and applications of these nanosheets and their constructed membranes in gas separation processes and separation processes applicable to water treatment and the humidity control of gas permeation. A brief discussion of challenges and future developments of separation applications with two-dimensional porous nanosheets and their constructed membranes is included in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are superior sorbents for water adsorption‐based applications. The unique step‐like water isotherm at a MOF‐specific relative pressure allows easy loading and regeneration over a small range of temperature and pressure conditions. With good hydrothermal stability and cyclic durability, it stands out over classical sorbents used in applications for humidity control, water harvesting, and adsorption‐based heating and cooling. These are easily regenerated at moderate temperatures using "waste" heat or solar heating. The isotherm thermodynamics and adsorption mechanisms are described, and the presence of MOFs in the water–air system is explained. Based on six selection criteria ≈40 reported MOFs and one COF are identified for potential application. Trends and approaches in further synthesis optimization and production scale‐up are highlighted. No‐MOF‐fits‐all, each MOF has its own specific step location matching only with a certain application type. Most applications are technically feasible and demonstrated on the bench‐scale or small pilot. Their maturity is benchmarked by their technology readiness level. Retrofitting existing applications with MOFs replacing classical desiccants may lead to rapid demonstration. Studies on techno‐economic analysis and life cycle analysis are required for a rational evaluation of the feasibility of promising applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The contribution explores the significance of employing dry‐air technology as an efficient method for controlling and mitigating corrosion inside offshore wind turbine nacelles and towers. The article describes a dry‐air approach that curtails the necessity for costly corrosion protection measures and it explains its ability to diminish and regulate relative humidity. Additionally, it is outlined how the utilization of a dry‐air strategy results in the creation of an internal overpressure within the wind turbine structure. This overpressure effectively serves as a barrier against the ingress of moisture‐laden, salt‐infused air. Comparative site‐sensor data are presented and discussed for two dehumidification techniques. Finally, practical solutions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endotracheal tube (ETT) occlusion is reported at a higher frequency among coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, literature examining patient and ventilator characteristics, including humidification, as etiologies of ETT occlusion yielded mixed results. Our study examines the relationship of humidification modality with ETT occlusion in COVID-19 patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of COVID-19 patients requiring IMV at a tertiary care center in New York from April 2020 to April 2021. Teleflex Neptune heated wire heated humidification (HH) and hygroscopic Intersurgical FiltaTherm and Sunmed Ballard 1500 heat and moisture exchangers (HME) were used. Episodes of ETT occlusion were recorded. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between humidification modality and the occurrence of ETT occlusion. Findings: A total of 201 eligible patients were identified. Teleflex HH was utilized in 50.2% of the population and the others Intersurgical and Sunmed HME devices. Median age was 62 years and 78.6% of patients had at least one medical comorbidity. Precisely, 24% of patients experienced an ETT occlusion after a median of 12 days. The HME group was younger (58.5 vs 64 years), predominantly male (75% vs 59.4%), and experienced more total ventilator days than the HH group (24 vs 12). Those using the studied HME devices had significantly higher odds of ETT occlusion (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.8-10.6, P =.0011). Three patients (6.1%) experienced cardiac arrest as a consequence of their occlusion. There were no deaths directly attributed to ETT occlusion. Conclusions: The studied HME devices were significantly associated with higher odds of ETT occlusion in COVID-19 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. These events are not without significant clinical consequences. Prolonged use of under-performing HME devices remains suspect in the occurrence of ETT occlusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) meets the environmental and metabolic needs of the crew by providing a breathable atmosphere, potable water, food, and waste management. It also handles metabolic outputs, including carbon dioxide, respired and perspired humidity, urine, which includes dissolved solids, perspired solids, feces including both solids and water, and metabolic heat. While the International Space Station (ISS) has been continuously occupied, many space habitats beyond low Earth orbit will operate with intermittent human occupancy. Without the crew, mission control may suspend ECLSS operations and transition the system to a dormant state. However, no holistic guidelines exist that identify the gaps and needs to perform research on ECLSS dormancy. This paper reviews the literature on space habitat dormancy and relevant terrestrial examples. Results show that dormancy may have a larger impact on humidity control, water recovery subsystems, aqueous-based thermal control systems, and waste management, whereas the impact on atmosphere revitalization subsystems may be minimal. The paper also identifies potential anomalies that could adversely affect the ability to maintain ECLSS health during dormancy. We utilize the findings to recommend guidelines for ECLSS technology development and operations. • Aqueous-based ECLSS subsystems are likely to experience large number of anomalies during dormancy. • Atmosphere revitalization subsystems will likely experience less anomalies during dormancy. • The article serves as a guideline to identify system and subsystem-level needs for dormant ECLSSresearch and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The perfect combination of renewable energy and desalination technologies is the key to meeting water demands in a cost-effective, efficient and environmentally friendly way. The desalination technique by humidification-dehumidification is non-conventional approach suitable for areas with low infrastructure (such as rural and decentralized regions) since it does not require permanent maintenance. In this study, this technology is implemented by using solar energy as a source of thermal power. A seawater desalination unit is considered, which consists of a chamber with two evaporators (humidifiers), a wetted porous material made of a corrugated cellulose cardboard and a condenser (dehumidifier). The evaporation system is tested with dry bulb temperature and relative air humidity data. The results of numerical simulations indicate that higher inlet air velocities (from 0.75 to 3 m/s) lead to a decrease in the ΔT, ΔRH, and effectiveness. With the air remaining within the evaporator for 30 cm, the temperature differential increases to 5.7°C, accompanied by a 39% rise in relative humidity contrast. These changes result in a significant enhancement in humidification efficiency, achieving a remarkable efficiency level of 78%. However, a wettability value of 630 m2/m3 leads to a smaller reduction of these parameters. Increasing the pad thickness, particularly to 0.3 m, improves performance by boosting ΔT, ΔRH, and effectiveness, especially for pads with a wettability of 630 m2/m3, for which superior performances are predicted by the numerical tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately two billion people worldwide lack access to clean drinking water, negatively impacting national security, hygiene, and agriculture. Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is the conversion of ambient humidity into clean water; however, conventional dehumidification is energy-intensive. Improvement in AWH may be achieved with elastocaloric cooling, using temperature-sensitive materials in active thermoregulation. Potential benefits, compared to conventional desiccant wheel designs, include substantial reductions in energy use, size, and complexity. A nickel–titanium (NiTi) elastocaloric water harvester was designed and compared with a desiccant wheel design under controlled conditions of relative humidity, air volume, and power. In a 30 min interval, the NiTi device harvested more water on average at 0.18 ± 0.027 mL/WH, compared to the 0.1567 ± 0.023 mL/WH of the desiccant wheel harvester. Moreover, the NiTi harvester required half the power input and was thermoregulated more efficiently. Future work will focus on mechanical design parameter optimization. Elastocaloric cooling is a promising advancement in dehumidification, making AWH more economical and feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design of an artificial incubator for free-range chicken eggs. The incubator is designed to maintain optimal conditions and humidity for embryo development and this incubator is equipped with an egg turning mechanism. This incubator is designed using NodeMCU 8266 hardware which is used as a control that connects to the database server, and this incubator is built using multiplex, exhaust fan, mist maker, motor tuning, DS18B20, DHT-11 and real-time clock (RTC) DS3231. The temperature and humidity conditions in the incubator are maintained within the desired range and the egg changing mechanism works effectively. The results of this research show that this artificial incubator can be a reliable and effective tool for hatching free-range chicken eggs. This incubator is very easy to use and maintain and very affordable for local free-range chicken farming. This future research will focus on determining the conditions under which the incubator will provide the best results in terms of hatching efficiency for free-range chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas boilers exhibit thermal inefficiency and unsatisfying pollutant emissions. In this study, numerical simulations were conducted to examine the effect of humidified oxygen-enriched air on methane combustion in a furnace and the effects of different premixed ratios of air on the temperature field inside the furnace, intermediate product OH groups, component concentration distribution, and pollutants. Although humidification of ambient air effectively reduced the flame center temperature and mass concentration of the NOx generated during combustion in the furnace, the highest growth rate of CO concentration at the furnace outlet was 18.6%. Humidification of oxygen-enriched air increased the center temperature and outlet NO concentration of the furnace compared with those during no oxygen enrichment, but the outlet CO concentration showed a decreasing trend, with the highest decrease rate of 34.6%. This study determined an optimal CO–air premix ratio with a moisture concentration of 50 g/kg dry air and an oxygen concentration of 23%. The air humidification and oxygen enrichment technology proposed in this article provides a technical reference for low nitrogen transformation of existing gas boilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) in a variety of types are used in food packaging films. Ag NPs and Ag@TiO2 NPs were embedded in polyethylene (PE) and polylactic acid (PLA) based films in an effort to create unique films that would effectively extend the shelf life of beluga sturgeon fish. To achieve this, 22 films were formulated. Two of them were nominated based on an antibacterial evaluation. Pure PE and PLA were selected as control groups. TEM, SEM, FTIR, EDX, AFM, and tensile strength were employed to study the films chemically, physically, and mechanically. The films were used to package beluga sturgeon fish for 6 days, and then humidity, TVN, PV, and colony count were measured. According to the results, Ag@TiO2 NPs had higher antibacterial activity than AgNPs. Films with 3% of Ag@TiO2 NPs showed higher microorganism growth inhibition. The addition of Ag@TiO2 NPs increased the mechanical properties. Both selected films, controlled humidity (<70%), TVN (20 mg/100 g fish), and PV (<6 meq gr O2/kg fat) after 6 days. It was also confirmed that Ag@TiO2 NPs showed notable antibacterial activity after 6 days. The best results belonged to PE + 3% Ag@TiO2 film. To sum up, PE + 3% Ag@TiO2 film can be a good candidate for marine food packaging. Highlights: Ag and Ag@TiO2 nanoparticles were studied on polyethylene and polylactic acid.This packaging reveals the favorable effect of Ag@TiO2.This packaging prolongs fish's shelf life under refrigeration.Ag@TiO2 increased both mechanical strength and barrier properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within high-precision indoor environments, such as semiconductor fabrication or textile plants, humidity control is paramount for preserving product integrity and reducing energy expenditure. The non-uniform indoor air environment poses a significant challenge in achieving humidity regulation that meets the distinct requirements of various locations. Traditional feedback control mechanisms may lead to instability, overshooting, and oscillation in indoor parameters. This paper proposes a comprehensive method to address humidity assurance issues in high-precision indoor environments by establishing analytical expressions that link the demand parameters at different locations with air supply parameters. Using a case study, this paper examines several typical operational scenarios with diverse control objectives, including minimizing dehumidification energy consumption, minimizing air supply humidity adjustment values, and constraints on adjustable air supply inlets. This method enables rapid calculation of air supply humidity and regulation of humidity parameters at multiple locations within the indoor environment. It considers various locations, requirements, optimization targets, and precision, demonstrating that it can quickly determine the optimal air supply parameters based on the objective function. This method facilitates rapid adjustment and high-precision assurance of different humidity requirements at multiple locations, making it suitable for high-precision design and control of indoor humidity environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) endurance testing relies on the fuel cell (FC) dynamic load cycle (FC‐DLC) protocol, which inadequately reflects real‐world driving conditions. To address this limitation the "Investigations on degradation mechanisms and Definition of protocols for PEM Fuel cells Accelerated Stress Testing" (ID‐FAST) consortium defined the new representative "ID‐FAST driving load cycle," a novel approach capturing the load distribution, transitions, temperature variations, and humidity fluctuations experienced by FCs in real‐world operation. We demonstrate the ID‐FAST driving cycle itself and the integration into a realistic durability test program for FC test benches and present the resulting test data. Furthermore, we showcase its implementation within an accelerated stress testing (AST) protocol, highlighting its potential to significantly reduce testing time by accelerating degradation. Additionally, a novel method for highly dynamic humidity adjustment within test benches is introduced. By overcoming limitations of existing methods and incorporating the ID‐FAST driving cycle, this work paves the way for a new era of efficient and realistic FC endurance testing, ultimately contributing to the development of more robust and durable automotive FC stacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the effects of earthworm in situ treatment of cow dung to produce earthworm manure and conventional organic fertilizer treatment on tomato yield and soil improvement were compared, provide the basis for the sustainable development of facility vegetables. Two tomato varieties were used as materials, earthworm and cow dung were directly inoculated on the ridge after harvesting vegetables in the previous greenhouse, the physical and chemical properties of soil and the yield and quality of tomato were analyzed. The results showed that, reasonable temperature and humidity control could create the living environment of earthworms, earthworm in situ treatment of cow dung to produce vermicompost could reduce soil bulk density(P<0.05), the number of water-stable macroaggregates was increased(P<0.05), mainly concentrated between 2.0 mm≤Ф<3.0 mm and 0.5 mm≤Ф<1.0 mm. There was no significant difference in the effect on soil total salt content(P>0.05), the effects on different base cations were different due to different varieties. There was no significant difference in soil microbial content(P>0.05). The tomato yields of the two varieties were increased by 14.4 % and 24.7 %, respectively. However, the effect on the quality of tomato was different due to different varieties. In summary, the in-situ treatment of cow dung by earthworms to produce earthworm manure could significantly increase the yield of greenhouse tomatoes and significantly improve the physical indicators of the soil. It was recommended to use this method under the condition that there are earthworm farms around the facility agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid-desiccant-based air conditioning demonstrates significant potential for energy conservation and emission reduction in industrial building applications, contributing to the advancement of a cleaner industrial future. In this study, the on-site performance of a hybrid liquid-desiccant air conditioning system installed in a pharmaceutical warehouse was assessed. The results revealed that blind use of the liquid desiccant caused considerable heat-cold offset in the system, which badly restricted its energy performance. Under the basic conditions, only 81.8% of the total cooling capacity provided by the system could be obtained through the return air, while the remaining 18.2% was wasted owing to the considerable heat-cold offset. A refined system was then proposed to improve the system energy performance. By avoiding the heat-cold offset, the coefficient of performance could be improved from 2.2-2.4 to 2.9-3.1. Moreover, an electricity savings rate of 20.2% was achieved with the refined system over the duration of the entire cooling season. Hence, this work provides valuable insights into energy conservation and emission reduction in industrial air conditioning systems, supporting the process of industrial decarbonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with two planetary boundary layer schemes, ACM2 and MYNN, convection‐permitting model (CPM) regional climate simulations were conducted for a 6‐year period, including a one‐year spin‐up period, at a 15‐km grid spacing covering entire South America and a nested convection‐permitting 3‐km grid spacing covering the Peruvian central Andes region. These two CPM simulations along with a 4‐km simulation covering South America produced by National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), three gridded precipitation products, and rain gauge data in Peru and Brazil, are used to document the characteristics of precipitation and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the Peruvian central Andes region. Results show that all km‐scale simulations generally capture the spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation and MCSs at both seasonal and diurnal scales, although biases exist in aspects such as precipitation intensity and MCS frequency, size, propagation speed, and associated precipitation intensity. The 3‐km simulation using MYNN scheme generally outperforms the other simulations in capturing seasonal and diurnal precipitation over the mountain, while both it and the 4‐km simulation demonstrate superior performance in the western Amazon Basin, based on the comparison to the gridded precipitation products and gauge data. Dynamic factors, primarily low‐level jet and terrain‐induced uplift, are the key drivers for precipitation and MCS genesis along the east slope of the Andes, while thermodynamic factors control the precipitation and MCS activity in the western Amazon Basin and over elevated mountainous regions. The study suggests model improvements and better model configurations for future regional climate projections. Plain Language Summary: We ran high‐resolution model simulations at a 3‐km grid spacing with ACM2 and MYNN planetary boundary layer schemes for a 6‐year period, including a 1‐year spin‐up, to investigate precipitation and storm patterns in the Peruvian central Andes region. Other data sets including a 4‐km simulation produced by National Center for Atmospheric Research, three gridded precipitation products, and rain gauge data in Peru and Brazil were collected for comparison and evaluation. We found that all km‐scale simulations capture overall patterns of precipitation and storms at both seasonal and sub‐daily time scales, although some discrepancies exist in precipitation intensity and storm details. Compared to the gridded precipitation products and gauge data, the 3‐km simulation using MYNN scheme generally outperforms the other simulations in capturing seasonal and diurnal precipitation over the mountain, while both it and the 4‐km simulation demonstrate superior performance in the western Amazon Basin. Low‐level wind and terrain‐induced uplift are the key drivers for precipitation and storm genesis along the Andes' eastern slopes, while factors associated with vertical structures of temperature and humidity control the precipitation and storm activity in the western Amazon Basin and mountain regions. The study suggests model improvements and better model configurations for future regional climate projections. Key Points: Characteristics of precipitation and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the Peruvian Central Andes are investigated based on convection‐permitting simulationsWRF3km_MYNN outperforms in simulating mountain precipitation; both it and WRF4km_SAAG show superior performance in western AmazonDynamic factors dominate precipitation and MCSs on the Andean east slope, while thermodynamic factors are dominant in western Amazon Basin [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of composition and heating rate on the fast-drying (∼60 min) of red ceramics obtained by extrusion using optical dilatometry and thermogravimetry to obtain the drying curve. Three different plastic clays were used in the four formulations investigated, as well as three heating rates with a total time of 60 min and a maximum drying temperature of 200 °C: 5.83, 3.89, and 2.92 °C/min. Based on the results obtained from the modified Bigot curves, a fast-drying curve (3 °C/min) was established in a static laboratory dryer with a total cycle of 60 min and a maximum temperature of 160 °C. The samples were characterised in terms of compressive resistance and visual aspects related to drying cracks. Formulation F5, containing 50 wt% AM clay and 50 wt% AV clay, exhibited the worst performance in fast-drying with drying cracks, whereas formulation F7, containing 33.3 wt% AC clay, 33.3 wt% AM clay and 33.3 wt% AV clay, exhibited the best performance. Formulations F7 and F8 (16.7 wt% of AC clay, 66.6 wt% of AM clay and 16.7 wt% of AV clay) were fired at 900 °C in an electric kiln, with a heating rate of 1.5 °C/min and a 2 h holding time, and then characterised in terms of firing shrinkage, water absorption and compressive strength. The results showed that Formulation F7 presented suitable behaviour in the fast-drying process at 160 °C for 60 min in a laboratory dryer at a heating rate of 3 °C/min, 0.9 wt% a residual moisture. It exhibited no drying cracks and a dry compressive strength of 0.94 ± 0.09 MPa. However, the combined analysis of optical dilatometry and thermogravimetry indicated that the drying conditions could be optimised for a residual moisture of 2 wt%, using a thermal cycle of 138 °C for 19 min (heating rate of 5.83 °C/min) if adequate control of the humidity of the chamber atmosphere in the first drying stage is employed to avoid drying cracks. The results also showed that the specimens of formulations F7 and F8 met the technological requirements defined by the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 15270-1, demonstrating the feasibility of producing red ceramic bricks by extrusion with fast-drying. The combined optical dilatometry and thermogravimetry techniques used to obtain the Bigot curve applied to fast-drying showed very good agreement with those obtained in the laboratory dryer. These combined techniques represent promising approaches for studying the fast-drying of red ceramics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) layered metal‐halide perovskites have garnered significant interest due to their unique photoelectric properties and excellent stability. However, 2D perovskite films prepared via solution process generally exhibit multi‐quantum well structure with random well width distribution, which significantly impedes the carrier transportation. Herein, the synthesis of phase‐pure 2D (PEA)2FAPb2I7 (PEA = C8H11N, FA = CH4N2) perovskite thin films is reported in ambient environment achieved by suppressing the formation of the 3D perovskite phase. First, incorporation of MACl additive can effectively regulate the intermediate during crystallization, facilitating the formation of a metastable 3D MAxFA1‐xPbIyCl3‐y phase. Second, precise control of environmental humidity is employed to further inhibit the formation of α‐FAPbI3 phase. As a result, the perovskite intermediate composed of predominantly metastable 3D phase and 2D n = 2 phase is achieved, which is eventually transformed into 2D n = 2 perovskite during annealing, leading to markedly enhanced phase purity. Photoconductive‐type photodetectors based on the phase‐pure 2D RP perovskite films are fabricated, demonstrating a high detectivity of over 9.4 × 1012 Jones due to the improved carrier transportation. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the crystallization process of phase‐pure 2D perovskites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of sustainability, the nearly forgotten control of relative humidity (RH) in display cases with saturated salt solutions is re-evaluated. Spilling and creeping of salts can be avoided. By choosing magnesium nitrate or potassium carbonate, the temperature dependence of the RH and the emission of harmful gases are negligible. Measurements with metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors showed such solutions to be excellent absorbers for corrosive pollutants such as acids and aldehydes, especially the alkaline potassium carbonate (hitherto not used in museums). The practical application of such solutions in display cases is currently being tested in a community science project in a number of museums. This will result in improved guidelines for conservators and it is hoped, in a revival of this passive, failsafe, low-carbon footprint technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All‐inorganic cesium lead triiodide perovskites (CsPbI3) have attracted increasing attention due to their good thermal stability, remarkable optoelectronic properties, and adaptability in tandem solar cells. However, N2‐filled glovebox is generally required to strictly control the humidity during film fabrication due to the moisture‐induced black‐to‐yellow phase transition, which remains a great hinderance for further commercialization. Herein, we report an effective approach via incorporating multifunctional ethacridine lactate (EAL) to mitigate moisture invasion and enable the fabrication of efficient inverted (p‐i‐n) CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under ambient condition. It is revealed that the lactate anions accelerate the crystallization of CsPbI3, shortening the exposure time to moisture during film fabrication. Meanwhile, the conjugated backbone and multiple functional groups in the ethacridine cations can interact with I− and Pb2+ to reduce the undesired defects, stabilize the perovskite structure and facilitate the charge transport in the film. Moreover, EAL incorporation also leads to better energy alignment, thus favoring charge extraction at both upper and bottom interfaces. Consequently, the device efficiency and stability are enormously enhanced, with the champion efficiency reaching 21.08 %. This even surpasses the highest value reported for the devices fabricated in glovebox, representing a record efficiency of inverted all‐inorganic PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to conventional condensation dehumidification systems, a solar liquid desiccant air conditioning system (SLDAC) offers distinct advantages, enabling independent control of temperature and humidity while operating at low carbon levels. This paper proposes a low-carbon SLDAC thermal mass exchange model that uses an indirect evaporative cooling liquid dehumidifier and photovoltaic thermal and air source heat pump for combined driving of the solution regeneration process. The system simulation model was created using MATLAB and TRNSYS software. An experimental comparison was conducted between the dehumidification module and the regeneration module, and the system's performance was simulated with an airflow of 150 m3/h in the Tianjin area. The results indicate an average dehumidification efficiency of 44.03% and a regeneration efficiency of 40.80% throughout the cooling season. During the cooling season, the power generation of the system met the power demand and produced a surplus of 85.36 kWh, achieving overall self-sufficiency in power consumption. The optimized system's operating parameters were proposed, with regeneration temperatures of 57 °C in June and September and 65 °C in July and August. During the cooling season, the system's regeneration capacity exceeded its dehumidification capacity for 84.90% of the operating time. As a result of optimization, the system's carbon emissions were reduced by 59.35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solid desiccant-based novel dehumidification technique in indoor cooling is a viable substitute for a traditional dehumidification system in regions with high humidity levels. The ozone layer is being steadily destroyed by vapour compression-based conventional dehumidification systems, which also have a number of other disadvantages such as excessive power consumption and a rise in the amount of chlorofluorocarbons type refrigerant leakage in the atmosphere. As compared to traditionally used vapour compression type refrigeration air conditioners, solid desiccant-integrated novel cooling may be more advantageous as it provides more easily accessible, cost-effective, and ecologically sound cooling. It can be more competitive when it is reactivated by freely available renewable heat available from solar power and industrial waste heat. Not only marginally saving energy, but it can also help in drastically lower operational costs. Recently, many studies have been carried out with aim of ameliorating desiccant air conditioners' overall performance through the development of novel system configurations, enhanced system designs and better controls, and the integration of hybrid energy sources for desiccant reactivation as well as sub-systems technological advancements. By this means, the present study offers a thorough analysis of the previously described investigations. This offers detailed study on possible suggestions and recommendations for possible future work direction based on the most recent investigations in the field of the desiccant-powered novel cooling techniques. These recommendations can help to amplify the efforts to find better solutions to concurrent technological issues, which will definitely ameliorate the overall performance of desiccant-integrated dehumidification and hybrid cooling in the field of heating, ventilation and air conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate assessment of the spatial–temporal variations in regional net ecosystem productivity (NEP), water use efficiency (WUE), and carbon use efficiency (CUE) are vital for understanding the water–carbon cycle. We analyzed the spatial–temporal patterns of the NEP, WUE, and CUE in the middle reaches of the Yellow River (MRYR) from 2001 to 2022, and the factors that influenced them using remote sensing data, NEP estimation models, and various statistical methods. The results indicate that the recovery of the ecosystem in the MRYR is a result of the combined effects of climate change and human activities. Climate change in the MRYR led to warming and humidification from 2001 to 2022. The NEP, WUE, and CUE were characterized by increasing trends, with average growth rates of 7.75 gC m−2a−1, 0.012 gC m−2 mm−1a−1, and 0.009a−1, respectively. For four vegetation types, the interannual rates of change were, in descending order, grassland, cropland, shrubs, and forest. Spatially, the NEP, WUE, and CUE showed significant regional heterogeneity, increasing from the northwest to the southeast. Based on an analysis of the interannual anomalies, precipitation accumulation contributed to carbon sink accumulation. The correlation of the NEP, WUE, and CUE with the drought severity index (DSI) was high, and their correlation with precipitation showed latitudinal zonality, which suggests that precipitation (PRE) is the main climatic factor influencing the water–carbon cycle in the MRYR rather than temperature (TEM). There were 67,671.27 km2 of land that changed use during 2001–2022, and 15.07 Tg of NEP was added to these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to provide the reliable calculation procedure for determining heat and mass flow rates for plate finned tube heat exchangers in dehumidification regimes that can be used easily in engineering practice. For this purpose, the experiments are conducted on two heat exchangers, and datasets for six more heat exchangers are used from literature. Comprehensive database is established with total of 637 sets of data, and it gathers 365 new measurement sets and 272 sets from open literature. The new calculation procedure predicts heat transfer rate and condensate flow rate where new methodology approach (based on the porous velocity, the ratio of characteristic surfaces and hydraulic diameter) is used. Predicted results show 5–10 % deviation for heat duty and up to 20 % for mass flow rate from experimental results, which is of importance to industrial practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Science & Technology & Economy is the property of Grain Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agriculture in controlled environments has gained popularity over time. Compared to traditional agriculture, controlled environments emerge as an alternative to mitigate the negative impacts of conventional farming methods. However, controlled environment agriculture, particularly plant factories with artificial lighting, incurs higher electricity costs, primarily for supplemental lighting and dehumidification of the cultivation area. Given these high costs, it is crucial to understand how efficiently plants utilize available light to convert it into biomass. This understanding can be used to design lighting strategies to reduce electricity usage. In this study, we cultivated 'Rex' lettuce (Lactuca sativa) plants on a soilless substrate and used an ebb-and-flow system for irrigation and fertilization. Plants grew in varying photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) levels ranging from 125 to 375 µmol·m−2·s−1 and were assessed for various physiological responses. Our findings revealed that plants exposed to higher light levels exhibited greater final dry weight, increased photosynthetic activity, higher water use efficiency, and accelerated growth compared to those under lower light conditions. Notably, plants subjected to higher light intensities did not show a significant increase in transpiration, suggesting a potential trade-off between energy expenditure on supplemental lighting and dehumidification. This finding opens the possibility of reducing energy consumption for dehumidification and achieving economic savings by subjecting plants to optimal growing conditions for shorter durations. This depends on whether higher savings on dehumidification are achieved compared to the energy required to maintain high PPFD levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel direct expansion air conditioning (DX AC) system with three evaporators (DX-TE) to enhance indoor temperature and humidity control. Operating in two modes, the DX-TE system provides variable cooling output, adapting to fluctuating indoor cooling loads while maintaining uniform air supply. Experimental and simulation studies were conducted to investigate the system's operational characteristics. An experimental setup was established to obtain preliminary steady-state data, followed by the development and validation of a steady-state mathematical model. Simulation studies were then performed to optimize the evaporator sizes. The results indicate that the DX-TE system delivers variable cooling capacities at a constant compressor speed and airflow rate, outperforming conventional variable frequency DX AC systems in cooling and dehumidification. The evaporator area ratio significantly impacts the system's performance, with smaller ratios yielding a larger output range. As the area ratio increases from 1:1 to 1:3, the cooling capacity range in Modes 1 and 2 increases by 33.6% and 14.3%, respectively, while the dehumidification range expands by 58.6% and 51.69%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple explicit formula for evaluating the total capacity of chilled-water cooling coils under wet conditions is reported in this paper. The formula is developed through theoretical and analogical analysis from a practical viewpoint. With the formula, a wet coil's total cooling capacity can be predicted straightforwardly, given the inlet air and water conditions. The formula was cross-validated against a set of catalog performance data from a series of fan coil unit (FCU) coils and simulated performance data from a series of air handling unit (AHU) coils. The mean errors in the calculated results of the present formula did not exceed 5% in the training and test sets for each coil, showing it has good accuracy and generalizability over a wide operating range and various coil types. This formula is expected to have wide applications in energy simulation and control optimization of building air-conditioning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To produce dry air, desiccant wheel is a very common choice now a day. However, it's crucial to utilize the desiccant wheel effectively. Therefore, in the present investigation, a numerical model is developed to identify the best operating conditions for a solar desiccant dehumidifier based on desiccant wheel and it is observed that the dehumidification capacity can be increased by simultaneously increasing the process air velocity and RPH of the desiccant wheel. A higher temperature of hot air for regeneration allows for a higher process‐to‐regeneration sector facial area ratio, which results in higher amount of dry air. After the mathematical investigation, the desiccant wheel is attached with solar air heater for experimental investigation. The solar air heater is based on both ends open evacuated tube collector, which is able to produce hot air at about 150°C at a mass flow rate of 143 kg/h. At this temperature the desiccant wheel shows remarkable dehumidification effectiveness of 0.61 with an average moisture removal of 0.0098 kgwp/kgda. The average thermal effectiveness and DCOP of the solar desiccant dehumidifier are observed to be 0.24 and 0.23, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the consequences of a forest fire in a radioactively polluted area in the Chernobyl accident zone, namely the transfer of radioactive substances as well as their impact on the environment and radiation situation. The purpose of the study was to develop a mathematical model of the transfer of radioactive substances and a methodology for integrated assessment of the ability of an ecosystem to retain deposited radionuclides. The research methodology is based on existing proven mathematical methods and models, such as the turbulent diffusion model, the Gaussian static model, and the hierarchy analysis method (Thomas L. Saaty method). Models were obtained for the formation of a radioactive smoke cloud and its migration in the atmospheric air, the spread of radioactive aerosols and gas components, taking into account convection, turbulent exchange, humidity, wind strength and direction over the combustion zone. The processes of blowing and fluttering in the wind by the wind as the horizontal migration perturbers of radioisotopes represent a new, still insufficiently studied area of research. Integral indicators for assessing the ability of the natural components of the forest complex to reliably accumulate and retain the radioisotopes that have settled have been determined. It was revealed that the priority factors of impact on the environment and the degree of radioactive contamination are the activity and directions of migration of combustion products, which constitute radioactive contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walnut green husk (WGH) is a common agricultural by-product with high yield and serious pollution problem. The present study aimed to evaluate the impacts of sun drying (SD), pulsed vacuum drying (PVD), short and medium infrared radiation drying (SMIR), hot air drying based on temperature and humidity control (TH-HAD), and heat pump drying (HPD) on the drying characteristics, energy consumption, physico-chemical properties, bioactive compounds content and antioxidant capacity of WGH. Drying characteristics and drying kinetics showed that artificial drying could significantly improve drying efficiency. Compared with SD, the drying time of PVD, SMIR, TH-HAD, and HPD reduced by 63.6, 78.7, 66.3, and 54.0%, respectively. Specific energy consumption analysis demonstrated that HPD showed the lowest specific energy consumption of 2.2 kW·h/kg. Hydration properties analysis revealed that PVD resulted in sample of best water-holding capacity and the HPD sample had the highest water solubility index (43.44%). Structural analysis showed that the cell wall structure of WGH was damaged by different drying methods. Generally, among the five drying methods, HPD was found to be in the middle range in terms of active substance content and antioxidant capacity of dried samples, but it had the least energy consumption. Therefore, HPD has great potential for commercial-scale drying of WGH, offering a new approach for low-energy food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban heat island (UHI) effect has detrimental impacts on building cooling demand, public and ecological health, and climate change. Because UHIs are caused by the concentration of construction materials that absorb and retain heat, buildings in urban areas present challenges and opportunities to mitigate them. Specifically, innovative building skin solutions, such as those covered with smart materials (SMs) that respond to environmental stimuli with their dynamic time and temperature-dependent behaviors, have significant potential to reduce the UHI effect. This research provides a review of the state-of-the-art applications of SMs in building skins for urban heat island mitigation (UHIM). It highlights the knowledge gaps and opportunities for future research with an extensive literature review and in-depth analysis. This research classifies the application of skin-integrated smart materials (SISMs) for UHIM into five main groups that included thermal, light, air pollution, humidity and ventilation control, and energy generation, and highlights their challenges and prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater data centers, with their low energy use, cost, and latency, are seen as the future of data centers. This paper designs a Total Auxiliary System (TAS) for underwater data centers, including temperature and humidity control unit, biofouling prevention, and seawater corrosion prevention. In this paper, a model for the temperature and humidity control unit was developed, and key parameters such as heat load, specific moisture extraction rate (SMER), coefficient of performance (COP), and dehumidification volume were simulated. The effectiveness of the cooling performance was verified using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The system design also includes biofouling prevention via electric pulse and seawater corrosion prevention using cathodic protection with plastic coating and applied current. Calculations and verifications show that this system reduces energy consumption and ensures the long-term stable operation of underwater data centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature and humidity are critical factors in oyster mushroom cultivation, and as such, it is imperative to manage and regulate these variables with the aid of modern technology. The primary goal of this community service initiative is to enhance the productivity and quality of oyster mushrooms, while also fostering the sustainability of cultivation efforts. This method encompasses training sessions on proper temperature and humidity control techniques, the implementation of monitoring equipment, and the establishment of an optimal cultivation environment. The outcomes of these efforts have revealed a notable enhancement in both the production and quality of oyster mushrooms. Additionally, farmers have expressed an increase in technical knowledge and a deeper understanding of the advantages associated with appropriate environmental control. This technology holds the potential to elevate farmers' income and positively influence the cultivation environment. In summary, the implementation of temperature and humidity control technology yields tangible benefits, ultimately promoting the sustainability of oyster mushroom cultivation and contributing to the enhancement of farmers' expertise.

In this study we explore aerosol–cloud interactions in liquid-phase clouds over eastern China (EC) and its adjacent ocean (ECO) using the WRF-Chem–SBM model with four-dimensional assimilation. The results show that our simulations and analyses based on each vertical layer provide a more detailed representation of the aerosol–cloud relationship compared to the column-based analyses which have been widely conducted previously. For aerosol activation, cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) generally increases with aerosol number concentration (Naero) at low Naero and decreases with Naero at high Naero. The main difference between EC and ECO is that Nd increases faster in ECO than EC at low Naero due to abundant water vapor, whereas at high Naero , when aerosol activation in ECO is suppressed, Nd in EC shows significant fluctuation due to strong surface effects (longwave radiation cooling and terrain uplift) and intense updrafts. Cloud liquid water content (CLWC) increases with Nd , but the increase rate gradually slows down for precipitating clouds, while CLWC increases and then decreases in non-precipitating clouds. Higher Nd and CLWC can be found in EC than in ECO, and the transition-point Nd value at which CLWC in non-precipitating clouds changes from increasing to decreasing is also higher in EC. Aerosol activation is strongest at moderate Naero , but CLWC increases relatively fast at low Naero. ECO cloud processes are more limited by cooling and humidification, whereas strong and diverse surface and atmospheric processes in EC allow intense cloud processes to occur under significant warming or drying conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]