Search

This study examines the legacy of ancient cultures by comparing the logical principles of Chinese and Greek mythology. Using the structural analysis method of Levi-Strauss and a narrative literature review methodology (based on a review of 69 articles), we identified seven factors, including fate, heroism, gods, nature, ethics, symbolism, and allegory. Our findings suggest that, despite cultural differences, ancient Chinese and Greek mythology share similarities that continue to influence contemporary writing. These issues have both practical and theoretical ramifications for authors, historians, and consumers interested in the connection between mythology and literature. However, this study has several shortcomings, including a lack of primary sources and an emphasis on Chinese and Greek civilizations. Future research could examine the legacies of other ancient societies as well as the impact of mythology on various literary genres. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion regarding the significance of historical and cultural legacies and their continued relevance in contemporary society.

The idea that children need to be exposed to stories of patriotic heroes has again surfaced in recent legislative activity surrounding education. Often, this impulse aligns with a conservative, moralizing vision of teaching history: the flaws of past historical figures should be minimized for the purposes of national pride and traditional virtues. When nations have experienced moral catastrophe, however, this impulse runs counter to the need to teach for historical truth. In this paper, Bryan Warnick examines the link between heroes, historical truth, and patriotic education. For initial inspiration, he turns to a vision of patriotic heroism suggested by writer and historian Anne Applebaum in her analysis of Soviet oppression. After examining both the value of patriotism and the contested role of national heroes in constructing patriotism, he concludes that certain forms of patriotism can make a positive contribution to civic identity and that identification with national heroes will be an unavoidable feature of such an identity.

College expansion throughout the twentieth century was accompanied by the growth of a profession centered on supporting student learning and development. Higher Education and Student Affairs (HESA) programs multiplied across the United States to train these professionals with a focus on administration, leadership, and student affairs. As recommended by the Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education and related professional organizations, the more than 280 programs in existence today typically include a course on the history of higher education. For the vast majority of HESA students, this is the only graduate-level history course they will take. For this study, the research team consisted of two faculty members -- one a historian and one a higher education professional -- and two graduate students who collaborated with the intention of deepening student engagement with history through an authentic digital assessment. This article examines the impact of the authentic digital assessment on student engagement, inquiry, research skills, and awareness of audience within the broader context of the history of higher education in the United States.

Experimental archaeology is a vibrant and fascinating field that offers great opportunities for hands-on student learning in history. Although it is typically taught by archaeologists and anthropologists, it is certainly accessible and easily adapted to history courses. In addition to teaching "Introduction to Experimental Archaeology" as an upper-level course, the authors borrowed aspects of the methodology to enrich 100-level survey courses and have supervised students using experimental archaeology techniques in honors projects and capstone seminars. It is no coincidence that a medievalist and an ethnohistorian find this approach useful. Both authors study people and time periods (medieval peasants and Indigenous peoples of North America) for which written records are scarce and often lacking in sympathy with the people they describe. The authors' fields, therefore, are interdisciplinary. Through the authors' use of archaeology, they discovered experimental archaeology and quickly saw its potential for both research and teaching. In this article, the authors suggest seven reasons for incorporating more hands-on experimental archaeological projects into history courses at all undergraduate levels.

Research in the field of History of Education has experienced a remarkable increase in recent decades. Resulting publications are referenced in generalist databases that do not catalogue academic works according to the specific characteristics of History of Education. Seeking to give response to this bibliographic gap, we are developing a database catered for historians of education that aims to map out present, past, and future research. Conceived within the framework of Digital Humanities/Digital History, Hecumen is being designed, with the aid of Artificial Intelligence, as an open access finding aid that permits (1) conducting specific and multilevel complex engine searches, (2) having a panoramic view of publications; (3) mapping out relevant/missing areas of research, and, ultimately, (4) keeping up to date with the research produced by historians of education. This paper presents, contextualises, and problematises Hecumen -- a digital tool that will facilitate and boost History of Education research.

Oral historians have declared the methodology a social justice project. This essay advances that discussion, positing that oral history methodology may represent a more specific "racial" justice project when coupled with critical race theory. An examination of the history of African American education scholarship, we argue, supports this contention. Two central questions guide this essay: (1) What does scholarship on the history of African American education demonstrate about the compatibility between oral history methodology and critical race theory? and (2) How does this methodological-theoretical pairing advance a racial justice project? We aim to show how critical race theory and oral history methodology complement one another as research tools that can strengthen the history of education's capacity to inform current educational issues. Our essay draws on the work of historians of African American education to exemplify possibilities for any historian of education who examines systematically underserved communities of Colour. Ultimately, we argue that critical race theory and oral history methodology are compatible because they share several propositions apt for helping researchers subvert the silencing, marginalisation, and objectification of systemically underserved communities of Colour, thereby furthering a racial justice project. This essay, therefore, contributes primarily to interdisciplinary education and historical research methods literature.

Brian Simon (1915-2002), an influential Marxist historian and educationist in Britain, had been campaigning for comprehensive education from the late 1940s to the 1960s. In the early 1970s, followed by a rapid expansion of comprehensive schools since the issue of Circular 10/65, comprehensive education was under attack by the Conservative government and other conservatives. In the mid-late 70s, along with the conservatives and the New Right, left-wing intellectuals also undermined the public's confidence in comprehensive education. Faced with the crisis in comprehensive education, Simon continued to battle for it by shifting between different roles. Simon was not only involved in politics of education, but also dealt with ideological issues implicit in contemporary educational theories nationally and internationally which caused harm to comprehensive education. Despite this, very little research has focused on Simon's ideas and practice in relation to comprehensive education in the 1970s. Therefore, this paper aims to fill the lacuna.

Creativity has been identified as an increasingly important graduate attribute for employment in the 21st century. As sites of significant development of disciplinary specialization, universities seem to be the natural place for creativity to be fostered. However, there remain contestations and ambiguities in the ways creativity is theorized, and this translates to difficulties in operationalization, particularly in the higher education context, which attracts significantly less research than the school setting. Here, we report on interviews with physicists, historians, and poets, as both educators and producers of knowledge that progresses their disciplines, to provide elaborations on the nature of creativity. We draw on sociological theory to elucidate the characteristics of creativity as expressed by experts in particular disciplinary fields. We find that whilst perceptions appear common across the disciplines, on further analysis, they tend instead to encapsulate discrete attributes. Further, there are some qualities of creativity that are uniquely emphasized by participants in specific disciplinary fields. We argue that theorizing both the discipline and the nature of creativity together is important in order to understand how creativity might more fruitfully be discussed and fostered in higher education.

The article describes and summarizes the experience of conducting local history educational and productive practice for students of the first (bachelor's) level of education, majoring in "History and Archeology" at the School of History, V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University (Ukraine). The authors show that the set of principles and research methods, being the basis of this investigation, ensures reliability of the analysis and representativeness of the results. A review of the latest publications on the topic confirms its relevance and lack of development in the specialized literature. The article substantiates the important role and significance of the local history educational and productive practice for further professional activity of the future graduates. The authors explain the main approaches to the organization of this form of educational activity in traditional conditions (among such approaches--the implementation of creative projects in small groups, excursions and expeditions). The article reveals the changes that took place in the process of organizing and conducting local history educational and productive practice after the outbreak of the coronary crisis. The approaches and methods, developed for the distance passing of local history educational and productive practice, may be useful after returning to the traditional system of education. The authors, using a correlation-regression analysis of the ratio of the number of students who underwent local history educational and productive practice and the number of students--speakers at the International Local History Conference of Young Scientists, found a moderate correlation between these indicators. The article concludes that the local history educational and productive practice encourages students to further research activity in the field of local history.

This article offers a critical review of the literature on how race played into the historical development of pedagogical progressivism in the late-19th and early-20th-century United States. While many historians have focused on the overt/covert racism inherent in much of progressive pedagogy as espoused by White educators, others have highlighted the ways in pedagogical progressivism supported movements toward liberation and social justice, especially when taken up by Black educators. Thus, the historical treatment of pedagogical progressivism is becoming more nuanced by incorporating the work of Black scholars, school leaders, curriculum designers, and teachers.

A special place belongs to the historical thought of the late 19th-early 20th centuries in the spiritual heritage of the Tatar people. In a short time, Tatar historians have achieved significant results in the reconstruction and study of the national past. Their successes were appreciated by Russian and European scholars and orientalists, and their unconditional leadership among other Turkic Muslims was generally recognized. The works by Sh. Mardzhani, R. Fakhrutdinov, G. Akhmarov, H. Atlasi, G. Gubaidullin are being republished today and are returned to the reader. Their work is being successfully studied, but there are no works where the formation and development of Tatar historical science at the end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th centuries would be considered specifically. A systematized study of the historical thought of the Tatars during the Jadid period, the determination of the characteristics, trends, and the directions of its development remains an urgent task of modern science. This scientific article examines the features of Russian-Tatar relation coverage by Tatar historians of the late 19th-early 20th centuries, reveals the information and analytical activities of censorship and its special attention to historical writings, contains an overview of little-known sources -- popular editions and publications in time-based press, dated to the centenary of The Patriotic War of 1812 and the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov, the authors of which, showing the commonality of the historical fate of Russians and Tatars, substantiated the thesis of "equal rights in a common Fatherland". The obtained analytical results are very effective in increasing the level of education of educators in this field.

This article reviews the educational writings of historian Edwin Judge, particularly by providing a wider context for his paper "The Undesirability of Christian Universities." It discusses differences between formal education and the churches in the Roman world and considers implications of these for modern Christian higher education. Given Judge's argument for Christian involvement in secular universities (and against Christian higher education), it considers recent problems with secular universities, especially the phenomenon of academic 'cancel culture'. To understand these problems, it considers the work of social psychologist Jonathan Haidt and 'Heterodox Academy'. The conclusion encourages Christians to seek excellence in research.

This study explores how undergraduates, as historical thinkers, learn to interact with history and construct their understanding of the past, and examines the role that primary and secondary sources play in narrative construction and revision. Using the African American civil rights movement as a content focus, participants used images to create initial narratives that reflected their understanding of the movement. Half the participants then read an essay on the movement written by a prominent historian, and the other half examined 18 primary sources that reflected the historian's interpretation of the movement. Participants then each created a second narrative, again selecting images to depict their understanding of the movement. The results of the study suggest that even as students work with primary sources, they need an effective narrative framework based on recent scholarship to forge powerful counter-narratives that transcend outdated interpretations and historical myths. In terms of teaching and learning about the lengthy struggle for racial justice in the United States, simply encouraging teachers and students to 'do history' and conduct their own online research is unlikely to change persistent narrative structures that continue to enable and excuse systemic racism.

This article provides a historiographical survey of significant African American historians researching, writing, and interpreting Black people's education history. At the heart of this article are the following questions: Who were the African American historians of education who produced this work? What has been the significant scholarship of African American education historians from the late nineteenth century to the present? Although much scholarship has been published on African American education, its history remains underrepresented in the study of educational history. Nonetheless, this historiography is burgeoning thanks to Black educational historians' scholarship.

When the United Kingdom has figured in the modern history of study abroad, it has featured almost exclusively in the role of host country with little attention paid to the study abroad patterns of UK students. In order to gain a rounded picture of the UK's role in post-war study abroad, this article explores the position of the UK within the context of the rich data gathered by UNESCO. It argues that there is strong evidence that the UK was actually one of the most active countries in sending its students overseas and that this activity increased (both in absolute terms and relative to other countries) significantly in the 1960s and 70s. Following a brief analysis of the UK's role as both a host and exporter of study abroad students on a global scale, its relationship as a sender country with two particular geographical areas is considered: firstly, the Commonwealth that has been the focus of much of the existing secondary literature, and secondly, continental Europe and the USA which have featured much less frequently in the work of historians. Various reasons for the significant rise in the number of UK students studying abroad are explored -- in particular, the role of government attitudes towards overseas study including the possibility of developing student exchange as an instrument of cultural diplomacy. The article pays particular attention to the period between the publication of the Robbins Report in 1963 and the beginnings of the institutionalisation of study abroad (in Europe) in the late 1970s.

In 2014, the Danish school system celebrated its 200-year anniversary with a five-volume publication entitled "Dansk skolehistorie gennem 500 år" (500 years of Danish school history). As editors-in-chief, we took our inspiration from the cultural turn within history more generally and the search for the black box of schooling among historians of education more specifically. Our ambition was to write a history about how schooling was done, experienced, negotiated, and contested by a range of agents, from pupils to parents, teachers, and authorities. We wanted to write the history of education as intimately connected to and intertwined with changing childhoods and broader cultural and social developments. In addition, we decided to write from the perspective of diversity with regard to agents, contexts, schools, sources, and methodologies. Our approach is new within Danish educational history writing and as such not yet reflected in international work on the Danish school system. The purpose of this article is therefore to present our arguments, chronologies, and conclusions. The article also introduces our research design and a description of four methodological tools we found helpful when writing the history of education from a bottom-up perspective. The article ends by outlining our main conclusions and reflecting on the challenges we encountered when opening "the black box of schooling".

Examining developments in the history of education in Africa as a whole raises far-reaching philosophical, anthropological and historical questions about what Africa is and whether such a history is even possible "as such." The course of that history and its tributaries wend around social theories; its dominant issues, tensions and gaps represent ideological interventions that highlight competing narratives in attempts to theorise social progress along a set of converging historiographic projects through which the conflicts between positivist, Marxist and poststructuralist (and other critical theory) perspectives -- and the Eurocentricity of their objects -- become visible. Anticipating broadened inquiries that centre Africans in historical narratives concerning education in Africa, this review (1) critiques historians' obsession with and dissensions on colonial education, (2) clarifies epistemic ruptures in the well-worn quest for 'truth' in history evident in that obsession, and (3) proposes some prospects for decolonial futures in the history of education in Africa.

This review outlines the historiography of education in the Middle East, focusing on events from the nineteenth century through the 1980s, and on Bilad al-Sham, mainly Jordan, Palestine and Israel, Iraq, and Northern Africa, including Egypt and Türkiye. Modernisation and nationalism were the main lenses through which educators, researchers, and students viewed the significance of their schooling in the late nineteenth- and twentieth-century Middle East. Scholars likewise take these frameworks as key to understanding the importance of education in the region's history. This review suggests that historians ought to recognise the saliency of previous frameworks for the actors who lived them while analysing the region beyond those limits. It advocates incorporating education more consistently into other fields, such as histories of the environment and race. It recommends that historians of education include those fields in their own work, while following historical actors, texts and ideologies across regimes and borders.

There are multiple vantage points from which historians have observed the ways in which both diseased and healthy bodies (as well as their constituent parts) have served as tools of knowledge generation, instruction and coercion in the hands of medical practitioners. From spaces of formal, specialist education such as the medical school to more informal environments and modes of learning, there is a seemingly never-ending array of environments, actors and materials to consider when trying to construct a representative survey of the two fields. Focusing primarily on the British case, this article takes a selective view of the different kinds of environments, actors and approaches historians have used to understand pedagogies of health and medicine in the modern period before suggesting new avenues of potential inquiry.

By repositioning the salonniere as a progressive, feminist educator who employed a constructivist framework to regulate the discourse of the male philosophes who frequented her salon space, this article offers a new vantage point from which to examine her influence on the Enlightenment cause. Feminist historians have insightfully analysed the essential role the salonniere played in the Enlightenment, but they have yet to examine the idiosyncrasies of her pedagogical theory and practice. This article fills that void by examining the salonniere's craft. Specifically, it argues that the salonniere gendered the salon space and appropriated constructivist educational principles to establish an orderly, engaging and productive salon culture. The net effect was the establishment of an egalitarian yet structured space based upon mutual respect and collaboration -- a marriage of sorts that allowed the intellect and talent in her midst to come to full fruition. Hence, by simultaneously gendering the salon space and implementing a pedagogy which we liken to social constructivism, the salonniere inextricably linked herself to and advanced the Enlightenment cause.

Dr. Jessie Wallace Hughan was a trailblazing New York City public school educator and pacifist. Hughan was a socialist, and she was among numerous teachers who faced investigations for anti-patriotic activities at the turn of the 20th-century, when teachers across the country faced intense scrutiny and legal challenges if they were suspected of being socialist. Examining the causes and impact of these investigations may bring deeper understanding about Hughan's teaching career, as well as how the ramifications of these investigations from 100 years ago may shed light on current matters of academic freedom in the education profession. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the basis for, and consequences of, the investigations of Hughan in order to provide educational historians, teachers, and other stakeholders insights into why teachers become targets of politically motivated investigations, how educators can be supported and informed about how to navigate teaching controversial issues, and the potential effects such investigations can have on the education profession.

In this 2022 Organization of Educational Historians Presidential Address, Platt states that in the face of a world fettered by anti-intellectualism, racism, sexism, homophobia, and class disparity; as well as harmful state legislation that hampers academic freedom, heightens political disunion, and frustrates social justice; it is essential that now and, in the future, academic researchers--specifically educational historians--come together to support one another and promote honest dialogue and scholarship production.

In a book published in 2000, entitled "An Elusive Science: The Troubling History of Education Research," Ellen C. Lagemann traced educational research (ER) in the U.S. from its pre-history--the training of common school teachers in summer schools, high schools, normal schools, female institutes, and later colleges and universities. Lagemann explained the field's origins as both intellectual and political developments and framed its emergence in the context of the near completion of the feminization of teaching at the end of the 19th century. With some exceptions, Lagemann saw the study of education--from the start--beset by matters of low status inside and outside the academy, overly quantified and narrowly defined. She also professed that its history is further complicated by the complex dealings "that have existed between education scholars … and the society that has sustained them" (Lagemann 2000). This article reviews Lagemann's account and other secondary sources that offer a grand narrative on the history of education research in the U.S. The authors also review secondary sources and on the origins of CRT written by non-historians.

The "Muqaddimah," a massive 14th century text by Arab historian Ibn Khaldun, while primarily a history, in the later chapters deals with linguistics and pedagogy. Multiple publications on what his work contributes to the field of education exist. But surprisingly, only two papers have appeared specific to teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL): one decades old, the other primarily arguing an early case for communicative language teaching (CLT) is presented. Ibn Khaldun lived in a kind of global world, an Islamic one: cosmopolitan, and having its own international language. Analogies with today's globalism and English are obvious. This article therefore reviews the total "Muqaddimah," comparing its content to dominant ideas and figures in contemporary English language teaching (ELT), and showing it is still relevant to ELT. Congruences include Ibn Khaldun's constructivist-like conception of identity and realization of second language learner (L2) identity's role and formation process. Also, what would today be called Whorfianism, leading to concluding a language should be taught together with its discourses--but English is no longer viewed as just Anglo-American or native-speaker--Ibn Khaldun's case is saved by reimagining English as global and cosmopolitan, which TESOL exactly has. It will also be shown that not CLT, but rather study abroad or immersion education is being portrayed. The importance of affect, a case made for both learner and teacher autonomy, together with other issues, all current in TESOL today, make Ibn Khaldun's "Muqaddimah" a rediscovered source of inspiration for the milieu of modern ELT.

Objectivity is a contested issue in history and history education. This study explores history teachers' conceptions about historical objectivity and whether or not their reasoning resonates with their classroom practices. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and lesson observations from 15 public senior high schools in the Central Region of Ghana. Data was thematically analyzed, with three themes forming the main lines of argument in this study. Findings show that participants recognize historical evidence as important to accessing the past reality and regard the interpretive intervention of historians as useful in the reconstruction of the past. Classroom practices reveal minimal attention to the problematization of historical knowledge, as most participants taught history as grand narratives. The study recommends a postmodernist re-orientation of the Ghanaian history curriculum and a continuing professional development of history teachers.

Three fundamental scientific works on the pedagogy of Comenius will be considered from new perspectives. These are the works of the East German comeniologist Franz Hofmann and the two West German comeniologists, Klaus Schaller and Andreas Lischewski. Germany has produced numerous scientific analyses of Comenius since 1945, but these three habilitation theses were selected for comparative analysis because their authors gained an international reputation as comeniologists through these works. By illuminating the different views of Comenius, new aspects of his world view and pedagogy can be carved out. Differences arise not only due to certain peculiarities of Comeniology between East Germany and West Germany, but also between Protestant and Roman Catholic interpretations. Each of the three works describes the pedagogy of Comenius from its own perspective. Hofmann wrote as a historian of pedagogy and at the same time as a teacher-trainer who passes on the intellectual heritage to a younger generation of pedagogues; Schaller wrote as a pedagogue and philosopher who provided a philosophical deepening of Comenius' pedagogy; Lischewski, as a younger scientist, undertook a scientific-critical effort to delve into the hidden theoretical structure of Comenius' work. A look at the three works shows that there are still unresolved questions despite the renewed upswing in Comenius research since the 20th century

Historians collect and verify evidence and then interpret it in an acceptable way. A general consensus is that history does not present us with an absolute truth -- the most we can hope for is historians' reliable, evidentially based interpretations of the historical topic. History not viewed as interpretation has long raised alarm bells in history pedagogy circles. History educators are acutely aware that history taught as an uncontested body of positivistic knowledge with a canon of given factual information can promote prejudice, bias and bigotry -- it can ultimately fuel civil and international conflict and violence. Alternatively, history teaching as a constructivist process with multiple interpretations can be used to promote positive values -- history pedagogy can be a tool to support peace, reconciliation and conflict resolution. This places a major responsibility on a key objective of history teaching: addressing the concept of historical bias with effective methods of teaching on how to detect and analyse bias in historical sources for both primary and secondary schools. This paper reports an attempt at teaching secondary school students (aged 13 to 14 years) how to detect bias in primary written history sources while learning about a controversial topic in Maltese history -- church -- state relations in Malta in the 1960s. The method employed is qualitative research -- specifically pedagogical research -- which is research into the processes and practices of learning and teaching. In this case, the researcher tries new teaching methods with a small group of students, and their feedback regarding the exercise is examined. The students' ultimate answers after trying out the new scaffolding activities were quite encouraging, and show that breakdown of tasks is the key to helping understanding in history learning. The pedagogy employed is discussed in comparison to other approaches to teaching about bias. The paper also analyses student feedback on their learning about bias. Crucially, the paper addresses the impact of a specific intervention strategy to improve student understanding of, and ability to detect, bias in historical sources.

When Will Bailey-Watson (a history ITE tutor) and Charlie Crouch (a history PhD student) worked together to improve a history undergraduate course at their university, they realised that the benefits of collaboration between teachers and historians can flow both ways. In this article they offer an account of how they sought to create a structured collaboration between Will's history trainee teachers and history PhD students, in which the two groups worked together as equal partners. The two authors reflect on the reasons for the project's success and the kinds of knowledge each group gained through their participation in the project. In doing so the authors consider its wider implications for how history teachers and historians might collaborate in more mutually beneficial ways.

This article examines a particular incident in the Waikato wars, 1863-4 and its relevance to the newly mandated New Zealand History curriculum. The new curriculum will for the first time make the teaching of local history compulsory in years 1-10. I examine the wide variety of submissions about the content of this curriculum. As the Royal Society's Expert Advisory Panel (2021, p. 20) responded, there is a recognition 'that History can hurt'. It is an opportunity to reject earlier stories of imperial nation-building and support the recovery of subjected, often unheard, voices from the community. I examine two perspectives of an 'incident' at Rangiaowhia, first from an historian's perspective, then, a rearticulated narrative of hapu, Te Apakura. I also examine two local retellings, where the indigenous perspectives are given voice. Unless the silence is broken, countries' past will be unaddressed and native peoples injuriously affected.

This article explores the use of turning points in history teaching. Historians describe instances of pivotal change as turning points. Identification of a turning point is a judgment of historical significance. The research demonstrates this by analysing an example from classical historiography. Inclusion of a turning point at the start of learning and teaching sequence necessitates exploration of the causal processes that resulted in the change. Similarly, discussion of any turning point is incomplete without examination of its consequences. Teachers can use turning points to highlight the interpretative nature of historical inquiry. Curriculum specialists can assist teachers in this work.

The written artifacts of nineteenth-century Virginian Robert Reid Howison (1820--1906) lend themselves to an analysis of Howison as a self-directed, lifelong learner, and non-traditional educator as evidenced through his scholarship stemming from his vocational roles as lawyer and minister as well as his work as a historian. Howison's autobiography provides the chronology to examine his life, situated within a tumultuous cultural milieu, and it offers insights into intellectual participation outside of an academic setting. Despite Howison's prolific career, he is largely unknown in contemporary literature; however, he is a worthy role model of independent scholarship for 21st century educators.

Alarmed by his students' random use of causal language in their essays, James Edward Carroll resolved to help his students improve their understanding of causal processes. Carroll decided to introduce his students to the metaphors that historians use to describe causation in the historiography of the Salem witch trials. By modelling how historians use different types of metaphor to describe the conditions that allowed the witch trials to take place, Carroll showed his students how conditions of events differ from direct causes, and have a different causal role to play.

Sam Pullan explains how a chance encounter has helped him to improve his introduction to the modern themes and founding documents of US politics. Working with a professional historian whom he met, by chance, over dinner, he was able to produce lessons at the cutting edge of subject knowledge to grab the attention of his Year 11 pupils. This article describes this process, offers a rationale and suggests means for others to do the same. Like his lessons, the article is written in collaboration with his dining companion, Adam I.P. Smith, who shows that the professional dialogue between academic and teacher was a two-way process of benefit to both.

In 2014, through the University of the Free State's (UFS) Institute for Reconciliation and Social Justice (IRSJ), three South African universities partnered to collaborate on the pilot phase of a research project focused on understanding whether the Arts could enable social cohesion, as the 2012 National Development Plan (2030) had promoted. All three authors worked in leading positions in the project in 2015 and through their attempt at explaining the processes and findings of the pilot year of the project at the 2016 South African Art Historians Conference, it was confirmed for themselves that the project, while implemented through the Visual Arts sector in 2015, had findings which needed to be developed and shared with the broader higher education environment as well. The reflective discussion presented in this article therefore goes back to the beginning and focuses on each university reflecting on one question, which is framed and guided by key thematic areas drawn from the overall project findings from 2015, and which can be read at the end of the article. This framework, at that particular juncture in time, summarised the social conditions and contingencies which each university had identified as being in need of consideration and work if social cohesion was to be developed within their institutions.

Analytical reading and writing are embedded in a disciplinary approach to history instruction and present opportunities to extend students' literacy practices. U.S. educators and researchers have come to rely on the Document-Based Question (DBQ) to assess and develop students' historical knowledge and argument writing. However, this task has been criticized for not being disciplinarily authentic and is often not accessible to lower grade levels. Relatively recent policy initiatives in the United States emphasize disciplinary thinking and communicating conclusions through inquiry (in the C3 Framework for Social Studies State Standards) and argument writing (in the Common Core State Standards), so the challenge is to find writing opportunities that address both demands simultaneously. Through interviews with historians, the authors identify aspects of a common writing assignment (the DBQ) that are consistent and inconsistent with promoting historical thinking and writing in U.S. schools. The interviews are then used to propose guidelines for assignments and assessments that could give students more authentic opportunities to write and think historically. The authors also share assignments they have developed and tested that embrace such guidelines and explore the implications of those assignments for classroom use.

In this article, the authors trace their writing instruction through the 2016-2018 school years. They begin by describing how they framed the foundations of historical work and the importance of this framing for the later production of historical narratives. Then, the authors discuss how they integrated traditional literacy instruction with specific disciplinary skills. After that, the authors demonstrate how a collaborative case study provides the necessary learning environment to cultivate historical writing. Finally, the authors conclude with their six most important learnings from this process and applicability of those learnings to writing instruction.

While standards and assessments demand that students be able to recall content information, planning guides direct teachers to prioritize the development of transferable skills and understandings, and scholars of education have spent the past century debating the purpose of history instruction without approaching consensus. The field is still divided as to whether the primary aim of history class is to help students accrue knowledge about their heritage, develop a skillset for inquiring about the past, or activate their desire to improve society. A teacher might reasonably wonder how they are supposed to teach students to think like historians, reflect like psychologists, and act like activists. In this article, Lightning Jay introduces the Document-Based Unit and argues that history teachers can help students engage with history at multiple levels through the thoughtful design of units.

Historical thinking, a term that encompasses a diverse set of definitions and competencies, calls on students to replicate the work and cognitive processes of historians by analyzing and interpreting evidence and making logical conclusions based on this evidence. Given this emphasis on discipline-specific skills, "sources" (especially primary sources) constitute a significant feature of the research about historical thinking. Much of this literature stresses the need for "accurate," "reliable," "trustworthy," and "legitimate" evidence when constructing a historical argument. Although this emphasis on accuracy can be helpful in understanding the cognitive processes associated with the study of history, it does not effectively reflect the way historians work within their discipline. A historian might subject a piece of evidence to a reliability assessment, but a source's utility is not dependent solely on its accuracy. Moreover, historians regularly use different kinds of unreliable evidence to construct historical arguments. The study here thus proposes to do two things. First, it provides a new perspective on historical thinking by illustrating the role that inaccurate and unreliable evidence can play in the creation of a historical account. Second, this study examines the idea of evidence use as a component of historical expertise and the discipline-specific skills associated with the study of history.

History departments at many colleges and universities offer upper-level courses that focus upon the craft of the discipline. These stand-alone methods classes often lack the specific time period and geographic region that typically anchor history curriculum. Although most graduate programs in history provide in-depth exposure to historical theory, translating this knowledge into useful pedagogy for classes at the undergraduate level can be a daunting challenge. This essay's purpose is to provide one way to organize an upper-level undergraduate methods class in history. The framework is based upon the author's experience teaching a class titled "Craft of the Historian" at Saint Cloud State University for the past fourteen years. The goals of this class center upon exposing history majors and minors to only the most essential aspects of historical methods and historiography rather than diving deep into the intricacies of historical theories or advanced methodologies.

How can history pedagogy account for racialized experiences impacting historical thinking in the present? In contrast to a more universalized set of historical thinking skills, this article asserts a framework for historical inquiry through students' racialized experiences. What does historical inquiry through racialized experience look like? Rather than merely make room in the curriculum to validate racialized experience, students require tools to confront and historicize their experiences in a racialized world. Through three essential questions addressing the relationship between historical thinking and racialized experience, I emphasize historical scholarship that centers racially marginalized experiences. These essential questions lead into a framework for reorienting historical inquiry in the classroom, complimenting rather than replacing mainstream historical thinking pedagogy.

This essay critically examines the so-called 'unnaturalness' of historical thinking. I identify and analyse three lines of argument frequently invoked by historians to defend the validity of historical inquiry in response to scepticism, which is often couched in postmodern terms. In doing so, I highlight that these lines of argument are predicated upon historians' thought processes and concepts being "domain general." This idea of historical thinking as part of our ordinary thinking could help us develop a history curriculum in which students are required to employ those processes and concepts to solve "both" everyday "and" historical questions. With such a curriculum, students could more easily see the relevance of history education to their daily lives.

For historians studying socially and historically marginalised groups, archives of disciplinary institutions often contain a range of valuable sources, some of which are autobiographical in nature. However, when using these intimate sources, researchers must fulfil legal requirements to comply with various norms on privacy protection. This balancing act between giving voice to vulnerable groups and respecting their privacy gives rise to several ethical dilemmas. This article provides a framework to assess the balance between privacy protection and the disclosing of names. It starts with a discussion concerning the methodological implications of anonymisation. It then discusses four issues pertaining to privacy protection when using autobiographical material from institutionalised individuals: (1) Can naming cause harm to living persons? (2) Can naming fight social stigma? (3) Does anonymisation make people invisible? (4) Does naming violate the posthumous privacy of the deceased? I use my own research on autobiographical documents of juvenile delinquents in Belgium (1890-1960) as a case study.

This article is focused on the theoretical basis of the study of the history of education in Serbia in the period from the foundation of the first Teacher College (1871) to the end of the socialist establishment in the country (1989). By theoretical bases, we mean theoretical and methodological assumptions, including ideological patterns, which influenced the constitution of the history of education as a scientific discipline. The aim of the paper is to analyse and clarify scientific and non-scientific assumptions in the conception of the history of education in Serbia. As a teaching discipline, the history of education has always been placed within the framework of professional education of primary school teachers and education scientists. As a scientific discipline it has gone through different phases, which are presented in this paper: from Christian-oriented support for teacher training, through fitting into current developments in cultural history, to particular propaedeutics of the method of dialectical materialism for all disciplines of the educational science. The history of education in Serbia in the 20th century reached its full development through cooperation with general historians on projects from the national history of education and schooling, as part of the shift of interests from political to social historiography. This orientation of scientific discipline was not accompanied by an increase, but rather a decrease in the role of the history of education in the professional education of teachers in Serbia.

Teaching economic history requires the study of how to combine the economists' modeling and statistical methods with the methods used by historians and the other social sciences. It often involves learning how to search for quantitative data from a variety of sources and then building panel datasets that match the data found with existing datasets. Economic historians also must work with narrative sources to develop an understanding of the historical context and the political, social, and economic institutions that influence the research questions. In some settings, the analysis focuses fully on narrative evidence because it is the only material available. While modern studies are restricted because the future is unknown, economic history can examine issues in the short, intermediate, and long run. Economic history provides a rich palette for educating undergraduate students in economics and the social sciences. The field is even more interdisciplinary than the wedding of history and economics. In 1978, Nobel Laureate Douglass North described its task as the study of the performance and structure of economies through time. North's research agenda over the rest of his career combined politics, religion, perceptions, ideologies, the sociology of knowledge, and a variety of topics studied by scholars throughout the social sciences.

This article provides analysis of and commentary on the Indigenous roots of oral history. Drawing from our experience with our institutional review board determining that our work was not research, we review literature to engage in a (re)vision of oral history research while asserting the legitimacy of our research process. From this, we argue that a racially-just approach to scholarship must acknowledge and redress the racist past of the development of methodologies and methods including, but not limited to, oral history. We align our research with Indigenous traditions that not only shaped our methodology but guided our ability to create a community in which we each learned to better understand ourselves. Through our analysis and storying of ourselves, we posit that connecting research practices to our Indigenous roots becomes a tool for establishing racially-just approaches to scholarship with/as Black and Latinx peoples.

This study explored expertise in searching for online information on a contentious historical and political question. Fact checkers, historians, and college students thought aloud while conducting online research on the question, "Did Margaret Sanger, the founder of Planned Parenthood, support euthanasia?" Analyses of screen recordings and think-aloud transcripts revealed that students clicked on sites near the top of search results and privileged evidence from primary sources. In contrast, historians and fact checkers used the search results as a source to help them understand the political context in which their query had landed them and to select reliable sources. Additionally, they searched for evidence from authoritative secondary sources. Implications for teaching online research and historical inquiry are explored.

Since the early 2000s, the use of the term presentism has rapidly increased in both the historical discipline and public discussions of history. Most recently, presentism has been widely discussed and debated in articles about the pulling down and defacement of statues in countries around the world inspired by the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests. Many of these discussions reveal a lack of clarity and understanding about presentism's complex nature. Given how important this concept is to the historical discipline, and how often the term is being used in academic, political, and cultural discourses, we believe presentism warrants further attention and discussion from history educators. This article aims to rethink the place of presentism in history education by considering how historians define and categorize common types of presentism, examining key arguments for and against presentism, and analyzing how history educators have approached it. We conclude by making the case that presentism is a necessary and potentially productive concept for history education.

The COVID-19 outbreak at the beginning of the 2020s not only marked a dramatic moment in world health, but also the start of manifold and entangled global crises that seem to define a watershed moment with severe effects on education. Pandemics we know are recurrent events. Faced with COVID-19 some historians have looked to previous pandemics to understand the nature of the disease and its trajectory, and how previous generations have dealt with similar health crises. This special issue intends not to reinforce narratives of the past but rather to question them. The histories that have been written for this special issue Histories of the Past and Histories of the Future: Pandemics and Historians of Education offer insights that refer to past and future research agendas. They look at the mediation and circulation of knowledge during past pandemics, trace unheard voices and emotions of pandemics, analyse national policies and emerging discourses, and underline the entangled histories of education and pandemics. Collectively the articles brought together in this issue forcibly suggest that the most fruitful and rewarding way forward to studying past pandemics lies in thinking ecologically. By assessing the myriad consequences of living in " pandemic times," of confronting exposure, transmission, transmutation, disruption, and loss, and looking to community and collective futures we believe we cannot study pandemics and their impact on education and children's lives without widening the aperture of our research. Adopting an ecological approach will help us to not only actively engage with histories of the present and contempory collecting, but also offer the possibility of new understandings and new insights into the dynamics and consequences of past pandemics.

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, historians -- along with archivists and other stakeholders -- began to initiate digital memory banks, inviting members of the public to upload personal stories, pictures, videos, or other material connected to the pandemic and its impact on everyday life. This article describes how platforms from Western and Central Europe differ with regard to contributions by children and adolescents, taking the German coronarchiv.de and covidmemory.lu from Luxembourg as the main case studies. Submissions come in various forms, but photographs are the most frequent, echoing the visual bias of social media. By means of selected contributions, the article illustrates the range of topics that can be of interest to future historians of education. The platforms show how COVID-19 influenced not only practices of education, with the introduction of homeschooling, but also the content of teaching, as seen in the many pandemic-related assignments uploaded. In this respect, it is crucial to acknowledge that there are significant gaps in the collections. Most notably, the first wave of infections in Europe is overrepresented, and people that were most existentially affected by the pandemic are underrepresented. Performing a thorough source critique on a selection of contributions, we argue that, despite these gaps, digital memory banks on the pandemic are of significant value for a future historiography of education, as long as the available metadata of the individual submissions are as complete and transparent as possible.