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International audience; The 2020 health situation has compelled the IMF and the World Bank to publish information that was otherwise not made public to justify debt relief for countries whose debt levels might be deemed too dangerous. In this context, where everything is said to praise or demonise Chinese financing in Africa, we are just trying to gather the available data, particularly the newly published data, to question the real debt burden of the eight WAEMU countries towards China, and the significance of this debt for development strategies.; La conjoncture sanitaire de l'année 2020 a contraint le FMI et la Banque Mondiale à publier des informations qui autrement n'étaient pas rendues publiques pour justifier un allégement de la dette des pays dont l'endettement pourrait être jugé trop dangereux. Dans ces circonstances où tout se dit que ce soit pour louanger ou diaboliser les financements chinois en Afrique, nous tentons juste de rassembler les données disponibles en particulier celles nouvellement publiées, pour nous interroger sur le poids réel de la dette des huit pays de l'UEMOA à l'égard de la Chine, et sur la signification de cet endettement pour les stratégies de développement.

International audience

[ES] Este artículo analiza los cambios en el negocio mundial del ajo entre 1960 y 2014, abordando tanto la oferta mundial, concentrada en Asia especialmente desde la década de 1990, como la demanda, esta última, aunque también liderada por Asia, bastante más dispersa en términos geográficos, en consonancia con la mayor presencia en el comercio de importación de algunas economías europeas y americanas. En este contexto, España ha conseguido mantener su cuota en el mercado mundial, posicionándose en la actualidad como el segundo país exportador del mundo, solo por detrás de China., [EN] This article analyzes the changes in the global garlic business between 1960 and 2014, addressing both the global supply, concentrated in Asia especially since the 1990s, and the demand, the latter, although also led by Asia, much more dispersed in geographical terms, in line with the greater presence in the import trade of some European and American economies. In this context, Spain has managed to maintain its share in the world market, currently positioning itself as the second largest exporting country in the world, being surpassed only by China., Junta de Extremadura y fondos FEDER a través de la Ayuda a Grupos de Investigación Catalogados (GR18140).

U ovom se radu proučavaju sintaktička obilježja političkih vijesti koje je na svojim stranicama 2019. godine objavila HINA, a koji su nastali prevođenjem Reutersovih tekstova na engleskom jeziku. Originalni tekstovi imaju utjecaj na prijevode, što se vidi po nekim njihovim obilježjima. U prijevodima je previše prisutna uporaba participa, ponekad i pogrešnih oblika koji nisu dio standardnog hrvatskog jezika. Pasivni oblici glagola pojavljuju se, ali ne često. Upravni govor najčešće se prevodi slijedeći engleski original, a neupravni govor uvodi se koristeći verba dicendi, no upravni i neupravni govor ponekad se zbunjujući kombiniraju. Česta je uporaba konstrukcija s raščlanjenim predikatima. Javljaju se primjeri nesročnosti predikata i subjekta, uglavnom po rodu. Česte su i pogreške u rekciji glagola, posebice onih koji imaju slično, ali ne isto značenje u dvama jezicima, a ponekad se koriste pogrešna glagolska vremena za budućnost. Brojevi se uglavnom ne sklanjaju, a redoslijed enklitika poštuje se samo rijetko. Jukstapozicija najčešće se ne pojavljuje. Prisutne su i neke konstrukcije prenesene iz engleskog, najčešće u uporabi prijedloga i priloga., This paper examines the syntactic features of news about politics which were published by HINA on their websites in 2019 and which were composed by translating texts originally published by Reuters in English. The original texts have left their mark on the translations, evident by some of the translations' features. The translations use participles more than recommended, sometimes those which are not part of the standardized Croatian language. Passive forms of verbs appear, but infrequently. Direct speech is usually translated by following the English original, while indirect speech is introduced using verba dicendi, but direct and indirect speech are sometimes confusingly combined. Predicate decomposition appears frequently. There are numerous instances in which the government of verbs is not suitable, especially when verbs have similar, but not the same meanings in English and Croatian. Incorrect verb tenses are sometimes used for future actions. Numbers are often not inflected, while the order of clitics is rarely accurate. Juxtaposition does not generally appear. Also present are some syntactic constructions carried over from English, mostly when using adverbs and prepositions

Today news are a form of culture and they are perceived as „public knowledge“. To present an idea how to use knowledge as new(s) agency business is the main goal of this presentation. The model we used as an example is process of media monitoring which is one of the services provided by Croatian news agency – HINA. The new concept that we are developing in media monitoring service is to move from providing information to providing knowledge to our clients. All the customers nowadays want to gain more then only bare bone facts (5W and 1H) – they focus on events and people and aim to gather as comprehensive information on particular event as possible. Because the knowledge is the key to their success, through our service of media monitoring we can enable them to use given knowledge and to establish needed links between content and between entities. Also, we will present the media content database which is the core of our media monitoring service. The questions of problems, potential solutions and general benefits of preserving such database within business environment, but as historical and cultural heritage, are discussed. The tools that assure continuous functional state of the database will be presented as well.

The new legislative on Hina from the year 2001, guaranties to the institution its financial and business sovereignty, which is the basis of the editorial independence. The new legislative, coordinated with European standards, is an important step forward in financing Hina. Instead of financing through government support, the financial relations between Hina and the government are now based on contracts for the group subscription on informative services. However, uncertainties continue to exist even with such market positioning of Hina. They also exist in other news agencies of smaller European countries, especially in countries with a small media market. The primary task of Hina is to fulfil basic informative needs of the Croatian public functioning as a Public news service. This task can not be reduced or financed by the commercial criteria. The dramatic media commercialisation keeps the expenses of serious agency information high, while their commercial value lowers. Hina has a legal obligation to promote media pluralism, which means that Hina can not charge its product and services equally in all market segments. Another uncertainty is in the question what to do with other specialized informative services that other media and users need and demand? Hina started a dozen of those services, but the imperative of rising the professionalism of the Public news service, made it impossible for Hina, with its staff and financial potentials, to develop to a profitable level. Some of those “dead capitals” are: data basis EVA which now contains only Hina news, and could have developed to a complete medium – monitoring; Hinaweb with all its comparative advantages can grow into a news-web, photo-service, OTS, multimedia services. These activities based on the new market needs, new technologies and commercial potentials should be a part of the market. Future legal and business Hina organization can, therefore, be organized in two parts: non-profitable, with the existing legal and organisational frame, and profitable, open to new business partners which would be willing to invest their knowledge or finances into the project., Novim je Zakonom iz godine 2001. Hini, kao javnoj ustanovi posebne vrste, zajamčena financijska i poslovna samostalnost što je temelj i njezine uredničke neovisnosti. U sladu s europskim standardima, novim zakonodavnim rješenjem učinjen je i važan pomak u financiranju Hine. Umjesto financiranja iz državnih potpora, financijski odnosi Hine i države sada se temelje na ugovorima o skupnoj pretplati na informativne usluge. No, i u takvom poslovnom i tržišnom pozicioniranju Hine ostale su bez potpunog odgovora neke dvojbe. One postoje i u nekim drugim srednjim i malim europskim novinskim agencijama, osobito u zemljama s manjim potencijalima medijskog tržišta. S jedne strane Hinina je prva zadaća što potpunije udovoljiti temeljnim informativnim potrebama hrvatske javnosti, dakle ispunjavati zadaće od javnog interesa kroz Opći servis vijesti. Te zadaće se ne mogu reducirati niti financirati polazeći samo od komercijalnih kriterija. Naprotiv. U uvjetima dramatične komercijalizacije medija troškovi ozbiljne agencijske informacije ostaju vrlo visoki, a komercijalna im vrijednost pada. Postoje još i zakonske obveze poticanja pluralizma medija, što zapravo znači da Hina svoje proizvode i usluge ne može jednakomjerno naplaćivati na svim dijelovima tržišta. Drugi dio dvojbe sadržan je u pitanju – što ubuduće činiti sa specijaliziranim informativnim servisima i uslugama koje medijski i ostali korisnici danas trebaju i traže? Hina ih je pokrenula desetak, ali s obzirom na imperativ podizanja profesionalne razine Općeg servisa vijesti, u Hini nije bilo dovoljno ni kadrovskih ni financijskih potencijala da se oni razviju do doista isplative razine. Nabrojit ću samo nekoliko takvih “mrtvih kapitala”: baza podataka Eva sada obuhvaća samo Hinine vijesti, a bilo bi je moguće razviti do cjelovitijeg medija – monitoringa; Hina-web sa svim svojim komparativnim prednostima može prerasti u profitni news-web, foto-servis, OTS, multimedijske usluge. Te djelatnosti, izrasle na novim potrebama tržišta, novim tehnologijama i s komercijalnim potencijalima, trebalo bi tom tržištu u cijelosti i izložiti. Na tom tragu može se zamisliti buduće poslovno-pravno organiziranje Hine u dva dijela: neprofitni, u postojećem pravno-organizacijskom okviru neprofitne javne ustanove i drugi, profitni, otvoren prema poslovnim partnerima koji bi u takve projekte bili spremni uložiti svoja znanja ili novac.

National and foreign news agencies represent the basic news sources for journalists. The quality journalistic discourse includes simplicity, punctuality, reliability, and objectivity of agency information. The article examines the way Slovene news agency (STA) quotes or abbreviates opinions and attitudes of their sources. Using the linguistic-stylistic method, the authors’ analyze linguistic means of referring in STA reports. Their research discovers the use of a wide range of verbs which symbolize speech, thinking and understanding, which is a consequence of the journalistic desire to avoid monotony in their texts. Surprisingly, the use of quotation is rare, and the boundaries between author’s text and quotation are unclear: it is often not clear if the information is the attitude of the source of a hidden journalistic commentary. Journalists abbreviate their sources, use the reports of other news agencies, which consequents in double or triple referring. The use of syntactic which expresses unreliability of an event or a situation is often redundant. This can be a result of journalistic ignorance of the consequences of using the structure, and trying to hard to mediate the information as objective as possible. In most of the cases, the user is not an “ordinary reader”, but a journalist or editor who wants the latest information in the purest form. That is why news agencies usually have clear and schematized form of news writing without stylistic originality., Domaće i strane novinske agencije predstavljaju novinarima osnovne izvore vijesti. Zato je za kvalitetan novinarski diskurs važna jednostavnost, točnost, pouzdanost i nepristranost agencijskih informacija. Ovaj članak daje pregled kako Slovenska tiskovna agencija (STA) citira ili sažima mišljenja i stajališta svojih izvora. Koristeći lingvističko-stilističku metodu, autori analiziraju lingvistička sredstva referiranja u izvještajima STA. Njihovo istraživanje otkriva uporabu širokog raspona glagola koji označavaju govor, razmišljanje i shvaćanje, za što se može reći da je posljedica pokušaja novinara da izbjegnu monotoniju ponavljanja i pišu tekstove življim jezikom. Ono što iznenađuje jest da je uporaba upravnog govora dosta rijetka, a ima i nedosljednosti u jasnom razgraničavanju autorskog dijela teksta i onoga koji to nije: naime, često nije jasno je li informacija stajalište izvora vijesti ili prikriveni komentar novinara.Novinari uglavnom sažimaju izjave izvora vijesti, pozivajući se na izvještaje drugih novinskih agencija i medijskih organizacija, a posljedica je dvostruko ili čak trostruko referiranje (često je nejasno ili se teško razumije). Uporaba sintaktičke strukture kojom se izražava nepouzdanost u svezi s nekim događajem ili stanjem, često je suvišna ili pretjerana. To se može shvatiti kao neznanje novinara o pravilnoj uporabi te strukture i pretjerana briga da se citati prenesu što je moguće “objektivnije”. U većini slučajeva korisnik agencijskih tekstova nije “obični čitatelj”, nego novinar ili urednik koji želi najnoviju informaciju u najčišćem obliku. To je razlog zbog čega novinske agencije obično imaju jasne i shematizirane načine pisanja teksta bez stilističke originalnosti.

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