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Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a common sensory impairment with complex underlying mechanisms. In our previous study, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in mice and identified a novel locus on chromosome 18 associated with ARHL specifically linked to a 32 kHz tone burst stimulus. Consequently, we investigated the role of Formin Homology 2 Domain Containing 3 (Fhod3), a newly discovered candidate gene for ARHL based on the GWAS results. We observed Fhod3 expression in auditory hair cells (HCs) primarily localized at the cuticular plate (CP). To understand the functional implications of Fhod3 in the cochlea, we generated Fhod3 overexpression mice (Pax2-Cre+/-; Fhod3Tg/+) (TG) and HC-specific conditional knockout mice (Atoh1-Cre+/-; Fhod3fl/fl) (KO). Audiological assessments in TG mice demonstrated progressive high-frequency hearing loss, characterized by predominant loss of outer hair cells, and a decreased phalloidin intensities of CP. Ultrastructural analysis revealed loss of the shortest row of stereocilia in the basal turn of the cochlea, and alterations in the cuticular plate surrounding stereocilia rootlets. Importantly, the hearing and HC phenotype in TG mice phenocopied that of the KO mice. These findings suggest that balanced expression of Fhod3 is critical for proper CP and stereocilia structure and function. Further investigation of Fhod3 related hearing impairment mechanisms may lend new insight towards the myriad mechanisms underlying ARHL, which in turn could facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for ARHL.

The time-harmonic Maxwell equations at high wavenumber k in domains with an analytic boundary and impedance boundary conditions are considered. A wavenumber-explicit stability and regularity theory is developed that decomposes the solution into a part with finite Sobolev regularity that is controlled uniformly in k and an analytic part. Using this regularity, quasi-optimality of the Galerkin discretization based on Nédélec elements of order p on a mesh with mesh size h is shown under the k-explicit scale resolution condition that (a) kh/p is sufficient small and (b) p / ln k is bounded from below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for high‐performance printed circuit boards (PCBs) in the 6G communication era, dielectric substrate materials must exhibit a low dielectric constant (Dk), low dielectric loss (Df), and high dimensional stability. In this study, a series of bismaleimide‐incorporated poly(phenylene ether) resins (PPE‐BMI) with varying bismaleimide (BMI) crosslinker contents is developed, exhibiting significantly enhanced dielectric properties and dimensional stability, owing to the restricted polymer chain mobility and increased crosslinking density. Dielectric property measurements reveal that the PPE‐BMI resins exhibit low Dk and Df values at frequencies above 100 GHz, while maintaining an excellent dielectric performance even after an 85 °C/85% relative humidity reliability test. A significant reduction in the coefficient of thermal expansion is observed with an increase in the BMI content. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to clarify the role of BMI crosslinkers in reducing the free volume, enhancing the crosslinking in the PPE (poly(phenylene ether)) matrix, and influencing the thermophysical properties of PPE‐BMI. The infiltration of PPE‐BMI into glass fabrics and liquid crystal fabrics highlights their potential for practical use in advanced PCB applications operating at high frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Case Report Conclusion Pain management in patients with complete spinal cord injury is complex.We report a successful case of managing neuropathic, phantom limb, and back pain below the level of spinal cord injury (T5 American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] A) using a 10 kHz high‐frequency spinal cord stimulator (SCS) over a 6‐month follow‐up period.The effectiveness of this approach may be attributed to its ability to modulate supraspinal pain processing, allowing for targeted relief of various pain mechanisms below the level of injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcutaneous electrical stimulation with repetitive bursts of a kilohertz carrier frequency is thought to be less painful than conventional pulsed currents by reducing the sensitivity of pain receptors. However, no purported benefit has been shown unequivocally. We compared the effects of carrier‐frequency stimulation and conventional stimulation on pain tolerance and the thresholds for sensory and motor axons in twelve participants. The ulnar nerve was stimulated transcutaneously with a conventional single pulse and 5 and 10 kHz carrier‐frequency waveforms that had 5 and 10 pulses, respectively, when delivered in bursts of ∼1 ms duration. Phase durations were adjusted across waveform types to match the total charge for a given current amplitude. Single bursts of stimulation were delivered from 1 mA up until no longer tolerable. This was repeated with repetitive bursts of stimulation at 20 Hz for 1 s. Participants tolerated higher current amplitudes with both carrier‐frequency waveforms than conventional stimulation, with repetitive bursts more painful than single bursts. However, compared to conventional stimulation, carrier‐frequency waveforms required more current to produce sensory and motor‐threshold responses and to obtain a maximal motor response (Mmax). When the current at pain tolerance was normalised to the current at Mmax, participants tolerated lower stimulus intensities with carrier‐frequency waveforms than conventional stimulation. These findings indicate that there is little to no benefit in using carrier‐frequency waveforms to minimise the discomfort from electrical stimulation as the increase in stimulus intensity at pain tolerance is more than offset by reduced effectiveness in the activation of sensory and motor axons. Key points: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation with repetitive bursts of a kilohertz carrier‐frequency waveform is thought to be less painful than conventional pulsed currents.For ulnar nerve stimulation, when stimulus waveforms were matched for total phase charge, participants tolerated higher current amplitudes with carrier‐frequency stimulation than conventional stimulation.However, compared to conventional stimulation, carrier‐frequency waveforms required more current to produce a threshold response in both sensory and motor axons and to produce a maximal motor response (Mmax).When current at pain tolerance was normalised to current at Mmax, participants tolerated lower stimulus intensities with carrier‐frequency waveforms than conventional stimulation.Carrier‐frequency waveforms provide little to no benefit in minimising the discomfort from transcutaneous electrical stimulation as the increase in stimulus intensity at pain tolerance is more than offset by reduced effectiveness in activating sensory and motor axons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we employed a high‐frequency‐driven thin‐film magnetic sensor to precisely measure the magnetic near field with enhanced spatial resolution, a challenge often faced by conventional loop antennas. Our study introduced an innovative approach utilizing this magnetic sensor to assess the magnetic near field in wireless power transfer systems, comparing its performance against that of a loop antenna. Our findings demonstrate that the magnetic sensor achieves its peak signal‐to‐noise ratio at a DC bias field of 4.7 Oe and carrier frequency of 0.5 GHz, boasting a detection limit for magnetic fields of ~0.4 A/m. Moreover, the magnetic field trend measured by the magnetic sensor closely aligns with simulation results, exhibiting sharper changes around the center compared to the loop antenna. These results highlight the superior sensitivity and spatial resolution of the magnetic sensor over conventional loop antennas. By enhancing the reliability of electronic systems across diverse applications, these sensors pave the way for advanced EMI/EMC evaluation techniques. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The samples including Li 0.1 Co 0.8 Fe 2. 1 O 4 (LCFO) spinel ferrite (SF) and LCFO SF/graphene oxide (GO = 10 wt%, 15 wt%, and 20 wt%) nanocomposite were fabricated via the self-ignition route by following the bath ultra-sonication method. Their structural, morphological, and compositional properties were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, respectively. Moreover, the dielectric and magnetic properties at 300 K were studied using an impedance analyzer (IA) meter and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. All LCFO SF and GO-based LCFO nanocomposites exhibited a pure spinel matrix. The crystallite size was increased by the GO addition in the LCFO SF sample. The morphological analysis showed the non-uniform distribution of particles. The dielectric constant and loss exhibited behaviour consistent with Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization. The low tangent loss was observed at high frequency and ac conductivity analysis was increased with increasing the GO content. A slight enhancement in saturation magnetization was observed at 300 K with the addition of GO in LCFO SF. Hence, doping with GO offers a means to tune the dielectric, and magnetic response of the LCFO SF sample and is the best candidate for potential high-frequency application. [Display omitted] • The LCFO SF and LCFO/GO nanocomposites were prepared via the self-ignition route with an ultra-sonication technique. • The crystallite size was increased from 30 nm to 54 nm. • FTIR analysis along with XRD analysis also confirmed the spinel matrix. • SEM and TEM micrographs indicated the non-uniform distribution and agglomeration with the increasing GO. • The increase in GO leads to an improvement in the dielectric response. • The saturation magnetization was increased with the addition of GO. • The combination of LCFO SF with GO enhanced the dielectric, and magnetic properties, offering a candidate for high-frequency applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional pairs trading strategies (PTS) exploit the mean-reverting nature of stock pairs with stationary value processes. This paper elevates PTS by integrating trend-stationary value processes, thereby enhancing profitability and expanding trading opportunities. Our asymptotic analysis reveals that the value process, adjusted for the derived slant asymptote, adheres to a stationary distribution. By capitalizing on price deviations and value trends, the strategy profits by longing undervalued or shorting overvalued processes based on their respective upward or downward slopes. Positions are strategically closed when they revert to the asymptote, thus securing profits and avoiding counterproductive trades against prevailing trends. In this context, conventional stationary-based PTS can be considered a specific instance of our broader approach when the asymptote is non-trended. To refine trade selection, we evaluate the mean-reversion velocity, monitoring the frequency at which the portfolio's value crosses the slant asymptote to exclude high-risk pairs. Empirical evidence underscores our method's superiority over conventional stationary PTS, delivering higher average returns per trade, improved Sharpe ratios, and increased trading opportunities, even amidst the financial uncertainties of the COVID era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 50 years, concentration‐discharge (cQ) relationships have been widely used to analyse water quality dynamics. Nowadays improved availability of concentration (c) and discharge (Q) data at different spatial and temporal scales have led to a high popularity of cQ applications. However, despite their widespread use, we see persistent challenges in the integration of cQ relationships across temporal scales, and in the identification of the encoded processes. In this commentary, we show that different catchment processes may lead to similar cQ responses resulting in a lack of clear causality. We emphasise that cQ relationships applied at different time scales integrate different parts of the catchment and may, therefore, convey different information. Finally, we advocate for the careful use of cQ relationship as one, but not the only, tool in addressing ecohydrological questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altcoins are alternative types of coins under cryptocurrency, apart from traditional Bitcoins, for which predicting the price movement presents a multifaceted challenge deeply rooted in the volatile nature of the cryptocurrency market. This study compares and analyzes different Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) models for price movement prediction through diverse data sources like Bitcoin prices, social media sentiments, and news sentiments, apart from different socio-economic factors specific to USA geography due to its maturity on use of Altcoins, with temporal scope spanning from 2016 to 2022 collating over 77 M tweets and news items. Ethereum, Binance, XRP, Cardano, Monero, Tron, Stellar, and Litecoin, were considered for experimentation across widely used algorithms like Gradient Boosting, Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, Neural Networks, and the like, with different day-length lags ranging up to 4 days. Highly relevant features were selected using Random Forest selection method and highly correlated features have been removed before the modeling. Accuracy for price movement prediction models varied from 71.03% for Ethereum to 66.14% for Stellar, which were better by 15–20% as compared to percentage benchmarking done by literature to be ranging around 50 s and 60 s. For the model validation, sensitivity analysis involving day-wise lag analysis, and different data splits (based on size and months) were considered, which was stable for the high performing models. Further, an interesting result was observed during the study. In order of priority, Bitcoin prices, social media sentiments, and news sentiments significantly impact altcoin price movement. This implies that by studying the Bitcoin price movement and market sentiments, investors can make wise decisions towards altcoin investments. This study holds significance for researchers and practitioners to understand the impact in the trading market of cryptocurrency and help an investor diversify their portfolio. The findings will be helpful for Algo Trading Platforms, Financial Advisors, Trading Experts, Industry Experts, Researchers, and Scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In literature, color words serve as important carriers for writers to convey their emotions. In this paper, color words in literary works written by over 30 famous writers from different countries and regions in world literature are selected as the research object. According to the frequency of their use in the selected literary works, our analysis divides the different color symbols into two types: high-frequency and low-frequency. Among the various color symbols, red, blue, white, black, and yellow are classified as high-frequency color symbols. Purple, gray, green, and brown belong to low-frequency color symbols. Comparatively speaking, the metaphorical meanings of high-frequency color symbols are richer and more diverse, while the symbolic meanings of low-frequency color symbols are relatively simple. Through the analysis of the color symbols in the literary works, we find that there is a benign interaction between color symbols and literary works. On the one hand, writers convey their pursuit of art and aesthetics through color symbols. Color symbols become a perfect medium for them to express ideas, show themes, and construct characters. On the other hand, literary works also expand and enrich the metaphorical meaning of color symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By studying the differences between futures prices and exchange‐traded fund prices for the S&P 500 index, original results are obtained about the distribution and persistence of the microstructure noise component created by positive bid‐ask spreads and discrete price scales. The bivariate density of this component for futures and exchange‐traded fund prices is estimated from high‐frequency prices, to provide estimates of the marginal noise densities and measures of noise dependence across the markets studied. Properties of the residual microstructure noise, created by factors other than discrete prices, are also estimated. The residual component has more variation and less persistence than the discrete‐price component during the period examined, from January 2010 to December 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the demand for the miniaturization and integration of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, higher frequency is gradually becoming the trend; thus, the power electronic device has become one of the main reasons for limiting the development. Therefore, further research on high-frequency inverters and purposeful design according to the characteristics of WPT systems are of great significance to promote the development of high-frequency WPT technology. There is still no literature that summarizes all the inverter circuits that can be applied to WPT systems, which makes it extremely difficult to find an inverter that meets the designer's requirements. This paper reviews the high-frequency inverters for WPT systems, summarizes the derived topologies based on power amplifiers and H-bridge inverters, investigates the main factors restricting the development of high-frequency inverters, and analyzes the research directions for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the magnetic response of Ho3+ doped Ni 0.4 Cu 0.6 Ho y Fe 2-y O 4 (y = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) spinel ferrites (SFs) and their correlation with crystallite size. The synthesis was achieved using a sol-gel auto-combustion (SGAC) route and performed different characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. The cubic spinel phase was verified via XRD in pure NCF and Ho3+ doped NCF samples. The lattice constant (a) was improved from 8.344 Å to 8.378 Å. The substitution of Ho3+ ions led to a decrease in porosity from 42.22 % to 39.54 %. The introduction of Ho3+ ions also reduced the crystallite size (D) from 37.05 nm to 27.72 nm. The specific surface area (S) was increased from 27.44 g/cm2 to 36.14 g/cm2 with the doping of Ho3+. The average particle size (D S) was decreased from 54 nm to 35 nm. The EDX and ICP-AES analyses confirmed the good agreement with the theoretical composition. The VSM measurements provided insights into their magnetic properties. Furthermore, the doping of Ho3+ ions enhanced coercivity (H C), while reducing saturation magnetization (M S) from 64.35 emu/g to 16.22 emu/g. The decrease in crystalline anisotropy (K) observed at higher concentrations of Ho3+ may result from the increase in coercivity, potentially attributable to the smaller crystallite size of the single-domain SFs particles. The single-phase matrix and their magnetic behaviour showed that the Ho3+ doped Ni–Cu SFs samples are suitable for high-frequency applications. [Display omitted] • Ni 0.4 Cu 0.6 Ho y Fe 2-y O 4 was prepared via the sol-gel auto-combustion technique. • The crystallite size was the minimum (27.72 nm) for the y = 0.08 (NCHF4) sample. • The sample has y = 0.08 (NCHF4) and contains maximum coercivity (1031.44 Oe). • The sample has y = 0.08 (NCHF4) and is best-suitable for high-frequency applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multifunctionality feature of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) is exploited here to design circuit building blocks of high-data-rate modulators by using a physics-based compact model. Educated device performance projections are obtained with the experimentally calibrated model and used to choose an appropriate improved feasible GFET for these applications. Phase-shift and frequency-shift keying (PSK and FSK) modulation schemes are obtained with 0.6   G Hz GFET-based multifunctional circuits used alternatively in different operation modes: inverting and in-phase amplification and frequency multiplication. An adequate baseband signal applied to the transistors' input also serves to enhance the device and circuit performance reproducibility since the impact of traps is diminished. Quadrature PSK is also achieved by combining two GFET-based multifunctional circuits. This device circuit co-design proposal intends to boost the heterogeneous implementation of graphene devices with incumbent technologies into a single chip: the baseband pulses can be generated with CMOS technology as a front end of line and the multifunctional GFET-based circuits as a back end of line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, Colorado experienced the most severe wildfire season in recorded history, with wildfires burning 625 357 acres across the state. Two of the largest fires burned parts of Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), and a study was initiated to address concerns about potential effects on drinking water quality from mobilization of ash and sediment. The study took advantage of a wealth of pre‐fire data from adjacent burned and unburned basins in western RMNP. Pre‐ and post‐fire data collection included discrete sample collection and high‐frequency water‐quality measurements using in‐stream sensors. Kruskal–Wallis tests on discrete data indicated that specific conductance, base cations, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, and total dissolved nitrogen concentrations increased post‐fire, whereas silica and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) did not (p ≤ 0.05). In‐stream sensors captured large spikes in concentrations of nutrients, turbidity, and DOC in the burned basin that were missed by discrete sampling. Sensor data indicated nitrate and turbidity increased by up to one and two orders of magnitude, respectively, from pre‐event concentrations during storms, and DOC increased up to 3.5×. Empirical regression equations were developed using pre‐fire data and applied to the post‐fire period to estimate expected stream chemistry in the absence of fire (a 'no‐fire' scenario). Overlays of actual post‐fire chemistry showed the timing and magnitude of differences between observed and 'estimated' chemistry. For most solutes, observed post‐fire concentrations were notably greater than expected under the 'no‐fire' scenario, and differences were greatest during storm events. Comparison of data from the burned and unburned basins indicated DOC concentrations were affected by climate as well as fire. Results from this study demonstrate the importance of both pre‐fire data and high‐frequency data for characterizing dynamic hydrochemical responses in wildfire‐affected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐frequency dielectric materials have been widely and rapidly applied in areas such as automotive radar, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing. Currently, the challenge in high‐frequency dielectric materials lies in reducing the dielectric constant (Dk) and dielectric loss (Df) without sacrificing its mechanical properties. This study addresses this challenge by introducing air, as the most common "low dielectric factor," into the polymer matrix in the form of hollow glass microspheres. Meanwhile, the reactive vinyl groups were also introduced onto the surface of the hollow glass microspheres, enabling an interfacial chemical reaction between the side vinyl groups of polybutadiene and its surface so that the organic–inorganic interface compatibility and interface peel strength are simultaneously improved. Consequently, the minimum Dk of 1.29 and Df of 0.0012 in 3–18 GHz are achieved, and the interface peel strength also reaches 0.65 N/mm. Molecular dynamics simulations, analysis of dielectric properties, and interface peel strength reveal the influence of hollow glass microspheres' morphology and chemical structure on their high‐frequency dielectric performance and adhesive strength. This paper provides effective strategies for the structural design and preparation of high‐frequency, low‐dielectric composites, contributing to the further development of next‐generation microwave communication devices towards higher frequencies and faster information transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to develop a forecasting method with global interval input and output for interval-valued financial time series by combining the VAR(p) process, the volatility information and neural network, namely VAR-NN. To reflect the volatility information, four types of interval-valued data volatility information from both the relative and absolute perspectives are constructed. Furthermore, the neural network is combined to produce the parameters. The developed forecasting model is finally applied to the highest and lowest hourly prices of the Shanghai Composite Index prediction. Numerical study shows the feasibility and validity of the developed improved VAR model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents simulation analysis of an inverter made from non-aligned double gate field effect transistors (NADGFETs) in Sub-100 nm regime. The inverter consists of n-channel NADGFET and p-channel NADGFET device with a channel length of 40 nm and 50% non-alignment between gate and source/drain. The response of the inverter was tested by a combination of gate dielectric constant (k) and metal work function (ϕ). Three gate dielectrics namely, SiO2 (k = 3.9), Si3N4 (k = 7.2), HfO2 (k = 24), and three metal work function namely tungsten (ϕ = 4.5 eV), molybdenum (ϕ = 4.75 eV), gold (ϕ = 5 eV), were considered in the NADGFET inverter. This paper defines a kϕ index as characterising parameter to explore the best response from inverter configuration with minimum propagation delay, and minimum power consumption at super-high frequency. The paper proposes to analyse the NADGNFET device, in term of ION current, ION/IOFF ratio, cut-off frequency, and gate delay. And observes that low k material with moderate metal work function gives best response. The work then simulates the inverter and group the results into voltage transfer curve (VTC), transient response, and power dissipation category. The result shows that when inverter was subjected to high frequency, all the kϕ combination responds good, however when the inverter was subjected to super-high frequency, the low value of kϕ combination performs well. Thus, the result concludes that SiO2-M2 combination will be best selection to get minimum propagation delay and dynamic power dissipation by the inverter. The test strategy presented in this paper on the basis of kϕ index can serve as benchmark to test inverter device at super-high frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia in coastal waters is a pressing ecological problem caused by continued eutrophication and climatic change that has widespread consequences for metazoan life and biogeochemical cycles. Numerous studies have investigated the controls on seasonal hypoxia formation and persistence in many of the world's large estuaries and coastal hypoxic zones, but far fewer studies have examined the controls on short-term oxygen variability that leads to diel-cycling hypoxia in shallow-water environments. We utilized a unique, comprehensive (181 stations) record of dissolved oxygen concentrations collected at shallow water sites (primarily < 2 m) at high frequency (15 min) throughout the estuarine complex of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries to quantify how internal and external variables co-varied with dissolved oxygen. We used a combination of time-series analysis, harmonic analysis, and machine learning (e.g., classification and regression trees (CART)) approaches to identify spatial patterns in major controls on oxygen variability and the duration of moderate hypoxia. We found that key controls on oxygen variability varied substantially over space. For example, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was a strong predictor of oxygen dynamics in the majority of mesohaline waters. In more fetch-exposed stations, wind strongly controlled hypoxic duration, but in eutrophic, inshore locations, chlorophyll a, or turbidity were often better predictors. Specifically, diel oxygen variability was muted in upstream regions characterized by high turbidity. The duration of low oxygen conditions, which we defined conservatively as less than 4.8 mg O2 L−1 (156 µM), was strongly controlled by temperature, and simple projections of regional warming and CART-derived oxygen thresholds suggest that the Bay could experience a 10% increase in this type of hypoxia duration by mid-to-late twenty-first century. The ratio of tidal to biological variability in oxygen was found to increase under conditions of higher turbidity, stronger wind, and lower salinity, but biological variability was typically a factor of two higher than tidal variability. Although chlorophyll-a generated high oxygen concentrations at some locations, those stations with exceptionally high chlorophyll a (> 30 µg L−1) were the most vulnerable to hypoxia. Because conventional water quality modeling frameworks are designed to capture hypoxia on relatively long time scales, these new insights can help inform updated oxygen models to support the management of shallow-water estuaries in the face of managed nutrient reductions and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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1. The Kaijiang duck is a native Chinese breed known for its excellent egg laying performance, killing-out percentage (88.57%), and disease resistance. The assessment of population genetic structure is the basis for understanding the genetics of indigenous breeds and for their protection and management. 2. In this study, whole-genome sequencing was performed on 60 Kaijiang ducks to identify genetic variations and investigate the population structure. Homozygosity (ROH) analysis was conducted to assess inbreeding levels in the population. 3. The study revealed a moderate level of inbreeding, indicated by an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.1043. This may impact the overall genetic diversity. 4. Genomic Regions of Interest identified included 168 genomic regions exhibiting high levels of autozygosity. These regions were associated with processes including muscle growth, pigmentation, neuromodulation, and growth and reproduction. 5. The significance of these pathways indicated their potential role in shaping the desirable traits of the Kaijiang duck. These findings provide insights into the genetic basis of the Kaijiang duck's desirable traits and can inform future breeding and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expanding realm of high‐frequency electronics necessitates materials with exceptional attributes: notably, a low dielectric constant (Dk) to minimize signal propagation delays, high thermal conductivity for effective heat dissipation, higher breakdown strength, and robust mechanical properties to withstand demanding operational environments. While cycloolefin copolymers (COC) excel in electrical insulation, chemical resistance, and mechanical durability, their intrinsic slightly higher dielectric constant compared to other polymers, along with challenges such as poor dispersibility and low compatibility with nanoparticles, hinder their full potential in this domain. Considering these drawbacks, this study fabricated a series of COC/mica composites by integrating natural mica particles into the COC matrix via a CTAB‐assisted surface modification of mica to enhance dispersibility and mitigating particle aggregation through in‐situ mixing and hot‐press methods. The resultant composites demonstrate an outstanding ultra‐low Dk of 1.44, marking a significant decrease of over 36% compared to pristine COC with a Dk of 2.26, along with exceptionally low dielectric loss (δ) of 0.00013 at the frequency of 10 GHz, high dielectric breakdown strength ~49.40 kV/mm and enhanced thermal conductivity up to 0.88 W/(m K) at 40% mica loading. Additionally, the composites heightened mechanical performances like tensile strength 69 MPa at 6.5% elongation at break, impact strength up to ~17.9 kJ × m−2, and exceptional water resistance with absorption below 0.097%. These exceptional ultra‐low dielectric performance with above mentioned properties can meet the stringent requirements of modern high‐frequency electronics packaging for next generation electronics development. Highlights: Surface modification by CTAB enhanced homogeneous dispersibility of composites.Achieved ultra‐low dielectric constant and loss compared to pure COC.Thermal conductivity improved significantly with incorporation of mica.Unlocking high‐frequency applications potential with ultralow Dk performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a novel variant of the Localized Orthogonal Decomposition (LOD) method for addressing time-harmonic scattering problems of Helmholtz type with high wavenumber k. This method operates on a coarse mesh of width HH and identifies local finite element source terms that produce rapidly decaying responses under the solution operator. These source terms can be constructed with high accuracy from independent local snapshot solutions on patches of width ℓH, and they are used as problem-adapted basis functions. Compared to classical LOD and other state-of-the-art multiscale methods, our approach demonstrates that the localization error decays super-exponentially as the oversampling parameter ℓ increases. This indicates that optimal convergence is achieved under a substantially relaxed oversampling condition of ℓ≳(log⁡κ/H)(d−1)/d, where d represents the spatial dimension. Numerical experiments highlight the significant improvements in both offline and online performance of the method, even in the presence of heterogeneous media and perfectly matched layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The principle of passive sound control is based on the phenomenon of sound absorption by absorbers. The factors affecting sound absorption include porosity, pore size, pore opening size, thickness, and air flow resistance. Materials and Methods: In this study, the authors compared the optimization results of the effective parameters on sound absorption coefficient (AC) using the three optimization methods: Guided Local Search (GLS), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The programming was done in MATLAB software. Thicknesses of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mm were chosen for optimization at frequencies of 500 to 3000 Hz. Results: In frequencies above 2 kHz (thickness 5 to 40 mm), the three optimal methods had the same performance and estimated AC of 1. At low frequencies of 2 kHz and thicknesses of 30 and 40 mm, GA and PSO methods obtained an AC of 1. Conclusion: It seems that the GA and PSO optimization algorithm are suitable methods to optimize the AC of metal foam in low and high frequencies.

High-frequency water quality measurements in streams and rivers have expanded in scope and sophistication during the last two decades. Existing technology allows in situ automated measurements of water quality constituents, including both solutes and particulates, at unprecedented frequencies from seconds to subdaily sampling intervals. This detailed chemical information can be combined with measurements of hydrological and biogeochemical processes, bringing new insights into the sources, transport pathways, and transformation processes of solutes and particulates in complex catchments and along the aquatic continuum. Here, we summarize established and emerging high-frequency water quality technologies, outline key high-frequency hydrochemical data sets, and review scientific advances in key focus areas enabled by the rapid development of high-frequency water quality measurements in streams and rivers. Finally, we discuss future directions and challenges for using high-frequency water quality measurements to bridge scientific and management gaps by promoting a holistic understanding of freshwater systems and catchment status, health, and function.

The development of chemical sensor devices operating in non-contact mode is of primary interest due to the demand from various industries for a fast, simple and inexpensive determination of chemical composition in different media in a non-invasive way. One of the promising directions for the development of analytical devices with such characteristics is the use of high-frequency electrical signals. The paper discusses the evolution of high-frequency contactless conductometry method, likewise other methods and devices operating on similar physical principles (dielectric spectroscopy, microwave sensors, C4D detectors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper focuses on the application of fuzzy logic control in the high-frequency switching control of SEPIC DC/DC converters and three-phase inverters for photovoltaic systems. The research is separated into two distinct sections. The first part entails the design and development of a prototype mechanism for a single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC), which is utilized to manage the input voltage from the PV system. The operation of this SEPIC DC/DC converter incorporates real-time fuzzy logic control principles and methods. The second part involves the design and creation of a three-phase inverter mechanism (SVPWM) responsible for driving a three-phase induction motor. In a similar manner, fuzzy logic control principles and methods are independently employed for the operation control of this three-phase inverter. Both control mechanisms are integrated with the mathematical model of MATLAB/Simulink program and synchronized with the TMS320F28379D microcontroller in order to effectively regulate their respective functions. The evaluation and experimentation of the developed mechanisms demonstrate the successful regulation of input and output voltages for the SEPIC DC/DC Converter, as well as the efficient control of the three-phase induction motor's speed, torque, and power using the three-phase inverter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines whether the IMF sentiment conveyed by the Regional Economic Outlook (REO) provides new information capable of influencing government bond markets. To measure IMF sentiment, we use text mining techniques on an original dataset based on the qualitative content of the REO reports for 16 countries across three regions covered by the REO, Asia and Pacific, Europe, and Western Hemisphere, from 2005 to 2018. Our results suggest that the qualitative content of the REO reports has significant repercussions on bond yields, particularly in the Asia and Pacific region, and provides a positive signal in bond markets of countries participating in an IMF program in the Europe and Western Hemisphere regions. IMF sentiment towards the leading trade partner can also be an essential source of bond markets' reactions. These findings are robust when controlling for IMF quantitative forecasts in the empirical procedure, accounting for an alternative sentiment measure and controlling for other potential determinants of bond yields. They thus shed new light on the importance of IMF communication for guiding and managing markets' expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2016 Mw 6.8 Chauk, Myanmar earthquake was one of the largest earthquakes in Myanmar, leading to significant damage to historical monuments and the first earthquake to occur in the instrumental era. In the current study, broadband (0.01–25 Hz) ground motions are simulated in the 4.5° × 4.5° region around the epicenter to investigate the ground-motion characteristics of the event. Towards this goal, deterministically generated low-frequency and stochastically simulated high-frequency ground motions are combined to create three-component broadband seismograms. The simulated ground motions are further compared with the available strong motion data recorded in the near-field and far-field stations. Thus, the efficacy in modeling the ground motions is quantified through the estimation of the goodness of fit between the 5% damped acceleration response spectra obtained from recorded and simulated ground motions. Furthermore, the peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the simulated ground motions for the entire region is presented in the form of a contour map along with its spatial variation with the region's topography. The simulated PGA is further compared with the global ground motion models developed for subduction zone intraslab earthquakes. Most importantly, acceleration time histories are generated at the locations of severely damaged monuments in Bagan and Nyuang-U city, which can further be utilized for nonlinear dynamic analysis of the structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of three of the most used commercial polymers (poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polypropylene (PP)) under irradiation with high repetition rate (1 kHz–1 MHz) femtosecond (450 fs) multi-pulse (N = 10–1500) laser at λ = 343 nm, 515 nm (1.40 J/cm2 for both former wavelengths) and 1030 nm (1.70 J/cm2) is reported, obtaining a study on how the absorption mechanism influences the processing efficiency for these materials. Tunable ablation depth and diameters are accomplished by modifying repetition rates at a constant fluence and number of pulses. The results highlight the role of absorption mechanism, repetition rate ranges and thermal properties of the materials for benefiting ablation efficiency. Furthermore, the use of high repetition rates improves the laser processing, reducing extended thermal effects and increasing ablation uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the increasing use of preoperative ultrasound evaluation for melanoma, there is limited research on the use of this technique for Acral Melanoma (AM). Methods: This retrospective study analyzed the electronic medical records of patients who underwent preoperative evaluation for cutaneous melanoma maximum thickness using an 18 MHz probe and histopathological examination between December 2017 and March 2021 at the Department of Dermatology in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. Results: A total of 105 patients were included in the study. The mean tumor thicknesswas 3.9mm(s.d., 2.3), with 63%of the specimens showing ulceration and 44 patients showing lymph node metastasis. The results showed a good correlation between the high-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) and histopathological thickness measurements, with a Spearman's correlation coefficient of 0.83 [(95% CI 0.73-0.90) (P < 0.001)]. The positive predictive value (PPV) of sonography in identifying tumor thickness was also found to be high. Conclusion: Our study suggests that high-frequency 18 MHz ultrasonography is an effective tool for the preoperative evaluation of AM thickness. The HFUS measurements correlated well with the histopathological thickness measurements, making it a valuable and reliable method for clinicians to assess the thickness of melanoma lesions preoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) therapy to treat chronic pain continues to rise. Optimal patient selection remains one of the most important factors for SCS success. However, despite increased utilization and the existence of general indications, predicting which patients will benefit from neuromodulation remains one of the main challenges for this therapy. Therefore, this study aims to identify the variables that may correlate with nonresponders to high‐frequency (10 kHz) SCS to distinguish the subset of patients less likely to benefit from this intervention. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective single‐center observational study of patients who underwent 10 kHz SCS implant. Patients were divided into nonresponders and responders groups. Demographic data and clinical outcomes were collected at baseline and statistical analysis was performed for all continuous and categorical variables between the two groups to calculate statistically significant differences. Results: The study population comprised of 237 patients, of which 67.51% were responders and 32.49% were nonresponders. There was a statistically significant difference of high levels of kinesiophobia, high self‐perceived disability, greater pain intensity, and clinically relevant pain catastrophizing at baseline in the nonresponders compared to the responders. A few variables deemed potentially relevant, such as age, gender, history of spinal surgery, diabetes, alcohol use, tobacco use, psychiatric illness, and opioid utilization at baseline were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our study is the first in the neuromodulation literature to raise awareness to the association of high levels of kinesiophobia preoperatively in nonresponders to 10 kHz SCS therapy. We also found statistically significant differences with greater pain intensity, higher self‐perceived disability, and clinically relevant pain catastrophizing at baseline in the nonresponders relative to responders. It may be appropriate to screen for these factors preoperatively to identify patients who are less likely to respond to SCS. If these modifiable risk factors are present, it might be prudent to consider a pre‐rehabilitation program with pain neuroscience education to address these factors prior to SCS therapy, to enhance successful outcomes in neuromodulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The receiver function (RF) method is the most widely adopted method for imaging crustal structures using earthquake data. Through attenuation during long‐distance propagation, high‐frequency components are scarce in teleseismic waveforms, resulting in low‐frequency RFs and low‐resolution crustal images. The Pn‐wave contains more high‐frequency components because of the short epicentral distance. To improve the resolution of crustal structure studies, we propose the Pn‐wave receiver function (PnRF) method. Unlike other near‐earthquake phases, the Pn‐wave can be considered a plane wave in the crust beneath seismic stations, and interference from other phases can be avoided at epicentral distances of 5–15°. PnRFs calculated from both numerical synthetic data and observational data at broadband seismic stations show that all converted waves are present in PnRFs at the predicted time according to the theory of plane waves. PnRFs calculated by observational data of a dense nodal array clearly show not only the converted wave from the Moho but also the converted wave from the crustal interface, which is too weak to be observed in tele‐RFs because the Pn‐wave has a larger incident angle and higher frequency than the teleseismic P‐wave. When used in conjunction with dense nodal array observations, the PnRF method has the potential to image crustal structures with a high resolution close to that of the deep seismic reflection method. Plain Language Summary: As an economical seismic method, the receiver function method is widely adopted to image crustal structures using earthquake data. However, its resolution is very low because teleseismic waveforms retain only low‐frequency components and lose high‐frequency components due to attenuation during propagation over epicentral distances greater than 3,000 km. In this study, we propose the Pn‐wave receiver function (PnRF) method. Unlike other regional seismic phases, the Pn‐wave can be taken as a plane wave after returning to the crust, and interference from other phases can be avoided in the epicentral distance range of 500–1,600 km. Our numerical simulation tests and observational data show that the amplitudes of converted waves in PnRFs are 2–3 times larger than those in teleseismic receiver functions (tele‐RFs), which implies that PnRFs have a greater sensitivity to detect weak interfaces than tele‐RFs. The most important advantage of the PnRF method is that it can image crustal structure with far higher resolution than the tele‐RF method, even close to that of the expensive deep seismic reflection method, because Pn‐waves contain more high‐frequency components. Key Points: The Pn‐wave as a regional seismic phase is proposed to calculate the receiver function for imaging crustal structureConverted wave amplitudes in the Pn‐wave receiver function are 2–3 times larger than those in the teleseismic P‐wave receiver functionIt is a high‐resolution method to study crustal structure because Pn‐wave is richer in high‐frequency components than teleseismic P‐wave [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous-time time series are widely used for modeling the realizations of those phenomena where it is theoretically possible to have observation at any point of the sampling domain. However, technical restrictions cause to see the realizations of such processes as discrete-time sample paths. We project time-domain observations into frequency-domain periodograms and employ the Whittle's likelihood approximation to make the inference about the parameters of CARMA processes. The inference is given under the Bayesian paradigm and some scenarios about the prior distributions are discussed. We show that our proposed estimator is robust for a large family of Lévy-driven distributed noises under some mild conditions. The Bayes estimates of parameters are obtained using a fast MCMC algorithm and they are examined numerically for the non-informative priors. The mean squared errors of the presented estimates are also compared to two other likelihood-based estimators, numerically. We also examine the performance of this Bayes estimate in prediction procedure of exchange rate data as a real dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Targeting reservoirs below seismic resolution presents a major challenge in reservoir characterization. High-resolution seismic data is critical for imaging the thin gas-bearing Khadro sand facies in several fields within the Lower Indus Basin (LIB). To truly characterize thin beds below tuning thickness, we showcase an optimally developed deep learning technique that can save up to 75% turn-around time while significantly reducing cost. Our workflow generates high-frequency acoustic impedance synthetics by utilizing a deep neural network (DNN) at the reservoir level vis-a-vis validating the results with existing geological facies. Simultaneously, we introduce continuous wavelet transform (CWT); wherein the three components (real, imaginary, and magnitude) are interrelated to obtain a resultant high-frequency seismic volume. A strong agreement is established at available wells to achieve a higher resolution seismic by injecting higher frequencies, which is then populated throughout the 3D cube. An excellent correlation is met with key seismic attributes extracted across the field for original and CWT-based synthetic seismic. The augmented seismic volume with enhanced frequency range substantiates the dominant frequency (Fd) and resolves thin beds, which is also validated with the help of wedge modeling of both acquired and high-frequency datasets. As a geologically valid solution, our approach effectively resolves an initially 54 m bed to ∼25 m. This deep-learning methodology is ideally suited to regions where the acquired seismic has limited resolution and lacks advanced reservoir characterization.

Ultrasound imaging stands as the predominant modality for neonatal health assessment, with recent advancements in ultrafast Doppler (μDoppler) technology offering significant promise in fields such as neonatal brain imaging. Combining μDoppler with high-frequency ultrasound (HF-μDoppler) presents a potential efficient avenue to enhance in vivo microvascular imaging in small animals, notably newborn rats, a crucial preclinical animal model for neonatal disease and development research. It is necessary to verify the imaging performance of HF-μDoppler in preclinical trials. This study investigates the microvascular imaging capabilities of HF-μDoppler using a 30 MHz high-frequency linear array probe in newborn rats. Results demonstrate the clarity of cerebral microvascular imaging in rats aged 1 to 7 postnatal days, extending to whole-body microvascular imaging, encompassing the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. In conclusion, HF-μDoppler technology emerges as a reliable imaging tool, offering a new perspective for preclinical investigations into neonatal diseases and development.

Clean and sustainable renewable energy sources (RESs) are increasingly becoming the better replacement for traditional fossil fuel-based electricity generation. RESs are typically connected with the utility grid through power electronic energy conversion systems. Power electronic energy conversion systems are becoming increasingly important for distribution networks, electric vehicles, or renewable energy applications. Magnetic links (MLs) play an important role as an isolating medium between the input-output stages of the converters in power electronic energy conversion systems. ML can also be used to increase fault-tolerant capability and enhance the power transfer reliability of the system. By increasing the frequency, the size of the ML can be reduced. However, some challenging technical issues with the ML operating with medium/high-frequency (HF) might affect the power converter performance. Several reviews have been published on the specific ML core materials for low-frequency applications. However, as the frequency used in the ML increases, there is an urgent need to investigate newer magnetic materials for use in such HFMLs, because, at medium/HF, the efficiency of MLs largely depends on the core losses that occurred due to the core materials. In this article, a comprehensive review has been carried out on the ML core materials for medium/HF applications from the historical development to the current status. The industrial production process of these materials from the raw phase to the production phase is presented. Electromagnetic and physical properties of the core materials are studied and addressed in the paper. Based on the properties, system requirements, and applications, a ranking has been proposed that can play an important role in selecting core materials for designing medium/HFMLs for power electronic energy conversion systems. A comparative analysis has also been carried out based on mathematical modeling and experimental core loss measurement techniques which can be used to predict the specific losses of the material. Finally, challenges to the design and implementation of medium/HFMLs for power converters are studied, and possible suggestions have been proposed to overcome the challenges to make the systems more efficient and reliable.

The Single-Phase Induction Motor (SPIM) has gained widespread adoption in various power applications. This article introduces a new study and analysis of SPIM, focusing on its high-frequency (HF) modeling within the conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) frequency range of interest (150 kHz– 30MHz). This research is crucial for ensuring electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), evaluating electromagnetic interference issues, optimizing machine design, and complying with EMC standards. To identify common-mode current propagation paths accurately, a precise impedance analyzer is required to determine the common-mode impedances models of the high-frequency motor. The article proposes an HF modeling method based on a genetic algorithm (GA), which offers the advantages of high accuracy, versatility, and fast simulation time. This approach effectively reproduces models, trends, and relationships observed in real data, indicating a high level of fidelity and reliability in its predictions. Case studies validate the efficiency of the proposed HF modeling method. These precise predictions of undesired HF phenomena provide valuable insights into identifying areas where parasitic currents may propagate in the motor and understanding the impact of each motor phase on the overall behavior of the motor’s common-mode impedance.

With the demand for the miniaturization and integration of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, higher frequency is gradually becoming the trend; thus, the power electronic device has become one of the main reasons for limiting the development. Therefore, further research on high-frequency inverters and purposeful design according to the characteristics of WPT systems are of great significance to promote the development of high-frequency WPT technology. There is still no literature that summarizes all the inverter circuits that can be applied to WPT systems, which makes it extremely difficult to find an inverter that meets the designer’s requirements. This paper reviews the high-frequency inverters for WPT systems, summarizes the derived topologies based on power amplifiers and H-bridge inverters, investigates the main factors restricting the development of high-frequency inverters, and analyzes the research directions for future development.

In high-frequency wireless power transfer (WPT) applications, Class D, E, and F inverters are most widely used. Class DE inverters combine the respective advantages of Class D and Class E inverters. However, the Class DE inverter is sensitive to changes in impedance, which can easily lead to the loss of soft switching characteristics, thereby reducing efficiency. In this paper, an impedance-matching compensation design method is proposed to expand the high-efficiency region of the Class DE inverter by matching impedance and parameters. The effect of the method on the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) characteristic of Class DE inverters is analyzed in detail. The proposed WPT system maintains a constant voltage and zero phase angle by employing PS/PS compensation topology. Theoretical analysis shows that the impedance can be compressed for the design of resonant network impedance, and the method can expand the high-efficiency region with a reasonable choice of parameters to match the phase. Finally, a 500 kHz, 1 kW WPT prototype was constructed with a coupling factor of 0.25–0.4 and a load range of 30–80 Ω. The inverter's efficiency exceeds 95%, with optimal efficiency reaching 97.3%. The system efficiency is greater than 87%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the validity of a high-frequency audiometry tool based on Bayesian learning to provide a reliable, repeatable, automatic, and fast test to clinics. The study involved 85 people (138 ears) who had their high-frequency thresholds measured with three tests: standard audiometry (SA), alternative forced choice (AFC)-based algorithm, and Bayesian active (BA) learning-based algorithm. The results showed median differences within ±5 dB up to 10 kHz when comparing the BA with the other two tests, and median differences within ±10 dB at higher frequencies. The variability increased from lower to higher frequencies. The BA showed lower thresholds compared to the SA at the majority of the frequencies. The results of the different tests were consistent across groups (age, hearing loss, and tinnitus). The data for the BA showed high test–retest reliability (>90%). The time required for the BA was shorter than for the AFC (4 min vs. 13 min). The data suggest that the BA test for high-frequency audiometry could be a good candidate for clinical screening. It would add reliable and significant information without adding too much time to the visit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that abnormal reward processing is a characteristic feature of various psychopathologies including schizophrenia (SZ). Reduced reward anticipation has been suggested as a core symptom of SZ. The present study aims to evaluate the event-related oscillations (EROs) delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma in patients with SZ during the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task, which elicits the neural activity of reward processing. Twenty-one patients with SZ and twenty-two demographically matched healthy controls were included in the study. EROs were compared between groups and correlation analyses were conducted to determine a possible relationship between clinical scores and ERO values. Compared with healthy controls, the SZ group had reduced (1) delta and theta amplitudes in the reward condition (2) total beta and non-incentive cue-related beta amplitudes, and (3) incentive cue-related frontal gamma amplitudes. These reductions can be interpreted as impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission and disrupted cognitive functioning in the reward processing of SZ. In contrast, SZ patients showed higher incentive cue-related theta and occipital gamma amplitudes compared to controls. These increments may reflect negative symptoms in SZ. Moreover, theta amplitudes showed a negative correlation with Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia scores and a positive correlation with attentional impulsivity. This is the first study showing the impairments of SZ patients in EROs from delta to gamma frequency bands compared with healthy controls during reward anticipation. Being the first comprehensive study, our results can be interpreted as providing evidence for disrupted brain dynamics in the reward processing of SZ studied by EROs. It may become possible to help patients' wellness by improving our understanding of reward processing in schizophrenia and developing innovative rehabilitation treatments based on these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]