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Influenza A virus (IAV) was a neglected swine pathogen in South America before the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (A(H1N1)pdm2009). The A(H1N1)pdm2009 strain has widely spread among the Chilean swine population and co-circulates with endemic H1N2 and H3N2 viruses. The presence of IAV as a swine pathogen in Chilean swine before the 2009 pandemic is unknown. To understand the IAV in swine prior to 2009, a retrospective study of samples from pigs affected with respiratory diseases was conducted. Ninety formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung tissues belonging to 21 intensive pig production companies located in five different administrative regions of Chile, collected between 2005 and 2008, were evaluated. The tissues were tested by immunohistochemistry (IHC), identifying that 9 out of 21 farms (42.8%) and 31 out of 90 (34.4%) samples were IAV positive. Only three out of the 31 IHC positive samples were positive upon RNA extraction and rtRT-PCR analysis. Partial nucleotide sequences were obtained from one sample and characterized as an H3N2 subtype closely related to a human seasonal H3N2 IAVs that circulated globally in the mid-90s. These results indicate that IAV was circulating in swine before 2009 and highlight the value of conducting retrospective studies through genomic strategies to analyze historical samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Objective. To compare the perceptions and experiences between the A(H1N1) and Covid-19 pandemics in a university population. Materials and methods. Online surveys were administered during the influenza A(H1N1) -originated in Mexico in 2009- and Covid-19 epidemics. Measures: sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, information and communication, perception of risk, physical and mental health, effects on daily life, and preventive behaviors. Results. This study included 24 998 respondents, 51.36% from the A(H1N1) group and 48.63% from the Covid-19 group. Differences were observed in the perception of severity. During the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic worry was the feeling reported most frequently, while for Covid-19 it was anxiety. Covid-19 had greater impact on students' family economy and caused a higher uncertainty. Conclusions. The perceptions and experiences of the two pandemics were similar but the impact has been much greater for Covid-19, especially in terms of the severity, family economy, preventive behaviors, and uncertainty. (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Objetivo. Comparar las experiencias y percepciones de riesgo entre las pandemias de A(H1N1) y Covid-19 en universitarios. Material y metodos. Encuestas en linea comparables de las epidemias de influenza A(H1N1) -originada en Mexico en 2009-y Covid-19. Evaluaciones: caracteristicas sociodemograficas, conocimientos, informacion y comunicacion, percepcion de riesgo, salud fisica y mental, efectos en la vida cotidiana, conductas preventivas. Resultados. Participaron 24 998 sujetos;51.36% de grupo de A(H1N1) y 48.63% del grupo de Covid-19. Se observaron diferencias en la percepcion de las epidemias. En influenza A(H1N1) la preocupacion fue el sentimiento mas frecuente y para Covid-19, la ansiedad. En Covid-19 hubo mayor impacto en la economia familiar y mayor incertidumbre para el regreso a clases. Conclusion. Las percepciones y experiencias de las dos pandemias fueron similares, pero el impacto ha sido mucho mayor para Covid-19 especialmente en la gravedad, economia familiar, conductas preventivas y en la incertidumbre. (Spanish) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Salud Publica de Mexico is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The correlation of viral growth capability (n = 156) with the viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 76) was assessed. Epidemic influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B viruses showed a wide range of growth capability (104–1011 copies/mL) in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The growth was correlated with the nasopharyngeal viral load (r = 0.53). Six selected strains showed growth-dependent cell death (r = 0.96) in a growth kinetics assay. Epidemic influenza viruses exhibit a wide range of growth capability. Growth capability should be considered one of the key factors in disease prognosis.

This study estimates the overall effect of two influenza vaccination programs consecutively administered in a cluster-randomized trial in western Senegal over the course of two influenza seasons from 2009 to 2011. We apply cutting-edge methodology combining social contact data with infection data to reduce bias in estimation arising from contamination between clusters. Our time-varying estimates reveal a reduction in seasonal influenza from the intervention and a non-significant increase in H1N1 pandemic influenza. We estimate an additive change in overall cumulative incidence (which was 6.13% in the control arm) of -0.68 percentage points during Year 1 of the study (95% CI: −2.53, 1.18). When H1N1 pandemic infections were excluded from analysis, the estimated change was −1.45 percentage points and was significant (95% CI, −2.81, −0.08). Because cross-cluster contamination was low (0–3% of contacts for most villages), an estimator assuming no contamination was only slightly attenuated (−0.65 percentage points). These findings are encouraging for studies carefully designed to minimize spillover. Further work is needed to estimate contamination – and its effect on estimation – in a variety of settings.

Out of the many pandemics and epidemics that India has gone through in the last two centuries, two pandemics have been chosen-the 1918 Influenza pandemic and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, to be compared with the current state of affairs with the Covid-19 pandemic. Critical review and analysis of pandemic preparedness and India’s response to the three pandemics was made through PubMed cited articles, exclusive reports from the Government in 1918, and authentic news coverage of the Covid-19 pandemic in line of healthcare, logistics and communication. Increase in healthcare facilities, laboratory services and research capacities noted through the three pandemics. Better surveillance methods and improved awareness of the public observed over the years. The readiness of the country for emergency measures with some inequalities discussed. Three different pandemics have been compared with an adequate interval between them barring the factor of healthcare inequity and virulence of the respective organism. It should be noted that there is no single solution for combating pandemics. Combined measures put together can help towards facing them with ease the next time around.

The influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in 2009 taught us that the monitoring of vaccine benefits and risks in Europe had potential for improvement if different public and private stakeholders would collaborate better (public health institutes (PHIs), regulatory authorities, research institutes, vaccine manufacturers). The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) subsequently issued a competitive call to establish a public-private partnership to build and test a novel system for monitoring vaccine benefits and risks in Europe. The ADVANCE project (Accelerated Development of Vaccine benefit-risk Collaboration in Europe) was created as a result. The objective of this paper is to describe the perspectives of key stakeholder groups of the ADVANCE consortium for vaccine benefit-risk monitoring and their views on how to build a European system addressing the needs and challenges of such monitoring. These perspectives and needs were assessed at the start of the ADVANCE project by the European Medicines Agency together with representatives of the main stakeholders in the field of vaccines within and outside the ADVANCE consortium (i.e. research institutes, public health institutes, medicines regulatory authorities, vaccine manufacturers, patient associations). Although all stakeholder representatives stated they conduct vaccine benefit-risk monitoring according to their own remit, needs and obligations, they are faced with similar challenges and needs for improved collaboration. A robust, rapid system yielding high-quality information on the benefits and risks of vaccines would therefore support their decision making. ADVANCE has developed such a system and has tested its performance in a series of proof of concept (POC) studies. The system, how it was used and the results from the POC studies are described in the papers in this supplementary issue.

We describe the regular pre-COVID mode of operations for the Canadian National Seismograph Network and the associated monitoring, alerting, and analysis for earthquakes in Canada; we describe how the current operational posture evolved and discuss the ways in which the posture was and was not suitable to respond to the challenges and constraints of the COVID-19 situation in Canada. We find that many of the design and operation decisions that have been taken over the last several decades for earthquake monitoring in Canada, collectively driven largely by considerations of resilience and cost-effectiveness and further refined after the experience of the H1N1 pandemic, resulted in a system that continued to function effectively under lockdown conditions. There were many earthquakes in Canada that required seismologist response during the lockdown, all of which were handled remotely without issue. Specific challenges and lessons learned from the first few months of the pandemic are noted.

Background To increase the influenza vaccination rate in Chiburijima Island, we diversified vaccination places from a single clinic to the seven town halls from all the districts. Methods We retrospectively analyzed influenza vaccination coverage, vaccinees' district of residence, and location of vaccination place, from prevaccination screening questionnaires between October 2007 and March 2018. Except for home‐visiting vaccination services, before 2011, influenza vaccination was provided only at a single clinic; after 2012, it was provided at the seven town halls in addition to the clinic. We calculated the vaccination rates among residents of Chiburijima Island, stratified by age groups and districts of residence. Results Estimated influenza vaccination rates for all ages increased from 38% in 2007 to 58% in 2017. There was a 14% increase in coverage in 2010 (the year following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic) and a slight increasing trend after 2012. The vaccination coverage of residents, particularly of people ≥65 years old and living >1 km from the former vaccination place, increased after diversification of the vaccination place. Conclusions Influenza vaccination rate in Chiburijima Island increased by 20% between 2007 and 2017, although the rate among the elderly Japanese people decreased by 4% based on the national data of routine immunization. Shortening the distance to vaccination places might improve the coverage as elderly people are often restricted due to transportation means. Sustained and multifaceted strategies are necessary for better immunization coverage.

Bu yazı pandeminin erken döneminde, 16. Mart 2020'de kaleme alınmıştır. Bu yazıyı yazmayı düşünmeye başladığım günden bugüne, son 4 gün içinde bile dünyada ve ülkemizde o kadar yeni gelişme yaşandı ki, bir yandan yeni bilgileri değerlendirmek, yazılanları okumak, açıklamaları anlamlandırmak, insanın düşüncelerinin sürekli bir noktadan başka bir mecraya yol almasına neden oluyor. Anladım ki konuyu tümüyle kapsayan ve sistematik bir yazı hazırlamak olası değil. Aklımdaki mesajları ve saptamaları bir liste yaparak başladım ve sizinle paylaşıyorum. Yaşanan pandemi bizim çalışma yaşamımızda ilk değil, en yakını 2009-2010 sezonundaki H1N1 pandemisi idi. Ülkemizde, pandemik influenza virüsüne bağlı, konfirme toplam 13591 vaka ve 656 ölüm görülmüştür. Hastaneye yatış hızı %1.4; yoğun bakıma yatış hızı %13.6 ve yoğun bakım hastalarında mortalite hızı %19.6 olmuştur.

During the H1N1 outbreak of 2009, local public health units engaged in consultations with various levels of government to develop clinical practice guidelines. These guidelines provide specific clinical considerations around prevention, management, and treatment associated with the particular pathogen involved and are used by frontline healthcare professionals across many healthcare settings. In this article, we report on the lessons learned by Medical Officers of Health from across Canada on the guideline development and deployment processes and provide suggestions to improve guidelines development and deployment during future pandemic situations.

International audience; The French-style organization in the field of rare diseases allows a close contact between reference centres and regional pharmacovigilance centres thanks to their implementation within the French university hospital. This collaboration leads to highlight more and more drug-induced rare diseases. Through several historical examples (eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome due to L-tryptophan, type 1 narcolepsy with H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine, capillary leak syndrome, acquired von Willebrand syndrome), it remains clear that pharmacovigilance is the cornerstone of the alert system. Clinicians from the rare disease reference centres can easily report adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to pharmacologists from their regional pharmacovigilance centre. Through experience, collaboration between countries, large database, and sometimes pharmacoepidemiological studies, an alert can then be raised. This collaboration underlines also similarities between the two disciplines, through the frequency of ADRs and diseases, the difficulty of the diagnosis in front of scarce data, and through the unusual worsening symptoms. Patients and associations of patients play also a proactive role as research partners at different steps, to quantify and qualify symptoms and ADRs, and also to develop orphan drugs. These several collaborations are a precious tool to improve patients' outcomes. These close contacts between the different actors are important to make earlier diagnosis of rare diseases and severe ADRs. Rare disease does not have to mean overlooked diseases.

Influenza pandemics typically occur in multiple waves of infection, often associated with initial emergence of a novel virus, followed (in temperate regions) by a later resurgence accompanying the onset of the annual influenza season. Here, we examined whether data collected from an initial pandemic wave could be informative, for the need to implement non-pharmaceutical measures in any resurgent wave. Drawing from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in 10 states in the USA, we calibrated simple mathematical models of influenza transmission dynamics to data for virologically confirmed hospitalisations during the initial ‘spring’ wave. We then projected pandemic outcomes (cumulative hospitalisations) during the fall wave, and compared these projections with data. Model results show reasonable agreement for all states that reported a substantial number of cases in the spring wave. Using this model we propose a probabilistic decision framework that can be used to determine the need for pre-emptive measures such as postponing school openings, in advance of a fall wave. This work illustrates how model-based evidence synthesis, in real-time during an early pandemic wave, could be used to inform timely decisions for pandemic response.

The purpose of this study is to examine factors affecting the intent to vaccinate during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and to leverage the results to inform public health policy decisions aimed at increasing vaccine uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the National 2009 H1N1 Flu Survey data and state-level administrative data, we employ logistic regression and mediation models to estimate the association between vaccine uptake and state level public health spending, political ideology, and H1N1 case and death rates as well as a set of individual and household characteristics. We find that higher public health spending can significantly increase the intent to vaccinate, mainly through raising concerns about the pandemic and promoting vaccine relevant doctor patient interactions. We conclude that physicians, especially primary care physicians, should play more important roles in the ongoing vaccination efforts against the COVID-19 virus.

Here, we report the coding-complete genome sequence of a clinical sample of influenza virus obtained from a pig at a livestock farm in Karaganda, Central Kazakhstan, during a pig study in 2020. Isolate A/Swine/Karaganda/04/2020 (H1N1) belongs to clade 1A.3.2.2 lineage 1A, which includes the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strains.

Pandemics of human influenza are when influenza viruses that have little or no immunity become capable of transmitting from one person to another. A novel H1N1 influenza virus was discovered in children in the southwest United States in April 2009. Retroactively, it was shown that these cases were the result of an ongoing epidemic in Mexico. A number of national vaccination programs were established in response to the pandemic. Surprisingly early clinical trials data from humans have shown that one dose of nonadjuvanted pandemic flu A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent, inactivated vaccine (pMIV), has resulted in a significant seroprotective response. This is despite previous studies showing no cross-reactivity between pandemic and seasonal H1N1 viruses.

The power of social actors to drive or block pharmaceutical uptake has been a concern in sociological debates on pharmaceuticalisation, including in the case of pandemic vaccination. We build on Steven Lukes' three-dimensional view of power to explore the 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccination in Sweden and Denmark - two similar countries that arrived at conflicting vaccination strategies. Drawing on interviews with members of each country's pandemic steering group and on document analysis, we explore three consecutive stages of pandemic vaccination response: planning, vaccine procurement and the vaccination campaign. The paper makes two contributions to studies of pharmaceuticalisation and pandemics. Conceptually, we advocate the suitability of Lukes' framework over the 'countervailing powers' framework repeatedly used to model power in the pharmaceutical field. Empirically, our study confirms that government-appointed experts steered pandemic planning in both countries, but we show that the state, industry and the WHO also exerted power by enabling and constraining experts' decision-making, including by keeping some information secret. Furthermore, we argue that mass vaccination in Sweden was a pervasive expression of state power, in Lukes' sense, since it rested on keeping latent the tension between many individuals' health interests and the state's interests in protecting social and economic functioning.

Aim. In this study we developed and characterized a mouse model of secondary S. aureus and S. pneumoniae pneumonia following influenza virus infection with H1N1 pandemic and laboratory strains and their reassortment. Materials and methods. BALB/с mice were infected intranasally with A/California/04/2009/(H1N1 pndm), A/Puerto Rico/8/34 or their reassortment NIBRG-121xp followed by different strains of S. аureus и S. pneumoniae. The pathogenicity of infection was assessed by mouse survival and weight change, viral titre and bacterial count in the lungs. Results. It was shown that the infection of mice with three strains of the H1N1 influenza virus with a comparable level of pathogenicity leads to a different severity of secondary bacterial infection. The mouse adapted A/California/04/2009 pandemic strain possessed the greatest ability to alter antibacterial immunity. Conclusion. An experimental model of post-influenza bacterial pneumonia utilizing three strains of the H1N1 influenza virus and various strains of S. aureus or S. pneumoniae was established. The ability of viruses to provoke bacterial superinfection of different severity is characterized.

This article aims at understanding the challenges of tackling complex policy problems in multilevel governance. In order to better grasp the multilevel regulation of complex policy problems, it is needed to understand how uncertainty and scientific expertise are dealt with. We investigate this via the regulation of pandemics by the EU and the WHO, with the H1N1 pandemic of 2009 as critical case. The analysis of the multilevel practice reveals that the attitude toward uncertainty fundamentally differed between the global (WHO) and the European level. At the global level a classic speaking truth to power approach involved the denial of uncertainty, while at the EU level the assigned role of providing scientific expertise was interpreted as a necessity to openly communicate about uncertainty. While the global approach was heavily criticized, the uncertainty communication at the European level was much appreciated.Este artículo busca comprender los desafíos de abordar problemas políticos complejos en la gobernanza multinivel. Para comprender mejor la regulación multinivel de los problemas políticos complejos, es necesario comprender cómo se aborda la incertidumbre y la experiencia científica. Investigamos esto a través de la regulación de pandemias por parte de la UE y la OMS, con la pandemia H1N1 de 2009 como un caso crítico. El análisis de las prácticas multinivel revela que la actitud hacia la incertidumbre era fundamentalmente diferente entre el nivel global (OMS) y el nivel europeo. A nivel global un método de “decir la verdad al poder” incluía la negación de la incertidumbre, mientras que a nivel europeo el papel asignado de proporcionar experiencia científica se interpretó como algo necesario para comunicarse abiertamente acerca de la incertidumbre. Aunque la aproximación global fue fuertemente criticada, la comunicación de la incertidumbre a nivel europeo fue muy valorada.本文致力理解多层次治理中应对复杂政策问题时面临的挑战。为更好地把握复杂政策问题的多层次监管, 需要明白不确定性和科学技术是如何加以处理的。笔者以2009年HINI流感爆发作为案例, 用欧盟和世界卫生组织(WHO)针对流行病的监管规定对此进行了调查。通过对多层次实践的分析显示, 全球(即WHO)和欧盟对不确定性的态度存在根本差异。在全球层面上, WHO用“对权力说真话”这一经典实践来否定不确定性, 而欧盟则运用科学技术, 将其作为公开交流不确定性的必备手段。结果则是, WHO实践受到严厉批评, 而欧盟对不确定性的公开交流受到赞赏。.

Background: Health care professionals are a high risk group for H1N1 and it is important for them to have correct knowledge about the disease in order to be able to prevent themselves from the disease.Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding H1N1 pandemic influenza among the health care providers working at a tertiary care hospital.Methodology: Data was collected from 279 health care providers who were selected by convenience sampling.Results: Overall the participants had some/sufficient knowledge about the disease. 44.8% of the study participants had received training on hand hygiene while only 24% had received training on the use of personal protective equipment. Only 54.8 % of the study participants were vaccinated against H1N1.Conclusion: It was seen that there were some gaps in the knowledge about the disease. Educational and training programmes for health care providers should be conducted regularly.

Lower respiratory infections remain one of the top global causes of death and the emergence of new diseases continues to be a concern. In the first two decades of the 21st century, we have born witness to the emergence of newly recognized coronaviruses that have rapidly spread around the globe, including severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome virus (MERS). We have also experienced the emergence of a novel H1N1 pandemic influenza strain in 2009 that caused substantial morbidity and mortality around the world and has transitioned into a seasonal strain. Although we perhaps most frequently think of viruses when discussing emerging respiratory infections, bacteria have not been left out of the mix, as we have witnessed an increase in the number of infections from Legionella spp. since the organisms' initial discovery in 1976. Here, we explore the basic epidemiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, and clinical laboratory diagnosis of these four pathogens and emphasize themes in humans' evolving relationship with our natural environment that have contributed to the infectious burden. Histology alone is rarely diagnostic for these infections, but has been crucial to bettering our understanding of these diseases. Together, we rely on the diagnostic acumen of pathologists to identify the clinicopathologic features that raise the suspicion of these diseases and lead to the early control of the spread in our populations.

Infectious disease outbreaks have occurred many times in the past decades and are more likely to occur in the future. Recently, Buyuktahtakin et al. (2018) proposed a new epidemics-logistics model ...