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Synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopic and microscopic techniques are used to identify the origin of enhancement of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of BiVO4 (BVO) that is coated on ZnO nanodendrites (hereafter referred to as BVO/ZnO). The atomic and electronic structures of core-shell BVO/ZnO nanodendrites have been well-characterized, and the heterojunction has been determined to favor the migration of charge carriers under the PEC condition. The variation of charge density between ZnO and BVO in core-shell BVO/ZnO nanodendrites with many unpaired O 2p-derived states at the interface forms interfacial oxygen defects and yields a band gap of approximately 2.6 eV in BVO/ZnO nanocomposites. Atomic structural distortions at the interface of BVO/ZnO nanodendrites, which support the fact that there are many interfacial oxygen defects, affect the O 2p-V 3d hybridization and reduce the crystal field energy 10Dq ∼2.1 eV. Such an interfacial atomic/electronic structure and band gap modulation increase the efficiency of absorption of solar light and electron-hole separation. This study provides evidence that the interfacial oxygen defects act as a trapping center and are critical for the charge transfer, retarding electron-hole recombination, and high absorption of visible light, which can result in favorable PEC properties of a nanostructured core-shell BVO/ZnO heterojunction. Insights into the local atomic and electronic structures of the BVO/ZnO heterojunction support the fabrication of semiconductor heterojunctions with optimal compositions and an optimal interface, which are sought to maximize solar light utilization and the transportation of charge carriers for PEC water splitting and related applications.

Acid fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a member of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) family, widely promoting embryonic development, wound healing, vascular regeneration, nerve injury repair, as well as regulating immune metabolism. Many pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, neovascularization, proliferation and migration of repair cells, and deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix are involved in the process of wound healing. Based on the relevant literature in recent years, this article mainly reviews the research progresses on the roles and mechanism of aFGF in biological signal transduction, regulation of cell growth, and involvement in tissue repair, and discusses the current research hot spots as well as the prospective future direction of clinical applications of aFGF in the aspect of clinical pharmacokinetics and safety.酸性成纤维细胞生长因子（aFGF）是成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）家族成员之一，具有广泛地促进胚胎发育、创面愈合、血管再生、神经损伤修复，以及调控免疫代谢的作用。创面愈合包含了炎症反应、新生血管形成、修复细胞的增殖与迁移、胶原等ECM的沉积等病理生理过程。该文在查阅近年来相关文献的基础上，围绕aFGF在传导生物信号、调节细胞生长、参与组织修复中的作用及相关机制研究进展进行综述，并从临床药代动力学和安全性角度，对aFGF的当前研究热点和未来临床应用方向进行展望。.

It is often argued that the sensitivity of atom interferometer depends on the geometry of the interfering atom paths, conventionally, atom interferometer are usually configured to be sensitive to all deformations including tensor and scalar field deformations, it is a promising and robust tool for obtaining a highly sensitive and accurate measurements of gravitational signals, as such they are potentially capable of testing a wide range of fundamental physics questions including gravitational decoherence. Therefore, motivated by the recent search to improve the sensitivity of the next generation atom interferometer, we derived a broad class of equations that obeys a specific geometric configuration for the interfering paths for a 2-level atom interferometer model, and in doing so, we further analysed various configurations for the geometric interpretation, in addition to interferometric influence phase shift and a possible decoherence factor which could lead to a systematic theoretical framework for future sensing of weak forces, due to, for example, gravitational waves and light dark matter.

The energy conversion in rocks has an important significance for evaluation of the stability and safety of rock engineering. In this paper, some uniaxial compression tests for fifteen different rocks were performed. The evolution characteristics of the total energy, elastic energy, and dissipated energy for the fifteen rocks were studied. The dissipation energy coefficient was introduced to study the evolution characteristics of rock. The evolution of the dissipation energy coefficient for different rocks was investigated. The linear interrelations of the dissipation energy coefficients and the yield strength and peak strength were explored. The method was proposed to determine the strength of rock using the dissipation energy coefficients. The results show that the evolution of the dissipation energy coefficient exhibits significant deformation properties of rock. The dissipation energy coefficients linearly increase with the compaction strength, but decrease with the yield strength and peak strength. Moreover, the dissipation energy coefficient can be used to determine the rock burst proneness and crack propagation in rocks.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a severe and fast-growing public health challenge with rapid globalization, especially in China. Although some monitoring systems were established in different fields, fragmentation of information failed to show the overall trend and spread of AR. It is necessary to establish a national monitoring system to reveal the occurrence, development, and spread of AR. The new AR monitoring system needs an updated analysis indicators system. We intend to recommend a new analysis indicators system for AR was constructed and applied to AR data monitoring and analysis for humans, animals, the environment, and foods. After investigating and analyzing the 5 Chinese major AR monitoring systems and literature, we have formulated 15 AR monitoring analysis indicators and initially established an evaluation system for the country's new AR monitoring system.当前我国病原菌耐药性问题严重，我国在多领域已分别建立的耐药监测网络，由于监测技术方法不统一，信息碎片化，无法显示我国病原菌耐药的整体流行趋势和传播规律。因此需构建全国多领域的病原菌耐药监测网络平台，揭示我国病原菌耐药发生、发展和传播规律。监测平台中需要使用相匹配的分析指标评价体系。本研究拟探索出一套科学合理的耐药监测分析指标，适用于包括人群、畜牧养殖、环境和食品相关环节等在内的耐药性数据监测与分析。经对我国5个耐药监测网络的调查分析，结合文献及专家调研，初步构建了包含15个病原菌耐药监测分析指标的评价体系，为我国的病原菌耐药监测网络数据收集、整理、评价及预测、预警体系的构建提供基础。.

To analyze the sensitization characteristics and significance of airborne allergens in chronic urticaria (CU) with airway allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis and/or asthma). From May to August 2015, the Department of allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University conducted an epidemiological survey of allergic diseases in grassland area of Inner Mongolia by multistage stratified cluster sampling. The results of skin prick test (SPT) for airborne allergens in 191 patients with CU and 1 132 patients with airway allergic diseases were analyzed. The statistical data were tested by chi-square segmentation method, and the stratified trend of rate was tested by Linear-by-Linear. Among the 191 patients with CU, 92 (48.17%) had CU without airway allergic diseases (CU alone), and 99 (51.83%) had CU with airway allergic diseases. The top three air allergens were探讨慢性荨麻疹（chronic urticaria，CU）伴气道过敏性疾病［变应性鼻炎和（或）哮喘］患者的气传变应原致敏特点。2015年5至8月首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院变态反应科在我国内蒙古草原地区采取多阶段分层整群抽样的调查方法进行了过敏性疾病的流行病学调查，对18~80岁的3 294名调查对象中诊断的CU患者191例和气道过敏性疾病患者1 132例的气传变应原皮肤点刺试验结果进行分析。计数资料采用χ²分割法检验，率的分层变化趋势采用趋势χ²检验。结果显示，191例CU中，不伴气道过敏性疾病者（CU单一患病）92例（48.17%），伴气道过敏性疾病者99例（51.83%）。位列前三位的气传变应原：CU单一患病为尘螨、藜科花粉和柳树花粉（仅一种是当地主要变应原），CU伴气道过敏性疾病与气道过敏性疾病［变应性鼻炎和（或）哮喘］均为蒿属、葎草和藜科花粉（均为当地的主要变应原）。CU伴气道过敏性疾病与CU单一患病相比较，变应原皮肤点刺阳性率和多重强阳性率差异均有统计学意义（59.60%

Sepsis remains a leading cause of death in critical patients. Both excessive inflammatory response and long-term immunosuppression can lead to the death of sepsis patients. As a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-17 (IL-17) plays an important role in the body's inflammatory response and immune system. The signal transduction of IL-17 is a key link in maintaining the body's health and participating in the onset and development of sepsis. This review mainly summarizes and discusses the regulation of IL-17 signal transduction and pathogenic and protective role of IL-17 in sepsis.脓毒症依然是危重症患者的主要死亡原因之一，而过度的炎症反应和长期的免疫抑制均可导致脓毒症患者死亡。白细胞介素17（IL-17）作为关键的促炎性细胞因子，在机体的炎症反应和免疫系统中发挥着重要的作用。信号转导是IL-17在维持机体健康及参与脓毒症疾病发生发展中的关键环节。本文重点归纳讨论IL-17的信号转导调控，及IL-17在脓毒症中的致病和保护作用。.

Significance We report the study using X-ray absorption and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering techniques to investigate the evolution of superconductivity in K 1.9 Fe 4.2 Se 5 , which was synthesized from its nonsuperconducting parent compound, K 2 Fe 4 Se 5 , by increasing the Fe concentration. The results provide a deeper insight into the magnetic and local electronic properties of K 1.9 Fe 4.2 Se 5 , such as a decrease in antiferromagnetic spin magnetic moment of Fe, charge transfer, and hybridization between Fe 3 d –Se 4 p orbitals, and increase in the local static structural disorder, to gain an understanding of the evolution of superconductivity in the compound.

We have synthesized graphene-oxide (GO) by the modified hummer's process and subsequently reduced it with gold-nanoparticles (Au-NPs) using silica coated colloidal Au-NPs and hydrazine monohydrate solutions to form r-GO:Au-NPs nanocomposites. We have studied the microstructure, electronic, electrical and magnetic properties of r-GO and r-GO:Au-NPs nanocomposites. We have observed from the Raman spectroscopy that the intensity of D-peak (disorder) gets reduced with respect to G (graphite-cluster) in r-GO:Au-NPs composites. The reduction of ID/IG ratio obtained from Raman spectra [r-GO: 1.22 → r-GO:(Au-NPs)4.88: 0.98] clearly indicates that the sp2-cluster is reduced in r-GO:Au-NPs nanocomposites. The reduction of sp2-cluster and/or enhancement of sp3-cluster is due to replacement of sp2-cluster by the Au-NPs. This observation also observed from the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements that are consistence with reduction of conductivity as we observe from the current (I) - voltage (V) characteristics of the nanocomposites. Magnetic M-H hysteresis loops show the magnetization is enhanced in r-GO:Au-NPs nanocomposites. We believe that the reduction of conductivity and enhancement of magnetization of r-GO:Au nanocomposites would be most suitable for ferro-electro-magnetic materials for the memory storage device applications.

Hypertrophic scars and keloids are common sequelae after wound healing, with a high incidence, which seriously affect the patient's quality of life. However, there is still a lack of effective prevention and treatment methods, mainly because the pathogenesis of scars is not clear. Current research believe that inflammatory response plays a critical role in the process of scar formation, and through the researches on the mechanisms it is hopeful to find new potential therapeutic drug targets for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. This article mainly reviews the research progresses on the role and mechanism of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory cells in the formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids, as well as drugs, microRNAs, and exosomes, etc., for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids by inhibiting inflammatory response.增生性瘢痕与瘢痕疙瘩是创面愈合后常见的后遗症，发生率高，严重影响患者生活质量，而目前仍缺少有效的预防和治疗方法，主要原因在于瘢痕发生机制尚不明确。目前研究认为，炎症反应在瘢痕形成过程中发挥重要作用，通过对其作用机制的研究，有望寻找预防和治疗增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩的新的药物靶点。本文主要就炎症因子、炎症细胞在增生性瘢痕与瘢痕疙瘩形成过程中的作用及机制，以及通过抑制炎症反应治疗增生性瘢痕与瘢痕疙瘩的药物、微小RNA、外泌体等的研究进展进行综述。.

Summary Controversy still exists as to whether surgical treatment has any impact on the long-term survival of esophageal cancer (EC) patients with coronary artery disease treated with curative esophagectomy combined with off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG). Therefore, the aim of this study was to introduce and assess the effect of esophagectomy combined with OPCABG on both short- and long-term outcomes. From January 2010 to January 2015, 1428 EC or esophagogastric junction cancer patients underwent surgical treatment at Henan Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China. The clinical data of 25 patients who underwent EC resection through a left thoracotomy following OPCABG and the perioperative characteristics and follow-up results were analyzed. The majority of the patients were male, and the EC stage was predominantly cT2N0-1M0 II. The most common pathological types were squamous cell carcinoma. The EC surgeries consisted of 15 chest anastomosis procedures and 10 cervical anastomosis procedures with aortocoronary graft implantation (mean: 2.36 grafts per patient). The mean total operative time was 330.8 ± 83.5 minutes. The median intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay were 1.72 and 21.16 days, respectively. Resection without macroscopic residual disease (R0) was achieved in all of the patients. The most frequent complications included pulmonary infections (24%), arrhythmias (24%), pleural effusion (12%), and esophageal anastomotic leakage (8%). There were no postoperative deaths or myocardial infarctions within 30 days after the surgery. The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 88%, 40%, and 24%, respectively, with a median survival time of 43 months. In the short-term, radical resection of EC following OPCABG is a safe and feasible treatment with low postoperative mortality rates. In the long-term, simultaneous surgery is acceptable and is associated with favorable overall and disease-free survival.

The scar contracture of Achilles tendon in burn patients after operation is easy to cause " foot drop" , which leads to ankle dorsiflexion dysfunction. To solve this problem, the authors designed and made a static progressive ankle foot orthosis. The foot support part and the crus support part of the orthotic device are connected by rivets, and the distal end of the foot support part and the proximal end of the crus support part are pulled by the traction belt on both sides, gradually improving the ankle dorsiflexion function. This static progressive ankle foot orthosis is simple, practical, cost-effective, and worthy of clinical promotion.烧伤患者术后跟腱部位的瘢痕挛缩极易形成足下垂，导致踝关节背屈功能障碍。针对此问题，笔者自行设计、制作了一款静态进展性踝足矫形器。该矫形器足底支撑部分与小腿支撑部分由铆钉连接，两侧的牵拉带牵拉足底支撑部分远心端与小腿支撑部分近心端，从而循序渐进地改善踝关节背屈功能。此静态进展性踝足矫形器制作简单、实用性强、经济有效，值得临床推广。.

Rotaviruses infection is one of the main causes of diarrhea among infants and children in the world, resulting in rotavirus gastroenteritis, which is very harmful and has caused a huge disease burden and no specific drug treatment. This paper reviews the rotavirus etiology, epidemiological characteristics, disease burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis and rotavirus vaccines. RV in group A is the main cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants, people at all ages are generally susceptible to RV, 3 to 24 months infants have the most severe symptoms of diarrhea, RVGE epidemic is seasonal and peaks in winter, increasing RV vaccination can reduce the incidence and mortality of rotavirus diarrhea in infants to reduce the burden of corresponding disease. This article focuses on RV vaccines currently in use and their effect on preventing RV infection, and put forward thoughts and suggestions on technical issues related to the application of RV vaccine in China. Provide support for improving the RV vaccine immunization strategy and Chinese-specific immunization strategy for eventually incorporating RV vaccine into the national child immunization program.轮状病毒（RV）感染是目前全球婴幼儿腹泻的主要病原之一，直接导致轮状病毒胃肠炎，其危害严重、疾病负担巨大且尚无特效药物治疗。本文对RV病原学特性以及RV胃肠炎的流行特征、疾病负担和疫苗研发予以综述。通常A组RV为婴幼儿急性胃肠炎的最主要病因，各年龄段人群对RV普遍易感，其中3~24‌月龄的幼儿症状最重，且RVGE流行具有季节性，并在冬季会出现发病高峰，提高RV疫苗接种率可以显著降低婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻发病率和死亡率，减轻相应疾病负担。重点介绍了目前使用的RV疫苗及其对预防RV感染的作用，并针对RV疫苗在我国应用相关技术问题提出思考与建议，为完善我国RV疫苗免疫策略及最终将RV疫苗纳入到国家儿童免疫规划的中国特色免疫规划策略提供循证依据。.

A series of Eu3+-activated strontium silicate phosphors, Sr2SiO4:xEu3+ (SSO:xEu3+, x = 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0%), were synthesized by a sol–gel method, and their crystalline structures, photoluminescence (PL) behaviors, electronic/atomic structures and bandgap properties were studied. The correlation among these characteristics was further established. X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed the formation of mixed orthorhombic α'-SSO and monoclinic β-SSO phases of the SSO:xEu3+ phosphors. When SSO:xEu3+ phosphors are excited under ultraviolet (UV) light (λ = 250 nm, ~ 4.96 eV), they emit yellow (~ 590 nm), orange (~ 613 nm) and red (~ 652 and 703 nm) PL bands. These PL emissions typically correspond to 4f–4f electronic transitions that involve the multiple excited 5D0 → 7FJ levels (J = 1, 2, 3 and 4) of Eu3+ activators in the host matrix. This mechanism of PL in the SSO:xEu3+ phosphors is strongly related to the local electronic/atomic structures of the Eu3+–O2− associations and the bandgap of the host lattice, as verified by Sr K-edge and Eu L3-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES)/extended X-ray absorption fine structure, O K-edge XANES and Kα X-ray emission spectroscopy. In the synthesis of SSO:xEu3+ phosphors, interstitial Eu2O3-like structures are observed in the host matrix that act as donors, providing electrons that are nonradiatively transferred from the Eu 5d and/or O 2p–Eu 4f/5d states (mostly the O 2p–Eu 5d states) to the 5D0 levels, facilitating the recombination of electrons that have transitioned from the 5D0 level to the 7FJ level in the bandgap. This mechanism is primarily responsible for the enhancement of PL emissions in the SSO:xEu3+ phosphors. This PL-related behavior indicates that SSO:xEu3+ phosphors are good light-conversion phosphor candidates for use in near-UV chips and can be very effective in UV-based light-emitting diodes.

尘螨是一种肉眼不可见的微生物，隶属于蛛形纲无气亚门，主要包括屋尘螨、粉尘螨。作为室内最重要的变应原，尘螨的代谢物、排泄物、螨体等均可致敏，可诱发各种变态反应性疾病，尤其与变应性鼻炎关系密切。本文对尘螨的分类、生物习性、生活史、分布特点、致敏性进行介绍。目前已有的除螨措施主要分为物理性和化学性除螨，可以显著降低环境中尘螨的浓度，然而其对变应性鼻炎症状的改善程度不一。本文同时对目前的除螨措施及其效果等进行总结。.

To study the expression of long non-coding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA) UNC5B antisense RNA 1 (UASR1) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its biological functions, and to discuss the regulatory effect of the transcription factor on lncRNA UASR1.The expressions of lncRNA UASR1 in the CRC tissues and cells were detected via quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. After the expression of lncRNA UASR1 was interfered, the change in the CRC cell proliferation ability was investigated through cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and colony formation assay, respectively. Changes in cell cycle distribution and apoptosis rate in CRC cells after transfection of small-interfering UASR1 (si-UASR1) were detected using flow cytometry. Potential transcription factors binding UASR1 promoter region were analyzed through bioinformatics. The change in the UASR1 expression was measured through the qRT-PCR assay after the paired box 5 (PAX5) expression was interfered. Following the interference in the expressions of PAX5 and UASR1, expression changes in the molecular markers of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway were detected via Western blotting assay.The qRT-PCR results indicated that the UASR1 expression was up-regulated in 39/45 CRC tissues, and it identically presented the up-regulated expression level in the CRC cells. After the UASR1 expression was interfered, the CRC cell proliferation ability was degraded according to the CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay. Based on the flow cytometry results, compared with the small-interfering-negative control (si-NC) group, the cell cycle was arrested in the G1/G0 phase in the si-UASR1 group, and apoptosis rate increased. Bioinformatics and qRT-PCR results showed that the transcription factor PAX5 regulated the UASR1 expression. The Western blotting assay indicated that the expressions of the molecular markers of the mTOR signaling pathway were changed after the expressions of PAX5 and UASR1 were interfered.The transcription factor PAX5 promotes the expression of lncRNA UASR1 in CRC. The highly expressed UASR1 facilitates the malignant proliferation of CRC via the mTOR signaling pathway.

Defect induced room temperature ferromagnetism (RT-FM) in Ar+ implanted ZnO single crystal (ZnO-SC) is observe from the electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectra and is correlated with their electronic structure studies using synchrotron radiation based X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and valence band photoemission spectroscopy (VB-PES). Enhancement of absorption intensity at the edge of XANES spectra of Ar+ implanted ZnO indicates the increase of local density of states (DOS); which arises from the surface defects and/or dangling bonds in ZnO. VB-PES spectra change upon Ar+ implantation, becoming broader, implying the induced surface defects in ZnO-SC. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies confirm that the Zn 2p3/2 core level peak shifts in lower energy side in Ar+ implanted ZnO-SC that is associated with the formation of oxygen vacancies/defects in ZnO-SC which is responsible for the RT-FM.

Effects of electronic and atomic structures of V-doped 2D layered SnS2 are studied using X-ray spectroscopy for the development of photocatalytic/photovoltaic applications. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements at V K-edge reveal the presence of VO and VS bonds which form the intercalation of tetrahedral OVS sites in the van der Waals (vdW) gap of SnS2 layers. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) reveals not only valence state of V dopant in SnS2 is ≈4+ but also the charge transfer (CT) from V to ligands, supported by V Lα,β resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. These results suggest V doping produces extra interlayer covalent interactions and additional conducting channels, which increase the electronic conductivity and CT. This gives rapid transport of photo-excited electrons and effective carrier separation in layered SnS2 . Additionally, valence-band photoemission spectra and S K-edge XANES indicate that the density of states near/at valence-band maximum is shifted to lower binding energy in V-doped SnS2 compare to pristine SnS2 and exhibits band gap shrinkage. These findings support first-principles density functional theory calculations of the interstitially tetrahedral OVS site intercalated in the vdW gap, highlighting the CT from V to ligands in V-doped SnS2 .

Tensile properties of the high-deformability dual-phase ferrite-bainite X70 pipeline steel have been investigated at room temperature under the strain rates of 2.5 × 10−5, 1.25 × 10−4, 2.5 × 10−3, and 1.25 × 10−2 s−1. The microstructures at different amount of plastic deformation were examined by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Generally, the ductility of typical body-centered cubic steels is reduced when its stain rate increases. However, we observed a different ductility dependence on strain rates in the dual-phase X70 pipeline steel. The uniform elongation (UEL%) and elongation to fracture (EL%) at the strain rate of 2.5 × 10−3 s−1 increase about 54 and 74%, respectively, compared to those at 2.5 × 10−5 s−1. The UEL% and EL% reach to their maximum at the strain rate of 2.5 × 10−3 s−1. This phenomenon was explained by the observed grain structures and dislocation configurations. Whether or not the ductility can be enhanced with increasing strain rates depends on the competition between the homogenization of plastic deformation among the microconstituents (ultra-fine ferrite grains, relatively coarse ferrite grains as well as bainite) and the progress of cracks formed as a consequence of localized inconsistent plastic deformation.

Air pollution has become one of the top issues in China. The Chinese government has launched a national program to reduce emissions of particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide during its “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” (2011–2015). In the following decade (2016–2025) emphases will be placed on control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions and ground-level ozone. Before that, a lot of background knowledge has to be known such as source apportionments of VOCs and ozone in air environment, which is so far very limited in China. In this work, concentrations of ozone and its precursors were measured at work places like petroleum factory, coal-fired power plant, shipbuilding factory (welding site) and heavy traffic road. The major aim of this article is to investigate the presence of those point sources in ozone formation in the area. Although the measurements were rough, results met the needs of China’s strategy on environment protection and career health care, an...

The possibility of performing photochemical water splitting in a two-stage system, separately releasing the H2 and O2 components, has been probed with two separate catalysts and in combination with a formaldehyde/formate shuttling redox couple. In the first stage, formaldehyde releases hydrogen vigorously in the presence of an Na4[Fe(CN)6]·10H2O catalyst, selectively affording the formate anion. In the second stage, the formate anion is hydro-genated back to formaldehyde by water and in the presence of a Bi2WO6 photocatalyst whilst releasing oxygen. Both stages operate at room temperature and under visible light irradiation. The two separate photocatalysts are compatible since water splitting can also be obtained in one-pot experiments with simultaneous H2/O2 evolution.