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Abstract Transition metal chalcogenides have been identified as low-cost and efficient electrocatalysts to promote the hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media. However, the identification of active sites and the underlying catalytic mechanism remain elusive. In this work, we employ operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate that NiS undergoes an in-situ phase transition to an intimately mixed phase of Ni3S2 and NiO, generating highly active synergistic dual sites at the Ni3S2/NiO interface. The interfacial Ni is the active site for water dissociation and OH* adsorption while the interfacial S acts as the active site for H* adsorption and H2 evolution. Accordingly, the in-situ formation of Ni3S2/NiO interfaces enables NiS electrocatalysts to achieve an overpotential of only 95 ± 8 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Our work highlighted that the chemistry of transition metal chalcogenides is highly dynamic, and a careful control of the working conditions may lead to the in-situ formation of catalytic species that boost their catalytic performance.

Abstract Identification of active sites in catalytic materials is important and helps establish approaches to the precise design of catalysts for achieving high reactivity. Generally, active sites of conventional heterogeneous catalysts can be single atom, nanoparticle or a metal/oxide interface. Herein, we report that metal/oxide reverse interfaces can also be active sites which are created from the coordinated migration of metal and oxide atoms. As an example, a Pd1/CeO2 single-atom catalyst prepared via atom trapping, which is otherwise inactive at 30 °C, is able to completely oxidize formaldehyde after steam treatment. The enhanced reactivity is due to the formation of a Ce2O3-Pd nanoparticle domain interface, which is generated by the migration of both Ce and Pd atoms on the atom-trapped Pd1/CeO2 catalyst during steam treatment. We show that the generation of metal oxide-metal interfaces can be achieved in other heterogeneous catalysts due to the coordinated mobility of metal and oxide atoms, demonstrating the formation of a new active interface when using metal single-atom material as catalyst precursor.

Abstract The direct oxidation of methane to methanol (MTM) remains a significant challenge in heterogeneous catalysis due to the high dissociation energy of the C-H bond in methane and the high desorption energy of methanol. In this work, we demonstrate a breakthrough in selective MTM by achieving a high methanol space-time yield of 2678 mmol molCu−1 h−1 with 93% selectivity in a continuous methane-steam reaction at 400 °C. The superior performance is attributed to the confinement effect of 6-membered ring (6MR) voids in SSZ-13 zeolite, which host isolated Cu-OH single sites. Our results provide a deeper understanding of the role of Cu-zeolites in continuous methane-steam to methanol conversion and pave the way for further improvement.

We present new models for the activity of iron (γFe) in solid face-centered cubic (fcc) and liquid FePt alloy at high temperature and pressure to facilitate their use as sliding buffer redox sensors under extreme conditions. Numerous experimental studies of γFe in FePt alloy at 100 kPa have produced a wide spread of values. By favoring high-temperature studies that are more likely to have produced equilibrium measurement and excluding experiments for compositions and temperatures that probably encountered ordered or unmixed low-temperature phases, we regress an asymmetric Margules activity–composition model with parameters WFePtfcc=-121.5±2.1 kJ mol−1 and WPtFefcc=-93.3±4.3 kJ mol−1. These values are close to the widely used model of Kessel et al. (2001), but for Pt-rich compositions they predict larger Fe activities and correspondingly more reduced oxygen fugacities. Activity–composition relations in liquid FePt are calibrated from direct measurements of activities and, most sensitively, from the trace of the Fe–Pt liquidus. Together, these yield asymmetric Margules parameters of WFePtliq=-124.5 kJ mol−1 and WPtFeliq=-94.0 kJ mol−1. The effects of pressure on both fcc and liquid FePt alloy are considered from excess-volume relations. Both solid and liquid alloy display significant positive excess volumes of mixing. Extraction of the excess volume of mixing for fcc FePt alloy requires filtering data for ordered low-temperature phases and corrections for the effects of magnetostriction on Fe-rich compositions which exhibit “Invar” behavior. Applied at high temperatures and pressures, both solid and liquid FePt alloys have strongly negative deviations from ideality at low pressure, which become closer to ideal at high pressure. These models provide a provisional basis for the calculation of aFe in high-temperature, high-pressure experiments that, when combined with estimates of aFeO, allow characterization of fO2 under conditions relevant to magma oceans, core formation, and differentiation processes in the lower mantle of Earth or on other terrestrial planets. Improvements in these models require new constraints on the equation of state of FePt fcc alloy and documentation of the high-pressure melting relations in the system Fe–Pt.

Abstract Transition metal oxides are promising candidates for the next generation of spintronic devices due to their fascinating properties that can be effectively engineered by strain, defects, and microstructure. An excellent example can be found in ferroelastic LaCoO3 with paramagnetism in bulk. In contrast, unexpected ferromagnetism is observed in tensile-strained LaCoO3 films, however, its origin remains controversial. Here we simultaneously reveal the formation of ordered oxygen vacancies and previously unreported long-range suppression of CoO6 octahedral rotations throughout LaCoO3 films. Supported by density functional theory calculations, we find that the strong modification of Co 3d-O 2p hybridization associated with the increase of both Co-O-Co bond angle and Co-O bond length weakens the crystal-field splitting and facilitates an ordered high-spin state of Co ions, inducing an emergent ferromagnetic-insulating state. Our work provides unique insights into underlying mechanisms driving the ferromagnetic-insulating state in tensile-strained ferroelastic LaCoO3 films while suggesting potential applications toward low-power spintronic devices.

The development of the efficient catalyst in the direct H2O2 synthesis (DHS) from H2 and O2 remains a formidable challenge. Here, the authors develop a two-step approach to prepare a layer of Pd oxide on PdSn nanowires which displays superior reactivity in the DHS at zero Celcius.

The geographical information, temporal and spatial distribution of pollution sources cannot be accurately described by the traditional aerosol lidar inversion data. In order to accurately locate the pollution sources and monitor the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants, an aerosol lidar data visualization method based on ArcGIS is proposed in this paper. A natural neighborhood method is used to perform group interpolation on ArcGIS software, and the range range-extinction coefficient relationship diagram is plotted using the aerosol optical data obtained from Klett inversion algorithm. The geographic information is added to the lidar inversion data in this diagram. The aerosol spatial and temporal distribution range and the direction of aerosol diffusion are accurately displayed directly. The change of aerosol concentration is plotted in different colors, the visually displaying the concentration of pollutants in the detection area is realized. The aerosol detection data in the sunny and haze days in Yinchuan are visualized in this paper. The result shows that this method can quickly determine the geographical location of pollution sources and visualize the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. This method can be used to display aerosol data with geographic information for meteorological and environmental protection departments. This method can provide data support for meteorological and environmental protection departments to quickly determine the location and concentration of pollution sources.

For a long time, the research of the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols has aroused a wide concern in the field of atmospheric and environmental. Many scholars commonly use the Klett method to invert the lidar return signal of Mie scattering. However, there are always some negative values in the detection data of lidar, which have no actual meaning，and which are jump points. The jump points are also called wild value points and abnormal points. The jump points are refered to the detecting points that are significantly different from the surrounding detection points, and which are not consistent with the actual situation. As a result, when the far end point is selected as the boundary value, the inversion error is too large to successfully invert the extinction coefficient profile. These negative points are jump points, which must be removed in the inversion process. In order to solve the problem, a method of processing jump points of detection data of lidar and the inversion method of aerosol extinction coefficient is proposed in this paper. In this method, when there are few jump points, the linear interpolation method is used to process the jump points. When the number of continuous jump points is large, the function fitting method is used to process the jump points. The feasibility and reliability of this method are verified by using actual lidar data. The results show that the extinction coefficient profile can be successfully inverted when different remote boundary values are chosen. The extinction coefficient profile inverted by this method is more continuous and smoother. The effective detection range of lidar is greatly increased using this method. The extinction coefficient profile is more realistic. The extinction coefficient profile inverted by this method is more favorable to further analysis of the properties of atmospheric aerosol. Therefore, this method has great practical application and popularization value.

Lidar is an advanced atmospheric and meteorological monitoring instrument. The atmospheric aerosol physical parameters can be acquired through inversion of lidar signals. However, traditional methods of solving lidar equations require many assumptions and cannot get accurate analytical solutions. In order to solve this problem, a method of inverting lidar equation using artificial neural network is proposed. This method is based on BP (Back Propagation) artificial neural network, the weights and thresholds of BP artificial neural network is optimized by Genetic Algorithm. The lidar equation inversion prediction model is established. The actual lidar detection signals are inversed using this method, and the results are compared with the traditional method. The result shows that the extinction coefficient and backscattering coefficient inverted by the GA-based BP neural network model are accurate than that inverted by traditional method, the relative error is below 4%. This method can solve the problem of complicated calculation process, as while as providing a new method for the inversion of lidar equations.

In order to study the environment or climate of an area, it is necessary to understand the composition of atmospheric aerosol particles, as well as microphysical properties, such as extinction cross section, scattering cross section, polarization degree, etc. For a long time, when calculating the microphysical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles, the aerosol particles are always be considered as spheres. Mie theory has been used to calculate the scattering properties of spherical particles with high accuracy. However, in reality, aerosol particles are not only spherical, they have complex composition and different shapes. The influence of non-spherical aerosol particles on atmospheric radiation, scattering and absorption cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the micro-physical characteristics of non-spherical aerosol particles for fully understand the real atmospheric environment. Until now, T-Matrix method is one of the most effective and extensive methods to study the light scattering characteristics of non-sphericalrotationally symmetric aerosol particles. In this paper, the non-spherical aerosol particles extinction section, scattering cross section,the absorption cross section are calculated using T-Matrix method. The extinction, scattering, and the absorption properties arecalculated with variety of different types aerosol particles, and compared with the properties calculated by Mie scattering theory. Itlays a foundation for more accurate simulation of the microphysical properties of aerosol particles in real atmosphere.

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to fuels and chemical feedstocks using renewable electricity provides a promising approach toward artificial carbon recycling to address the global challenges in energy and sustainability. The most crucial step for this technique is to develop efficient electrocatalysts capable of reducing CO2 to valuable hydrocarbon products at a low overpotential with high selectivity and stability. In this article, we present a review on the recent developments and understanding of p-block post-transition metal (e.g., Sn, In, Pb, and Bi) based electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction. This group of electrocatalysts shows particularly high selectivity for reduction of CO2 to formate or formic acid. Our main focus will be on the fundamental understanding of surface chemistry, active sites, reaction mechanism, and structure–activity relationships. Strategies to enhance the activity including morphology control, nanostructuring, defect engineering, doping, and alloying to modulate the electronic structure will also be briefly discussed. Finally, we summarize the existing challenges and present perspectives for the future development of this exciting field.

TOP1MT is a topoisomerase that is localised to mitochondria. Here, the authors show that TOP1MT has a tumor promoting role in hepatocellular carcinoma by supporting mitochondrial translation and that its deficiency limits tumorigenicity.

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is an emerging wide bandgap semiconductor that has attracted a large amount of interest due to its ultra-large bandgap of 4.8 eV, a high breakdown field of 8 MV/cm, and high thermal stability. These properties enable Ga2O3 a promising material for a large range of applications, such as high power electronic devices and solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors. In the past few years, a significant process has been made for the growth of high-quality bulk crystals and thin films and device optimizations for power electronics and solar blind UV detection. However, many challenges remain, including the difficulty in p-type doping, a large density of unintentional electron carriers and defects/impurities, and issues with the device process (contact, dielectrics, and surface passivation), and so on. The purpose of this article is to provide a timely review on the fundamental understanding of the semiconductor physics and chemistry of Ga2O3 in terms of electronic band structures, optical properties, and chemistry of defects and impurity doping. Recent progress and perspectives on epitaxial thin film growth, chemical and physical properties of defects and impurities, p-type doping, and ternary alloys with In2O3 and Al2O3 will be discussed.

Abstract Ultrathin epitaxial films of ferromagnetic insulators (FMIs) with Curie temperatures near room temperature are critically needed for use in dissipationless quantum computation and spintronic devices. However, such materials are extremely rare. Here, a room‐temperature FMI is achieved in ultrathin La0.9Ba0.1MnO3 films grown on SrTiO3 substrates via an interface proximity effect. Detailed scanning transmission electron microscopy images clearly demonstrate that MnO6 octahedral rotations in La0.9Ba0.1MnO3 close to the interface are strongly suppressed. As determined from in situ X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy, O K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory, the realization of the FMI state arises from a reduction of Mn eg bandwidth caused by the quenched MnO6 octahedral rotations. The emerging FMI state in La0.9Ba0.1MnO3 together with necessary coherent interface achieved with the perovskite substrate gives very high potential for future high performance electronic devices.

This paper presents the results from the furnace tests conducted on two assembled monolithic hollow-ribbed (AMH) slabs consisting of the open box and the covered box, respectively. Detailed experimental data in the form of describing slab cracking or spalling, furnace temperatures, temperature distributions, and vertical deflections are presented. Comparison of the results from the two fire tests indicates that the covered box shows better fire resistance compared to the open box; thus, the covered box is recommended to adopt in structural fire-resistant design. However, they are both prone to cracking or spalling at their bottom surfaces during the fire tests, so the AMH slab still needs further optimum design to meet its requirements of fire resistance and service function. In addition, the sealing quality of congruent boxes also has a great influence on the fire resistance of the AMH slab.

Reasonably fabricating ordered structures of ionic polymers is very important for the development of novel functional materials. By combining the ions and liquid cry stalline polymer, we successfully designed and synthesized a series of novel combined main-chain/side-chain ionic liquid crystalline polymer (MCSC-ILCPs) containing imidazolium groups and different counter-anions, poly (2,5-bis{[6-(4-butoxy-4'-imidazolium biphenyl)hexyl]oxycarbonyl}styrene salts) poly(BImBHCS-X) with the following types of counter-anions (Br¯, BF4¯, PF6¯ and TFSI¯). Combined technologies confirmed the chemical structures of the monomers and polymers with imidazolium cation and different counter-anions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light microscopy (PLM) and one- and two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction (1D and 2D WAXD) results illustrated that the LC structures and the transitions of ordered structures depended on the nature of the counter-anion employed. The polymers with Br¯ and BF4¯ counter-anions exhibited smectic A (SmA) LC behavior below the isotropic temperature. The another one, poly(BImBHCS–TFSI) with the large volume of the TFSI¯ anion destroyed the packing of the LC ordered structure resulting in an amorphous structure. The photophysical properties of the polymers prepared can be adjusted by tuning the ionic interaction of the polymers by switching the counter-anion.

Atmospheric submicron particulate matter (PM1) is one of the most significant pollution components in China. Despite its current popularity in the studies of aerosol chemistry, the characteristics, sources and evolution of atmospheric PM1 species are still poorly understood in China, particularly for the two harvest seasons, namely, the summer wheat harvest and autumn rice harvest. An Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) was deployed for online monitoring of PM1 components during summer and autumn harvest seasons in urban Nanjing, in the Yangtze River delta (YRD) region of China. PM1 components were shown to be dominated by organic aerosol (OA, 39 and 41%) and nitrate (23 and 20%) during the harvest seasons (the summer and autumn harvest). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the ACSM OA mass spectra resolved four OA factors: hydrocarbon-like mixed with cooking-related OA (HOA + COA), fresh biomass-burning OA (BBOA), oxidized biomass-burning-influenced OA (OOA-BB), and highly oxidized OA (OOA); in particular the oxidized BBOA contributes ~80% of the total BBOA loadings. Both fresh and oxidized BBOA exhibited apparent diurnal cycles with peak concentration at night, when the high ambient relative humidity and low temperature facilitated the partitioning of semi-volatile organic species into the particle phase. The fresh BBOA concentrations for the harvests are estimated as BBOA = 15.1 × (m/z 60–0.26% × OA), where m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) 60 is a marker for levoglucosan-like species. The (BBOA + OOA-BB)/ΔCO, (ΔCO is the CO minus background CO), decreases as a function of f44 (fraction of m/z 44 in OA signal), which might indicate that BBOA was oxidized to less volatile OOA, e.g., more aged and low volatility OOA (LV-OOA) during the aging process. Analysis of air mass back trajectories indicates that the high BB pollutant concentrations are linked to the air masses from the western (summer harvest) and southern (autumn harvest) areas.

One generally considers the conducting filament in ZnO-based valence change memristors (VCMs) as an aggregation of oxygen vacancies. Recently, the transmission electron microscopy observation showed the filament is composed of a Zn-dominated ZnOx. In this study, careful analysis of the temperature dependence of the ON state resistance demonstrates that the formation/rupture of a Zn filament is responsible for the resistive switching in ZnO VCMs. Cu/ZnO/Pt memristive devices can be operated in both VCM and ECM (electrochemical metallization memristor) modes by forming different metal filaments including Cu, Zn and a coexistence of these two filaments. The device operation can be reversibly switched between ECM and VCM modes. The dual mode operation capability of Cu/ZnO/Pt provides a wide choice of select devices for constructing memristive crossbar architectures.