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Establishing species identity in wildlife forensics and anthropology is pre-requisite fo prosecution of the legal cases and successful implementation of the regional laws and acts. However, identifying osteological collection, e.g., bones, skulls and skeleton of phylogenetically closely related species is a daunting task due to the taxonomic similarities and shared attributes among the species. In this context, fragmented samples like bones, tooth, and skulls are crucial source of evidences for undertaking any forensic assignments particularly in cases of mass fatality scenario. The present study established various metric and non-metric parameters among the skulls of human and non-human primates indigenous to India. The metric parameters and the linear measurements of teeth were dimorphic and found to be used as potential keys for species identification. The inter-canine distance of both the arches varied significantly among the species. In the non-metric parameters, the postorbital constriction and the supra-orbital ridge anatomy was found to be the best distinguishing factor. This study has introduced a baseline reference dataset of paired cranio-dental parameters to distinguish between the skulls of human and non-human primates.

Identifying species from various confiscated material is a prerequisite and of utmost importance to extend support to the law enforcement agencies in curbing illegal wildlife trade and prosecution of the cases in the court of law. Cranio and odontometric measurements have been used in developing characters for ascertaining species identity from the osteological specimens. In the present study, we established baseline data by measuring the cranial and odontometric variables in differentiating the skulls of three big cats of India, i.e. tiger, leopard and lion. The skulls of tigers were the largest and weighed heaviest among three felids and the lateral profiles revealed very sharp maxilla-naso-frontal suture angle. The skulls of lions were relatively intermediate in size having obtuse maxilla-naso-frontal suture angle with relatively rounded appearance. Leopard skulls were smallest having a prominent canine grooves and convex nasal profiles. The multivariate, principal component analysis using the selected cranio-mandibular measurement data successfully differentiated the three species. The findings of the present study will aid in forensic identification of the confiscated cranium/parts or tooth of these three big cats and open new avenues to examine the museum specimens with the reported cranio-mandibular measurements.

Abtsract Background Tobacco is one of the leading causes of premature death around the world. In Nepal, tobacco kills 15,000 people every year. Men are also the primary users of tobacco. This study aimed to discern the prevalence and associated factors of tobacco use among Nepalese men aged 15–49 years. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. This study used data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. A total of 4059 study participants aged 15–49 years were included in the final analysis. The primary outcome of interest in this study was ‘tobacco use', which was further categorized into smoked and smokeless tobacco use. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify determinants of tobacco use, smoking, and smokeless tobacco use. Results The prevalence of overall tobacco, smoked tobacco, and smokeless tobacco use were 52.3% (95% CI: 50.0–54.6), 27.3% (95% CI: 24.5–30.3), and 40.2% (95% CI: 38.0–42.4), respectively. The prevalence of tobacco use was significantly higher among the elderly, manual workers, those of lower educational status, those of lower economic status, and residents of Province No. 2. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, older age, poor education, poor economic status, and residence in the Terai region were each found to be significantly associated with tobacco use. Conclusion As one out of every two Nepalese men is a tobacco consumer, pertinent public health programs need to increase advocacy against tobacco use among the mass population. Tobacco control programs should also target high-risk groups when designing interventions.

Overweight and obesity are considered major public health concerns all over the world. They have the potential to increase the risk of developing non-communicable diseases in reproductive age women, increasing their risk of pregnancy related complications and adverse birth outcome. This study was carried out to identify the trend of prevalence of overweight and obesity, along with their determinants, among reproductive age women (15–49 years) in Nepal. Data were taken from the nationally representative 2006, 2011 and 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHSs). Women were considered to be overweight or obese when their BMI was 23.0–27.5 kg/m2 or ≥27.5 kg/m2, respectively. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed, with significance taken at p

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the gender differences in hypertension awareness, antihypertensive use and blood pressure (BP) control among the adult Nepalese population (≥18 years) using data from the nationally representative Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. A weighted sample of 13,393 adults (5620 males and 7773 females) was included in the final analysis. After conducting descriptive analyses with the selective explanatory variable, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the outcome variable and the explanatory variables. The strength of the association was expressed in adjusted odds with 95% confidence intervals. A higher proportion of women had their BP checked (87.7% females vs 73.0% males, pp

Background: Several studies, as well as licensing bodies, have found that poor communication skill is the most frequent underlying cause of complaints against physicians and malpractice allegations. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to know the perception of the interns as well as the faculty about the communication Skills Training Programme. Methodology: The workshop was conducted to train the interns in communication skills. To know the effect of sensitization program; feedback, of the students and the faculty members as the assessors, was taken after the completion of the posting. Results: Most of the students and faculty agreed on the feasibility of the workshop and appreciated its contribution in medical education. In spite of the known challenges, it was found to be a great approach to ensure it as a part of the curriculum. Conclusions: The perception of the interns as well as the faculty was found to be favorable in all aspects of the introduction of communication Skills Training Programme.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious pubic health concern and known to have the adverse effects on mother’s perinatal wellbeing; an d child’s physical and cognitive development. There were limited literatures on PPD in Bangladesh, especially in urban slum context. The aim of this study was to assess the burden and risk factors of PPD among the urban slum women. A cross-sectional study was conducted between November-December 2017 in three urban slums on 376 women within first 12 months of postpartum. A validated Bangla version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to measure the depression status. Respondent’s socio-economic characteristics and other risk factors were collected with structured validated questionaire by trained interviewers. Unadjusted Prevalence Ratio (PR) and Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR) were estimated with Generalized Linear Model(GLM) and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) respectively to identify the risk factors of PPD. The prevalence of PPD was 39.4% within first 12 months following the child birth. Job involvement after child delivery (APR=1.9, 95% CI= 1.1, 3.3), job loss due to pregnancy (APR=1.5, 95% CI= 1.0, 2.1), history of miscarriage or still birth or child death (APR=1.4, 95% CI= 1.0, 2.0), unintended pregnancy (APR=1.8, 95% CI= 1.3, 2.5), management of delivery cost by borrowing, selling or mortgaging assets (APR=1.3, 95% CI= 0.9, 1.9), depressive symptom during pregnancy (APR=2.5, 95% CI= 1.7, 3.8) and intimate partner violence (APR=2.0, 95% CI= 1.2, 3.3), were identified as risk factors. PPD was not associated with poverty, mother in law and any child related factors. The burden of postpartum depression was high in the urban slum of Bangladesh. Maternal mental health services should be integrated with existing maternal health services. Research is required for the innovation of effective, low cost and culturally appropriate PPD case management and preventive intervention in urban slum of Bangladesh.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious pubic health concern and known to have the adverse effects on mother’s perinatal wellbeing; and child’s physical and cognitive development. There were limited literatures on PPD in Bangladesh, especially in urban slum context. The aim of this study was to assess the burden and risk factors of PPD among the urban slum women. A cross-sectional study was conducted between November-December 2017 in three urban slums on 376 women within first 12 months of postpartum. A validated Bangla version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to measure the depression status. Respondent’s socio-economic characteristics and other risk factors were collected with structured validated questionaire by trained interviewers. Unadjusted Prevalence Ratio (PR) and Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR) were estimated with Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) respectively to identify the risk factors of PPD. The prevalence of PPD was 39.4% within first 12 months following the child birth. Job involvement after child delivery (APR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1, 3.3), job loss due to pregnancy (APR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0, 2.1), history of miscarriage or still birth or child death (APR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0, 2.0), unintended pregnancy (APR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.3, 2.5), management of delivery cost by borrowing, selling or mortgaging assets (APR = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.9, 1.9), depressive symptom during pregnancy (APR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.7, 3.8) and intimate partner violence (APR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.3), were identified as risk factors. PPD was not associated with poverty, mother in law and any child related factors. The burden of postpartum depression was high in the urban slum of Bangladesh. Maternal mental health services should be integrated with existing maternal health services. Research is required for the innovation of effective, low cost and culturally appropriate PPD case management and preventive intervention in urban slum of Bangladesh.

Background: Child birth is a physiological process which can become pathological due to the adoption of unhygienic condition of delivery practices and consequently affect the health and survival of the newborn. The objective of the study was to assess the behavior of pregnant women regarding delivery practices. To assess the relation of maternal education and delivery practices. Design of the Study was a community based cross sectional study. Methods: Field practice area of Rural Health Training Centre, Department of Community Medicine, RMC&H Bareilly. Participants were 110 pregnant women. Multistage random sampling method was used. Statistical analysis was SPSS version 21 used to analyse the data through implementing percentages. Results: Majority of pregnant women (70.9%) delivered at home. Among total home deliveries, 12 (15.4%) deliveries were conducted by trained dais. Dais washed their hands only in 33.3% of home deliveries. Clean surface was used in 16.70 % deliveries. The cord was cut with new blade in 29.5% of deliveries. Sterile cord tie was used in 14.1% deliveries. Nothing was applied on the cord of 15.4% deliveries. Delivery practices were found to be more satisfactory among those women who were educated at least upto high school standard and this difference was found to be highly significant statistically (

Context: Nutritional status is a sensitive indicator of community health and nutrition. There is a growing realization that adequate nutrition is a necessary first step in the improvement of quality of life. Malnutrition and infection are connected by a vicious cycle. It is one of the greatest international health problems and the biggest challenges being faced today. Thus, to know the magnitude of undernutrition among preschool children and to find out the sensitive tool for detection of undernutrition, this study was conducted among children under - 5 years of age. Aims: To assess the validity of the nutritional indices for screening malnutrition. Settings and Designs: The study was a community-based, cross-sectional survey carried out in the catchment area of Rural Health Training Center, Rohilkhand Medical College, Bareilly. Subjects and Methods: Various anthropometric criteria like, Kanawati, McLaren, Rao, Dugdale and weight for age according to the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) (modified Gomez) classification were used to define nutritional status. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (sensitivity vs. 1 - specificity) were calculated for all the above mentioned indices. Results: Age dependent criteria such as IAP (48.2% malnourished) and McLaren (48.3% malnourished) were followed by the age independent criteria such as Kanawati (74.3% malnourished), Dugdale (45.5% malnourished), and Rao (33.1% malnourished) to classify the mild to moderate malnutrition. ROC showed Dugdale as the best index for the judgement of malnutrition showing maximum area under the curve. Conclusions: Malnutrition being a public health problem leads to morbidity which is a vicious cycle and needs proper attention to curb its detrimental effect on the children.

Background: Stress is a state of an individual that results from the interaction of the individual with the environment which is perceived as threatening or threat to the well-being. Medical students are expected to learn and master a huge amount of knowledge, attitudes and skills for which they have to work hard which in turn put them under a lot of stress. The present study was conducted with the objectives to assess and quantify the perceived stress, stressors and their severity and to assess the stressors associated with stress. Methods: The present cross sectional study was under taken at Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, India. The study was conducted during October - November 2014. All students pursuing under-graduation in Allopathy Medicine (MBBS) were invited to participate in this study. Perceived stress was measured using the perceived stress scale (PSS-10). The students were asked to indicate if any of the 29 stressors had been affecting them. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to access the stressors significantly influencing the stress. Results: 48.0% of the students were found to be stressed. Most frequently occurring academic sources of stress, psychosocial, and health related stressors reported by students as often/always were performance in examination (40.3%), lack of entertainment in the institution (48.5%) and quality of food in mess (50.7%). Feeling of adoption of wrong carrier field, frequency of examination and lack of time for recreation, lack of entertainment in the institution and sleep disorder were found to be significantly associated with stress. Conclusions: Medical education renders significant amount of stress to the students. There is need for measures to reduce such stress and future research.

Background: Malnutrition is one of the most important health problems throughout the world, particularly in developing countries, and has undesirable effects on the mental and physical health of children. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to find out the prevalence of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age (under-five children) and epidemiological determinants associated with it. Materials and Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on under-five children in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India belonging to the field practice area of the Rural Health and Training Centre of the Department of Community Medicine of Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, applying multistage simple random sampling methodology. Data were collected through measuring weight and height, structural schedules, anthropometric nutritional indicators, and face-to-face interviews with mothers. Malnutrition was measured on the basis of the indices underweight, wasting, and stunting. The obtained data were entered and analyzed using SPSS. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied as the test of significance. Results: The prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting was 33.11%, 46.88%, and 10.44%, respectively. The total prevalence of malnutrition was 57.11%. Malnutrition was found to be significantly associated with age (0-12 months and 25-36 months), sex, socioeconomic status, and maternal education. Conclusion: Malnutrition was found to be more in children aged less than 1 year and in those aged 2-3 years. It was more common in female children, in children of low socioeconomic status, in children from nuclear families, and among those whose mothers were illiterate.

Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly among women, is increasing in Nepal. Previous studies in the South Asia have found television watching to be a risk factor for overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age. However, this association had not been studied in the context of Nepal. This study aims to identify the association between frequency of television watching and overweight and obesity among Nepalese women of reproductive age. Methods This cross-sectional study utilized the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 (NDHS 2016) data. A total weighted sample of 6,031 women were included in the final analyses. The women were 15–49 years of age and were either not pregnant or had not delivered a child within the two months prior to the survey. Body mass index (BMI) was the primary outcome of this study, which was categorized using an Asia-specific cutoff value. Normal and/or underweight was defined as a BMI

Objective: 1. To find out the prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) on the basis of presence of bitot’s spot and conjunctival xerosis among rural school going adolescents of District Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2. To identify the associated factors and to suggest the suitable measures to prevent VAD among them. Study Design: Cross sectional study.

Background Septicaemia is a leading cause of mortality in ICU patients. Any delay in diagnosis and /or antibiotic treatment have been shown to increase in mortality.We planned to study the prevalence, bacteriological profile of septicaemia along with their antibiogram in patients of different ICUs in a tertiary care Hospital, Northern region. Materials and Methods Blood culture was performed on total of 223 blood samples from 218 patients suspected for septicaemic episodes using Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. The isolates were identified by standard microbiological techniques and their antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer method. Results Bacterial growth was seen in 54 samples (54 episodes of septicaemia) from 49(22.47%) patients (40, 4, 5 from Neonatal ICU, Medicine ICU, Surgical ICU respectively). The commonest isolate was Staphylococcus aureus (45.45%) [80% in NICU, 12% in MICU & 8% in SICU], followed by Klebsiella (30.9%) [100% from NICU], and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.1%) [40% in NICU, 20% in MICU & 40% in SICU]. The Gram positive isolates showed high sensitivity against teicoplanin (96%), vancomycin (93%), netillin (76%), erythromycin (72%), & gentamicin (72%), The Gram negative isolates showed high sensitivity against imipenem & amikacin. Conclusion As prevalence of septicaemia and its etiology varies among hospitals, a rational protocol is warranted to manage sepsis of critically ill patients based on adequate knowledge of sensitivity pattern of prevalent causative agents. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v3i4.9516

An improved method for the synthesis of some new dihydropyrimidines from aromatic aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and thiourea with significant enhancement in reaction rates, short reaction time (4–6 h), good to excellent yields (70–93%), and ambient temperature using molecular iodine as catalyst is described. The biological evaluation revealed that the newly synthesized compounds and exhibited good antimicrobial activity and moderate antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV.

Heterosubstituted chalcones and oxopyrimidines were synthesized by the reaction of 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde 1 and different aryl acetophenone in the presence of catalytic amount of 40% alkali to give (2E)-3-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones 2a–l. Compounds 2a–l on reaction with urea in the presence of basic catalyst such as KOH to give 6-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4-aryl pyrimidin-2(1H)-ones 3a–l. Their IR, 1H-NMR, MASS spectral data, and elemental analysis were in accord with assigned structure. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).

Objectives: To assess the immunization status of children in the age group 12-23 months and to know the reasons for non-immunization of children . Method: - A cross-sectional survey was conducted using WHO’s thirty cluster sampling technique in rural and urban areas of Bareilly district from August 2008 to January 2009. Rural areas were divided into blocks and blocks were divided into villages. Urban areas were divided into wards. Villages and wards were taken as clusters. During the house-to-house survey, a total of 240 children of age 12-23 months were included in the present study. Result : only around 50% of children were fully immunized while 27.5% were partially and 22.5 % were not immunized at all. Immunization coverage was highest for BCG (62.5%) and lowest for measles (39.2%). Dropout rates were 37.3%, 19.7% and 18.2% for BCG to measles, DPT 1 to DPT 3 and OPV 1 to OPV 3 respectively. Vitamin A prophylaxis showed a decline from 38.3 % to 16.7%. Amongst the various reasons for not immunizing the child, the most common in both rural (78.7%) and urban areas (28.6%) was lack of awareness for the need of vaccination. However in rural areas lack of availability of services (87.2%) was the major cause for not immunizing the child. Conclusion: The present study shows a low coverage of immunization and Vitamin A prophylaxis in both rural and urban areas. Important reasons for non-immunization were lack of awareness about vaccination and availability of immunization services in rural areas and urban areas. Key Words: Immunization coverage; Children between 12-23 months; Vitamin A Prophylaxis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v1i2.5091 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2011;1 (2):47-50

The mental health of the child affects his physical health and the learning process. The present study was conducted to study the health status and etiological factors among 58 mentally challenged children in a school for the mentally challenged at Sangamner. Majority of mentally challenged children (68.0%) were in 5-9 years age group. Most of them had moderate retardation (43.0%). Down’s syndrome (17.23%) was commonest, followed by Fragile X syndrome (6.89%). In 70.68% children no clinical syndrome was associated with mental retardation. 60.35% children were offspring of consanguineous marriages. In 63.8% children the causes for mental retardation were idiopathic, and genetic causes were found in 29.31% children. For mentally challenged children better quality of life should be provided by disability limitation and suitable rehabilitation.

Background: About half the world’s population is living in countries/territories where dog rabies still exists and is potentially exposed to rabies. In 2005 there were 12,700 symptomatically identifiable furious rabies deaths in India; taken as a whole 1.1 deaths per lac population; mostly in males (62%), in rural areas (91%), and in children below the age of 15 years (50%). The aims and objectives of the study were to ascertain the knowledge about the first aid and vaccination measures and to assess the awareness about management, dressing and suturing of wound following dog bite among students of a management college in the Western Uttar Pradesh. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a professional institute of Bareilly district selected by simple random sampling between August 2016- January2017, data was collected with the help of a questionnaire related to the assessment of knowledge regarding wound management. Results: 96% believe in proper wound management of animal bite, 37% think dressing of wound is necessary, 40% think immediate suturing of wound is important, where as 90% study subjects were aware of Anti-rabies vaccine. Conclusions: Awareness assessment about the wound management is almost satisfactory. Since, majority of subjects know the right measure of first-aid and believe in proper wound management after dog bite along with the knowledge about anti-rabies vaccine.

Background: In recent Annual Health Survey conducted in India from 2010 to 2013 covering all the 284 districts (as per 2011 census) of 8 Empowered Action Group (EAG) States (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Rajasthan) and Assam, only 21% of breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding children are fed in accordance with the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) recommendations thus this study was taken up to evaluate the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) recommendations practices in Bareilly district of U.P. Objective is to evaluate the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in rural area of Bareilly district, U.P.Methods: Community based Cross sectional study was conducted using 30 by 7 cluster sampling technique in rural area of Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh from August 2017 to September 2017 in all children of age 1 year residing in the study area. Sample size was 210.The results were compiled and analyzed in Epi info-7.2.Results: In this study­ 69.5% children were put to breast feeding with in 1 hour of birth. Prelacteal feed was given to 20.5% of studied population.Conclusions: There have been considered developments in the status of IYCF practices in Bareilly as compared to National Family Health Survey-3 at national level yet the scope for further progress is substantial.

4-(2-hydroxyphenylamino)-pent-3-en-2-one (HPAP) was synthesized and single crystals were grown by the solution growth technique using methanol as a solvent. The crystals having orthorhombic symmetry were characterized by single crystal XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC and dielectric studies. Very less variation in the value of dielectric constant is found for different frequencies of applied field. The crystals were exhibiting positive photoconductivity and poor NLO responses. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Refresher training is given to the health volunteers/workers for updating and upgrading the knowledge & skills to deliver comprehensive and integrated services and to increase female involvement in the healthcare delivery system and also to develop self- help mechanisms at the community & family level. This study was carried out to understand the effect of Refresher training course on the knowledge and skills of Urban Community Health Volunteers (UCHVs) on Maternal and Child Health (MCH). The course was conducted by the Manipal College of Medical Sciences at the Manipal Teaching Hospital and Manipal School of Nursing, Pokhara, Nepal on seven days during the month of August, September and October' 2005. The Manipal Teaching Hospital is a tertiary care hospital catering for a large population in a hilly area in the western development region of Nepal. The numbers of Urban Community health volunteers were 56. Semi structured questionnaire with precoded closed and open ended questions in Maternal and child health were used before and after the training period. After the completion of the course, there was a significant increase in knowledge and skills of the volunteers (Z value=13.3, p

Background: Bronchogenic carcinoma is the most common cancer in Nepal. There is no information available about the incidence and clinicopathological features of bronchogenic carcinoma from Nepal. We aimed to study the clinicopathological features of primary bronchogenic carcinoma treated in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A retrospective case-series analysis of 136 cases of primary bronchogenic carcinoma treated between September 2001 and August 2005 in a tertiary care hospital of western Nepal was performed. Results: The median age of the male and female patients was 67 (interquartile range 60, 71.75) and 66 (interquartile range 60, 70) years, respectively. The maximum number of patients was in the 60–69 year age group. One-hundred and thirteen (83.1%) of these patients were smokers. Among the male patients, 83.3% (60/72) were smokers and females 82.8% (53/64) were smokers. The male to female ratio of the patients was 1.1: 1. The most common histological type was squamous-cell carcinoma (51.5%), followed by small-cell carcinoma (17.6%) and adenocarcinoma (8.1%). Ninety-eight (72.1%) patients were diagnosed in late stages of the disease (IIIb and IV). Conclusion: The clinicopathological features are in accordance with reports from other studies. The results of the present study indicate that bronchogenic carcinoma has a higher average age incidence, higher proportion of female patients and higher proportion of diagnosis of the disease in late stages. The higher rate of bronchogenic carcinoma among females indicates scope for further research into risk factors. Intervention measures for prevention and early diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma are to be undertaken.

The new compounds 1-aryl-3-{1-phenyl-3-[p (methylthio)phenyl]pyrazol-4-yl}-2-propen-1-ones 2a?l were prepared by the condensation of 1-phenyl-3-[p (methylthio)phenyl]-4-formylpyrazole 1 with different aryl ketones. Compounds 2a?l in reaction with hydrazine hydrate yielded 3-aryl-5-{1-phenyl-3-[p-(methylthio)phenyl]pyrazol-4 yl}-4,5-dihydro-(1H)-pyrazoles 3a?l and in the presence of hydrazine hydrate in glacial acetic acid gave 1-acetyl-3-aryl 5-{1-phenyl-3-[p-(methylthio)phenyl]pyrazol-4-yl}-4,5 dihydro-(1H)-pyrazoles 4a?l. These compounds were tested in vitro for their antitubercular and antimicrobial activities. The in vitro antimycobacterial activity of the newly synthesized compounds was investigated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV (ATCC 27294) in BACTEC 12B medium using the ALAMAR radiometric system. The antimicrobial in vitro activity was tested against Bacillus coccous, Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. The structures of the synthesized compounds were assigned on the basis of elemental analysis IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral data.

The synthesis of a group of thiohydantoins and thiobarbiturates derived from 2-N-arylthiopyridocarbonyl-3,5-dichlorobenzo(b)thiophene is described. The structures of the new compounds are supported by IR, 1 H-NMR and mass spectral data. These com- pounds were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activities. Keyword: thiohydantoins, thiobarbitones, antimicrobial activity.

Background: PBL is an educational approach in which complex problems serve as the context and the stimulus for learning. In PBL classes, students work in teams to solve one or more complex and compelling "real world" problems. They develop skills in collecting, evaluating, and synthesizing resources as they first define and then propose a solution to a multi‑faceted problem. The objectives of the study were to acknowledge the students about problem based learning; to assess the effectiveness and outcome of the teaching methodologies i.e. didactic lectures versus PBL; recommendation of incorporation of PBL or traditional teaching method as a teaching tool. Methods: Medical undergraduate (UG) students admitted in RMCH, Bareilly, India. A total of 112 students divided into three batches (36, 33 and 33 students) participated in a systematically conducted PBL session in community Medicine department during the middle of their academic year after having experienced at least 4 months of traditional teaching in community medicine. Perception of the faculty was also taken on Likert’s scale. Responses to the items in the questionnaire was scored as follows: traditional much better (1), traditional better (2), both the same (3) PBL better (4), or PBL much better (5). Appropriate Statistical analysis using appropriate tests will be done.Results: Information gathering and student-teacher relationship is more through traditional method of teaching as compared to PBL which is more in favour of development of interest, motivation, learning efficiency, curiosity, questioning attitude, interpersonal relationship, independent thinking and reasoning.. Conclusions: It can be very well included that introduction of PBL as the teaching modality among the students can improve the quality of medical education as per the evaluation done through the introduction of Likert’scale.

Background: It is postulated that memory of basic sciences in medical curriculum and its correlation with clinical work among undergraduate students is less than expected, which drives into the dire necessity to vertically integrate the subjects. The aims and objectives of the study were to assess the impact of vertical integration of teaching among medical undergraduate students of a medical college and to assess the perceptions of the medical undergraduate students about the vertical integration of teaching during lecture classes in a medical college.Methods: Ninety six out of 119 second MBBS students had undergone vertically integrated sessions by six departments of a medical institute on assessment and management of diarrhoea using four interactive methods and two traditional teaching methods during April 2015 to September 2015 among the M.B.B.S. students of Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly. Inclusion criteria were all the M.B.B.S. 2nd year students of 2013 batch were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were the M.B.B.S. students who were absent on the day of study were excluded. Competency of students was assessed using competency based assessment methods i.e. OSCE, OSPE, DOPS, SAQ and MCQs and their perceptions recorded using Likert’s Scale. Comparative analysis of pre and post-tests was done using paired t-test and ANOVA.Results: The difference between the mean value of the marks obtained by the medical students using the five assessment tools was found to be statistically significant (p value being

Background: New teaching-learning methods and assessment tools can be used to enhance the learning among the medical students. But their views are important for the faculty members who are holding the decision making posts.Methods: The duration of teaching session was 2 hours 5 minutes using six teaching-learning methods. Out of total 119 students the perception and level of awareness of 96 students were recorded about the six teaching-learning methods and five assessment tools in the pre and post-tests. Descriptive analysis was done. The students paired “t” and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis and “p” value

The formation of dihydropyrimidines (IV) and (VII) from dicarbonyl compounds, aromatic aldehydes, and thiourea derivatives occurs with significant enhancement with regard to reaction rates, reaction time, and yield by using molecular iodine as the catalyst.

Introduction: The factual knowledge says that interactivity leads to better learning outcomes. MCI has recommended interactive and innovative teaching but it is rare to find studies that have emphasized on faculty development and so this research work is a step-stone in medical education. Aim and objectives: To compare the educational effectiveness of interactive lectures with didactic lectures as well as to acknowledge the preferred mode of teaching in a large group through the perception of students and faculties. Methods: Randomized controlled Trial with cross-over was conducted among the 7 th semester students (112) in RMCH, Bareilly for a period of 3 months. Each group (56) were taught interactive (by Think-Pair-Share, buzz groups, peer instructions, questioning) and didactic lectures respectively with cross-over. Pre and Post tests were conducted in each session using MCQs. Feedback from the students (112) and faculty (11) were filled subsequently using Likert’s scale. The data was analyzed by using the SPSS and P values

Introduction: Small group teaching has grown in popularity in medical education as it offers a dynamic and collaborative setting for learning. It improves the retention of knowledge and students thinking. Conflicting reports in literature regarding effectiveness of small group teaching vs didactic lectures. Aim and objectives: 1. To assess the effectiveness of small group tutorials versus didactic lectures 2. To know the Students' and faculties’ perceptions regarding small group tutorials. Methods: Eighty final year MBBS students with informed consent were divided randomly into two groups. Two topics on head injury were taken in two sessions. In which pre and post assessment was done based on MCQs. In first session, one group was subjected to didactic lecture and the other group to tutorials followed by the cross-over in the second session. The same group of teachers took the didactic lectures and tutorials respectively. Perception of faculty based on likert scale taken. The data analysed in SPSS software using paired t-test. Results: There is a significant statistical difference in the pre-test and the post-test scores of each modality of teaching on the application of paired t-test (p-value

Background: Good nutrition is not only a determinant of development but also an outcome. Anthropometry is an accepted method for defining the nutritional status of children, which require relatively simple equipment, and can be carried out by non-technical personnel after a short period of training and standardization. However, the standard against which nutritional status of the sample population should be determined has been controversial. Objective: To assess nutritional status among under-five children based on the nutritional indices in rural area of Bareilly for screening undernutrition. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the catchment area of Rural Health and Training Center in Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital among 398 under-five children using a schedule to find the nutritional indices such as Jeffie’s ratio, Arnold index, and weight for age according to IAP (modified Gomez) classification to define nutritional status. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves (sensitivity vs. 1  specificity) were calculated for all the abovementioned indices. Result: Using height for age, Arnold index, and Jeffie’s ratio as the nutritional indices, 63%, 51.7%, and 26.1% children were malnourished, respectively. When the sensitivity and specificity of the nutritional indices were considered, maximum sensitivity was achieved using height for age as the criteria while maximum specificity attained by the use of Arnold index. When using ROC curve, height for age index was the best assessment tool for malnutrition. The correlation between the various indices taking IAP as the gold standard was calculated; P-values were 0.004, 0.000, and 0.000, respectively (

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Nepal. HIV co-infection has further added a serious challenge to control TB. An early diagnosis and treatment of TB in HIV infected individuals can help reduce not only the morbidity and mortality associated in this high risk group but also to control the TB burden in Nepal.Clinical and bacteriological examination for pulmonary TB was carried out in 184 HIV positive persons from the community in Pokhara. Questionnaire was used to screen for symptoms and collect participants' demographic information and potential risk factors for TB.Eighty (43.5%) sero-positive participants were young adult (21-30 years), followed by 71 (38.6%) middle aged (31-40 years) persons. Eleven participants were found to have Mycobacterium tuberculosis in their sputum, giving an overall prevalence of tuberculosis of 5.97%. All 11 cases were detected by Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) culture, of which only three cases were detected by direct microscopy of AFB stained sputum smear. The majority of TB/HIV patients were asymptomatic with low AFB smear positivity. No significant association was found between TB and risk factors like ARV status, common clinical features of tuberculosis and smoking habit. However, significant association was found between the alcohol consumption and TB (X2=4.11, p0.05).High prevalence of tuberculosis (5.97%) was found among HIV infected persons. Alcohol consumption was associated with the development of tuberculosis. Majority of the studied subjects were asymptomatic for common signs and symptoms of TB. Weight loss was observed in 43% of the studied subjects followed by chest pain (39.2%), loss of appetite (34.8%), fever (34.8%) and night sweat (26.1%). Only 27% of the TB cases were found to be smear-positive.

Heterosubstituted chalcones and oxopyrimidines were synthesized by the reaction of 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde 1 and different aryl acetophenone in the presence of catalytic amount of 40% alkali to give (2E)-3-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones 2a–l. Compounds 2a–l on reaction with urea in the presence of basic catalyst such as KOH to give 6-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4-aryl pyrimidin-2(1H)-ones 3a–l. Their IR, 1H-NMR, MASS spectral data, and elemental analysis were in accord with assigned structure. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).

The mental health of the child affects his physical health and the learning process. The present study was conducted to study the health status and etiological factors among 58 mentally challenged children in a school for the mentally challenged at Sangamner. Majority of mentally challenged children (68.0%) were in 5-9 years age group. Most of them had moderate retardation (43.0%). Down’s syndrome (17.23%) was commonest, followed by Fragile X syndrome (6.89%). In 70.68% children no clinical syndrome was associated with mental retardation. 60.35% children were offspring of consanguineous marriages. In 63.8% children the causes for mental retardation were idiopathic, and genetic causes were found in 29.31% children. For mentally challenged children better quality of life should be provided by disability limitation and suitable rehabilitation. KEY WORDS: Mentally challenged; Consanguineous marriage

The series of compounds 6-carbethoxy-5-aryl-3-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxy phenyl)-2-cyclohexenones 2a-j are obtained from the (2E)-1-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-aryl-prop-2-en-1-ones 1a-j by Michael addition of ethyl acetoacetate, followed by internal Claisen condensation. Reaction of 2a-j with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding 6-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-aryl-2,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-3H-indazol-3-ones 3a-j. The constitution of all the synthesized compounds have been established by elemental analyses, IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectral data. All the compounds have been screened for their antimicrobial activities and compounds 2a-j have been tested for antitubercular activity.

2-Amino-3-cyano-6-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-aryl-pyridines 2a-i arc synthesized by the reaction of compounds (2E)-3-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-one 1a-i with malononitrile in the presence of ammonium acetate. Condensation of compounds 1a-i with malononitrile in pyridine has yielded 2-amino-3-cyano-6-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-arylpyrans 3a-i. The constitution of all the synthesized compounds have been cstablished by elemental analyses, IR, 1 H NMR, and mass spectral data. All the compounds arc screened for their antitubercular and antimicrobial activities.

2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (1) was prepared from 2-aminopyridine through multi-step reaction. Compound 1 reacts with different aryl ketones in the presence of catalytic amount of 40% KOH to give (2E)-3-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]-1-arylprop-2-en-l-ones (2a-j), which on cyclization with urea and thiourea in the presence of basic catalyst like KOH afforded 6-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-yl]-4-aryl-pyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (3a-j) and 6-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-yl]-4-aryl-pyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones (4a-j). The antimicrobial evaluations have been performed for their antibacterial activity and antifungal activities.

A wide range of biological activities are associated with 1,4-dihydropyridines Individually or in combination. The synthesis of N-aryl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbmethoxy-4-[5'-(m-chloro-p-flourophenyl)-2'-furyl]-1,4-dihydropyridines (6a-J) and N-aryl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbmethoxy-4-[5'-(m-chloro-p-flourophenyl)-2'-furyl]-1,4-dihydropyrldines (7a-j) was under-taken with hope that they may be biologically active molecules with improved activity, less toxicity and undesirable side effects. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectral data. All newly synthesized compounds were tested for their antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 RV ATCC 27294, antibacterial activity against different Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria and antifungal activity.

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestations among school children in Kaski District of Western Nepal. A total of 2091 stool samples were collected from school children selected from 11 rural and eight urban schools. The stool samples were examined for evidence of parasitic infections by direct microscopic examination. Prevalence of intestinal parasites was 21.3%. There was a significant difference in prevalence between urban (18.7%) and rural (24.1%) school samples. Giardia lamblia (13.2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (2.1%) and Entamoeba histolytica (1.7%) were the commonest parasites isolated. The results indicate that intestinal parasitic infestation among school children in the study area is mainly water-borne. The burden of parasitic infestations among the school children, coupled with the poor sanitary conditions in the schools, should be regarded as an issue of public health priority. This strongly supports the need for school health programmes that will involve periodic deworming, health education and improvement of school sanitation. Keywords: Prevalence, intestine, parasite, children, Nepal Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research Vol. 4 (1) 2005: pp. 78-82