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Consumers perceive pork products from local breeds reared in extensive systems positively because of their specific quality properties and regional identity. The sensory, nutritional and technological qualities of these products depend, among other things, on pig production, especially its climatic conditions and the availability of feed resources, which can influence traits of muscle and fat tissue. The present study (part 1) was part of a larger project that assessed the influence of the finishing season and feeding resources on carcass and tissue traits and the quality of meat and dry-cured ham from Gascon pigs in an extensive system. Following the specifications of the Protected Designation of Origin "Noir de Bigorre", castrated Gascon males were reared on rangelands (grassland and forest areas) and received a supplementary diet from 5 to 6 months of age until slaughter at a minimum of 12 months of age and ca. 170 kg live weight. Three finishing seasons were considered as follows: Winter (n = 18), Spring (n = 22) and Autumn (n = 23). To estimate specific effects of season on productive and quality traits and avoid bias due to effects of genes known to influence these traits, polymorphisms in the RYR1, PRKAG3, MC4R and LEPR genes were included in the analysis models. The finishing season did not influence growth rate. Compared to Winter pigs, Spring and Autumn pigs had slightly lower carcass fatness (P 0.05), higher ultimate pH and redder and darker color of the Longissimus muscle (LM) (P 0.01). Loin drip loss was low overall, but was higher for Spring pigs, whereas cooking loss and shear force were similar among seasons. Spring pigs tended to have the lowest LM lipid content, whereas LM myoglobin content remained unaffected. Autumn pigs had lower potential of lipid oxidation in LM than Winter and Spring pigs (P 0.01), but muscle metabolic traits assessed via glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities did not differ among seasons. The finishing season modified the backfat fatty acid (FA) profile, with a lower polyunsaturated FA percentage in Autumn pigs than Winter or Spring pigs (P 0.001), even though the saturated and monounsaturated FA percentages did not differ. In particular, Spring pigs had the lowest n-6:n-3 and C18:2:C18:3 ratios (P 0.001), as a result of grazing. Overall, Spring and Autumn finishing seasons seem more favorable to technological and sensory pork attributes, with an additional positive effect of Spring finishing on pork nutritional value.

International audience; The quality of pork products from local breeds in extensive systems depends, among other things, on pig production. In particular, the variability in climatic conditions and feeding resources may influence the properties of tissues at slaughter and the quality of pork and processed products. The present study (part 2) was part of a larger project that assessed the influence of the finishing season and feeding resources on carcass and tissue traits and the quality of meat and dry-cured ham from Gascon pigs in an extensive system. Following the specifications of the Protected Designation of Origin “Noir de Bigorre”, castrated Gascon males were reared on rangelands (grassland and forest areas) and received a supplementary diet from 5 to 6 months of age until slaughter at a minimum of 12 months and ca. 170 kg BW. Three finishing seasons were considered: Winter (n = 18), Spring (n = 22) and Autumn (n = 23). To estimate the specific effects of season on quality traits and avoid bias due to effects of genes known to influence these traits, polymorphisms in the RYR1, PRKAG3, MC4R and LEPR genes were included in the analysis models. Compared to Winter pigs, Spring and Autumn pigs had higher ultimate pH in the semimembranosus and gluteus medius (GM) muscles, lower meat lightness (P < 0.05) and tended to have higher GM intramuscular fat (IMF) content (P < 0.10). They also had higher GM contents of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) than Winter pigs (P < 0.05). Spring pigs had the lowest n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated FA ratio and the highest GM α-tocopherol content (P < 0.001), indicating pig grazing. The finishing season did not influence the processing yield of dry-cured hams (24-month process). Within each seasonal group, ten hams selected for genetic variability and IMF content were analyzed by a trained sensory panel. The season did not modify the appearance or odor, but influenced texture and taste. Hams from Winter and Spring pigs had higher tenderness and melting fat scores than hams from Autumn pigs (P < 0.01). Hams from Spring pigs had higher taste intensity and salty taste (P < 0.01) but lower positive tastes (e.g. fruits, forest) than hams from the other groups. Overall, finishing season had moderate effects on ham sensory traits. Furthermore, our results reveal high redness, tenderness, taste and odor intensity, and low rancid flavor of hams from Gascon pigs produced in an extensive system.

Las paralisis del hombro afectan a los dos sistemas articulares que lo componen: escapulohumeral y escapulotoracico. La etiologia puede ser troncular, plexica, medular o muscular. El hombro neurologico central de los pacientes hemiplejicos se excluye de esta exposicion, porque se describe en un articulo distinto. El termino de hombro neurologico engloba cuadros clinicos muy diferentes; se distinguen las paralisis de las articulaciones escapulohumeral (AEH) y escapulotoracica (AET) y, en cada una de ellas, los deficits completos o parciales. Respecto a la AEH, los deficits completos corresponden principalmente a las paralisis plexicas traumaticas del adulto. Las formas parciales, cuyo deficit principal es la rotacion externa, se deben esencialmente a las lesiones plexicas de origen obstetrico. Dado que la AET tiene una inervacion muy proximal, las paralisis parciales se observan en dos cuadros clinicos distintos: las paralisis del serrato anterior y las del trapecio. Las afectaciones globales son mas raras y suelen formar parte del marco de las distrofias musculares o de afectaciones medulares altas, en cuyo caso se asocian a un deficit grave del miembro superior. Desde el punto de vista terapeutico, las tecnicas paliativas solo se plantean cuando fracasan los procedimientos etiologicos con fines neurologicos. Las indicaciones de las transferencias tendinosas en el hombro son menos frecuentes que en la mano y el codo, porque las tensiones mecanicas en el son mas importantes y los resultados son menos convincentes. Por tanto, el objetivo de estas transferencias suele ser la restitucion de una funcion elemental de un sistema articular y, sobre todo, su estabilizacion, para permitir una cierta compensacion por el otro. En las paralisis completas aisladas, una artrodesis permite la estabilizacion de la articulacion.

La artrosis del codo es poco frecuente y se caracteriza por una frecuente disociacion radioclinica, con la presencia variable de dolor y rigidez en los casos sintomaticos. Esta artrosis es secundaria la mayoria de las veces a un sobreuso, a secuelas traumaticas del adulto o infantiles, a secuelas de una osteocondritis disecante, a una osteocondromatosis, a una artropatia microcristalina, a las secuelas de una artritis septica o se produce en el marco de una hemofilia. El tratamiento medico es suficiente en las formas poco sintomaticas. En los casos refractarios, la decision del tratamiento quirurgico se toma de forma individualizada basandose en la localizacion y la gravedad de la artrosis, que se evaluan mediante artrotomografia computarizada (artro-TC), pero tambien en funcion de la edad, del nivel de actividad, de las molestias y de las exigencias del paciente. Este estudio se completa con la evaluacion de una inestabilidad o de una subluxacion. La artrosis del codo en las personas jovenes plantea problemas terapeuticos dificiles. El objetivo del tratamiento consiste en obtener un codo poco doloroso con un sector de movilidad funcional, que no impida la realizacion de otros tratamientos y que retrase al maximo la decision de colocar una protesis articular. En la artrosis humerocubital inicial, puede estar indicado realizar una artrolisis artroscopica o una artrolisis transhumeral con reseccion de los conflictos osteofiticos. En caso de artrosis grave, la protesis total de codo debe reservarse a los pacientes ancianos con una demanda funcional limitada. En los pacientes jovenes con artrosis sintomatica grave, se debe plantear una artroplastia con interposicion o una desnervacion articular.

H. Jokinen työryhmän jäsenenä. Introduction: Numerous diagnostic criteria have tried to tackle the variability in clinical manifestations and problematic diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) but none have been universally accepted. These criteria have not been readily comparable, impacting on clinical diagnosis rates and in turn prevalence estimates, research, and treatment. Methods: The Vascular Impairment of Cognition Classification Consensus Study (VICCCS) involved participants (81% academic researchers) from 27 countries in an online Delphi consensus study. Participants reviewed previously proposed concepts to develop new guidelines. Results: VICCCS had a mean of 122 (98-153) respondents across the study and a 67% threshold to represent consensus. VICCCS redefined VCI including classification of mild and major forms of VCI and subtypes. It proposes new standardized VCI-associated terminology and future research priorities to address gaps in current knowledge. Discussion: VICCCS proposes a consensus-based updated conceptualization of VCI intended to facilitate standardization in research. (C) 2016 the Alzheimer's Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction/Background Significant cognitive impairment after ICU stays in up to 40% of patients without any initial brain damage has been reported. This is a part of the Post Intensive Care Syndrome, alongside motor and psychiatric dysfunctions. In these studies, cognitive evaluation scores are found similar to scores for patients with moderate traumatic brain injury. However, the precise nature and magnitude of the cognitive disorders are not well described. We decided to deepen analysis of cognitive disorders in non-brain injury patients at ICU discharge (No-BI) and develop a comparison with mild and moderate traumatic brain injury patients (TBI). Material and method After ICU stay (≥48 hours), we administered outcome measures (GOSE, DRS) and neuropsychological tests to assess global cognitive functioning (MOCA), working memory (digit span), spatial neglect (line bisection), selective attention and speed processing (bells cancellation) to No-BI and TBI patients. Patients with history of neurologic or psychiatric troubles were not included. For each patient, we noted age, gender, initial Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), type of disease, and intubation and sedation periods in ICU. Results We tested 16 No-BI and 32 TBI. GCS and intubation period were significantly lower for TBI compared to No-BI (respectively P = 0.04 and P = 0.01). The median GOSE for both groups was 5 (lower moderate disability). Neuropsychological measures showed no significant difference between No-BI and TBI patients. Only MOCA (No-BI: 21 ± 5 and TBI: 21 ± 5) and digit span (No-BI: 7 ± 2 and TBI: 7 ± 2) are significantly lower than normality (P Fig. 1 ). Conclusion We found no neuropsychological difference between No-BI and TBI patients, confirming the hypothesis that these two populations have comparable global cognitive functioning and working memory impairment at ICU discharge. We need more patients to improve these results. A new evaluation at 12 months will allow discussing a possible recovery.

Resume Objectifs Les travaux traitant de pseudarthroses de scaphoide insistent particulierement sur l’importance de la correction de la bascule dorsale du semi-lunaire (Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability ou DISI) dans un but fonctionnel et preventif de l’arthrose du poignet. Le but de ce travail etait de confronter les resultats fonctionnels de 25 patients operes pour pseudarthrose du scaphoide a un bilan morphologique du carpe a plus de dix ans de recul. Methodes Entre 1994 et 1998, 53 pseudarthroses ont ete operees dans notre service. A dix ans de recul minimum, il a ete realise une evaluation fonctionnelle basee sur la douleur, le « QuickDASH » et le « Mayo Wrist Score », et une evaluation clinique de la mobilite, de la force et de la palpation de la region scaphoidienne. Radiologiquement, la recherche de signes d’arthrose et la mesure des indices de hauteur du carpe et des angles intracarpiens ont ensuite ete realisees. Resultats Huit patients presentaient des douleurs en regard de l’articulation scapho-trapezo-trapezoidienne sans lesion degenerative a la radiographie. Ils presentaient une gene fonctionnelle significativement plus importante. Le bilan radiographique de ces patients montrait une diminution des angles scapho-lunaires, une diminution du DISI et une augmentation de la hauteur du carpe. Conclusions La correction du DISI n’est pas toujours synonyme d’une bonne reponse fonctionnelle. La tolerance de l’articulation scapho-trapezo-trapezoidienne a une normo ou une hypercorrection du scaphoide n’est pas illimitee. L’absence de signe d’arthrose et le retentissement fonctionnel toutefois modere n’ont pas mene a une osteotomie d’angulation consideree comme dangereuse.

Extra-articular distal radius fractures in young active patients are typically the result of sport injuries or traffic accidents. Displaced fractures are less well tolerated in young patients than in older people, especially in terms of dorsal tilt and radial shortening. Non-surgical treatment is only indicated when the fracture is minimally or not displaced. No fracture fixation method is superior to another, however, the treatment goal is a rapid return to previous activities.

Introduction L’indication d’arthrodese totale de poignet est frequente dans les atteintes severes symptomatiques du poignet rhumatoide. L’atteinte destructrice de la premiere rangee des os du carpe rend difficile son avivement et son positionnement avec risque de retard de consolidation ou de pseudarthrodese. La resection de cette premiere rangee (RPRC) en cas d’atteinte severe a ete peu decrite dans le cadre de la polyarthrite rhumatoide. Les consequences de la perte de hauteur du carpe restent inconnues dans ce contexte. Le but de cette etude etait d’evaluer les resultats de l’arthrodese totale du poignet associee a la RPRC dans la polyarthrite rhumatoide et de determiner les effets de la perte de hauteur du carpe. Materiel et methode De 2005 a 2012, 36 patients (38 poignets) aux stades 4 ou 5 de Larsen ont eu une arthrodese totale de poignet avec RPRC et resection de tete ulnaire. La technique utilisee comportait la mise en place d’un clou centro-medullaire a partir du 2 e espace intermetacarpien, traversant le capitatum et le radius. Une fixation radio-carpienne par agrafes y etait associee. Au dernier recul, la douleur (EVA), le score Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE), la force de prehension et la satisfaction etaient evalues. Les deformations digitales etaient analysees. La position et la consolidation de l’arthrodese etaient appreciees par un bilan radiographique standard. L’evaluation radiographique pre- et post-operatoire comprenait egalement la mesure de la hauteur du carpe par les indices de McMurtry et Youm et de Bouman et Senwald, le glissement ulnaire du carpe par l’index de Di Benedetto et l’inclinaison du poignet selon Shapiro. Resultats Au recul moyen de 50 mois, la douleur moyenne etait de 0,4 (0–7) sur l’EVA. Le score PRWE moyen etait de 21 (0–80,5). La force de prehension du membre opere rapportee au controlateral etait de 90 % en cas de cote opere dominant (50 % si non dominant). Trente-quatre patients (90 %) etaient satisfaits ou tres satisfaits. La position moyenne de l’arthrodese etait de 3,6 ± 6,1° d’extension et de 9,3 ± 7,5° d’inclinaison ulnaire. Le taux de consolidation etait de 92 %. Deux des 3 pseudarthrodeses ont necessite une reprise chirurgicale. Il n’a pas ete mis en evidence d’influence de la perte de hauteur du carpe sur les parametres cliniques et radiologiques evalues. Discussion Tout en apportant des resultats superposables aux donnees de la litterature, la realisation d’une RPRC associee a l’arthrodese presente de nombreux avantages : simplification de l’intervention ; un seul interligne articulaire a faire fusionner ; utilisation des os reseques comme greffon osseux. Les effets deleteres attendus tels que la perte de force ou l’apparition de deformations digitales n’ont pas ete rencontres. Conclusion L’arthrodese totale de poignet associee a la RPRC apporte des resultats equivalents aux techniques conventionnelles tout en simplifiant l’intervention.

No abstract available.

The publications dealing with scaphoid non-union emphasize importance of correction of the Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability (DISI) to achieve good functional results and to prevent osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to assess, over 10 years follow-up, the functional outcomes of 25 patients with scaphoid non-union surgery. X-ray and DISI deformity were assessed.Between 1994 and 1998, 53 patients underwent surgery for scaphoid non-union. Over 10 years follow-up, functional evaluation based on pain, QuickDASH and Mayo Wrist Score was performed, and a physical examination including mobility, strength and pain on the region of the scaphoid. Outcomes on X-rays were assessed by searching osteoarthritis damages and by measuring carpal height index and intracarpal angles.Eight patients had pain on the scaphotrapeziotrapezoidal joint without degenerative lesions on radiography. Compared to other patients, they had worse functional results, decrease of scapholunate angle, decrease of the DISI and increase of carpal height.The correction of the DISI is not always associated with good functional results. Although there were no osteoarthritic changes on the radiography, residual pain may be related to affection of the scapho-trapezo-trapezoidal joint. Surgical treatment with osteotomy of the scaphoid seems to be dangerous because of the moderate impact on function for these patients.

Introduction Les protheses totales de coude sont classiquement indiquees dans les lesions articulaires d’origines rhumatismales, hemophiliques ou arthrosiques mais aussi traumatiques de l’extremite distale de l’humerus chez le sujet âge. Notre objectif est de proposer des indications atypiques d’arthroplasties dans deux situations particulieres que sont les ankyloses du coude et les pertes de substances proximales de l’ulna. Materiels et methode Notre serie retrospective porte sur 2 cas d’ankyloses completes et de 3 pertes de substance post-traumatiques proximales de l’ulna. Concernant les 2 raideurs, il s’agissait d’un homme de 44 ans ayant beneficie d’une arthrodese du coude 23 ans auparavant, source d’une incapacite fonctionnelle majeure suite a une hemiplegie controlaterale. Le second cas (44 ans) etait en situation d’arthrodese « like » bilaterale dans le cadre de paraosteoarhropaties des coudes multi-operes secondaires a des brulures etendues. Pour les cas de perte de substance proximale de l’ulna, nous rapportons un coude de portiere chez un homme (59 ans) associe a une perte de substance du tiers proximal de l’ulna et une luxation trans-olecrânienne inveteree (2 mois) a l’origine d’une pseudarthrose proximale de l’ulna chez une femme (73 ans). Enfin, une femme (67 ans) presentait une perte de substance osseuse du 1/3 proximal de l’ulna dans les suites de reprises iteratives d’une prothese totale de coude. Toutes ces situations ont beneficie d’une arthroplastie totale de coude dont deux associaient une allogreffe manchonnee de l’ulna. Resultats Au recul moyen de 34 mois tous les coudes etaient fonctionnels avec une valeur moyenne du MEPS de 67/100, un EVA moyen a 1,4 et un volant moyen de mobilite de 60° en flexion/extension (–50/105) et 130° en prono/supination (65/60). Radiologiquement, un implant presentait un lisere peri-prothetique sur la piece humerale mais sans mobilisation de celui ci. La jonction allogreffe/ulna etait consolidee dans les deux cas, nous n’avons observe aucune complication infectieuse ou neurologique. Discussion et conclusion Le recours a une prothese totale en cas de d’ankylose du coude n’est pas classique, mais elle devient necessaire en cas d’echec d’une arthrolyse avec destruction de l’interligne articulaire et surtout une atteinte bilaterale ou un equivalent. Le facteur pronostic principal dans cette indication est la qualite des parties molles et surtout des moteurs musculaires. Les implants ulnaires manchonnes par une allogreffe, a l’image des techniques plus classiques utilisees pour l’humerus sont souvent les seules options envisageables en cas de larges pertes de substances. Une arthrodese entre l’humerus et le radius conduit en plus a une raideur de la prono/supination particulierement penalisante. La consolidation entre l’ulna et l’allogreffe a ete facilitee dans nos cas par une tres large surface de contact et une autogreffe.

To determine the evolution of blood pressure in patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease among a one year longitudinal survey and to evaluate the relationship between blood pressure and cognitive functions.In 327 subjects selected from the French research program on Alzheimer's disease (REAL.FR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured at the time of inclusion (M0), after 6 months (M6) and after 12 months (M12). All subjects were assessed to determine both cognitive functions and capabilities in the activities of daily living using validated cognitive scales [Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale--Cognitive part (ADAS-Cog), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)], at M0, M6, M12.In this population of patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease, mean age was 78 +/- 7 years and 242 subjects were females (74%). After adjustment for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and antihypertensive therapy, a significant decrease of blood pressure was observed between M0 and M12, for SBP (139.1 +/- 18 to 136.5 +/- 17 mmHg, p0.05) and DBP, (77.6 +/- 12 to 75.8 +/- 10 mmHg , p0.05). Demented subjects with the worst cognitive impairment at baseline (tertile1 MMSE, tertile 3 ADAS-Cog, ADL scores between 0 and 4, CDR scores between 10 to 18) showed a larger decrease in SBP and DBP after 12 months. The worst impairment in dementia at baseline was associated with the highest SBP decrease between M0 and M12 (delta SBP tertile 1 MMSE vs tertile 3 MMSE = -5.9 vs + 1.0 mmHg , p0.05; Delta SBP tertile 3 ADAS-Cog vs tertile 1 ADAS-Cog = - 5.98 vs + 2.98 mmHg, p0.05, Delta SBP ADL 0-4 vs ADL -6 = - 8.7 vs -1.5 mmHg, p0.05, delta SBP CDR 10-18 vs CDR 0.5-9.5 = - 6.9 vs -1.7 mmHg, p0.05). All these results persisted after adjustment for age, gender and the antihypertensive therapy. Baseline SBP [OR 95% CI = 1.05 (1.02-1.08), BMI [OR 95% CI = 0.88 (0.81-0.95)], ADL score [OR 95% CI = 0.42 (0.22-0.81)] and ADAS-Cog score [OR 95% CI = 1.07 (1.01-1.14)] were significantly associated with the decrease of blood pressure after one year of follow up, independently of age, gender and antihypertensive therapy. In contrast, patients with larger blood pressure decrease (over 10 mmHg reduction of SBP and/or 5 mmHg of DBP) did not demonstrate a more significant worsening of dementia at 12 months in the different scales used.This study indicates a significant decrease in blood pressure in patients with Alzheimer's disease after one year of follow up, independently of age, gender, BMI and antihypertensive therapy. The largest decrease in blood pressure was observed in patients with the most severe impairment in dementia at baseline, suggesting that blood pressure decrease seems to be mainly a secondary phenomenon in Alzheimer's disorders.

The relationships between arterial hypertension and cognitive decline are complex and studies indicate controversial results.To evaluate, in a cross sectional study, the relationships between cognitive functions and blood pressure in a population of subjects with Alzheimer's disease.In 520 subjects of a survey in a French population with Alzheimer's disease, relationships between the severity of cognitive decline and a history of hypertension or blood pressure level have been searched. Cognitive functioning was assessed with validated neuropsychological tests evaluating cognitive functions and the capacities in the activities of daily living (Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale--Cognitive part (ADAS-Cog), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) of Reisberg). In 456 subjects blood pressure was measured during the consultation.The results indicate that after adjustment on age, sex, education level, and the other cardiovascular risk factors, subjects with a history of hypertension have a more marked cognitive decline than subjects without history of hypertension. Indeed, in subjects with a history of hypertension, the cognitive impairment and its consequences on activities of daily living are more important than in subjects without history of hypertension (ADAS-cog 19.02 +/- 8.48 vs 17.49 +/- 8.53 p = 0.06, MMSE 19.55 +/- 4.41 vs 20.30 +/- 4.42, p = 0.08, score ADL 5.31 +/- 0.86 vs 5.51 +/- 0.87, p = 0.01, CDR 6.94 +/- 3.29 vs 6.19 +/- 3.26 p = 0.03; global CDR 1.18 +/- 0.62 vs 1.05 +/- 0.60, p = 0.03, GDS of Reisberg 4.41 +/- 0.74 vs 4.27 +/- 0.75, p = 0.05). In contrast, no relation between blood pressure measurements and cognitive function is observed, and moreover an inverse correlation between blood pressure and consequences on activities of daily living is found.This work indicates that relationships between blood pressure and cognitive functions are more complex than a simple linear relation. The present results show that a history of arterial hypertension is associated with a more marked cognitive decline in subjects with Alzheimer's disease. In contrast, when the Alzheimer's disease is already developed no relation between blood pressure and cognitive functions appears and moreover an inverse correlation with the consequences on activities of daily living is found.

A cabinet assembly plant in Alabama, USA, would like to minimize their cost of procuring hardwood logs and common grade lumber (dry and green). A company-owned sawmill converts the hardwood logs into lumber, which is then kiln-dried with the green lumber. A study was conducted to determine (1) the company's optimal purchasing policy for wood raw material and (2) whether it was cost effective for the company to continue to operate the sawmill. A linear programming model of the blank production operation was developed to provide a quantitative method on which to base purchasing policy and operating decisions.

An optimum wood procurement policy for cabinet manufacturing was determined during an Auburn University technical assistance project involving a cabinet assembly plant in Alabama. Using a linear programming model of the blank production system, we found that under current conditions this particular mill would be better off economically if its wood raw material input were limited to #2 grade hardwood logs and #2 common green lumber purchased directly from outside suppliers. The input logs should have a small-end diameter of nine to 15 inches. About 88 percent of the lumber used by the manufacturing plant's rough mill or blank processing plant should come from #2 grade logs and the rest from purchased #2 common green lumber. Such a policy is expected to yield about 32 percent savings in wood raw material costs.

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una encuesta de datos demográficos y fenotípicos de 20 razas locales de cerdos en estudio en el proyecto H2020 TREASURE y incluí información de: parámetros demográficos, características morfológicas principales, parámetros reproductivos, informaciones adicionales a nivel de los efectivos (ex. Temperamento, instalaciones, prácticas de cubrición), orígenes y desarrollo de las razas. Casi todas las razas (18 de 20) tienen libro genealógico, aunque su fecha de inicio varía mucho (de 1980 a 2006). El número de hembras reproductoras varía de 24 (Moravka) a más de 200 mil cabezas (Ibérico). La relación macho/hembra varía mucho con los valores más altos verificados en las razas italianas muy probablemente debido a una política diferente relativamente al registro de animales. Casi todas las razas tienen programas de conservación, aunque pocas están interesadas en otras técnicas de conservación y sólo en menos que 5 razas los datos relativos a número de efectivos y de coeficiente de consanguinidad están fácilmente disponibles. Los valores medios para números de pezones, tamaño de camada y lechones destetados son de 12, 8 y 6, respectivamente con un grande potencial para mejora. El escenario descrito es altamente diversificado y esta colecta de datos representa el punto de partida para una marca colectiva debajo del parasol del proyecto TREASURE.

The effect of torasemide, a new diuretic, on p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) transport (TPAH) was studied using renal clearance and micropuncture techniques in anaesthetized rats. In clearance experiments, TPAH and TPAH/glomerular filtration rate (GFR) did not significantly change after i.v. administration of torasemide or furosemide but decreased after probenecid injection. In order to enhance the possibility to demonstrate torasemide and PAH interference, small volumes of [3H]-PAH + [14C]-inulin solutions were directly injected into the peritubular capillary system using calibrated micropipettes. When the concentration of microinjected PAH was less than or equal to 0.6 mmol/l, fractional recovery of [3H]-PAH from the micropunctured kidney was not significantly decreased by the diuretics in contrast to probenecid. When the concentration of microinjected PAH was greater than or equal to 5 mmol/l, fractional recovery of [3H]-PAH from the micropunctured kidney was significantly decreased by torasemide from 252% (control) to 210% (P less than 0.005), by furosemide to 217% (P less than 0.005), and by probenecid to 205% (P less than 0.01). Under these conditions, differential transit times between [3H]-PAH and [14C]-inulin in the micropunctured kidney were decreased from -15 to -4 s in the presence of torasemide (P less than 0.05). They were slightly but not significantly reduced by furosemide and probenecid. These findings suggest interference, at least to some extent, between torasemide and PAH secretion in the rat kidney.

In two groups of elderly women, the relationships between arterial compliance estimated by pulse wave velocity (PWV), and systolic blood pressure (SP), heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption and the time taken to run 400 m have been studies. Both at rest and with increasing levels of exercise, faster PWVs are associated with higher SPs. These is a tendency for resting HR to be higher with faster PWVs. The changes in HR and oxygen consumption from resting values are strikingly increased with faster PWVs. The time taken over 400 m rises as arterial compliance falls. Therefore, it seems that, with aging, reduced arterial compliance is a major factor affecting cardiovascular responses to exercise.

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