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The neurobiological mechanisms by which binge alcohol consumption disrupts social and emotional functioning are unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate that sex-specific social and arousal disturbances induced by binge alcohol consumption are driven by dysregulation of serotonergic signaling and activation of 5HT2c receptor-containing neurons in the lateral habenula in mice.

A magnesite-based desulfurizer was used for removing sulfur from hot metal by means of high temperature electrolysis technique. Through carrying out orthogonal factorial experiments it was found that the effect of the electric current on desulfurization is more significant than that of temperature. Results of single-tailed test show that when the temperature is constant, the desulfurization rate first increases with the increase of the current to a maximum value, and then, after dropping to the lowest level, gradually increases again as the current further increases. Finally, an optimum experimental condition is obtained as temperature of 1 400 °C and current of 1 A, achieving a desulfurization rate of 47,6 wt./% /min, which corresponds to a desulfurization efficiency of 62,6 %.

As ferritas do tipo BaM são cerâmicas ferrimagnéticas, usualmente aplicadas em sistemas de gravação magnética e como magnetos duros. Possuem alta estabilidade química, resistência a corrosão e baixo custo de produção. Diante da sua crescente importância, foi estudado o efeito da contribuição do excesso de bário no processamento e formação da fase ferrita BaM por duas distintas rotas: processamento por mistura de óxidos e a síntese por reação de combustão (método SHS) com o uso de carbonato e nitrato de bário. Duas relações de concentração entre bário e ferro foram utilizadas, uma estequiométrica (n = Fe2O3/BaO = 6) e uma outra não estequiométrica (n = Fe2O3/BaO = 5,45). Os pós processados com excesso de bário resultaram na presença da fase intermediária de formação BaFe2O4, a qual permanece após altas temperaturas de calcinação e mesmo após a sinterização de compactos obtidos a partir dos pós calcinados. As conclusões foram baseadas em difratogramas de raios X das ferritas BaM em pó após calcinação e nas amostras conformadas e sinterizadas, além de imagens obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados de medidas magnéticas indicam a diminuição da coercividade, da indução magnética remanente e dos valores de BH Máx dos pós obtidos com a contribuição do excesso de bário, provavelmente devido à presença da fase intermediária não magnética. Este efeito negativo foi mais efetivo nos pós processados pelo método SHS, chegando a uma redução de 28,8% no valor de coercividade e 35,1% no valor de BH Máx. Os pós de ferritas BaM obtidos pelo método cerâmico tradicional apresentaram maiores valores de coercividade (4,28 kOe) e BH Máx (0,87 MOe*emu/g) e a influência do excesso de bário na formulação foi menos prejudicial sobre suas propriedades magnéticas.BaM ferrite is a ferrimagnetic ceramic usually applied in high density recording media and as permanent magnet. This magnetic material shows high chemical stability, corrosion resistance and low production cost. This work shows the effects of barium excess on the BaM ferrite processing and on their magnetic properties. The use of barium excess had been used in some of ferrite industries to avoid the hematite and magnetite phase on the final products. In this work, barium ferrites were produced by traditional ceramic route and by combustion reaction (SHS) using barium nitrate and also barium carbonate. Two relations between barium and iron were used in all BaM ferrite processing, one stoichiometric (n = Fe2O3/BaO = 6) and another non-stoichiometric (n = Fe2O3/BaO = 5.45). All powders were submitted to different calcination conditions and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and magnetic characteristics. The presence of barium excess on the BaM ferrite resulted in the presence of the nonmagnetic BaFe2O4 phase that remains after the calcination and sintering processes. The BaFe2O4 phase is deleterious to the powder magnetic properties such as coercivity, remanence magnetic induction and BH Max. This damage was more significant on the BaM ferrite processed by SHS process, where the coercivity decreased in 28.8% and the BH Máx in 35,1%.The barium ferrite powder produced by traditional ceramic route shows high values of coercivity (4.28 kOe) and BH Max (0.87 MOe*emu/g), and the effect on the magnetic properties of barium excess was not so harmful than it was in the ferrite powders produced by SHS.

Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) was used to directly probe surface potential in doped barium titanate semiconducting ceramics. EFM measurements were performed using noncontact scans at a constant tip-sample separation of 75 nm with varied bias voltages applied to the sample. The applied voltage was mapped up to 10 V and the distribution of potential across the sample showed changes in regions that matched the grain boundaries, displaying a constant barrier width of 145.2 nm.A microscopia de força eletrostática (EFM) foi usada para sondagem direta do potencial na superfície do titanato de bário dopado, o qual é cerâmica semicondutora. As medidas de EFM foram realizadas no modo não contato, mantendo a distância ponta-amostra de 75 nm constante, mas variando a voltagem bias aplicada à amostra de zero a 10 V. A distribuição do potencial na amostra mostrou mudanças em regiões próximas ao contorno de grão, exibindo largura de barreira constante de 145,2 nm.

A new method for the calculation of the magnetic field of beam guiding elements is presented. The method relates the calculation to measurement data of the magnetic field in a direct way. It can be applied to single beam guiding elements as well as to clusters of elements. The presented description of the magnetic field differs from the classical approach in that it does not rely on power series approximations. It is also both divergence free and curl free, and takes fringe field effects up to any desired order into account. In the field description, pseudodifferential operators described by Bessel functions are used to obtain the various multipole contributions. Magnetic field data on a two-dimensional surface, e.g., a cylindrical surface or median plane, serve as input for the calculation of the three-dimensional magnetic field. A boundary element method is presented to fit the fields to a discrete set of field data, obtained, for instance, from field measurements, on the two-dimensional surface. Relative errors in the field approximation do not exceed the maximal relative errors in the input data. Methods for incorporating the obtained field in both analytical and numerical computation of transfer functions are outlined. Applications include easy calculation of the transfer functions of clusters of beam guiding elements and of generalized field gradients for any multipole contribution up to any order.