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2. UV and optical light transmission properties in deep ice at the South Pole

Author

H. Rubinstein, Ariel Goobar, P. O. Hulth, P. Askebjer, B. Erlandsson, Lars Bergström, S. Hundertmark, Staffan Carius, H. Heukenkamp, R. Wischnewski, R. Porrata, E. Dalberg, L. Gray, S. Tilav, P. C. Mock, A. Karle, Francis Halzen, J. E. Jacobsen, I. Liubarsky, D. M. Lowder, Ch. Spiering, Th. Thon, E. Schneider, Q. Sun, V. Kandhadai, A. Richards, S. W. Barwick, C. Walck, G. B. Yodh, P. B. Price, Adam Bouchta, Allan Hallgren, Ole Streicher, Thomas F. Miller, and R. Morse

Subjects
Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array, Physics, business.industry, Gamma ray, Scattering length, Laser, Light scattering, law.invention, Wavelength, Geophysics, Optics, law, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, business, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Order of magnitude
Abstract

Both absorption and scattering of light at wavelengths 410 to 610 nanometers were measured in the South Pole ice at depths 0.8 to 1 kilometer with the laser calibration system of the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA). At the shortest wavelengths the absorption lengths exceeded 200 meters - an order of magnitude longer than has been reported for laboratory ice. The absorption shows a strong wavelength dependence while the scattering length is found to be independent of the wavelength, consistent with the hypothesis of a residual density of air bubbles in the ice. The observed linear decrease of the inverse scattering length with depth is compatible with an earlier measurement by the AMANDA collaboration (at ∼515 nanometers).

Published
1997

3. Status of the AMANDA and BAIKAL neutrino telescopes

Author

P. Askebjer, S.W. Barwick, R. Bay, L. Bergström, A. Bouchta, S. Carius, E. Dahlberg, K. Engel, B. Erlandsson, A. Goobar, L. Gray, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, H. Heukenkamp, P.O. Hulth, S. Hundertmark, J. Jacobsen, S. Johansson, V. Kandhadai, A. Karle, I. Liubarsky, D. Lowder, T. Mikolajski, T.C. Miller, P. Mock, R. Morse, D. Nygren, R. Porrata, P.B. Price, A. Richards, H. Rubinstein, E. Schneider, C. Spiering, O. Streicher, Q. Sun, T. Thon, S. Tilav, C. Walck, C. Wiebusch, R. Wischnewski, G. Yodh, I.A. Belolaptikov, L.B. Bezrukov, B.A. Borisovets, N.M. Budnev, A.G. Chensky, I.A. Danilchenko, Zh.-A.M. Djilkibaev, V.I. Dobrynin, G.V. Domogatsky, A.A. Doroshenko, S.V. Fialkovsky, O.N. Gaponenko, A.A. Garus, T.A. Gress, S.B. Ignat'ev, A.M. Klabukov, A.I. Klimov, S.I. Klimushin, A.P. Koshechkin, V.F. Kulepov, L.A. Kuzmichev, B.K. Lubsandorzhiev, M.B. Milenin, R.R. Mirgazov, A.V. Moroz, N.I. Moseiko, S.A. Nikiforov, E.A. Osipova, D. Pandel, A.I. Panfilov, Yu.V. Parfenov, A.A. Pavlov, D.P. Petukhov, K.A. Pocheikin, P.G. Pokhil, P.A. Pokolev, M.I. Rosanov, V.Yu. Rubzov, S.I. Sinegovsky, I.A. Sokalski, Ch. Spiering, and B.A. Tarashansky

Subjects
Astroparticle physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Neutrino, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Published
1997

4. Results from the Baikal underwater telescope

Author

V.F. Kulepov, M. I. Rosanov, R. Wischnewski, T. Mikolajski, L.A. Donskych, P. Mohrmann, A. I. Panfilov, H. Heukenkamp, A. A. Doroshenko, I. A. Sokalski, A. A. Pavlov, L. A. Kuzmichov, T. Thon, Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev, A. M. Klabukov, I. I. Trofimenko, P. G. Pochil, G.V. Domogatsky, O. A. Gress, A. A. Garus, E. A. Osipova, A. I. Klimov, K. A. Pocheikin, V.A. Tarashansky, J. Krabi, M.B. Milenin, Yu. V. Parfenov, S. A. Nikiforov, A.P. Koshechkin, N. M. Budnev, Ch. Spiering, O.N. Gaponenko, O.P. Pokalev, Zh. A. M. Djilkibaev, A.G. Chensky, Ole Streicher, R. R. Mirgazov, B. A. Borisovets, S. I. Klimushin, S. I. Sinegovsky, D.P. Petuchov, S.V. Fialkovsky, T. I. Gress, V. I. Dobrynin, L. B. Bezrukov, N.I. Maseiko, V.Yu. Rubzov, I. A. Belolaptikov, and I. A. Danilshenko

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monte Carlo method, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, Telescope, law, Underwater, Intensity (heat transfer), Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

Since one and a half year, the underwater Cherenkov telescope NT-36 consisting of 36 photomultipliers attached to 3 strings is operated in lake Baikal. The large statistics of collected data allows for comparison with Monte Carlo predictions starting from the level of detector response up to more sophisticated dependences like the angular distribution of muon intensity.

Published
1995

5. The lake Baikal underwater telescope NT-36: First months of operation

Author

S. I. Sinegovski, E. A. Osipova, Yu. V. Parfenov, J. Krabi, N. M. Budnev, O. A. Gress, V. I. Dobrynin, L. B. Bezrukov, T. Mikolajski, H. Heukenkamp, A.V. Golikov, M. I. Rosanov, I. A. Belolaptikov, R. Wischnewski, O.P. Pokalev, M.B. Milenin, L.A. Donskych, A. A. Doroshenko, A. I. Panfilov, A. M. Klabukov, A. A. Pavlov, A.V. Rzhetshizki, I. A. Sokalski, T.A. Konopleva, Ole Streicher, V.B. Kabikov, Zh. A. M. Djilkibaev, Valery Zurbanov, B. A. Borisovets, S. I. Klimushin, V.F. Kulepov, V.Yu. Rubzov, N.V. Ogievietzky, R. R. Mirgazov, A. I. Klimov, P. G. Pochil, S.V. Fialkovsky, V.A. Tarashansky, O.J. Lanin, D.P. Petuchov, Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev, K. A. Pocheikin, G.V. Domogatsky, T. Thon, I. I. Trofimenko, A.P. Koshechkin, A.H. Padusenko, L. A. Kuzmichov, R. Heller, S. A. Nikiforov, A.G. Chensky, and Ch. Spiering

Subjects
Telescope, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Angular distribution, Oceanography, law, Russian federation, Cosmic muons, Underwater, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Cherenkov radiation, Geology, Seismology, law.invention
Abstract

Since April 13th 1993, an underwater Cherenkov telescope consisting of 36 photomultipliers arranged along 3 strings is in operation at lake Baikal. We describe the array and present preliminary results of the first five months of operation.

Published
1994

6. RECENT RESULTS FROM AMANDA

Author

W. Wu, E. Schneider, D. M. Lowder, G. C. Hill, D. Schneider, Y. D. He, K. Rawlins, P. Askebjer, P. B. Price, D. Bierenbaum, T. Scheider, T. O. B. Schmidt, James Madsen, M. Hellwig, E. Andres, H. G. Sander, Glenn Spiczak, H. Rubinstein, Kurt Woschnagg, P. Ekström, M. M. Boyce, R. Schwarz, F. M. Newcomer, C. Walck, R. Hardtke, R. Porrata, G. B. Yodh, C. Pérez de los Heros, Albrecht Karle, I. Liubarsky, A. Mihalyi, Staffan Carius, P. Lindahl, R. C. Bay, P. Niessen, S. Young, P. Romenesko, Ariel Goobar, Christian Spiering, N. Starinsky, B. Erlandsson, H. S. Matis, D. Steele, D. F. Cowen, D. Chirkin, S. Hundertmark, A. Biron, Stefan Richter, Marek Kowalski, M. Solarz, T. Mikolajski, S. Tilav, H. Heukenkamp, P. C. Mock, P. Miocinovic, C. H. Wiebusch, J. Ludvig, D. Ross, K. H. Becker, L. Gray, Xinhua Bai, J. Booth, L. Thollander, A. Silvestri, I. Taboada, R. G. Stokstad, R. Wischnewski, H. Leich, T. C. Miller, R. Morse, J. E. Jacobsen, B. Koci, T. Thon, Lars Bergström, Kael Hanson, J. Rodríguez Martino, Hakki Ögelman, Adam Bouchta, Steven W. Barwick, A. Richards, Francis Halzen, Paolo Desiati, Allan Hallgren, J. P Dewulf, Ole Streicher, T. Neunhöffer, M. Vander Donckt, Olga Botner, V. Kandhadai, Wolfgang Rhode, P. Loaiza, A. Goldschmidt, Y. Minaeva, G. Barouch, M. Gaug, Caroline Costa, Ch. Weinheimer, Matthias Leuthold, D. R. Nygren, P. Steffen, L. Köpke, Jan Conrad, T. Feser, H. Haase, Jodi Cooley, E. Dalberg, D. Bertrand, A. Chen, Joakim Edsjö, Q. Sun, C. Reed, J. Dailing, P. Doksus, Nicholas G. Usechak, J. Kim, T. De Young, P. O. Hulth, H. Wissing, and Pawel Marciniewski

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar neutrino, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Solar neutrino problem, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Neutrino detector, Measurements of neutrino speed, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Neutrino oscillation, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Charged current
Abstract

We present results based on data taken in 1997 with the 302-PMT Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array-B10 ("AMANDA-B10") array. Atmospheric neutrinos created in the northern hemisphere are observed indirectly through their charged current interactions which produce relativistic, Cherenkov-light-emitting upgoing muons in the South Pole ice cap. The reconstructed angular distribution of these events is in good agreement with expectation and demonstrates the viability of this ice-based device as a neutrino telescope.

Published
2001

7. Physics capabilities of the second-stage Baikal detector NT-200

Author

S.V. Fialkovsky, A.I. Nikiforòv, S.D. Alatin, V.A. Tarashansky, A. I. Panfilov, E. A. Osipova, M.N. Gushtan, V.B. Kabikov, D. Kiss, A. A. Doroshenko, V. I. Dobrynin, L. B. Bezrukov, J. Krabi, B. K. Lubsandorzhiev, V.A. Poleschuk, Ch. Spiering, P.P. Sherstyankin, Yu. V. Parfenov, A. M. Klabukov, T. Thon, Valery Zurbanov, L.A. Donskich, A.M. Ovcharov, O.J. Lanin, A.V. Golikov, I. I. Trofimenko, M. I. Rosanov, R. Wischnewski, L. A. Kuzmichov, A.P. Koschechkin, N.V. Ogievietzky, I. A. Belolaptikov, N. M. Budnev, I.A. Sokalsky, G. N. Dudkin, A.L. Lopin, T. Mikolajski, H. Heukenkamp, Edgar Bugaev, A. A. Lukanin, V. A. Primin, J.B. Lanin, B. A. Borisovets, L. Jenck, A.H. Padusenko, E.S. Zaslavskaya, A.A. Sumanov, G.V. Domogatsky, V. M. Padalko, V.Yu. Egorov, V.A. Naumov, O.P. Pokalev, A. A. Pavlov, A.G. Chensky, M. D. Gal'Perin, G.A. Litunenko, M.I. Nemchenko, M.B. Milenin, Yu.S. Kusner, L. Tanko, O. A. Gress, V.F. Kulepov, Zh. A. M. Djilkibaev, A.A. Levin, and S. I. Klimushin

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Field (physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Particle detector, Neutrino detector, Measuring instrument, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Underwater, Neutrino
Abstract

We describe the lake Baikal deep underwater detector “NT-200” and discuss its physics capabilities to investigate problems in the field of neutrino astrophysics, cosmic ray physics and particle physics.

Published
1992

8. Doping Profile Influence on HgCdTe Diode Characteristics

Author

W. Hoerstel and H. Heukenkamp

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Chemistry, Stereochemistry, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, BORO, Tunnel effect, Ion implantation, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Boron, p–n junction, Inorganic compound, Diode
Abstract

Etude des jonctions n + /n − /p de HgCdTe hautement dopees. On les compare a une jonction brusque. Les mecanismes de transport du courant dependants du champ sont supprimes dans une jonction n + /n − /p

Published
1991

9. Diffusion limited dark current in as-implanted (Hg, Cd)Te photodiodes

Author

B. Schubert, H. Heukenkamp, K.-P. Möllmann, and H. Bittner

Subjects
Materials science, Passivation, business.industry, General Engineering, Semiconductor device, Photodiode, law.invention, Ion implantation, law, Optoelectronics, Diffusion (business), business, p–n junction, Layer (electronics), Dark current
Abstract

High detector performance of (Hg, Cd)Te photodiodes requires small dark currents in the structures. For the first time we have observed as-implanted (Hg, Cd)Te photodiodes offering r 0 A products near to theoretical limits. The pn -junction was obtained by ion implantation through a Al 2 O 3 passivation layer.

Published
1991

10. Trap Tunneling in HgCdTe n+ −p Junctions Fabricated by Ion Implantation

Author

H. Heukenkamp and W. Hoerstel

Subjects
Ion implantation, Depletion region, Chemistry, Phenomenological model, Analytical chemistry, Atmospheric temperature range, Zero bias, Condensed Matter Physics, Quantum tunnelling, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Abstract

The influence of deep levels is investigated in the depletion layer of Hg1−xCdxTe n+ -p junctions, fabricated by ion implantation, on both, zero bias resistance and current-voltage characteristics within the temperature range from 300 K down to 20 K. The behaviour of the diodes in the whole temperature regime is explained by the operation of only one trap, which occurs in high concentrations in the samples. A phenomenological model unifying Shockley-Read-Hall and tunneling recombination is taken as a basis for the numerical calculations. The existence of trap tunneling in graded n+ /n−/p junctions is expected to be not probable. Der Einflus tikefer Zentren in der Raumladungszone von implantierten n+ -p Ubergangen aus Hg1−xCdxTe auf den differentiellen Widerstand und die Strom–Spannungskennlinie wird im Temperaturbereich von 300 K bis 20 K untersucht. Das Verhalten der Dioden im gesamten Temperaturbereich wird durch die Wirkung nur eines Rekombinationszentrums erklart, das in den untersuchten Proben in hoher Konzentration vorhanden ist. Ein phanomenologisches Modell, das Tunnelrekombinationsprozesse und Shockley-Read-Hall-Rekombination vereinigt, liegt den numerischen Berechnungen zugrunde. In gradierten n+/n−/p Ubergangen sind Tunnelstrome uber tiefe Zentren nicht wahrscheinlich.

Published
1990

11. Observation of high energy atmospheric neutrinos with the Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array

Author

J. P Dewulf, Y. Minaeva, Matthias Leuthold, D. R. Nygren, P. Steffen, Jan Conrad, T. Feser, J. Ahrens, B. Koci, M. Solarz, A. Goldschmidt, D. Bertrand, A. Chen, Jodi Cooley, K. Rawlins, E. Andres, S. Young, C. Wiedeman, James Madsen, S. Richter, M. Ribordy, S. Hundertmark, C. De Clercq, P. Ekström, P. Miocinovic, T. Hauschildt, S. Tilav, Adam Bouchta, Allan Hallgren, P. C. Mock, J. Rodríguez Martino, Ole Streicher, R. Schwarz, Staffan Carius, M. Gaug, M. Vander Donckt, K.-H. Becker, H. Leich, Caroline Costa, Wolfgang Rhode, T. Thon, Ch. Weinheimer, P. B. Price, P. Niessen, P. O. Hulth, T. O. B. Schmidt, Jean-Marie Frère, R. G. Stokstad, R. Wischnewski, Othmane Bouhali, L. Köpke, R. Morse, H. Wissing, Kael Hanson, C. Wiebusch, Kurt Woschnagg, P. Lindahl, Christian Spiering, H. S. Matis, A. Silvestri, C. Reed, Steven W. Barwick, A. C. Pohl, Pawel Marciniewski, D. Ross, M. Hellwig, Xinhua Bai, W. Wu, Dmitry Chirkin, P. Sudhoff, H. G. Sander, Francis Halzen, J. Booth, P. Romenesko, Paolo Desiati, David A. Schneider, D. M. Lowder, C. Walck, P. Loaiza, E. Dalberg, G. C. Hill, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, Hakki Ögelman, T. De Young, D. F. Cowen, Marek Kowalski, C. Pérez de los Heros, T. Becka, M. M. Boyce, R. Porrata, J. I. Lamoureux, D. Steele, I. Taboada, P. Doksus, Joakim Edsjö, R. Hardtke, T. Neunhöffer, James Kim, C.P. McParland, Albrecht Karle, A. Biron, N. Starinsky, L. Thollander, T. C. Miller, Ph. Olbrechts, J. E. Jacobsen, R. C. Bay, H. Heukenkamp, Freddy Binon, Glenn Spiczak, I. Liubarsky, K. H. Sulanke, Olga Botner, G. Barouch, and Gerald Przybylski

Subjects
Physics, Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Solar neutrino, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics (astro-ph), High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Solar neutrino problem, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Neutrino detector, Measurements of neutrino speed, High Energy Physics::Experiment, ddc:530, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy, Neutrino oscillation
Abstract

The Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) began collecting data with ten strings in 1997. Results from the first year of operation are presented. Neutrinos coming through the Earth from the Northern Hemisphere are identified by secondary muons moving upward through the array. Cosmic rays in the atmosphere generate a background of downward moving muons, which are about 10^6 times more abundant than the upward moving muons. Over 130 days of exposure, we observed a total of about 300 neutrino events. In the same period, a background of 1.05*10^9 cosmic ray muon events was recorded. The observed neutrino flux is consistent with atmospheric neutrino predictions. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that 90% of these events lie in the energy range 66 GeV to 3.4 TeV. The observation of atmospheric neutrinos consistent with expectations establishes AMANDA-B10 as a working neutrino telescope., 21 pages, 25 figures

Published
2002

12. Search for Supernova Neutrino-Bursts with the AMANDA Detector

Author

K. H. Becker, Glenn Spiczak, R. Schwarz, H. Leich, J. P Dewulf, M. Hellwig, Olga Botner, M. M. Boyce, J. Rodríguez Martino, H. G. Sander, W. Wu, Y. Minaeva, T. DeYoung, T. Thon, P. Ekström, K. Rawlins, R. Porrata, T. Neunhöffer, James Kim, Albrecht Karle, Xinhua Bai, G. Barouch, James Madsen, E. Dalberg, D. F. Cowen, Marek Kowalski, Jodi Cooley, I. Taboada, R. C. Bay, S. Young, M. Solarz, C. Pérez de los Heros, Matthias Leuthold, D. R. Nygren, J. Booth, P. B. Price, P. Steffen, Wolfgang Rhode, T. Becka, J. Ahrens, P. Loaiza, I. Liubarsky, T. O. B. Schmidt, Jan Conrad, T. Feser, Ch. Weinheimer, Staffan Carius, S. Hundertmark, David A. Schneider, Kurt Woschnagg, A. Biron, N. Starinsky, D. M. Lowder, B. Koci, Stefan Richter, P. Miocinovic, H. Heukenkamp, G. C. Hill, A. Silvestri, L. Thollander, Dmitry Chirkin, D. Steele, Hakki Ögelman, T. C. Miller, R. G. Stokstad, P. Lindahl, R. Wischnewski, Christian Spiering, C. H. Wiebusch, P. Niessen, Kael Hanson, R. Hardtke, H. S. Matis, D. Ross, L. Köpke, Francis Halzen, Steven W. Barwick, R. Morse, M. Gaug, M. Vander Donckt, Caroline Costa, J. E. Jacobsen, A. Goldschmidt, Paolo Desiati, S. Tilav, P. C. Mock, D. Bertrand, A. Chen, C. Walck, G. B. Yodh, C. Reed, P. Romenesko, Joakim Edsjö, Adam Bouchta, Allan Hallgren, Ole Streicher, J. I. Lamoureux, P. Doksus, P. O. Hulth, H. Wissing, Pawel Marciniewski, and P. Sudhoff

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Milky Way, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Galaxy, Supernova, Positron, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Charged current, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Dark current
Abstract

The core collapse of a massive star in the Milky Way will produce a neutrino burst, intense enough to be detected by existing underground detectors. The AMANDA neutrino telescope located deep in the South Pole ice can detect MeV neutrinos by a collective rate increase in all photo-multipliers on top of dark noise. The main source of light comes from positrons produced in the CC-reaction of anti-electron neutrinos on free protons $\antinue + p \to e^+ + n$. This paper describes the first supernova search performed on the full sets of data taken during 1997 and 1998 (215 days of live time) with 302 of the detector's optical modules. No candidate events resulted from this search. The performance of the detector is calculated, yielding a 70% coverage of the Galaxy with one background fake per year with 90% efficiency for the detector configuration under study. An upper limit at the 90% c.l. on the rate of stellar collapses in the Milky Way is derived, yielding 4.3 events per year. A trigger algorithm is presented and its performance estimated. Possible improvements of the detector hardware are reviewed., 20 pages, 14 figures. Submitted to Astroparticle Physics

Published
2001

13. Observation of high-energy neutrinos using Cerenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice

Author

P. Loaiza, C. Pérez de los Heros, P. B. Price, Jodi Cooley, Ignacio Taboada, P. Ekström, J. E. Jacobsen, S. Young, Yuan He, Lars Bergström, C. Reed, Staffan Carius, H. G. Sander, G. Barouch, Stefan Richter, H. S. Matis, K. Rawlins, T. Mikolajski, H. Heukenkamp, T. Thon, Matthias Leuthold, D. Ross, T. Scheider, James Madsen, P. Askebjer, R. C. Bay, P. Steffen, L. Köpke, R. G. Stokstad, Francis Halzen, N. Starinsky, R. Wischnewski, Jan Conrad, T. Feser, B. Erlandsson, R. Schwarz, H. Rubinstein, Kurt Woschnagg, David A. Schneider, A. Biron, M. Hellwig, D. M. Lowder, S. Hundertmark, J. P Dewulf, Ariel Goobar, E. Andres, Q. Sun, Markus Gaug, Dmitry Chirkin, J. Rodríguez Martino, P. Miocinovic, G. C. Hill, L. Thollander, Y. Minaeva, T. C. Miller, P. O. Hulth, L. Gray, Kael Hanson, James Kim, Albrecht Karle, J. Booth, D. Bertrand, A. Chen, A. Goldschmidt, H. Haase, Steven W. Barwick, H. Leich, Olga Botner, M. Vander Donckt, D. Bierenbaum, Caroline Costa, H. Wissing, W. Wu, E. Schneider, D. F. Cowen, R. Morse, Paolo Desiati, Glenn Spiczak, J. Ludvig, A. Silvestri, K. H. Becker, T. DeYoung, Christopher Wiebusch, M. M. Boyce, I. Liubarsky, R. Porrata, Xinhua Bai, A. Mihalyi, S. Tilav, Adam Bouchta, P. C. Mock, M. Solarz, Hakki Ögelman, Allan Hallgren, T. Schmidt, Ole Streicher, Ch. Weinheimer, T. Neunhöffer, Joakim Edsjö, V. Kandhadai, P. Romenesko, Pawel Marciniewski, F. M. Newcomer, G. B. Yodh, M. Kowalski, C. Walck, E. Dalberg, P. Doksus, P. Lindahl, Christian Spiering, Nicholas G. Usechak, J. Dailing, B. Koci, A. Richards, Wolfgang Rhode, P. Niessen, D. Steele, Dave Nygren, and R. Hardtke

Subjects
Physics, Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array, Multidisciplinary, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar neutrino, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Solar neutrino problem, Cosmic neutrino background, Neutrino detector, Measurements of neutrino speed, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy
Abstract

Neutrinos are elementary particles that carry no electric charge and have little mass. As they interact only weakly with other particles, they can penetrate enormous amounts of matter, and therefore have the potential to directly convey astrophysical information from the edge of the Universe and from deep inside the most cataclysmic high-energy regions. The neutrino's great penetrating power, however, also makes this particle difficult to detect. Underground detectors have observed low-energy neutrinos from the Sun and a nearby supernova2, as well as neutrinos generated in the Earth's atmosphere. But the very low fluxes of high-energy neutrinos from cosmic sources can be observed only by much larger, expandable detectors in, for example, deep water3,4 or ice5. Here we report the detection of upwardly propagating atmospheric neutrinos by the ice-based Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array (AMANDA). These results establish a technology with which to build a kilometre-scale neutrino observatory necessary for astrophysical observations1.

Published
2001

14. Observation of high energy atmospheric neutrinos with AMANDA

Author

P. Lindahl, K. Rawlins, T. Scheider, James Madsen, P. Ekström, P. Miocinovic, J. Rodriguez Martino, Kael Hanson, M. Hellwig, Staffan Carius, C. Pérez de los Heros, Steven W. Barwick, Q. Sun, Paolo Desiati, A. Karle, P. B. Price, A. Richards, T. C. Miller, Nicholas G. Usechak, Yuan He, R. G. Stokstad, R. Wischnewski, D. Bierenbaum, T. Thon, M. M. Boyce, Glenn Spiczak, A. Mihalyi, D. M. Lowder, D. F. Cowen, J. P Dewulf, M. Solarz, J. Ludvig, G. C. Hill, L. Thollander, Wolfgang Rhode, T. Neunhöffer, E. Andres, K.-H. Becker, A. Silvestri, C. M. Reed, Timothy W. Schmidt, Y. Minaeva, H. Leich, G. Barouch, M. Gaug, James Kim, Dmitry Chirkin, M. Vander Donckt, Tyce DeYoung, I. Taboada, D. Bertrand, A. Chen, Caroline Costa, H. Haase, I. Liubarsky, P. Steffen, Joakim Edsjö, Matthias Leuthold, Ch. Weinheimer, B. Koci, K. Woschnagg, D. Ross, E. Dalberg, W. Wu, E. Schneider, C. H. Wiebusch, V. Kandhadai, R. Morse, R. Hardtke, Jodi Cooley, S. Young, P. Loaiza, N. Starinsky, H. S. Matis, D. R. Nygren, P. Niessen, F. M. Newcomer, Francis Halzen, Jan Conrad, T. Feser, C. Walck, G. B. Yodh, S. Tilav, P. C. Mock, D. Steele, Lars Bergström, L. Köpke, X. Bai, Ariel Goobar, A. Goldschmidt, Olga Botner, Stefan Richter, T. Mikolajski, H. Heukenkamp, Pawel Marciniewski, P. Askebjer, Janet Jacobsen, H. Rubinstein, R. Schwarz, P. O. Hulth, M. Kowalski, S. Hundertmark, L. Gray, R. Porrata, Hakki Ögelman, H. G. Sander, J. Booth, P. Doksus, J. Dailing, Donald P. Schneider, P. Romenesko, Adam Bouchta, Allan Hallgren, Ole Streicher, B. Erlandsson, A. Biron, C. Spiering, and R. C. Bay

Subjects
Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array, Astroparticle physics, Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar neutrino, Monte Carlo method, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Neutrino detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Zenith
Abstract

In 1997 the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) started operating with 10 strings. In an analysis of data taken during the first year of operation 188 atmospheric neutrino candidates were found. Their zenith angle distribution agrees with expectations based on Monte Carlo simulations. A preliminary upper limit is given on a diffuse flux of high energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin.

Published
2000

15. Results from the AMANDA High Energy Neutrino Detector

Author

E. Andres, P. Askebjer, X. Bai, G. Barouch, S.W. Barwick, R.C. Bay, K.-H. Becker, L. Bergström, D. Bertrand, A. Biron, J. Booth, O. Botner, A. Bouchta, M.M. Boyce, S. Carius, D. Chirkin, J. Conrad, C.G.S. Costa, D.F. Cowen, J. Dailing, E. Dalberg, T. DeYoung, P. Desiati, J.-P. Dewulf, P. Doksus, J. Edsjö, P. Ekström, B. Erlandsson, T. Feser, M. Gaug, A. Goldschmidt, A. Goobar, H. Haase, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, K. Hanson, R. Hardtke, Y.D. He, M. Hellwig, H. Heukenkamp, G.C. Hill, P.O. Hulth, S. Hundertmark, J. Jacobsen, A. Karle, J. Kim, B. Koci, L. Köpke, M. Kowalski, H. Leich, M. Leuthold, P. Lindahl, I. Liubarsky, P. Loaiza, D.M. Lowder, J. Ludvig, J. Madsen, P. Marciniewski, H. Matis, T. Mikolajski, T.C. Miller, Y. Minaeva, P. Miocinovic, P. Mock, R. Morse, T. Neunhöffer, F.M. Newcomer, P. Niessen, D.R. Nygren, C. Pérez de los Heros, R. Porrata, P.B. Price, K. Rawlins, C. Reed, W. Rhode, A. Richards, S. Richter, J. Rodriguez Martino, P. Romenesko, D. Ross, H. Rubinstein, H.-G. Sander, T. Scheider, T. Schmidt, D. Schneider, E. Schneider, R. Schwarz, A. Silvestri, M. Solarz, G. Spiczak, C. Spiering, N. Starinski, D. Steele, P. Steffen, R.G. Stokstad, O. Streicher, Q. Sun, I. Taboada, L. Thollander, T. Thon, S. Tilav, M. Vander Donckt, C. Walck, C. Weinheimer, C.H. Wiebusch, R. Wischnewski, K. Woschnagg, W. Wu, G. Yodh, and S. Young

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Point source, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics (astro-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Air shower, Neutrino detector, Sky, Angular resolution, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, media_common
Abstract

This paper briefly summarizes the search for astronomical sources of high-energy neutrinos using the AMANDA-B10 detector. The complete data set from 1997 was analyzed. For E_mu>10 TeV, the detector exceeds 10,000 m^2 in effective area between declinations of 25 and 90 degrees. Neutrinos generated in the atmosphere by cosmic ray interactions were used to verify the overall sensitivity of the detector. The absolute pointing accuracy and angular resolution has been confirmed by the analysis of coincident events between the SPASE air shower array and the AMANDA detector. Preliminary flux limits from point source candidates are presented. For declinations larger than +45 degrees, our results compare favorably to existing limits for sources in the Southern sky. We also present the current status of the searches for high energy neutrino emission from diffusely distributed sources, GRBs, and WIMPs from the center of the earth., 8 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Int. Conf. Neut. Phys. Astro. (Neutrino 2000)

Published
2000
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16. The Baikal underwater neutrino telescope: design, performance and first results

Author

A.V Rzhestshitski, B.A Tarashanski, B.K. Lubsandorzhiev, I. A. Danilchenko, M. I. Rosanov, A. A. Doroshenko, R. Wischnewski, V.Yu. Rubzov, M.N Nemchenko, T. Mikolajski, R. R. Mirgazov, H. Heukenkamp, R. Heller, A.L. Lopin, A Gaponenko, A. I. Klimov, L.A. Donskych, S. A. Nikiforov, V. I. Dobrynin, V.F. Kulepov, L. B. Bezrukov, A.N Padusenko, Ch. Spiering, O.Yu Lanin, Ch Wiebusch, P. G. Pokhil, A. A. Garus, Valery Zurbanov, J. A. M. Djilkibaev, M.N. Gushtan, A. M. Klabukov, Alexander Moroz, E. A. Osipova, I. A. Sokalski, A.G. Chensky, L. A. Kuzmichov, I. A. Belolaptikov, A. A. Sumanov, A.V. Golikov, Yu. V. Parfenov, S.V. Fialkovsky, B. A. Borisovets, S. I. Klimushin, S. I. Sinegovsky, A. A. Pavlov, J. Krabi, T. Thon, N. I. Moseiko, A.P. Koshechkin, I. I. Trofimenko, K. A. Pocheikin, Albrecht Karle, N. M. Budnev, Edgar Bugaev, G. N. Dudkin, D. P. Petukhov, A. I. Panfilov, Ole Streicher, V.Yu. Egorov, M.B. Milenin, N.V. Ogievetsky, G.V. Domogatsky, L. Tanko, O. A. Gress, V.B. Kabikov, T. A. Gress, and P. A. Pokolev

Subjects
Physics, Photomultiplier, Particle physics, Muon, business.industry, Cherenkov detector, Detector, Magnetic monopole, Astronomy and Astrophysics, law.invention, Optics, law, Neutrino, Underwater, business, Cherenkov radiation, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The deep underwater Cherenkov neutrino telescope NT-200 is currently under construction at Lake Baikal. The "subdetectors" NT-36 (1993-95) and NT-72 (1995-96) have been operating successfully over 3 years. Various techniques have been developed to search for magnetic monopoles with these arrays. Here we describe a method used to detect superheavy slowly moving (beta = v/c = 0.00001 - 0.001) monopoles catalyzing baryon decay. We present results obtained from the preliminary analysis of the data taken with NT-36 detector in 1993. Furthermore, possibilities to observe faster (beta = 0.2 - 1) monopoles via other effects are discussed.

Published
1997

17. A Transputer Based Data Acquisition System for the Baikal Neutrino Telescope

Author

H. Heukenkamp, H. Leich, U. Schwendicke, R. Wischnewski, S. I. Klimushin, and P. Wegner

Subjects
Physics, Set (abstract data type), Data acquisition, Neutrino detector, Transputer, Component (UML), Real-time computing, Detector, Astronomy, Data pre-processing, Underwater
Abstract

This paper describes a reliable and extendable setup based on a transputer network and its application for data preprocessing and online monitoring of an underwater muon and neutrino detector. It is operated since April 1993 by a Russian-German group in Lake Baikal, Siberia. The net hardware was designed for medium scale experiments like the Baikal detector. It allows to set up extended transputer nets and to configure them dynamically at run time and has proved to be suitable for experiments carried out under rough environmental conditions, where the possibilities of system maintenance are limited but nevertheless computational power is needed. A small net consisting of five transputers is used as a basic component of the data acquisition system of the underwater detector currently operating.

Published
1994

18. Observation of high-energy neutrinos using Cerenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice.

Author

Andrés E, Askebjer P, Bai X, Barouch G, Barwick SW, Bay RC, Becker KH, Bergström L, Bertrand D, Bierenbaum D, Biron A, Booth J, Botner O, Bouchta A, Boyce MM, Carius S, Chen A, Chirkin D, Conrad J, Cooley J, Costa CG, Cowen DF, Dailing J, Dalberg E, DeYoung T, Desiati P, Dewulf JP, Doksus P, Edsjö J, Ekström P, Erlandsson B, Feser T, Gaug M, Goldschmidt A, Goobar A, Gray L, Haase H, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hardtke R, He YD, Hellwig M, Heukenkamp H, Hill GC, Hulth PO, Hundertmark S, Jacobsen J, Kandhadai V, Karle A, Kim J, Koci B, Köpke L, Kowalski M, Leich H, Leuthold M, Lindahl P, Liubarsky I, Loaiza P, Lowder DM, Ludvig J, Madsen J, Marciniewski P, Matis HS, Mihalyi A, Mikolajski T, Miller TC, Minaeva Y, Miocinović P, Mock PC, Morse R, Neunhöffer T, Newcomer FM, Niessen P, Nygren DR, Ogelman H, Pérez de los Heros C, Porrata R, Price PB, Rawlins K, Reed C, Rhode W, Richards A, Richter S, Martino JR, Romenesko P, Ross D, Rubinstein H, Sander HG, Scheider T, Schmidt T, Schneider D, Schneider E, Schwarz R, Silvestri A, Solarz M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Starinsky N, Steele D, Steffen P, Stokstad RG, Streicher O, Sun Q, Taboada I, Thollander L, Thon T, Tilav S, Usechak N, Vander Donckt M, Walck C, Weinheimer C, Wiebusch CH, Wischnewski R, Wissing H, Woschnagg K, Wu W, Yodh G, and Young S

Abstract

Neutrinos are elementary particles that carry no electric charge and have little mass. As they interact only weakly with other particles, they can penetrate enormous amounts of matter, and therefore have the potential to directly convey astrophysical information from the edge of the Universe and from deep inside the most cataclysmic high-energy regions. The neutrino's great penetrating power, however, also makes this particle difficult to detect. Underground detectors have observed low-energy neutrinos from the Sun and a nearby supernova, as well as neutrinos generated in the Earth's atmosphere. But the very low fluxes of high-energy neutrinos from cosmic sources can be observed only by much larger, expandable detectors in, for example, deep water or ice. Here we report the detection of upwardly propagating atmospheric neutrinos by the ice-based Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array (AMANDA). These results establish a technology with which to build a kilometre-scale neutrino observatory necessary for astrophysical observations.

Published
2001
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19. Optical properties of deep ice at the South Pole: absorption.

Author

Askebjer P, Barwick SW, Bergström L, Bouchta A, Carius S, Dalberg E, Engel K, Erlandsson B, Goobar A, Gray L, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Heukenkamp H, Hulth PO, Hundertmark S, Jacobsen J, Karle A, Kandhadai V, Liubarsky I, Lowder D, Miller T, Mock P, Morse RM, Porrata R, Price PB, Richards A, Rubinstein H, Schneider E, Spiering C, Streicher O, Sun Q, Thon T, Tilav S, Wischnewski R, Walck C, and Yodh GB

Abstract

We discuss recent measurements of the wavelength-dependent absorption coefficients in deep South Pole ice. The method uses transit-time distributions of pulses from a variable-frequency laser sent between emitters and receivers embedded in the ice. At depths of 800-1000 m scattering is dominated by residual air bubbles, whereas absorption occurs both in ice itself and in insoluble impurities. The absorption coefficient increases approximately exponentially with wavelength in the measured interval 410-610 nm. At the shortest wavelength our value is approximately a factor 20 below previous values obtained for laboratory ice and lake ice; with increasing wavelength the discrepancy with previous measurements decreases. At ~415 to ~500 nm the experimental uncertainties are small enough for us to resolve an extrinsic contribution to absorption in ice: submicrometer dust particles contribute by an amount that increases with depth and corresponds well with the expected increase seen near the Last Glacial Maximum in Vostok and Dome C ice cores. The laser pulse method allows remote mapping of gross structure in dust concentration as a function of depth in glacial ice.

Published
1997
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