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Introduction Shoulder instability is a common injury, with a reported incidence of 23.9 per 100 000 person-years. There is still an ongoing debate on the most effective treatment strategy. Non-operative treatment has recurrence rates of up to 60%, whereas operative treatments such as the Bankart repair and bone block procedures show lower recurrence rates (16% and 2%, respectively) but higher complication rates (1000 patients worldwide. Part 2, the multicentre data will be re-evaluated (and where applicable complemented) using machine learning algorithms to predict outcomes. Recurrence will be the primary outcome measure.Ethics and dissemination For safe multicentre data exchange and analysis, our Machine Learning Consortium adhered to the WHO regulation ‘Policy on Use and Sharing of Data Collected by WHO in Member States Outside the Context of Public Health Emergencies’. The study results will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal. No Institutional Review Board is required for this study.

Abstract The kagome lattice is an intriguing and rich platform for discovering, tuning and understanding the diverse phases of quantum matter, crucial for advancing modern and future electronics. Despite considerable efforts, accessing correlated phases at room temperature has been challenging. Using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, we discovered charge order above room temperature in La(Ru1−x Fe x )3Si2 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05), where charge order related to out-of-plane Ru atom displacements appears below T CO,I ≃ 400 K. The secondary charge ordered phase emerges below T CO,II ≃ 80–170 K. Furthermore, first principles calculations reveal both the kagome flat band and the van Hove point near the Fermi energy in LaRu3Si2, driven by Ru-d z 2 orbitals. Our results identify LaRu3Si2 as the kagome superconductor with the highest known charge ordering temperature, offering a promising avenue for researching room temperature quantum phases and developing related technologies.

Abstract Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that occur in the Baiu frontal zone (BFZ) can cause devastating flash floods during early summer in Japan; however, the environmental conditions necessary for their development require further investigation. High‐frequency atmospheric soundings, conducted using multiple marine vessels in the East China Sea on 19 June 2022, captured the detailed environmental conditions pertaining to the development of an MCS within the BFZ. The MCS, which developed rapidly without any remarkable preceding synoptic or mesoscale disturbance in the mid‐ or upper troposphere, caused intense precipitation exceeding 80 mm/hr. The MCS persisted for approximately 6 hr, and it intensified when the influx of nearly saturated air near the sea surface toward a weak surface front overlapped with the influx of free‐tropospheric moist air. The influx of nearly saturated air near the sea surface ensured conditional instability within the lower troposphere. The influx of moist air in the free troposphere contributed to the near‐saturation conditions above the boundary layer, a feature inherent to the BFZ, and played an important role in minimizing the reduction in the buoyancy of air parcels. The results of this study indicate that a better forecast of the horizontal distribution of free tropospheric moist air is beneficial for limiting the potential area of genesis of MCS in the BFZ, and a more comprehensive understanding of the vertical variations in moisture transport contributes to an improved forecast skill for MCS in the BFZ.

Abstract During mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, significant increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations from the eruption of the large igneous provinces is hypothesized to have induced a humid climate and an elevation in nutrient runoff from continents to the oceans, resulting in oxygen depletion in the ocean. However, hitherto there is limited insight into the driving factors of Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 from the Pacific and Asian continental margins, even though the former and the latter were the largest ocean and landmass at that time. Here, a multiproxy analysis for the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 interval of the Yezo Group –deposited on northwestern Pacific along the active Asian continental margin– is interpretated to identify seven volcanic pulses, five of which may have elevated humidity, weathering intensity, and vegetational change in the eastern margin of Asia. Moreover, oxygen depletion occurred simultaneously in the northwest Pacific. Given that these environmental changes in the eastern margin of Asia were penecontemporaneous with the global carbon burial intervals during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, the elevated nutrient supply from the Asian continental margin to the Pacific Ocean may have, in part, contributed to the worldwide depletion of oxygen of the ocean during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2.

The inter-dataset agreement of trends in subweekly near-surface (850 hPa) temperature variability over Southern Hemisphere midlatitude land masses is assessed among 12 global atmospheric reanalysis datasets. A comparison of the climatological temperature variance and dominant sources and sinks of the variance reveals that, except for NCEP-NCAR (R1) and NCEP-DOE (R2), there is a relatively good agreement for their magnitudes and spatial distributions during the satellite era (1980–2022), which indicates that the key features of subweekly variability are sufficiently well represented. A good agreement is noted for the positive trends found in subweekly variability over the satellite era affecting South Africa in September–October–November (SON) and South America in December–January–February (DJF). Although there is agreement in most of the reanalyses concerning the positive trend affecting Australia in SON, this has not yet emerged from the noise associated with interannual variability when considering only the satellite era. It is significant, however, when the period is extended (1954–2022) or limited to the most recent decades (1990–2022). The trends are explained primarily by a more efficient generation of subweekly temperature variance by horizontal temperature advection. This generation is also identified as a source of biases among the datasets. The trends are found to be reproduced even in those reanalyses that do not assimilate satellite data (JRA-55C) or that assimilate surface observations only (ERA-20C, 20CRv2c, and 20CRv3).

Abstract The impact of mid‐latitude oceanic frontal zones with sharp meridional sea‐surface temperature (SST) gradients on the middle atmosphere circulation during austral winter is investigated by comparing two idealized experiments with a high‐top gravity wave (GW) permitting general circulation model. Control run is performed with realistic frontal SST gradients, which are artificially smoothed in no‐front run. The control run simulates active baroclinic waves and GW generation around the mid‐latitude SST front, with GWs propagating into the stratosphere and mesosphere. In the no‐front run, by contrast, baroclinic‐wave activity is significantly suppressed, and GWs with smaller amplitude are excited and then dissipated at higher altitudes in the mesosphere. Westward wave forcing in the winter hemisphere was more pronounced in the control run up to ∼0.03 hPa, resulting in a more realistic reproduction of the middle atmospheric polar vortex. The results demonstrate the importance of realistic mid‐latitude ocean conditions for simulating the middle atmosphere circulation.

Abstract The Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension and Gulf Stream oceanic frontal zones are characterized by enhanced activity of synoptic‐scale cyclones and anticyclones and vigorous air‐sea heat and moisture exchange in the cold season. However, the time‐mean air‐sea exchange attributed separately to cyclones and anticyclones has not been assessed. Here we quantify cyclonic and anticyclonic contributions around the frontal zones to surface turbulent heat fluxes, precipitation, and the associated hydrological cycle using atmospheric general circulation model experiments with observed and artificially smoothed sea‐surface temperature gradients. The evaluation reveals that precipitation exceeds evaporation climatologically within cyclonic domains while evaporation dominates within anticyclonic domains. These features as well as the net moisture transport from anticyclonic to cyclonic domains are all enhanced by the sharpness of the frontal zones. Oceanic frontal zones thus climatologically act to strengthen the hydrological cycle. These findings aid our understanding of the relationship between midlatitude air‐sea interactions on synoptic‐ and longer‐time scales.

Abstract The T2K experiment presents new measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters using $$19.7(16.3)\times 10^{20}$$ 19.7 ( 16.3 ) × 10 20 protons on target (POT) in (anti-)neutrino mode at the far detector (FD). Compared to the previous analysis, an additional $$4.7\times 10^{20}$$ 4.7 × 10 20 POT neutrino data was collected at the FD. Significant improvements were made to the analysis methodology, with the near-detector analysis introducing new selections and using more than double the data. Additionally, this is the first T2K oscillation analysis to use NA61/SHINE data on a replica of the T2K target to tune the neutrino flux model, and the neutrino interaction model was improved to include new nuclear effects and calculations. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses are presented, including results on $$\sin ^2\theta _{13}$$ sin 2 θ 13 and the impact of priors on the $$\delta _{\textrm{CP}}$$ δ CP measurement. Both analyses prefer the normal mass ordering and upper octant of $$\sin ^2\theta _{23}$$ sin 2 θ 23 with a nearly maximally CP-violating phase. Assuming the normal ordering and using the constraint on $$\sin ^2\theta _{13}$$ sin 2 θ 13 from reactors, $$\sin ^2\theta _{23}=0.561^{+0.021}_{-0.032}$$ sin 2 θ 23 = 0 . 561 - 0.032 + 0.021 using Feldman–Cousins corrected intervals, and $$\varDelta {}m^2_{32}=2.494_{-0.058}^{+0.041}\times 10^{-3}~\text {eV}^2$$ Δ m 32 2 = 2 . 494 - 0.058 + 0.041 × 10 - 3 eV 2 using constant $$\varDelta \chi ^{2}$$ Δ χ 2 intervals. The CP-violating phase is constrained to $$\delta _{\textrm{CP}}=-1.97_{-0.70}^{+0.97}$$ δ CP = - 1 . 97 - 0.70 + 0.97 using Feldman–Cousins corrected intervals, and $$\delta _{\textrm{CP}}=0,\pi $$ δ CP = 0 , π is excluded at more than 90% confidence level. A Jarlskog invariant of zero is excluded at more than $$2\sigma $$ 2 σ credible level using a flat prior in $$\delta _{\textrm{CP}},$$ δ CP , and just below $$2\sigma $$ 2 σ using a flat prior in $$\sin \delta _{\textrm{CP}}.$$ sin δ CP . When the external constraint on $$\sin ^2\theta _{13}$$ sin 2 θ 13 is removed, $$\sin ^2\theta _{13}=28.0^{+2.8}_{-6.5}\times 10^{-3},$$ sin 2 θ 13 = 28 . 0 - 6.5 + 2.8 × 10 - 3 , in agreement with measurements from reactor experiments. These results are consistent with previous T2K analyses.

Abstract During offline brain states, such as sleep and memory consolidation, respiration coordinates hippocampal activity. However, the role of breathing during online memory traces remains unclear. Here, we show that respiration can be recruited during online memory encoding. Optogenetic manipulation was used to control activation of the primary inspiratory rhythm generator PreBötzinger complex (PreBötC) in transgenic mice. When intermittent PreBötC-induced apnea covered the object exploration time during encoding, novel object detection was impaired. Moreover, the mice did not exhibit freezing behavior during presentation of fear-conditioned stimuli (CS+) when PreBötC-induced apnea occurred at the exact time of encoding. This apnea did not evoke changes in CA3 cell ensembles between presentations of CS+ and conditioned inhibition (CS−), whereas in normal breathing, CS+ presentations produced dynamic changes. Our findings demonstrate that components of central respiratory activity (e.g., frequency) during online encoding strongly contribute to shaping hippocampal ensemble dynamics and memory performance.

This study aims to generate test cases for scenario-based assessment of automated driving systems (ADS) when encounter a cut-out maneuver where the lead vehicle having changed lanes, revealing a new lead vehicle that, in some cases, is slower than the original lead (the cutting-out) vehicle. We extracted the cut-out scenarios from an established real-world traffic dataset recorded by instrumented vehicles on Japanese highways and then defined them using vehicle kinematic parameters (velocities and distances). The extracted scenarios were analyzed based on the direct correlation between every two consecutive vehicles: a rear part that describes the correlation between the following vehicle and the cutting-out vehicle; and a frontal part that describes the correlation between the cutting-out vehicle and the preceding vehicle. Parameter ranges were quantified with a regression model and determined based on the risk acceptance threshold applied in the field of Japanese high-speed trains and annual exposure by professional highway drivers to produce a scenario space with a reasonably foreseeable range in which ADS may not produce crashes lest it performs worse than human drivers. A multi-dimensional distribution analytical approach was used to derive a correlation between the following and preceding vehicles considering the initial longitudinal velocities. Results suggest that when the time headway between the following vehicle and the cutting-out vehicle is equal to or more than 2 s, there should not have collision risks between the following vehicle and the preceding vehicle. These findings can help to understand normative driver behavior during cut-out scenarios and to generate accident-free scenario space for which ADS must perform flawlessly.

Abstract The dominant mode of interannual variability in summertime high‐frequency tropospheric temperature fluctuations over Southern Africa is found to be associated with tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variability, in such a manner that El Niño is typically accompanied by enhanced high‐frequency variability. This relationship is established via El Niño's teleconnection that contributes to shifting the midlatitude jetstream and associated baroclinic zone equatorward, into the vicinity of Southern Africa, which enhances the baroclinic conversion of energy from the seasonal‐mean flow to high‐frequency eddies. The enhanced temperature variance, combined with the overall warmer summertime‐mean temperatures induced by El Niño, results in more frequent warm extremes over Southern Africa.

Although conventionally attributed to dry dynamics, increasing evidence points to a key role of moist dynamics in the formation and maintenance of blocking events. The source of moisture crucial for these processes, however, remains elusive. In this study, we identify the moisture sources responsible for latent heating associated with the wintertime Euro-Atlantic blocking events detected over 31 years (1979–2010). To this end, we track atmospheric particles backward in time from the blocking centres for a period of 10 d using an offline Lagrangian dispersion model applied to atmospheric reanalysis data. The analysis reveals that 28 %–55 % of particles gain heat and moisture from the ocean over the course of 10 d, with higher percentages for the lower altitudes from which particles are released. Via large-scale ascent, these moist particles transport low-potential-vorticity (PV) air of low-altitude, low-latitude origins into the upper troposphere, where the amplitude of blocking is the most prominent, in agreement with previous studies. The PV of these moist particles remains significantly lower compared to their dry counterparts throughout the course of 10 d, preferentially constituting blocking cores. Further analysis reveals that approximately two-thirds of the moist particles source their moisture locally from the Atlantic, while the remaining one-third of moist particles source it from the Pacific. There is also a small fraction of moist particles that take up moisture from both the Pacific and Atlantic basins, which undergo a large-scale uplift over the Atlantic using moisture picked up over both basins. The Gulf Stream and Kuroshio and their extensions as well as the eastern Pacific northeast of Hawaii not only provide heat and moisture to moist particles but also act as “springboards” for their large-scale, cross-isentropic ascent, where its extent strongly depends on the humidity content at the time of the ascent. While the particles of Atlantic origin swiftly ascend just before their arrival at blocking, those of Pacific origin begin their ascent a few days earlier, after which they carry low-PV air in the upper troposphere while undergoing radiative cooling just as dry particles. A previous study identified a blocking maintenance mechanism, whereby low-PV air is selectively absorbed into blocking systems to prolong blocking lifetime. As they used an isentropic trajectory analysis, this mechanism was regarded as a dry process. We found that these moist particles that are fuelled over the Pacific can also act to maintain blocks in the same manner, revealing that what appears to be a blocking maintenance mechanism governed by dry dynamics alone can, in fact, be of moist origin.

The wintertime influence of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability on subseasonal variability is revisited by identifying the dominant mode of covariability between 10–60 d band-pass-filtered surface air temperature (SAT) variability over the North American continent and winter-mean SST over the tropical Pacific. We find that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) explains a dominant fraction of the year-to-year changes in subseasonal SAT variability that are covarying with SST and thus likely more predictable. In agreement with previous studies, we find a tendency for La Niña conditions to enhance the subseasonal SAT variability over western North America. This modulation of subseasonal variability is achieved through interactions between subseasonal eddies and La Niña-related changes in the winter-mean circulation. Specifically, eastward-propagating quasi-stationary eddies over the North Pacific are more efficient in extracting energy from the mean flow through the baroclinic conversion during La Niña. Structural changes of these eddies are crucial to enhance the efficiency of the energy conversion via amplified downgradient heat fluxes that energize subseasonal eddy thermal anomalies. The enhanced likelihood of cold extremes over western North America is associated with both an increased subseasonal SAT variability and the cold winter-mean response to La Niña.

Antiperovskites, or inverse perovskites, have recently emerged as a material class with a plethora of promising electronic properties. This Perspective describes the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of oxide antiperovskites Sr3PbO and Sr3SnO. We show that MBE offers great potential in regard to not only growing antiperovskites with high structural quality but also providing a means for seamless integration with advanced characterization techniques, including x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, reflection high-energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy, to facilitate the analyses of their intrinsic properties. The initial results point toward the feasibility of atomically controlled antiperovskite growth, which can open doors to study topological and correlated electronic states in an electronic environment quite distinct from what is available in conventional complex oxides.

Tritium retention in the castellated structure of beryllium limiters used in JET with the ITER-like wall (ILW) during the first (ILW1), third (ILW3) and all three (ILW1-3) campaigns were examined and evaluated. Tritium was deposited on the surfaces inside the castellation grooves together with deuterium, beryllium, oxygen, carbon and small amounts of metallic impurities such as nickel, copper and tungsten. The tritium content after the ILW1 campaign was greater than after the ILW3 campaign. This is attributed to the steadily decreasing amount of carbon impurities in JET from campaign to campaign. The majority of tritium was retained in shallow regions in the grooves, up to 2 mm from the entrance to the gap. It was comparable on all sides of the castellation, i.e. no difference has been detected between the toroidal and poloidal gaps. Secondly, the tritium retention in the gaps was similar on all specimens independent of their position in the tokamak, while the retention on the plasma-facing surfaces clearly depended on the tile position. The tritium deposition patterns in the castellation were also compared with the deuterium distribution determined in earlier studies.

Knowledge of past variations in sea-ice extent is crucial for understanding the relationship between climate change and changes in sea ice. Diatom assemblages could be applied as a proxy for paleo-sea-ice extent; this requires accurate information on the modern species that are indicative of sea ice. Scanning electron microscope observations were performed on modern diatom assemblages in sea ice, sinking particles, and surface sediments in the Sea of Okhotsk. A sea-ice sample was collected in the southwestern Sea of Okhotsk near Hokkaido island in February 2013. Fragilariopsis cylindrus was the dominant diatom species in the sea-ice sample, accounting for 87 % of the total diatom assemblage. Time-series sediment traps were deployed during 1998–2000 at two stations, M4 and M6, off Sakhalin island. Total diatom fluxes ranged from 105 to 108 valves m−2 d−1 with noticeable seasonality. During the sea-ice covering period, the total diatom flux decreased by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude. The highest diatom fluxes were observed in spring and summer. The diatom species composition in sinking particles also showed pronounced seasonal changes. During summer and fall, the Shionodiscus trifultus group and Neodenticula seminae were the major diatom taxa. During the sea-ice covering period, Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Bacterosira bathyomphala resting spores were abundant. Both the sea-ice-related species showed similar flux patterns except for the spring bloom after sea-ice retreat: F. cylindrus fluxes exhibited pronounced spring bloom peaks of 108 valves m−2 d−1; in contrast, the fluxes of Bacterosira bathyomphala resting spores during the spring bloom were 1 order of magnitude lower than those of F. cylindrus. Surface-sediment core XP98-MC4 was obtained near station M6 sediment-trap site off Sakhalin island. The relative abundance of Fragilariopsis cylindrus in the surface-sediment diatom assemblage was only 6.4 %, markedly lower than that in the sediment-trap samples (43.4 %). In the surface sediment, the relative abundances of diatom taxa with heavily silicified valves such as B. bathyomphala resting spores, Shionodiscus variantius, and Thalassionema nitzschioides were greater than their relative abundances in sinking particles.

The spin texture in presence of both inversion and time-reversal symmetries has been difficult to observe. Here, Nakamura et al. report evidence of hidden entanglement between spin and momentum in antiperovskite Dirac material Sr3SnO.

In this paper, we propose a new method for specifying individual tree species based on depth and curvature image creation from point cloud captured by terrestrial laser scanner and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Given a point cloud of an individual tree, the proposed method first extracts the subset of points corresponding to a trunk at breast-height. Then branches and leaves are removed from the extracted points by RANSAC -based circle fitting, and the depth image is created by globally fitting a cubic polynomial surface to the remaining trunk points. Furthermore, principal curvatures are estimated at each scanned point by locally fitting a quadratic surface to its neighbouring points. Depth images clearly capture the bark texture involved by its split and tear-off, but its computation is unstable and may fail to acquire bark shape in the resulting images. In contrast, curvature estimation enables stable computation of surface concavity and convexity, and thus it can well represent local geometry of bark texture in the curvature images. In comparison to the depth image, the curvature image enables accurate classification for slanted trees with many branches and leaves. We also evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-modal approach for species classification in which depth and curvature images are analysed together using CNN and support vector machine. We verified the superior performance of our proposed method for point cloud of Japanese cedar and cypress trees.

Nondestructive analysis of tritium (T) distribution was performed by means of imaging plate technique on specimens cut from the Be limiters, W-coated carbon tiles and bulk W lamellae retrieved from the JET tokamak after the first and third experimental campaigns with the ITER-like wall. Afterwards, analyses were continued using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, microscopy techniques and thermal desorption spectroscopy. Co-deposits formed on the W-coated tiles in the 1st campaign showed large T retention because of high carbon content reaching up to 50 atomic %, while the carbon fraction in co-deposits after the 3rd campaign was distinctly lower. The T retention of the plasma-facing surface of the bulk W tile was smaller than that of the W-coated tiles by a factor of 20, while deposition of small amount of T was found at the side surfaces facing to the gaps in a lamella structure. The correlation of T distributions with surface morphology and the discharge conditions is discussed.

The planar Hall effect (PHE), wherein a rotating magnetic field in the plane of a sample induces oscillating transverse voltage, has recently garnered attention in a wide range of topological metals and insulators. The observed twofold oscillations in ρ_{yx} as the magnetic field completes one rotation are the result of chiral, orbital, and/or spin effects. The antiperovskites A_{3}BO (A=Ca, Sr, Ba; B=Sn, Pb) are topological crystalline insulators whose low-energy excitations are described by a generalized Dirac equation for fermions with total angular momentum J=3/2. We report unusual sixfold oscillations in the PHE of Sr_{3}SnO, which persisted nearly up to room temperature. Multiple harmonics (twofold, fourfold, and sixfold), which exhibited distinct field and temperature dependencies, were detected in ρ_{xx} and ρ_{yx}. These observations are more diverse than those in other Dirac and Weyl semimetals and point to a richer interplay of microscopic processes underlying the PHE in the antiperovskites.

Spectral unmixing of hyperspectral data often fails to select some minerals and rocks having flat spectra but no diagnostic absorption features as endmembers, even if they are actually important endmembers. To avoid this problem, we propose a novel approach that combined two methods: spectral unmixing and full-pixel classification. First, all pixels were divided into two categories, hydrothermally altered areas and unaltered rocks based on the absorption depth of 2.0 to 2.5 μm. For the hydrothermally altered areas, endmembers were extracted by the Improved Causal Random Pixel Purity Index (ICRPPI) method, which was improved from the existing Pixel Purity Index (PPI) and Causal Random Pixel Purity Index (CRPPI) methods. Endmember abundance in each pixel was calculated by linear spectral unmixing. In a separate operation, k-means clustering was applied to the unaltered rock areas. Finally, the results of these two methods were combined to generate a single distribution map of rocks and minerals. This approach was applied to the airborne hyperspectral HyMap data of Cuprite, Nevada, U.S.A. We confirmed that our mapping result was consistent with the existing geological map as well as our field survey result.

Recent research suggests that cognitive performance might be altered by the respiratory-synchronized activity generated in the brain. Previous human studies, however, have yielded inconsistent results when assessing task performance during distinct respiratory phases (inspiratory phase vs. expiratory phase). We therefore tested whether cognitive performance was regulated based on the timing of breathing components (e.g., expiratory-to-inspiratory (EI) phase transition) during the retrieval process. To determine the role of respiration in performance, the present study employed healthy subjects (n = 18) in a delayed matching-to-sample visual recognition task where a test cue was given in the respiratory phase-locked (Phased) or regularly paced (Non-phased) presentation paradigm. During the Phased session but not during the Non-phased session, the response time (RT) of the task increased by 466 ms (p = 0.003), and accuracy decreased by 21.4% (p = 0.004) when the retrieval process encompassed the EI transition. Breathing-dependent changes were particularly prominent when the EI transition occurred during the middle step of the retrieval process. Meanwhile, changes in the RT and accuracy were not observed when the retrieval process encompassed the inspiratory-to-expiratory phase transition. This is the first time that a certain phase transition in the respiratory cycle has been shown to modulate performance on a time scale of several seconds in a cognitive task. We propose that attenuation of these breathing-dependent cognitive fluctuations might be crucial for the maintenance and stability of successful performance in daily life and sports.